Shipping canals have supported maritime traffic and port development for many centuries. Radical transformations of these shipping landscapes through land reclamation, diking, and canalization were celebrated as Herculean works of progress and modernity. Today, shipping canals are the sites of increasing tension between economic growth and associated infrastructural interventions focused on the quality, sustainability, and resilience of natural systems and spatial settlement patterns. Shifting approaches to land/water relations must now be understood in longer political histories in which pre-existing alliances influence changes in infrastructure planning. On the occasion of the 150th Anniversary of the New Waterway (Nieuwe Waterweg), the Leiden-Delft-Erasmus universities PortCityFutures Center hosted an international symposium in October 2022 to explore the past, present, and future of this channel that links Rotterdam to the North Sea. Symposium participants addressed issues of shipping, dredging, and planning within in the Dutch delta, and linked them to contemporary debates on the environmental, spatial, and societal conditions of shipping canals internationally. The thematic issue builds on symposium conversations, and highlights the importance of spatial, economic, and political linkages in port and urban development. These spatial approaches contribute to more dynamic, responsive strategies for shipping canals through water management and planning.
Keywords: geoengineering; inland waterways; port territory; ports; shipping and environment; shipping canals; urban canals Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:259-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Quanti-Qualitative Approach to Alexander’s Harmony-Seeking Computations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6826 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6826 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 246-258 Author-Name: Alice Rauber Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Author-Name: Romulo Krafta Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Abstract: Harmony-seeking computations, as proposed by Christopher Alexander, offer a way to tackle complexity. Smart, free agents, facing uncertainty, look for order in a context powered by fifteen attractors, or patterns. Harmony-seeking would then be a relatively guided path across those idealized patterns, towards wholeness and beauty. However, individuals acting to change the city must combine circumstances imposed by external and inner urban forces with personal interpretations of one or more of those patterns that could change all the time. Moreover, each action is intertwined with others, in an unpredictable outcome. This article explores the possibility of bringing together urban inner and outer forces and ingenious individuals’ actions of city change by hypothesizing: (a) wholeness as a structural attribute defined as spatial centrality; (b) beauty as meaning attached to places, evolving either from historic accumulation or individual assignment; (c) order as every meaningful approximation between them; (d) a disaggregated description of the urban organism, based on multi-layered graphs, in which would be possible to record both morphological and territorial characteristics (form, transport, infrastructure) and semantic attributes (land uses, public image, remote associations, symbolic relationships); and (e) a set of spatial differentiation measures, mostly based on centrality, potentially able to depict wholeness (by measuring the effect of each component on all others) and beauty (by measuring urban robustness derived from any selected set of components). A multilayer graph-based approach to spatial differentiation algorithms provides a framework for the description, analysis, and performance evaluation of every component, as well as the whole system, both through quantitative and qualitative representation. Keywords: graph representation; harmony-seeking; multilayer networks; spatial differentiation; urban planning and design; wholeness Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:246-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns of Growth: Operationalizing Alexander’s “Web Way of Thinking” File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6688 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6688 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 235-245 Author-Name: Michael W. Mehaffy Author-Workplace-Name: Sustasis Foundation, USA Abstract:Christopher Alexander was often characterized—and sometimes seemed to characterize himself—as “sui generis,” a radical and perhaps even eccentric thinker on architecture, technology, culture, and nature. That perception in turn has led many to dismiss Alexander’s work as too idiosyncratic to be operationalized in the pragmatic world of planning and building. Here we show, however, that Alexander’s core ideas have strong parallels in contemporary network science, mathematics, physics, and philosophy, and in the pragmatic world of technological design (including computer software). We highlight a remaining gap in translating Alexander’s work into practical tools and strategies for implementation—a gap that is tantalizingly near to being bridged.
Keywords: Christopher Alexander; design patterns; network science; pattern language; wiki Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:235-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Sustainability and Alexander’s Living Structure Through a New Kind of City Science File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6841 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6841 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 224-234 Author-Name: Tarina Levin Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Sweden Author-Name: Stefan Sjöberg Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Gävle, Sweden Author-Name: Bin Jiang Author-Workplace-Name: Thrust of Urban Governance and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China Author-Name: Stephan Barthel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Sweden / Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden Abstract: The disputed endorsement of inherited visceral and universal aesthetic preferences justifies the scientific validity of Alexander’s living structure. Apart from implying a resource-efficient way to promote well-being through urban design, the premise favors a collective approach to human self-perception and social justice. To better understand the contributions of Alexander, this article explores current knowledge about visceral and universal aesthetic preferences for living structure and if and how the new kind of city science, a mathematical model describing living structure, can be used for further testing. It also elaborates on the social impact of living structure, including its premise, and the potential of the new kind of city science to support social sustainability. A literature synthesis on living structure, the new kind of city science, and the premise showed a positive link between well-being and exposure to living structure. Limitations in research design nevertheless precluded conclusions about the associated visceral and universal aesthetic preferences. The new kind of city science was found appropriate for further research by holistically representing living structure. Moreover, like the hypothesized biological origin, social learning and sociocultural transmission were found to theoretically support the premise of universality and a collective approach to human identity and social justice, with further societal implications. For the concept of living structure to support social sustainability, it must be coupled with the promotion of empowerment and community mobilization. Hence, the operationalization of the new kind of city science should align with Alexander’s call for bottom-up approaches. Keywords: Christopher Alexander; living structure; new kind of city science; social sustainability; urban design; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:224-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Pattern Language Approach as a Bridge Connecting Formal and Informal Urban Planning Practices in Africa File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6799 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6799 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 212-223 Author-Name: Priscilla Namwanje Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Physical Planning, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda Author-Name: Víctor Muñoz Sanz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Roberto Rocco Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: This article explores the use of the pattern language approach in bridging the gap between formal and informal urban planning practices in the African context. This study focuses on a case application within the urbanised region encompassing the Nakivubo wetland located in Kampala, Uganda. As in other cities in Africa with a colonial past, Kampala’s planning system signals a profound gap between a technocratic, European paradigms-based type of planning and the everyday practices of citizens. This results in a “dual city,” with formal and informal communities using resources and spaces differently, leading to spatial segregation and non-implementation of urban plans. To overcome this challenge, the pattern language approach is utilised in this research to link formal and informal practices through facilitating meaningful community participation and integrating tacit knowledge into the planning process. To achieve this, the researchers conducted fieldwork and interacted with the local community in informal settlements to develop informal patterns, while analysing the history and current organisation of formal planning institutions in Kampala to formulate formal patterns. The patterns were used as input for a community workshop, which resulted in a pattern language of wetland management practices and a framework that begins to bridge both formal and informal domains of urban practice. By using the pattern language approach as a tool to understand informal practices and their possible incorporation into a planning process that captures the needs of citizens, this research offers relevant insights into achieving sustainable and inclusive urban environments. Keywords: community participation; formal practices; Kampala; informal practices; informal settlements; pattern language Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:212-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A World of a Thousand Independent Regions: Confronting the Ever-Increasing Refugee Problem File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6788 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6788 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 201-211 Author-Name: Hans Joachim Neis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Oregon, USA Author-Name: Pamanee Chaiwat Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Oregon, USA Abstract: Based on Pattern 1 “Independent Regions” in the book A Pattern Language by Alexander et al. (1977), we investigate a fundamental socio-spatial alternative for reorganizing our world, countries, and metropolitan regions. When put into the context of large worldwide problems, such as climate change, nuclear danger, pandemics, overpopulation, and refugee crises, the innovative idea of “independent regions” presents itself as a promising alternative to the current imbalance of few large and dominant countries in contrast to a wide majority of smaller and medium-sized countries. Working on the development of a refugee pattern language (RPL), this alternative can help to solve larger worldwide problems including the human-made refugee problem. In RPL pattern “3.2 A World of Independent Regions,” we explore this bottom-up alternative based on fundamental principles with an ideal population size for governing itself democratically and equity among regions in a world community. Other considerations include the potential to reduce the root problem of refugee creation of big countries vs. small counties, in cooperation with independent regions, and world regions. Updating this concept involves considering suggestions and new ideas that might make the outcome richer in overlaps, assembly, and scope. The relevance and vision of this concept and pattern are probably most visible and needed in the current turmoil of a transforming world. Keywords: independent regions; pattern language; refugee crisis; refugee pattern language; structure of world; world problems Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:201-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Centers in the Event Domain: A Retake on the Wholeness of Urban Spaces File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6758 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6758 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 188-200 Author-Name: Ridvan Kahraman Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Germany Abstract: This article demonstrates that geometric analysis by itself is not enough to evaluate Alexander’s wholeness in public spaces and that his theories of wholeness can—and should—be extended into the realm of events. The first section provides a summary of the theory of centers and the relevance of events with regard to the theory of wholeness. In the second section, a new way to classify centers is presented, along with insights from Alexander’s works into an approach for incorporating event centers into the theory of wholeness. The final part puts these ideas to the test on a public square in Stuttgart, Germany, using a geometric analysis and an analysis of user activity to determine the performance of the square as a center. The research concludes that utilizing Alexander’s theories from an event-first rather than a geometry-first perspective is an approach especially well-suited for public spaces. Keywords: abstraction; event-centers; events; public square; space; theory of wholeness; urban space; user activity Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:188-200 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Structure That Structures Us File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6889 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6889 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 185-187 Author-Name: Jaap Dawson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: Christopher Alexander explored the world of built structures. He longed for buildings and spaces that touched and triggered our own psychological and spiritual structure. From his examples of spaces we experience as alive he distilled his Fifteen Properties: aspects and qualities in buildings that quicken us. As architects, we want to learn how we can create structures that embody the Fifteen Properties. Can we do so through consciously attempting to design them? In my experience of designing, we need more than a conscious attempt. We need an awareness of the goal of our designing. And Alexander himself gives us a glimpse of that goal in The Linz Café: Our goal is nothing short of designing as an offering to God. What might an offering to God mean? What might it mean as an attitude free from ideology or embalmed belief? The discoveries C. G. Jung made can help us get in touch with such a goal. Our goal is our own divine centre. Our challenge as architects is to open ourselves to the images and structures that appear on our paper or screens as we design. What is their source? Can we see ourselves in them? Can we meet our divine centre in them? Keywords: divine centre; living structures; original experience Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:185-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Grid Is Not a Tree: Toward a Reconciliation of Alexander’s and Martin’s Views of City Form File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6291 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6291 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 172-184 Author-Name: Ngoc Hong Nguyen Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, The University of Danang – University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Author-Name: Khaled Alawadi Author-Workplace-Name: Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, UAE Author-Name: Sara Al Hinai Author-Workplace-Name: Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, UAE Abstract: Christopher Alexander famously declared that “a city is not a tree,” while Leslie Martin declared that “the grid is [a] generator.” This article investigates how Alexander’s call for overlap, adaptability, and order can indeed be manifested in grid networks, as Martin claimed. Order has been measured using the entropy of street orientation, while adaptability has been denoted by the streets’ betweenness values. Through the analysis of Abu Dhabi’s neighborhoods and global urban areas, the study reveals that overlap, order, and adaptability can coexist in gridded street network. A fine-grain scale of the grid plays a critical role in supporting the quality of urban space. To foster adaptation, planning policies should focus on adaptability providing room for informal and spontaneous growth. We conclude by noting that this approach represents a reconciliation between Christopher Alexander’s views and those of Leslie Martin. Keywords: Abu Dhabi; adaptability; betweenness; Christopher Alexander; grid; Leslie Martin; order; urban form Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:172-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community and Privacy in a Hyper-Connected World File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/7189 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.7189 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 169-171 Author-Name: Roderick J. Lawrence Author-Workplace-Name: Geneva School of Social Sciences (G3S), University of Geneva, Switzerland Abstract: Christopher Alexander and Serge Chermayeff co-authored Community and Privacy: Toward a New Architecture of Humanism in 1963. This seminal contribution has largely been forgotten. Today, a human-centred framework is rarely discussed by researchers and practitioners, neither from a theoretical nor a pragmatic perspective. Nonetheless, some fundamental principles defined in that book 60 years ago are pertinent today in our hyper-connected world, and they have been illustrated by the need for human-centred housing during the recent Covid-19 pandemic. This commentary explains the spatial organization of domestic architecture that can support and sustain choices about private and public life in a world of global networks, intrusions of social media, and increasing video surveillance that challenge our autonomy and privacy. Keywords: boundaries; global network society; housing design; private-public interfaces; transition spaces Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:169-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Navigating Approaches to the Use of Pattern Language Theory in Practice File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6868 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6868 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 156-168 Author-Name: Ruihua Chen Author-Workplace-Name: Beijing Shangyi Heart Technology Co. Ltd., China Author-Name: Marina Bos-de Vos Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Design, Organisation and Strategy, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Ingrid Mulder Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human-Centered Design, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Zoë van Eldik Author-Workplace-Name: Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Abstract: Christopher Alexander’s Pattern Language Theory (PLT) has been recognized as a valuable methodology to understand complex systems. It has been applied across domains through a variety of different approaches. This article reviews existing approaches to PLT application and reflects upon the differences between them. We find that application generally differs across four components: artefact, activity, roles and tools, informed by practitioners’ diverging values and needs. We elaborate on how consciously navigating the dimensions that these components consist of can help to broaden the application of PLT in practice. We report on the development of a set of conceptual tools that aim to support this process. The resulting “activity kit” has been applied in a Dutch housing renovation project to support homeowners in communication and decision-making to illustrate the applicability of our methodology. It can be concluded that the “activity kit” is a promising approach to broaden the use of PLT and contributes to the methodological repertoire of researchers and practitioners to address complexity in today’s societal challenges. Keywords: action repertoire; design methodology; housing renovation; literature synthesis; pattern language theory Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:156-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Christopher Alexander As An Architectural Thinker File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6682 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6682 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 153-155 Author-Name: Almantas Samalavičius Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architectural Fundamentals, Theory and Art, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania Abstract: In this commentary the author discusses why Christopher Alexander remains on the margins of contemporary architectural discourse despite his original, important, and lasting contributions to the field. Being a somewhat controversial figure in architecture and architectural theory, Alexander has occupied the status of a seminal albeit not always adequately understood and interpreted author. The rejection and misinterpretation of his ideas are due to multiple reasons, including his refusal to act and write as a standard scholar and his lack of interest in appealing to his professional community. While his attitude perhaps explains the neglect of his intellectual legacy, it does not justify it. A reconsideration of his legacy could benefit from rethinking his intellectual identity. This commentary suggests that Alexander should be approached as an original architectural thinker rather than a standard architectural academic. Thus, he could be comparable to other renowned figures of the modern era, including such influential yet often misunderstood social thinkers as Ivan Illich or Jacques Ellul. Keywords: architectural discourse; architecture; Christopher Alexander; modernism; patterns Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:153-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Introduction: Toward a “Post-Alexandrian” Agenda File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/7375 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.7375 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 148-152 Author-Name: Michael W. Mehaffy Author-Workplace-Name: Sustasis Foundation, USA Author-Name: Tigran Haas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Abstract: Christopher Alexander, who died in March 2022, was undeniably one of the most influential, if sometimes controversial, urban thinkers of the last half-century. From Notes on the Synthesis of Form, his first book and Harvard PhD thesis, to the landmark “A City is Not a Tree,” to the classic best-sellers A Pattern Language and The Timeless Way of Building, to his more difficult and controversial magnum opus, The Nature of Order, Alexander has left a body of work whose breadth and depth is only now coming into view. Yet Alexander’s legacy is also the subject of intense debate and critique within the planning and design fields. This introduction provides an overview of the thematic issue of Urban Planning titled “Assessing the Complex Contributions of Christopher Alexander.” Its purpose is to provide greater clarity on where Alexander’s contribution is substantial, and where there are documented gaps and remaining challenges. Most importantly, the thematic issue aims to identify fruitful avenues for further research and development, taking forward some of the more promising but undeveloped insights of this seminal 20th-century thinker. Keywords: Christopher Alexander; harmony-seeking computations; pattern languages; pattern languages of programming; wiki Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:148-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Effects of Urban Polycentricity on Particulate Matter Emissions From Vehicles: Evidence From 102 Chinese Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6183 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6183 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 135-147 Author-Name: Mi Ye Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Ben Derudder Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium / Public Governance Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Lei Jiang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Guangzhou University, China Author-Name: Freke Caset Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Yingcheng Li Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Southeast University, China Abstract: This article analyzes the impact of the level of urban polycentricity (UP) on particulate matter emissions from vehicles (PMV) across 102 prefecture-level cities in China between 2011 and 2015. We adopt a spatial panel modeling approach to our measures of UP and PMV, controlling for (possible) intervening effects such as population density and economic output. We observe an inverted U-shaped relationship between both measures: When UP is low, an increase in polycentricity is associated with higher levels of PMV; however, when UP reaches a certain threshold, the increase in polycentricity is associated with a reduction in PMV. We find a similar relationship between economic output and PMV and demonstrate how the effects of population density on PMV consist of two opposite processes that likely offset each other. Nonetheless, jointly, population density and UP have a significant effect on PMV. We use our results to discuss policy implications and identify avenues for further research. Keywords: China; pollution reduction; polycentricity; urban spatial structure; vehicle emissions Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:135-147 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Drivers’ Perspectives of Car Dependence File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6286 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6286 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 126-134 Author-Name: David Metz Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Transport Studies, University College London, UK Abstract: The concept of car dependence includes both travel to destinations for which other modes than the car are not practical and preference for car travel even when other modes are available. While the concept has been a focus for transport analysts for some time, car ownership and use have continued to grow. This reflects the utility of the car for travel on roads where drivers do not experience excessive congestion and where there is parking at both ends of the journey. Local public transport and active travel only become generally attractive alternatives to the car in dense city centres where road space for car use is limited. Reduced car dependence is facilitated by city planning that encourages increased density, opportunities for which are constrained by the stability of the built environment. As well as utility for travel to achieve access to desired destinations, car ownership is also attractive on account of positive feelings, including pride, reflecting both self-esteem and social status. The positive feelings of the population at large towards car ownership are not consistent with the critical view of many analysts, a divergence in point of view that contrasts with the general acceptance of the need to respond to climate change, for which the purchase of electric vehicles is seen as an appropriate action. Rather than advocating measures explicitly aimed at reducing car dependence, a more effective policy approach would be to increase the availability of alternative modes while mitigating the detriments of car use. Keywords: car dependence; car ownership; car pride; car utility Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:126-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mobility Hubs: A Way Out of Car Dependency Through a New Multifunctional Housing Development? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6336 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6336 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 112-125 Author-Name: Arvid Krüger Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Regeneration and Planning Theory, University of Kassel, Germany Author-Name: Uwe Altrock Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Regeneration and Planning Theory, University of Kassel, Germany Abstract: Today’s urban design of new quarters in the fringes of German metropolises shows a renaissance of the garage building as a cluster for car parking. In contrast to the past, parking garages are planned as multifunctional “mobility hubs.” Planners enrich them with new mobility and sharing options and incorporate sports or social infrastructure facilities on the roof and the ground floor, thus contributing to vibrant neighborhoods. In contrast to the internationally renowned example of Nordhavn (Copenhagen), we observe a decentralization in the mainstreaming of the approach: Mobility hubs are to become constitutive parts of small subcenters. In this respect, they can be seen as a common leitmotiv for urban design in Germany’s metropolises. The hubs form a new model of local mobility, guaranteeing a certain flow of pedestrians and freeing the adjacent streets of car traffic. Integrated into a system of alternative modes of transportation and nearby mass transit, those infrastructural and mobility clusters might contribute to a change in mobility habits and ultimately reduce car dependence. If their underlying mobility policies can be implemented and if they are ultimately more successful than traditional parking garages or even create an incentive not to use private cars at all remains open to further investigation. For this purpose, the article will trace the emergence of mobility hubs in the discourse and practice of urban design with a particular focus on major new developments at the periphery of German cities. It analyzes urban design competitions and the formal planning and implementation following them. Keywords: car dependency; Germany; housing; mobility hubs; parking; suburbanism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:112-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enhancing the Modal Split in Paramaribo Through Design-Driven Participatory Action Research Fuelled by Urban Tactics File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6512 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6512 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 99-111 Author-Name: Sam Rymenants Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium Author-Name: Marlies Struyf Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium Author-Name: Sigrid Heirman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium Author-Name: Marleen Goethals Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium Abstract: There appears to be no “one-size-fits-all” strategy for evolving from a car-dependent urban environment towards a well-balanced modal split. The search for a suitable mobility strategy for a particular setting can be framed as seeking a suitable governance strategy. This article explores the opportunities of design-driven participatory action research (DD-PAR) as a governance strategy for improving mobility within a context of weak governance by investigating a single case study conducted in Paramaribo North, Suriname. Despite available plans, designs, and policy proposals, Surinamese public authorities are struggling to improve mobility. Notwithstanding many efforts, clientelism and patronage are weakening the power of the government, resulting in unimplemented public initiatives. Moreover, there are few civil society organisations to advocate for this weak public power. This creates a context in which neither the government nor civil society is sufficiently equipped to realise the modal shift in Paramaribo. Governance strategies depending on strong government or proactive civil society (e.g., actor-based strategies) are thus not suitable. In contrast, DD-PAR appears to have potential as a governance strategy, as it uses research and academics as forces to create societal enthusiasm, establish actor networks, and generate action. The current case study identifies key actors and preconditions for building a network of actors. It also provides tentative insights into urban tactics for increasing pressure on the government to provide adequate infrastructure and policy to accommodate newly developed action that supports a more diverse modal split. Keywords: car dependency; civic engagement; design driven; participatory action research; urban tactics; weak governance Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:99-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Driving Towards Car-Independent Neighborhoods in Europe: A Typology and Systematic Literature Review File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6552 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6552 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 84-98 Author-Name: Simone Aumann Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Julia Kinigadner Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: David Duran-Rodas Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Benjamin Büttner Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Structure and Transport Planning, Technical University of Munich, Germany Abstract: Car-independent neighborhoods can be seen as a planning strategy for overcoming car dependency and achieving urban sustainability goals. This implies a structural and psychological car independency of people, which manifests itself into positive attitudes and perceptions towards sustainable mobility, acceptance of corresponding measures, and a shift from private cars to active transport, public transport, and sharing modes. Despite their relevance, knowledge regarding the actual implications of the various existing strategies remains scarce. This gap is addressed in this literature review, which aims to: (a) identify types of implemented car-independent neighborhood policies; (b) explore their rationales, main characteristics, and implications for mobility behavior, psychological factors, perceptions, and acceptance; and (c) investigate how they have been evaluated. Existing implementations in Europe can be divided into four types: car-independent central areas, residential developments, citywide implementations, and temporary interventions, which differ in their rationales and scope. Overall, little research was found on this topic, with most studies focusing on newly built residential developments, compared to the other types. There is evidence of positive impacts on sustainable mobility behavior in the relevant use cases. However, it is often unclear whether this is a causality or correlation due to the absence of comprehensive (longitudinal) evaluations. Less is known regarding the implications of implementations for psychological factors and perceptions and their interplay with mobility behavior. For future research, it is recommended to evaluate other types of car-independent interventions beyond newly built developments through long-term observation of attitudinal and behavioral changes. Keywords: acceptance; attitudes; car dependency; car-free; car-independent; low-car; mobility behavior; perceptions; review; typology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:84-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is It Possible to Compete With Car Use? How Buses Can Facilitate Sustainable Transport File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6368 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6368 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 69-83 Author-Name: Qihao Liu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK Author-Name: Yuzheng Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, China Author-Name: Chia-Lin Chen Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK Author-Name: Enrica Papa Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture and Cities, University of Westminster, UK Author-Name: Yantao Ling Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Finance, Chongqing University of Technology, China Author-Name: Mengqiu Cao Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture and Cities, University of Westminster, UK Abstract: The need to prioritise the development of bus transport has attracted widespread attention in the literature. This study aims to investigate how buses can be used to facilitate a sustainable transport system, using Heze, in China, as a case study. Our results show that older people, unemployed residents, and those whose points of departure or arrival are within the city centre are more likely to travel by bus. In addition, compared to other travel modes, travel by bus tends to become more popular as travel time and distance increase. We predict the probabilities of people using buses for journeys of different travel times and over varying distances and rank them in order. The results suggest that bus travel could potentially replace car travel when the travel time is between 15 and 30 minutes or the travel distance is more than 9 km. In terms of policy implications, governments and planners should pay more attention to creating additional bus lanes, extending the bus network and its infrastructure, optimising bus-related facilities and services, particularly for older adults, and increasing the punctuality and reliability of bus travel. Keywords: bus travel; car dependency; sustainable mobility; transport planning; travel behaviour Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:69-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Car Use: A Matter of Dependency or Choice? The Case of Commuting in Noord-Brabant File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6549 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6549 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 56-68 Author-Name: Hossein Dashtestaninejad Author-Workplace-Name: Academy for Built Environment & Logistics, Breda University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Author-Name: Paul van de Coevering Author-Workplace-Name: Academy for Built Environment & Logistics, Breda University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Author-Name: Joost de Kruijf Author-Workplace-Name: Academy for Built Environment & Logistics, Breda University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Abstract: Car use in the sprawled urban region of Noord-Brabant is above the Dutch average. Does this reflect car dependency due to the lack of competitive alternative modes? Or are there other factors at play, such as differences in preferences? This article aims to determine the nature of car use in the region and explore to what extent this reflects car dependency. The data, comprising 3,244 respondents was derived from two online questionnaires among employees from the High-Tech Campus (2018) and the TU/e-campus (2019) in Eindhoven. Travel times to work by car, public transport, cycling, and walking were calculated based on the respondents’ residential location. Indicators for car dependency were developed using thresholds for maximum commuting times by bicycle and maximum travel time ratios between public transport and car. Based on these thresholds, approximately 40% of the respondents were categorised as car-dependent. Of the non-car-dependent respondents, 31% use the car for commuting. A binomial logit model revealed that higher residential densities and closer proximity to a railway station reduce the odds of car commuting. Travel time ratios also have a significant influence on the expected directions. Mode choice preferences (e.g., comfort, flexibility, etc.) also have a significant, and strong, impact. These results highlight the importance of combining hard (e.g., improvements in infrastructure or public transport provision) and soft (information and persuasion) measures to reduce car use and car dependency in commuting trips. Keywords: built environment; car dependency; car use; infrastructure; Noord-Brabant; preferences Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:56-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investigating the Nonlinear Relationship Between Car Dependency and the Built Environment File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6293 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6293 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 41-55 Author-Name: Jun Cao Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Southeast University, China Author-Name: Tanhua Jin Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium / Institute of Cartography and Geoinformation, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Author-Name: Tao Shou Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Southeast University, China Author-Name: Long Cheng Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, Southeast University, China Author-Name: Zhicheng Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China Author-Name: Frank Witlox Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium / Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia Abstract: Car-dominated daily travel has caused many severe and urgent urban problems across the world, and such travel patterns have been found to be related to the built environment. However, few existing studies have uncovered the nonlinear relationship between the built environment and car dependency using a machine learning method, thus failing to provide policymakers with nuanced evidence-based guidance on reducing car dependency. Using data from Puget Sound regional household travel surveys, this study analyzes the complicated relationship between car dependency and the built environment using the gradient boost decision tree method. The results show that people living in high-density areas are less likely to rely on private cars than those living in low-density neighborhoods. Both threshold and nonlinear effects are observed in the relationships between the built environment and car dependency. Increasing road density promotes car usage when the road density is below 6 km/km2. However, the positive association between road density and car use is not observed in areas with high road density. Increasing pedestrian-oriented road density decreases the likelihood of using cars as the main mode. Such a negative effect is most effective when the pedestrian-oriented road density is over 14.5 km/km2. More diverse land use also discourages people’s car use, probably because those areas are more likely to promote active modes. Destination accessibility has an overall negative effect and a significant threshold effect on car dependency. These findings can help urban planners formulate tailored land-use interventions to reduce car dependency. Keywords: built environment; car dependency; machine learning; nonlinearity; Puget Sound; threshold effects Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:41-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Zero-Car Households: Urban, Single, and Low-Income? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6320 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6320 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 27-40 Author-Name: Eva Van Eenoo Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Abstract: This article unravels, by employing two binary logistic regressions, the socio-economic profiles of zero-car households in Flanders (Belgium) and sheds light on their residential environment. The employed dataset contains information regarding the socio-economic status and car ownership of all individuals with a home address in Flanders. Furthermore, the study explores the proportion and size of voluntarily car-free and car-less households due to constraints within the Flemish population. It does so by classifying zero-car households based on a spatial typology and the income decile these households belong to. Results indicate that zero-car households are overrepresented at the bottom of the income distribution and are overwhelmingly single. Children’s presence contributes to the likeliness that a household owns a car. The spatial typology (urbanised, suburban, or rural) and the presence of public transport are minor but remain significant contributors. The main contribution of this article is that it highlights that despite the evidence that zero-car households are strongly present in urban areas, the share of zero-car households living in remote areas may not be underestimated. For the total population in Flanders, 5.47% of households may face problems due to their residential location and lack of a car, which comes on top of dealing with modest or low household budgets. Almost 37% of the zero-car population lives in an urbanised area and has a low income. This corresponds with 8.4% of the Flemish population. This group likely experiences a latent demand for car ownership. The households we can confidently identify as car-free, deliberately and voluntarily living without a car, are a minority group and account for approximately 5% of the Flemish population. The article concludes with the notion that involuntarily carlessness can be considered a proxy for vulnerability. However, urban planning centred around proximity, accompanied by housing policy that benefits low-income groups, can act as a buffer against transport vulnerability. Keywords: car ownership; Flanders; urban planning; zero-car households Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:27-40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Why the Car Is Not Always King in Global South Cities: Evidence From Ulaanbaatar File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6355 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6355 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 14-26 Author-Name: Iqbal Hamiduddin Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK Abstract: Access to a private car has established itself as a critical control on mobility and access to opportunities for residents living in a diverse range of settings, globally. Across cities of the Global South, the benefits of private car access are often intensified by the absence of viable alternative modes of travel. This article explores the influence of private car access and mobility in relation to residents living in “ger district” areas of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia’s capital city. These peri-urban areas are informally created when rural migrants set up home on the edge of the city, initially using mobile felt dwellings called “ger” that become augmented or replaced by permanent structures over time. An absence of forward planning as well as unmade roads and hilly topography mean that the ger districts are often poorly served by public transport, while the low density of the built environment also means that informal transport services can be limited in coverage and relatively expensive. This article utilises a database of household questionnaires collected in 2020 to compare mobility patterns and accessibility between car-owning and non-car-owning households in three case study ger districts, capturing seasonal differences between the extreme cold of the wintertime and warmer summer conditions. The findings not only reveal stark mobility and access differences in relation to car ownership but also discrepancies between car ownership and actual car use for important and routine journeys. This indicates that despite a lack of public transport available, many households opt to use what public transport they can. This pattern provides a potentially important basis for future policies that aim to limit car use in order to reduce traffic congestion and broaden access to the city for non-car-owning households by providing more accessible public transport. Keywords: car ownership; car use; Global South; informal settlements; mobility; Mongolia; private car; public transport Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:14-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Demotorization and Space: The Influence of Spatial Factors on Car-Dependency Reduction in France File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6296 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.6296 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 6-13 Author-Name: Leslie Belton Chevallier Author-Workplace-Name: City, Mobility and Transport Laboratory (LVMT), France Author-Name: Joseph Cacciari Author-Workplace-Name: Université Paris-Nanterre, France Author-Name: Anne Aguiléra Author-Workplace-Name: City, Mobility and Transport Laboratory (LVMT), France Abstract: Although car ownership continues to rise worldwide, temporary or more lasting phases of demotorization (reduction in the number of vehicles owned) are taking place at the household level. Existing studies show that the probability of demotorization increases at certain stages of the life cycle, for example, associated with a reduction in household size or income, or a move to a neighborhood with better transit provision. However, the rationale and temporalities of the decision-making processes involved remain obscure. This knowledge could be useful in informing public action on the measures needed in different categories of territories and populations to encourage a steady and sustainable fall in car ownership. As its contribution to these questions, this article focuses on the influence of spatial factors on household demotorization. The methodology draws on 51 interviews conducted in 2018 with demotorized households in four French urban areas (Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, and Dijon). The findings highlight the role of the characteristics of the current place of residence, changes in the place of residence or place of work, and the spatial dimensions of travel socialization. If, as things stand, permanent and voluntary relinquishment of the car is only possible in very dense urban areas, our results show firstly that there is a strong case for working on mobility representations and practices from a very early age and, secondly, the importance of implementing planning policies and alternatives to the private car that are credible in areas of lower population density. Keywords: car dependency; car ownership; demotorization; mobility biographies research; public policies; travel socialization Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:6-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Car Dependency and Urban Form File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/7260 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i3.7260 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-5 Author-Name: Kobe Boussauw Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Author-Name: Enrica Papa Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture and Cities, University of Westminster, UK Author-Name: Koos Fransen Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Abstract: In this editorial of the thematic issue on car dependency and urban form, we provide a concise bibliometric overview that examines the prevalence of the concept of car dependency in relation to the built environment. Furthermore, we delve into the prior call for papers and analyse how the various contributions align with the theme. Subsequently, we present an inclusive review of the 11 distinct contributions, employing a classification framework encompassing micro, meso, and macro perspectives. To conclude, we reflect briefly on the utility of the concepts of being car-less versus car-free, and we contemplate the potential ramifications of fleet electrification on the ongoing discourse surrounding car dependency. Keywords: built environment; car dependency; transport; urban form Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:3:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning Around Polarisation: Components of Finding Common Ground Based on Regeneration Projects in London and Gdańsk File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6608 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6608 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 389-400 Author-Name: Piotr Lorens Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Agnieszka Zimnicka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: Various forms of public participation in urban design and planning—as presented and discussed in literature—have recently been challenged by the needs and expectations of different stakeholders, including those coming from the private sector. This comes with a redefinition of the public good and the roles and responsibilities of municipal authorities in post-liberal times. As a result, contemporary participatory processes need to evolve to accommodate not only the wishes and ideas of the local communities, but also those of institutional stakeholders including investors, developers and land owners. This is also accompanied by the demands, expressed by all partners in this process, associated with having a much stronger influence on the final shape of the development policies and planning regulations. The gradual democratisation of spatial planning results in more engagement of stakeholders in the process. The article focuses on the co-design method as a way to bridge the polarisation of interests and find a consensus. The article focuses on identifying co-design components leading to the successful bridging of divisions and the realisation of large-scale regeneration initiatives that could be replicated. The authors have selected examples of large-scale regeneration areas in London and Gdańsk for a qualitative assessment, given the growing polarisation in both Polish and British societies. The discussion will focus on aspects of inclusivity, partnership working in co-design and political risks associated with co-design. Keywords: co-design; large-scale urban regeneration; participatory urban planning; polarisation in urban development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:389-400 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Comparative Study of Polarization Management Around Energy Transition-Related Land-Use Conflicts in The Netherlands File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6584 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6584 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 374-388 Author-Name: Christian Scholl Author-Workplace-Name: Maastricht Sustainability Institute, Maastricht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Eline Coolen Author-Workplace-Name: Sustainability Policy Advisor, Bender Groep, The Netherlands Abstract: The Dutch national government has decided to push the implementation of the “energy transition” it aspires to by inviting clusters of municipalities (so-called RES regions) to develop a regional energy strategy (RES). However, since the new renewable energy land-use claims compete with a growing number of land-use demands, RES implementation confronts land-use conflicts, resulting in complex trade-offs for conflict resolution and planning around polarization. In the Dutch context of land scarcity and a rich planning tradition that arose specifically to deal with this and ensuing conflicts, the need for integrated landscape management seems obvious. This article offers a comparative case study of two RES-related land-use conflicts and their management in South Limburg, focusing on the question of how far these cases display elements of an integrated landscape approach (ILA). The ILA is applied as an analytical framework to evaluate the land-use conflict management processes of the case studies by assessing which elements of ILA are present and whether their relative presence and quality help to resolve the conflicts. Based on document and media content analysis and 15 interviews, this article analyzes the different land-use claims, objectives, and landscape values identified in two RES areas and how they overlap or compete, resulting in conflicts or synergies. Our findings show that the ILA provides useful guidelines for tackling RES-related land-use conflicts, but does not pay sufficient attention to the political dimension. Keywords: energy transition; integrated landscape approach; land-use conflict management; land-use conflicts; renewable energy development; the Netherlands Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:374-388 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social-Ecological Knowledge Integration in Co-Design Processes: Lessons From Two Resilient Urban Parks in Chile File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6522 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6522 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 359-373 Author-Name: Macarena Gaete Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management in the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands / School of Architecture, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile Abstract: Cities worldwide face multiple social and ecological challenges, such as climate change and its impacts. Adapting and transforming our urban environments is urgent to improve their resilience to uncertain scenarios. These challenges require renewed urban solutions and force us to rethink their design processes. Multiple actors are involved in such processes, coming from different sectors, and sometimes having conflicting agendas and knowledge backgrounds. Many of these processes can be considered co-design processes, with actors interacting to improve the design quality, legitimacy, and feasibility. Many conceptualise cities as social-ecological systems and public spaces are their subsystems. A collaborative approach to designing public spaces contributes to integrating the social-ecological knowledge from the public, private, and citizen actors. The question remains: How is sometimes conflicting social-ecological knowledge integrated into public space co-design processes? We study two large-scale urban parks in Chile. We framed them as social-ecological systems and analysed their co-design processes. This study aims to provide insights into the difficult-to-grasp phenomena of knowledge integration in co-design processes. We analysed these cases in previous studies. Now we provide insights into social-ecological knowledge integration in co-design processes. Although framed in Latin America, the findings may be helpful elsewhere. Keywords: Chile; co-creation; co-design; knowledge integration; public space; resilience; social-ecological systems Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:359-373 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenging the Master Narrative on Large-Scale Social Estates: Exploring Counterstories Through Digital Storytelling File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6493 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6493 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 347-358 Author-Name: Younes Rifaad Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Author-Name: Nele Aernouts Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Abstract: The challenging and reframing of dominant narratives have been recognized as crucial to the regeneration of stigmatized areas. This article builds upon a digital storytelling process in the social estate of Peterbos, Brussels, to investigate how the counterstories of inhabitants challenge the “master narrative.” The counterstories foreground the spatial agency of tenants, the (dis)enabling role of space, and the difficult relationship with social housing companies. The article concludes that counterstories not only reveal dominant spatial imaginaries about high-rise estates but also have the potential to foster a more situated and experiential understanding of the relationship between people and space. However, it is important to note that digital storytelling is not a substitute for inclusive planning. Critical engagement with ongoing planning processes remains crucial. Keywords: counterstories; digital storytelling; inclusive planning; social housing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:347-358 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strengthening Urban Labs’ Democratic Aspirations: Nurturing a Listening Capacity to Engage With the Politics of Social Learning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6439 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6439 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 335-346 Author-Name: Anna Seravalli Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts and Communication, Malmö University, Sweden Abstract: Urban labs are arenas for fostering urban sustainable transitions, where different actors experiment and learn together how to create inclusive and sustainable cities. A key aspect of these processes is social learning, which is the collaborative learning process through which new understandings and practices emerge from the activities of urban labs. Social learning also includes the process through which these understandings and practices are further anchored and can transform the organizations participating in urban labs. Social learning is seen as key to tackling polarization and creating transformational capacity at different levels. This article explores how social learning can strengthen urban labs’ democratic ambitions. Building on the insights emerging from a collaborative learning process with civil servants within an urban lab, it highlights the need for ensuring plurality and challenging privilege in social learning. It also emphasizes the importance of nurturing a listening capacity within urban labs and municipal organizations. Keywords: listening capacity; pluralism; privilege; social learning; sustainable city planning; sustainable development; urban labs Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:335-346 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Designing Situated Vocabularies to Counter Social Polarizations: A Case Study of Nolo Neighbourhood, Milan File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6420 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6420 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 322-334 Author-Name: Virginia Tassinari Author-Workplace-Name: Luca School of Arts, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Francesco Vergani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Design, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Abstract: Many neighbourhoods are currently serving as laboratories where new methods are being explored for collaboratively redesigning cities and tackling the social, environmental, and cultural issues affecting them. These redesign processes are often supported by local communities who increasingly develop bottom-up initiatives to innovate and preserve the neighbourhood’s “common goods.” This is certainly the case of Nolo, an area in the city of Milan (Italy) that has recently undergone an urban regeneration process thanks to the presence of a proactive community of actors living and working in the neighbourhood. Despite effective social innovation practices enacted by part of the local community, several “voices” in Nolo—mainly belonging to marginalized communities—are still excluded from the current process of urban regeneration. This lack of attention is rather problematic for the whole community, as it is leading to increasing rather than mitigating social polarization. To address this issue, we approached Nolo and its community through a participatory design experimentation, generating a series of collaborative platforms to enable those marginalized voices—humans as well as non-humans—to be heard, to enter into agonistic conversations with one another, and to question what they (should) all care about. What this (still ongoing) experimentation is currently showing is that to co-design collaborative platforms to counter polarization needs to be carefully balanced, negotiating between all the actors involved and acknowledging their thick entanglements to finally unravel how they radically inter-depend on one another. This kind of “ontologizing” practice is currently proving to be pivotal to counter “antagonisms” (and, therefore, mitigate social polarizations), and re-framing them in “agonistic” terms. This article reports how we operated this “ontologizing” practice in a particularly debated area of the neighbourhood by embracing the perspective of marginalized actors, encouraging them to collaborative and transformative actions for their own situated context. Keywords: agonism; marginalized communities; participatory design; radical interdependence; situated knowledges; social polarization; urban regeneration Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:322-334 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experts as Game Changers? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Climate Measures in the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6413 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6413 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 307-321 Author-Name: Tanja Herdt Author-Workplace-Name: IRAP Institute of Spatial Development, OST Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland / Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Víctor Muñoz Sanz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: This article analyzes the acceptance of climate policy measures in the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam to understand how policy and planning interrelate with private and public interests. While legitimizing climate policy and measures, values can also cause conflict when operationalized locally. By analyzing value conflicts in public discourse, we gain insights into questions of environmental behavior and their influence on the acceptance of climate action. We report on quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis covering 410 articles from Dutch newspapers between 2015 and 2021 in the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam related to the energy transition, mobility, and urban greening. Our findings show that public discourse mostly remains abstract and detached from local contexts. As experts and politicians dominate the debate, the discourse mainly addresses science- and policy-related arguments, representing the public interest but reflecting only insufficiently private interests and the local (re-)distribution of benefits and burdens. Therefore, we attribute spontaneous protest to the lack of reference to differentiated values at the local level and find the argument of NIMBYism insufficient to explain residents’ opposition. Instead, our findings point to experts’ and decision-makers’ lack of recognition of the local “idea of place” and a community’s identity as an explanation for the sudden emergence of protests. Here, urban design may bridge the gap between policy and planning by translating technical and economic constraints into place-specific designs. Keywords: climate change adaptation; climate change mitigation; critical discourse analysis; environmental behavior; identity of place; public acceptability; urban design; urban planning; values Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:307-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experiential Evaluation to Create Risky Situations and Address Tensions in a Participatory Planning Process File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6370 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6370 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 292-306 Author-Name: Lieve Custers Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Arts, Hasselt University, Belgium Author-Name: Liesbeth Huybrechts Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Arts, Hasselt University, Belgium Author-Name: Oswald Devisch Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Arts, Hasselt University, Belgium Abstract: Planning processes often cause tensions between institutions and citizens because the local knowledge and values of the citizens are not included in the decision-making process, which can cause mistrust. This article builds on an ongoing PhD research that explores the potential of experiential evaluation as an alternative and experimental approach to “hybrid forums”: an approach to open the participatory planning process for diverse actors and values. In order to render tensions visible and constructive in the participatory planning process, experiential evaluation creates “risky situations” in these hybrid forums. To discuss this approach of experiential evaluation, we use a methodological and analytical framework based on the four steps of strategic navigation techniques: tracing, mapping, diagramming, and agencying. We use these techniques to analyse two risky situations that were created through experiential evaluation within the participatory planning process of the neighbourhood spatial plan (NSP) of Zwijnaarde (Ghent, Belgium). Based on the analysis of the case, we observed that experiential evaluation was able to render tensions visible, but did not yet make them constructive. However, as a framework for a dialogue between institutions and citizens, the NSP leaves room to continue the experiential evaluation process that was initiated and to take further care of tensions on a smaller scale. Keywords: democratic decision-making; hybrid forums; more-than-human actors; participatory design; staging; values Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:292-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Determinants, Urban Planning, and Covid-19 Response: Evidence From Quito, Ecuador File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6189 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6189 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 281-291 Author-Name: Susana Herrero-Olarte Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Economic Research, Universidad de Las Americas, Ecuador / Place, Environment and Society Research Group, Universidad de Las Americas, Ecuador Author-Name: Angela Díaz-Márquez Author-Workplace-Name: Place, Environment and Society Research Group, Universidad de Las Americas, Ecuador Abstract:Covid-19 has put all urban planning systems around the world to the test. Cities’ design and how these are managed are being observed, analyzed, and even questioned from the perspective of the pandemic. Density and poverty have been two fundamental aspects to manage in the pandemic scenario in cities of the Global South, which face this challenge along with other pre-pandemic planning problems. In the city of Quito, Ecuador, the response to the pandemic has been coordinated through regulations issued by the emergency operations center at the national level, and the information (number of cases) has been recorded per parish. The objective of this research is to determine if there is a relationship between Covid-19, poverty, and population density at the parish level for the canton of Quito. The results have shown that there is no correlation. What they did show is that due both to the difficulties of responding to the pandemic and the city’s planning structure, another type of characterization, or characterizations, of the territory (for example, by scenarios or by situations) is needed, which can respond to the needs of the most vulnerable groups. Another observable result was that the gap between urban planning and management instruments and the complexity of territorial needs contributes to the polarization of local government approaches, which compromises urban planning with minimum continuity and coherence.
Keywords: Covid-19; pandemic scenario; Quito; social determinants; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:281-291 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Re-Orienting Planning Practice File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/7033 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.7033 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 277-280 Author-Name: Petra L. Doan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Florida State University, USA Abstract: This commentary reflects on the articles in the thematic issue on queering urban planning and municipal governance and the ways that they suggest that planning practice must be re-oriented to be more inclusive and incorporate more insurgent perspectives. Planning practice is susceptible to capture by neo-liberal corporate interests that marginalize vulnerable queer populations. More insurgent planning approaches are needed to resist the corporate take-over of queer spaces by empowering the voices of LGBTQ+ people. Keywords: insurgent planning; LGBTQ+ planning; queer spaces Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:277-280 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 50 Years of Pride: Queer Spatial Joy as Radical Planning Praxis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6373 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6373 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 262-276 Author-Name: Marisa Turesky Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Planning & Development, University of Southern California, USA Author-Name: Jonathan Jae-an Crisman Author-Workplace-Name: Public & Applied Humanities, University of Arizona, USA Abstract: Planning has historically been used as a tool to regulate queer people in urban space and parades have long been a vibrant, yet overlooked, practice for resisting such municipal regulation—although parades themselves require spatial planning practices. We analyze the 50-year history of the Los Angeles Pride parade through archival materials, asking to what extent and how the historical planning of LA Pride demonstrates a radical planning praxis, especially in relation to policing. We find that LA Pride was initially (a) a ritual of remembrance and (b) a political organizing device. In contrast to heteronormative readings of Pride as an opportunity to “come out” and transform the “straight state,” we argue that the early years of Pride demonstrated intersectional and insurgent planning wherein heterogeneous queer people claimed agency through collectively expressing joy as an act of resistance to municipal governance. Based on theories of Black joy and the feminist killjoy, we conceptualize this experience as a “spatialized queer joy.” This concept is particularly germane given ongoing debates regarding the relationship between queer and BIPOC urban life and policing. We suggest that spatialized queer joy complicates conventional readings of Pride and queer urban space, offering instead powerful tools for radical queer planning praxis. Keywords: Black joy; policing; Pride parades; queer joy; queer planning; queer space; radical planning; regulation; spatial justice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:262-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Territorial Inequality Driven by Tourism: A Queer Mapping of Urban Space in Acapulco, Mexico File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6425 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6425 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 249-261 Author-Name: William J. Payne Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Canada Abstract: Drawing on the life stories of nine LGBTTTIQ-identified people who have lived in Acapulco (Guerrero, Mexico), this article provides a queer mapping of this city, peripherally situated in the Global South yet with longstanding entangled transnational connections. The frame for this analysis is the concept of “territorial inequality,” a term coined by urbanism scholar Óscar Torres Arroyo, whose seminal work examined the emergence of this southern Mexican city as an urban space formed through a process of socioeconomic segregation driven by tourism. This article also responds to the call of queer urban scholars to look beyond the metropole for spaces of the political theorized on their own terms. In Acapulco, class, race, and nationality intersect with sexuality in ways that have made it a destination for some queers while also dangerous and unpredictable for others, a segregated sociopolitical space where norms of masculinity have collided with multiversal expressions of sexuality imbued with patterns of exploitation. A key destination during the 20th-century rise of international tourism and a place now securitized as “violent,” this urban space is also the site of evolving LGBTTTIQ movements, communities, and shifting patterns of queer life and queer tourism. This article reconsiders proposals made by queer theorists such as Lionel Cantú and Jasbir Puar regarding the complicated role of tourism in shaping sexualities, urbanization patterns, and state practices structured through colonial, neoliberal, and liberational processes, to theorize queer dimensions of the development of this city. Keywords: LGBTTTIQ; Mexico; organized crime; queer tourism; segregation; territorial inequality; urban space; violence Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:249-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community Support Organizations in Gay Neighborhoods: Assessing Engagement During the Covid-19 Pandemic File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6404 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6404 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 235-248 Author-Name: Daniel Baldwin Hess Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University at Buffalo, USA Author-Name: Alex Bitterman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture & Design, Alfred State College, USA Abstract: Volunteerism, grassroots activism, and mutual aid have been critical to the advancement of rights and opportunities for LGBTQ+ people. These activities are institutionally anchored within supportive organizations embedded in LGBTQ+ communities. But these supportive organizations can be stressed by external crises, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, limiting the capacity for providing routine services. This article provides a typology of community support organizations—including healthcare providers, business improvement districts, neighborhood planning organizations, and social groups and clubs—to better understand how non-governmental organizations and non-profit entities provide services not traditionally provided by government agencies for LGBTQ+ people. We characterize how community support organizations continued to provide critical services to the LGBTQ+ community—consistent with the missions and aims of these organizations—while also providing services and information related to health and safety during the Covid-19 pandemic. The article concludes with takeaway messages that synthesize the functions and services of community support organizations and explain how various types of supportive organizations in gay neighborhoods responded to the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: community; gay neighborhood; human services; LGBTQ+; non-profit organizations Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:235-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: At the Intersection of Equity and Innovation: Trans Inclusion in the City of Vancouver File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6461 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6461 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 223-234 Author-Name: Tiffany Muller Myrdahl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Studies, Simon Fraser University, Canada / Urban Studies Program, Simon Fraser University, Canada Abstract: In 2016, the Vancouver City Council passed the Supporting Trans* Equality and an Inclusive Vancouver policy, a motion that prompted the development of a strategy aimed at ensuring the safety and accessibility of municipal programs, services, and physical spaces for Two-Spirit, trans, and gender-diverse (TGD2S) users, including residents, City staff, and visitors. Binary gender is a taken-for-granted assumption of most urban forms and functions: It is encoded in all municipal data collection forms, building codes, signage, and communication strategies. At its root, then, addressing trans inclusion requires the municipal government to attend to and redesign the gendered models of service, programs, and space upon which the city is built. This article tells the story of the Supporting Trans* Equality and an Inclusive Vancouver policy and is driven by two goals. First, I document this policy as a contribution to the urban policy and planning literature, where attention to gender diversity is due. Second, using the trans inclusion strategy, I show how a municipal equity policy aimed at addressing the safety and inclusion of TGD2S people can have significant impacts beyond its immediate scope. To develop this idea, I consider how equity-driven innovation can substantially reshape institutional practices. Keywords: equity; gender diversity; inclusive cities; innovatory urban governance; LGBTQ; municipal policy; transgender Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:223-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Redistributing More Than the LGBTQ2S Acronym? Planning Beyond Recognition and Rainbows on Vancouver’s Periphery File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6294 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6294 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 208-222 Author-Name: Julie A. Podmore Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geosciences, John Abbott College, Canada / Department of Geography, Planning, and Environment, Concordia University, Canada Author-Name: Alison L. Bain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Abstract: Just urban planning recognizes sociocultural differences and addresses inequality by implementing redistributive mechanisms that move beyond urban neoliberal practices of aestheticization and festivalization. Such planning practices are only beginning to address sexual and gender minority recognition in central urban areas while metronormative assumptions about their geographies absolve suburban municipalities of accountability for LGBTQ+ inclusions. In suburban municipalities, therefore, an LGBTQ+ politics of recognition rarely synchronizes with a politics of redistribution to foster sustained and transformative responses across the professional and managerial boundaries between planning and other local government functions. Consequently, a reparative civic “rainbowization” stands in for transformative urban planning, producing only partial and commodifiable inclusions in the landscape that become absolution for inaction on more evidence-based goals and measurable targets. Drawing on a database of public-facing communication records referencing LGBTQ2S themes for three adjacent peripheral municipalities in the Vancouver city-region (Burnaby, New Westminster, and Surrey), this article analyses the tension between contemporary planning’s civic actions of LGBTQ+ recognition and outcomes of redistribution. In suburban municipalities, a rainbow-washing politics of recognition sidelines transformative planning and policy resulting in little more than the distribution of the LGBTQ2S acronym across municipal documents. Keywords: LGBTQ2S; rainbowization; social inclusion; suburbs; transformative redistribution; Vancouver Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:208-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning in the “LGBTQ Capital”: Choreographing Transgender In and Out of Policy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6321 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6321 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 197-207 Author-Name: Matt C. Smith Author-Workplace-Name: School of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Brighton, UK Author-Name: Paul Gilchrist Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, UK Author-Name: Jason Lim Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, UK Abstract: Greater consideration of transgender communities within planning has been called for from research highlighting their absence in policy and practice. However, there is little work that outlines how trans is considered within current planning practice. This article presents an empirical case study of how trans becomes articulated into city-level policy and practice in Brighton & Hove, the “LGBTQ capital” of England. A poststructural approach is used to analyse how trans is problematized within planning documents and interviews with planning practitioners. We develop the concept of “choreographing” to reflect the constrained rhythms and selective positioning at work in the articulation of trans in and out of planning policy and practices. By tracing the only consideration of a specific identified need of the transgender population in Brighton & Hove planning policy, we evidence the previous siloing of these concerns that positioned them in relation to other municipal services, but not planning. We show how interpretive practices within a Health and Equalities Impact Assessment process do not allow the specific needs of trans people and communities to be considered, instead positioning trans people as having greater “sensitivity” to generic changes in the built environment. This research concludes that current planning practices can facilitate the consideration of trans communities in planning and policy-making, yet simultaneously constrain and inhibit the ability to enhance trans liveability in the city. This article opens up theorizing into how consideration of trans and LGBTQ communities and knowledge are integrated into planning processes and calls for a creative disruption of current practice. Keywords: Brighton; choreography; gender; impact assessment; LGBTQ; municipal planning; policy; transgender Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:197-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pinkwashing Policies or Insider Activism? Allyship in the LGBTIQ+ Governance–Activism Nexus File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6509 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6509 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 187-196 Author-Name: Karine Duplan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Environment, University of Geneva, Switzerland Abstract: While there has been an increase in the rights and visibility of LGBTIQ+ people in (most) European countries, critiques of what is denounced as instrumentalization by public policies of LGBTIQ+ issues have also developed. In this context, one can ask how to qualify the strengthened relationships between governance and activism. In this article, I propose to explore the paradoxical articulation of the multiple sites from where the cause support can be enacted. Drawing on a Geneva-based ethnographic research project, I use the concept of governance–activism nexus to reflect on the liminal position of public officials in charge of implementing equality agendas. Troubling further the insider–outsider binary divide, I argue that they act towards a discrete queering of municipal governance from the inside, through the practice of allyship in solidarity. In so doing, this article offers future research perspectives for the study of urban/regional LGBTIQ+ activism and politics, while allowing us to question our own position as critical or activist researchers in the field of feminist and queer geographies. Keywords: allyship; equality; Geneva; insider activism; pinkwashing; public policies; queer space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:187-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Radical Solidarities in Punk and Queer Refusals of Safety and Inclusion Narratives in Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6372 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6372 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 177-186 Author-Name: Sarah Gelbard Author-Workplace-Name: School of Urban Planning, McGill University, Canada Abstract: Recent call-outs against Ottawa punk venues have fueled public debates about safe space and the inclusivity of local music scenes. The Ottawa Music Strategy released in 2018 translated these debates into cultural development policy that links creative placemaking and safe space discourse. This article examines the civic response to activist call-outs by analyzing how the Ottawa Music Strategy integrates diversity and inclusion strategies into cultural policy, and how cultural policy and safe space policies intersect with cultural revitalization and economic development priorities in the Ottawa Official Plan. Punk counter-narratives developed through grounded ethnographic research in the Ottawa punk scene unsettle normative public safety narratives that frame punk spaces as unsafe. Place-based histories of anti-oppression tactics, logics, and traditions of punk space and activism contextualize alternative responses by local punk venues and promoters. Drawing upon literature in queer planning and queer geography and literature on intersections between radical queer and punk politics, spatialities, and identities, this article discusses punking planning in solidarity with queering planning through alternative community-based responses to issues of safety, inclusion, and participation. Keywords: creative placemaking; cultural planning; punk; queer planning; spatial justice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:177-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Queering Housing Policy: Questioning Urban Planning Assumptions in Namibian Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6592 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6592 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 164-176 Author-Name: Guillermo Delgado Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Land, Livelihoods and Housing, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia Author-Name: Vanesa Castán Broto Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Institute, University of Sheffield, UK Author-Name: Takudzwa Mukesi Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Land, Livelihoods and Housing, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia Abstract: Heteronormative models of the home have permeated housing policies for decades, only adding to economic and spatial inequalities in a landscape of housing injustices. Half of the urban population in Namibia lives in precarious housing conditions. Cities like Windhoek and Walvis Bay are among the most unequal in the world. Such inequalities translate into significant gaps in housing quality, security, and service provision. These inequalities are acutely felt by LGBTIQ+ populations that already face other forms of exclusion from economic and social life and fundamental human rights. A new National Housing Policy—emphasizing the right to housing—is about to be adopted in Namibia, but would it address the concerns of queer populations? This article asks what it means to engage with Namibia’s new National Housing Policy through the lens of queer decolonial thought. It presents an exploratory study of the questions emerging at the margins of the discussion on the National Housing Policy. The objective was to develop an exploratory research agenda for a queer decolonial perspective on housing in Namibia. In the context of enormous housing shortages, a queer decolonial perspective emphasizes radical inclusion as a principle for housing provision. The exploration of shared queer experiences in accessing housing suggests that the themes of belonging, identity, and safety may support the development of such an agenda. Queer decolonial thought has thus three implications for an agenda of research on housing in Namibia. First, it calls for understanding what community and belonging mean for LGBTIQ+ people. Second, queer decolonial thought poses questions about citizenship, particularly given the shift to a view of the state as creating housing opportunities (through land rights and basic services) and support mechanisms for incremental housing. Queer decolonial thought calls for identifying the multiple ways the state misrecognizes individuals who do not conform to prescribed identities and sexual orientations. Third, queer decolonial thought invites reflection on the constitution of safe spaces in aggressive urban environments and the multiple layers of perceived safety constructed through diverse institutions and public spaces. Keywords: coloniality; housing; LGBTIQ+; Namibia; queer decolonial thought; queer housing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:164-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Homonegative Labyrinth of Representational Distortions: Planning Im/Possibilities for Higher Education LGBTQ+ Students in Mumbai File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6311 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6311 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 150-163 Author-Name: Chan Arun-Pina Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, York University, Canada Abstract: This article accentuates higher education LGBTQ+ (HE-LGBTQ+) students’ lived experiences of off-campus housing in the Deonar Campus District of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India. It is observed that key urban stakeholders such as brokers, landowners, neighborhood resident families, and hostel wardens informed by cis-heteronormative moralities work in tandem in shaping the student housing market. The article argues, first, that these powerful urban stakeholders collectively contribute to two mutually feeding phenomena—”studentphobia” and “cis-heteronormative familification”—which in turn effectuate a homonegative labyrinth of representational distortions of the HE-LGBTQ+ student-image. Secondly, when compounded with an increasingly unaffordable urban housing market in the finance capital of India, it results in relatively acute experiences of “spatial dysphoria” for HE-LGBTQ+ students that cannot be comprehended within the neat binary of socio-spatial un/belonging. Methodologically, this article takes a trans-disciplinary approach to analyze the spatial stories of disbelonging of 13 HE-LGBTQ+ students that follow three stages: (a) securing a home, (b) making a home, and (c) leaving home. The article concludes that what is needed to enable a sense of belonging for HE-LGBTQ+ students in India is not necessarily “LGBTQ+ inclusive” or, for that matter, “exclusively LGBTQ+” housing; rather, it is for planning practices to take on queer and trans approaches that undo cis-heteronormativity in urban housing and homes. Keywords: cis-heteronormative familification; homonegativity; India; LGBT+; spatial dysphoria; student housing; studentphobia Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:150-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Queer(ing) Urban Planning and Municipal Governance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/7012 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.7012 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 145-149 Author-Name: Alison L. Bain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Julie A. Podmore Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geosciences, John Abbott College, Canada / Department of Geography, Planning, and Environment, Concordia University, Canada Abstract: To queer urban planning and municipal governance requires explicit civic engagement with sexual and gender minority inclusions, representations and needs in urban plans and policies across departmental and committee silos. This collection questions the hetero-cis-normative assumptions of urban planning and examines the integration of LGBTQ+ issues in municipal governance at the interface of community activism, bureaucratic procedures, and political intervention. The editorial summarizes the contributions to this thematic issue within a tripartite thematic framework: 1) counter-hegemonic reactions to hetero-cis-normativities; 2) queering plans and policies; and 3) governance coalitions and LGBTQ+ activisms. Keywords: LGBTQ+; municipal governance; queer; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:145-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: GPS Tracking Data on Marginalised Citizens’ Spatial Patterns: Towards Inclusive Urban Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6524 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6524 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 133-144 Author-Name: Trine Agervig Carstensen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Author-Name: Hans Skov-Petersen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract: Knowledge about how marginalised citizens use urban spaces is hard to access and apply in urban planning and policy. Based on current debates around “smart cities” and “smart governance,” the City of Odense, in Denmark, has tested the integration of “smart engagement” by means of GPS-tracking techniques into the municipality’s cross-sectoral strategy for an “inclusive city.” In a period of austerity, cities have the incentive to optimise public services. Hence, GPS-tracking data was produced by 64 marginalised citizens, resulting in a data inventory covering three weeks of spatial behaviour. First, this article shows how these GPS-tracking data were processed into maps without revealing person-sensitive spatial patterns. Secondly, the article explores whether such maps and the GPS-tracking techniques that underpin them are considered valid, relevant, and applicable to urban planning from the perspectives of marginalised citizens, their representatives, and municipal planners and professionals respectively. The GPS project showed shortcomings as regards the quality of the data inventory and the representativity of the mapped behaviour, which made them inapplicable for optimising dedicated public service. However, the article also finds that the GPS-based maps succeeded in being non-person sensitive and in providing a valuable platform for citizen-centric dialogues with marginalised citizens with the potential for raising awareness and increasing knowledge about this citizen group’s living conditions and urban lives. An important derived effect of the project is that it has ensured ongoing cross-sectoral collaboration among a range of professional stakeholders, imperative for ensuring creating greater equity in urban planning. Keywords: GPS tracking; inclusive cities; marginalised citizens; Odense; public spaces; smart cities; smart engagement; smart governance Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:133-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gap Analysis Between the Level of Heat Wave Adaptation Policy and Heat Wave Effects in South Korean Municipalities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6414 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6414 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 120-132 Author-Name: Tae Ho Kim Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Architecture Program Division, Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Chang Sug Park Author-Workplace-Name: Division for Environmental Planning, Korea Environment Institute, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Sang-hyeok Lee Author-Workplace-Name: Marine Policy Research Division, Korea Maritime Institute, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Jung Eun Kang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea Abstract: This study aims to analyze the gap between the level of heat wave adaptation policies and heat wave effects in South Korean municipalities. First, the types of industries in municipalities were classified using factor analysis and cluster analysis. Second, the level of heat wave adaptation policy in the municipalities was assessed using a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process analysis. Third, the gap between the level of heat wave adaptation policy and the heat wave effect was analyzed. The results show that the heat wave adaptation policies were established in accordance with the heat wave effects to at least some degree. However, closer to the long-term future (2095), the policies have not sufficiently matched the level of heat wave effects. The proportion of municipalities with insufficient levels of heat wave adaptation policies against the heat wave effects was higher among urban-type municipalities. The analysis results suggest two policy implications. First, the heat wave adaptation policies of municipalities should be established through continuous feedback on the predictions of future heat wave effects. Second, urban-type municipalities should strengthen their planning authority and competence by securing a professional workforce and budgets for the establishment of heat wave adaptation policies. Keywords: adaptation policy; climate change; gap analysis; heat wave; local government; municipal policies; South Korea Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:120-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Natural Surveillance for Crime and Traffic Accidents: Simulating Improvements of Street Lighting in an Older Community File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6362 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6362 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 108-119 Author-Name: Yeo-Kyeong Kim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Yun-Kyu Lee Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Donghyun Kim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea Abstract: This study aimed to plan an alternative for community street lighting in an older community by simulating illuminance improvements. We applied the natural surveillance principle of crime prevention through environmental design to an older community in Busan Metropolitan City in South Korea. We conducted four field investigations to identify lighting sources and measure their illuminance and heights. Using the Relux Pro program, the gaps in lighting were identified and alternative plans for improvement for night lighting were simulated. Narrow alleys and houses were sources of light disruption and lighting blind spots. We determined the location and type of lighting within the community and considered the continuity necessary to meet natural surveillance standards in alternative settings. We considered visibility, facial recognition, the risk of traffic accidents, and other variables (i.e., lamp type). Our results confirmed that the community’s average horizontal illuminance met the requirement of the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards and the minimal illuminance criterion of the International Commission on Illumination in all community lighting spaces—which was improved by about 2.2% to 85.7% compared to the previous situation. The results of this study are meaningful in that they present an effective planning support tool using simulation methods to establish community street lighting alternatives and determine their suitability. Keywords: Busan; facial recognition; illuminance; natural surveillance; Relux Pro; street lighting; walkability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:108-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Civic Engagement in a Citizen-Led Living Lab for Smart Cities: Evidence From South Korea File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6361 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6361 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 93-107 Author-Name: Jooho Park Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan Author-Name: Sayaka Fujii Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan Abstract: Smart cities have emerged in the hope of solving growing urban problems. In addition, unlike past citizen participation in tokenism, new technologies in smart cities have shed light on creating cities with high levels of civic engagement. However, contrary to expectations, technology-centric smart city development has resulted in a lack of opportunities for citizen participation. Consequently, smart cities are increasingly adopting a citizen-centric living lab methodology. Previous research on living labs has emphasized the significance of civic engagement and the potential as a collaborative platform for governments, businesses, and citizens. However, keeping individuals engaged and motivated during the living lab process might be challenging. This study examined the significance of citizens’ active participation and determined the elements that influence the level of participation in a living lab. In this study, the first citizen-led living laboratory in South Korea was selected as the subject of a case study. An empirical analytic approach was adopted and a survey was conducted among living lab participants regarding their level of participation and the sociocultural elements that may impact it. Our findings revealed that living lab activities were associated with enhanced civic self-esteem and positive attitudes toward smart cities. Moreover, they display the socioeconomic elements that influence the degree of participation. This study offers evidence that living lab activities encourage citizen engagement by giving participants a sense of empowerment during the co-creation process with multiple stakeholders, boosting civic competency through learning activities, and improving a sense of community ownership. Keywords: civic engagement; living labs; participatory approach; smart city; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:93-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Smart City and Healthy Walking: An Environmental Comparison Between Healthy and the Shortest Route Choices File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6407 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6407 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 81-92 Author-Name: Eun Jung Kim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning, Keimyung University, South Korea Author-Name: Youngeun Gong Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning, Keimyung University, South Korea Abstract: Walking is a means of health promotion, which is one of the main features of smart cities. A smart city’s built environment can help people choose a healthy walking route instead of the shortest one. Our study investigated which environmental factors pedestrians who select healthy routes prefer and favored environmental factors in pedestrian navigation mobile applications. Survey data were collected from 164 residents in Daegu, South Korea, from October 12 to October 25, 2022. t and chi-square tests were used to compare perceptual differences between the healthy route and the shortest route preference groups. The results indicate that 56.7% of respondents preferred a healthy walking route over the shortest route. Pedestrians who chose the healthy route preferred to have less noise and more greenery along their commute and feel safer from traffic accidents and crimes than those who chose the shortest route. Moreover, people who favored healthy routes also considered the following environmental factors in pedestrian navigation mobile applications: (a) greenery and waterfront areas, (b) low traffic volume, and (c) safety from traffic accidents and crimes. The results suggest that urban planning and design policies support healthier and more active walking in smart cities. Keywords: built environment; healthy walking; mobile applications; pedestrian navigation; smart city; walking route Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:81-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What Role for Citizens? Evolving Engagement in Quadruple Helix Smart District Initiatives File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6351 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6351 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 70-80 Author-Name: Hannah Devine-Wright Author-Workplace-Name: Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland / European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, UK Author-Name: Anna R. Davies Author-Workplace-Name: Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Abstract: Globally, smart city initiatives are becoming increasingly ubiquitous elements of complex, sociotechnical urban systems. While there is general agreement that cities cannot be smart without citizen involvement, the motivations, means, and mechanisms for engaging citizens remain contested. In response, this article asks what the role of citizens is in two recently established smart districts within the wider Smart Dublin programme: Smart Sandyford, a business district, and Smart Balbriggan, a town north of Dublin with Ireland’s most ethnically diverse and youthful population. Using multiple methods (online and in-person interviews, site visits, a focus group, and participant observation), this article specifically examines how the “quadruple helix,” a popular concept within innovation studies and one that is adopted in promotional materials by Dublin’s emerging smart districts, is used by key actors as an overarching framing device for activities. It finds that, to date, the quadruple helix concept is being applied simplistically and uncritically, without attention to pre-existing and persistent patterns of uneven power and influence between the different actors involved. As such it risks inhibiting rather than supporting meaningful citizen engagement for smart and sustainable places that both smart districts articulate as a key driver of their activities. Keywords: citizen engagement; Dublin; hackathon; Ireland; quadruple helix; smart cities; smart districts Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:70-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning the Smart City With Young People: Teenagers’ Perceptions, Values and Visions of Smartness File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6411 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6411 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 57-69 Author-Name: Simeon Shtebunaev Author-Workplace-Name: School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, UK Author-Name: Silvia Gullino Author-Workplace-Name: School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, UK Author-Name: Peter J. Larkham Author-Workplace-Name: School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, UK Abstract: Young people are often seen as “future citizens” and therefore relegated to a back seat in the planning process, awaiting their coming of age. Recent digital transformations in planning have brought new consultation processes but also created a digital divide and conflicting agendas. This article engages with youth, specifically teenagers, a heterogenous community stuck between childhood and adulthood, assumed to possess the necessary digital skills, but usually overlooked in participatory planning processes. This article will examine the case study cities of Manchester, Birmingham, Valencia, and Sofia, where 121 teenagers between 15 and 19 years of age have been interviewed in relation to their awareness and perceptions of digital technologies and smart cities. It focuses on critically examining young people’s perceptions and values towards the smart city. Using the smart city wheel as an engagement and discussion tool, the article presents teenagers’ critique of smart city models and future city visions. The article categorises common threads and values that this demographic has espoused and presents cautionary tales relating to awareness and skills development in this age group. Throughout the interviews and surveys, young people in all four case studies have reported strong affiliations to specific modes of inhabiting the city and values that they would like to see reflected in any future visions. The article identifies key considerations for planners and smart city practitioners when engaging young people in the creation of future city visions. Keywords: city visions; participation; smart cities; teenagers; urban planning; young people Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:57-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smart Engagement in Small Cities: Exploring Minority Participation in Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6607 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6607 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 44-56 Author-Name: Shakil Bin Kashem Author-Workplace-Name: Landscape Architecture and Regional & Community Planning, Kansas State University, USA Author-Name: Dora Gallo Author-Workplace-Name: Landscape Architecture and Regional & Community Planning, Kansas State University, USA Abstract: Smart engagement approaches are now widely applied in community planning processes. However, there continues to be a lack of representation from marginalized groups such as racial/ethnic minorities in planning processes. In this study, we explore what smart community engagement methods are being applied by small cities in the U.S., and how minority communities are participating in the planning process with those engagement methods. We analyzed planning documents and public engagement data from five small cities located in different regions of the U.S. with varying levels of minority populations. We evaluated the planning processes of the study cities, specifically comprehensive planning, and what smart community engagement tools they have applied. Our study shows that smart engagements are performed primarily through community surveys and online outreach initiatives. Despite adopting these approaches, most cities received lower participation from minority populations compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Cities with higher participation rates provided more engagement opportunities and conducted targeted community events and surveys to reach out to minority and low-income communities. From this study, we conclude that cities should apply varied methods for community engagement and should not rely solely on smart approaches to engage with minority communities. For cities to increase their overall civic participation, including those underrepresented, smart engagement approaches should be supported by targeted public events and outreach activities. Keywords: community engagement; small cities; smart city; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:44-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Citizen Engagement in Smart City Planning: The Case of Living Labs in South Korea File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6416 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6416 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 32-43 Author-Name: Mijin Choo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Yeon Woo Choi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Hyewon Yoon Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Sung Bin Bae Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea Author-Name: Dong Keun Yoon Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea Abstract: The smart city is recognized as a new city model for inclusive urban planning. Many local governments are making smart city plans to develop new policies that manage urban issues in South Korea. They identify issues through citizen surveys and decide which issues should be managed with priority. Some governments test developed policies based on citizen engagement. Most local governments use the living labs to encourage citizen engagement in smart city plans since these are public spaces where planners engage citizens to develop innovative and inclusive ideas. This study conducted a content analysis of smart city plans of local government. We analyzed the various approaches to the living lab and examined the stage of the planning process it is utilized in. Additionally, we identified the barrier to the living lab by interviewing people who participated in the smart city plan. According to the analysis, a barrier to citizen engagement exists in smart city plans; most citizen engagement is only used when planners develop ideas for setting visions and goals. It implies that citizen engagement occurs at a limited level in smart city plans and may cause planning to be less inclusive. We suggest that citizen engagement should be considered in the whole planning process to improve the inclusiveness of smart city plans and encourage sustainable citizen engagement. Keywords: citizen engagement; inclusiveness; living lab; local government; smart city plan Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:32-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Phygitally Smarter? A Critically Pragmatic Agenda for Smarter Engagement in British Planning and Beyond File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6399 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6399 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 17-31 Author-Name: James Charlton Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Ian Babelon Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Richard Watson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Caitlin Hafferty Author-Workplace-Name: Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, UK Abstract: In Britain as elsewhere, planning systems are entering a “digital turn.” However, the emerging conversations around PlanTech in policy, industry, and research yield contrasting views about the promises of digital technology and “data-driven” decisions to enhance and embed public participation in the planning system. With faster, data-driven processes capable of engaging more people in more diverse ways, PlanTech offers to revolutionise planning systems. However, empirical evidence demonstrates low citizen trust in government and web-based technologies, democratic and participatory deficits, the complexity of the planning system and its opaque technocratic terminology, multi-layered digital divides, and other socio-technical factors that hinder effective and inclusive public consultations in planning. This article provides a preliminary, high-level research agenda for public consultations across Britain’s three nations that centres around a critical pragmatic design, deployment, and evaluation of blended/“phygital” (simultaneously physical and digital) information-rich ecologies of smart engagement. A review of selected national policy in Britain provides initial insight into the emphasis (or lack of) put on the adoption of digital tools within the planning process of each British nation. In doing so, the research sets out a conceptual model that complements existing models for participatory planning by adopting Beyon-Davies’ unified conception of information, systems, and technology. The conceptual model presented sets out seven Is of information-rich phygital ecologies and three interdependent “pillars” for smart engagement that enable one to gaze both deeply and broadly into opportunities for smart engagement through and beyond PlanTech. Keywords: digital participatory platforms; digital planning; e-participation; PlanTech; public consultations Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:17-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: For a Cooperative “Smart” City Yet to Come: Place-Based Knowledge, Commons, and Prospects for Inclusive Municipal Processes From Seattle, Washington File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6597 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.6597 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 6-16 Author-Name: Christian Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Bothell, USA Author-Name: Jin-Kyu Jung Author-Workplace-Name: School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Bothell, USA Abstract: This article explores possibilities for cooperative, equitable, and participatory forms of smart urbanism. We begin by outlining orientations that emphasize the heterogeneity of economic and urban life and center the capacities and priorities of constituencies that currently are often not well served by urban planning and information-gathering processes. We then further iterate these sensibilities in relation to two examples from community organizing in Seattle, Washington, sketching out a broad sense of how community’s and resident’s place-based knowledge, experiences, and forms of expertise might be understood as resources that could be integral to processes of urban planning, organization, and potential structural transformation. Finally, we connect these possibilities to ongoing debates and experiments with “commons” and “commoning”—both conceptually and in actually existing urban experiments—to show how serious engagements with place-based knowledge and capacities understood as commons might be made central within “smart” processes that are radically democratic, inclusive, open-ended, and potentially transformative in ways that are distinctive from more top-down models that often merely manage and reproduce status quo urbanisms. Ultimately, the article suggests possibilities for alternative “smart” urbanist orientations, sensibilities, and techno-political applications to emerge in and through open-ended participatory processes grounded in community and place-based resources and priorities. Keywords: commons and commoning; equity; participatory planning; place-based knowledge; Seattle; smart urbanism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:6-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smart Engagement and Smart Urbanism: Integrating “The Smart” Into Participatory Planning and Community Engagement File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/7034 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i2.7034 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-5 Author-Name: Jin-Kyu Jung Author-Workplace-Name: School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Bothell, USA Author-Name: Jung Eun Kang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea Abstract: The smart city epitomizes a new paradigm shift in urban planning, policy, and cities. Smart cities require and are powered by smart city principles to succeed, including smart technologies, smart infrastructure, and smart governance; however, they also need to engage closely with the citizens who are most affected by the deployment of the smart city and who also embrace the diverse perspectives, experiences, and opportunities of living in smart cities, i.e., smart engagement. What would be forms of collaborative democracy and inclusive citizen participation in smart city planning? To what extent can smart city planning respond and address inequality, justice, and social and digital division? How can we create community-based climate change planning with the smart? What would be a smart community platform that supports smart engagement, and how do cities around the world establish smart city policy and assess the impact on smart engagement? This thematic issue aims to answer these questions by exploring new visions, facets and methods, practices, and tools for enabling smart engagement. Drawing on research from various countries and cities across the world, the contributions bring new prospects of smart engagement and smart urbanism and illuminate how the theory, plan and policy, and practices of smart engagements are binding to the extent of citizen participation and engagement in smart cities. Keywords: community engagement; inclusive planning; smart engagement; smart governance; smart urbanism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:2:p:1-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fiduciary Activism From Below: Green Gentrification, Pension Finance, and the Possibility of Just Urban Futures File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6119 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6119 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 414-425 Author-Name: Jessica Parish Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Urban Research on Austerity, De Montfort University, UK Abstract: This article investigates the evolving concept of fiduciary duty and its role in Canadian public sector pension funds’ environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing practices. It contributes to the literature in the distinct but related fields of environmental gentrification and urban climate finance by bringing fiduciary debates into sharper focus. Engagement with issues surrounding investors’ legal and ethical duties to invest responsibly can contribute to an enhanced understanding of the global and local mechanisms of production and reproduction of environmental and spatial inequalities, as well as strategies for creating more than just urban futures. ESG, a calculative and modelling technique used to manage investment risks, overwhelmingly focuses on physical and financial climate risks (e.g., infrastructure assets and risks associated with regulatory change). This privileges the instrumental, Cartesian view of the environment as severed from its social, historical, and relational character, a perspective that has been thoroughly critiqued in the environmental/ecological gentrification literature. However, ESG investing has also introduced a potentially productive uncertainty in the realm of financial expertise; it forces questions about what it means to invest deferred compensation in the “best interests” of workers and retirees. This article has three interrelated aims. First, it reviews recent trends in environmental gentrification and urban climate finance literature to highlight an emerging but underdeveloped engagement with ESG and fiduciary duty. Second, it shows how the rise of ESG has revealed a vulnerability in the hegemonic profit maximization interpretation of fiduciary duty and invited further, open-ended, critical-theoretical engagements with the concept of the fiduciary and their responsibilities. Finally, it offers the concept of “fiduciary activism from below” to explore how grassroots agency increasingly stages a direct confrontation with corporations, institutional investors, and shareholders in the struggles over urban space and resistance to environmental and infrastructural violence. Keywords: climate risk; environmental gentrification; environmental, social, and governance investing; fiduciary duty; housing and infrastructure financialization; organized labour; public sector pension funds; Toronto Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:414-425 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How Context Matters: Challenges of Localizing Participatory Budgeting for Climate Change Adaptation in Vienna File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6067 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6067 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 399-413 Author-Name: Byeongsun Ahn Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria Author-Name: Michael Friesenecker Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria Author-Name: Yuri Kazepov Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria Author-Name: Jana Brandl Author-Workplace-Name: Research Platform: The Challenge of Urban Futures, University of Vienna, Austria Abstract: Participatory budgeting originally aimed to promote greater political representation and resource distribution for vulnerable populations. As it globally circulates, however, existing literature points out that its local interpretations and implementations often fall short of proper tools and mechanisms to advance its emancipatory potential. So far, the roles of different actors, objectives, and toolkits that contribute to diverging local experiences and outcomes have been widely studied. In contrast, extant research has rarely addressed the implications of different spatial contexts and their challenges—and the implicit potential—considering the distinctive institutional arrangements and opportunity structures at the urban scale. This article investigates how the policy idea of participatory budgeting landed in Vienna at the district level in 2017 (Partizipatives BürgerInnen-Budget), its outcomes, and how it evolved into a city-level project for climate change adaptation (Wiener Klimateam). It explores how the local institutional and structural conditions—including the political backing for such initiatives—influence the motivations, expectations, and experiences among different governmental stakeholders at multiple governance levels, shaping place-specific outcomes of participatory budgeting. It unpacks the specific opportunities and constraints of the deployed participatory tools in budgeting processes, according to three core values of democratic governance (legitimacy, justice, and effectiveness). The conclusion discusses the potential trade-offs between these three dimensions and argues that the current form of participatory budgeting in Vienna may increase legitimacy in the process but have less of an impact on the effectiveness of the delivery and the empowerment of vulnerable populations in the outcome. Keywords: citizen participation; multilevel governance; participatory budgeting; social justice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:399-413 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Food and Governmentality in the Green City: The Case of German Food Policy Councils File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6038 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6038 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 388-398 Author-Name: Alena Birnbaum Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Planning and Communication, University of Kassel, Germany Author-Name: Petra Lütke Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Münster, Germany Abstract: As an essential urban matter, food has always been highly relevant in issues of social and environmental justice. Current debates around food call for a better understanding of the relationship between global and local food production and social and environmental justice. Specifically, discussions on urban greening concepts are considering whether and how social justice and sustainability goals can be achieved. This has become a pressing issue due to a growing awareness of negative effects and social imbalances in the production, consumption, and disposal of food. The article explores the normative foundations and constructions of “good and just food” that are considered appropriate to a sustainable food system and the power techniques related to personal and environmental responsibility that feature in the work of the German food policy councils seeking to initiate a transformation process. Using a governmentality approach based on Foucault, this article seeks to fill gaps in the literature regarding food policy councils and, thereby, contribute to our understanding of the local manifestations of global policy projects that address environmental and social justice in green cities. Keywords: food; German Food Policy Councils; governmentality; green city; transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:388-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building Equality: A “Litmus Test” for Recognising and Evidencing Inequalities and Segregation in the Built Environment File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6085 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6085 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 372-387 Author-Name: Michael Crilly Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Georgiana Varna Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture Planning & Landscape, Newcastle University, UK Author-Name: Chandra Mouli Vemury Author-Workplace-Name: Vemury Structural Consultancy Ltd, UK Author-Name: Mark Lemon Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, UK Author-Name: Andrew Mitchell Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University, UK Abstract: The current convergence of global challenges, particularly the climate change emergency, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the Black Lives Matter movement, have highlighted the need for a new lens to challenge and interrogate key urban planning assumptions related to spatial urban inequality. Yet urban inequality is often and invariably described from a limited economic perspective, commonly interpreted and measured as income inequality. This is an overtly statistical measure, or Gini-Type index, often giving limited and unsatisfactory results. Yet, in practice, the spatial distribution and concentration of income inequality is a multi-scalar, multi-variant, and multi-disciplinary issue and has links with other and wider dimensions of inequality and well-being. As such, this article argues for a holistic understanding of urban inequality that goes beyond narrow empirical and quantitative models. It presents collaborative research that aims to impact the actions of urban professionals, to accurately identify and adequately respond to urban inequalities. Through the establishment of an interdisciplinary expert panel, we have uncovered a series of provisional mechanisms and responses to aid practitioners to achieve more spatial equality. We introduce an integrated analytical method, the “litmus test,” that acts as a planning tool for understanding, evaluating, and responding to inequalities and segregation present in the built environment. This novel methodology and procedural framework will assist us in (a) identifying and defining different forms of inequality and segregation beyond the current scope of physical and agency-based forms; (b) measuring and demonstrating the latter with a combination of qualitative, empirical sources that are materially significant in supporting and evidencing planning strategies; and (c) setting out a series of planning and built environment specific responses. Keywords: inequality; levelling up; litmus test; spatial segregation; UN sustainable development goals; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:372-387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Heat Transition in Berlin: Corporate Strategies, Political Conflicts, and Just Solutions File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6178 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6178 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 361-371 Author-Name: Hendrik Sander Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany Author-Name: Sören Weißermel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Kiel University, Germany Abstract: In the field of urban climate policy, heat production and demand are key sectors for achieving a sustainable city. Heat production has to shift from fossil to renewable energies, and the heat demand of most buildings has to be reduced significantly via building retrofits. However, analyses of heat transition still lack its contextualization within entangled urban politico-economic processes and materialities and require critical socio-theoretical examination. Asking about the embeddedness of heat transition within social relations and its implications for social justice issues, this article discusses the challenges and opportunities of heat transition, taking Berlin as an example. It uses an urban political ecology perspective to analyze the materialities of Berlin’s heating-housing nexus, its politico-economic context, implications for relations of inequality and power, and its contested strategies. The empirical analysis identifies major disputes about the future trajectory of heat production and about the distribution of retrofit costs. Using our conceptual approach, we discuss these empirical findings against the idea of a more just heat transition. For this purpose, we discuss three policy proposals regarding cost distribution, urban heat planning, and remunicipalization of heat utilities. We argue that this conceptual approach provides huge benefits for debates around heat transition and, more generally, energy justice and just transitions. Keywords: Berlin; energy justice; energy retrofitting; green gentrification; heat transition; just transition; low-carbon policy; urban metabolism; urban political ecology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:361-371 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Making Thessaloniki Resilient? The Enclosing Process of the Urban Green Commons File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5990 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.5990 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 346-360 Author-Name: Maria Karagianni Author-Workplace-Name: School of Spatial Development and Planning, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Abstract: In the global hegemonic resilience discourse, green infrastructure is projected as a “win-win” approach to urban planning. Following the trend of adopting resilience as the new silver bullet for urban development, and in the midst of the recent financial crisis, Thessaloniki, Greece, joined the 100 Resilient Cities network of the Rockefeller Foundation in 2014. This event marked a shift in the city’s public space production and governance programme, introducing new private actors in decision-making processes, an emphasis on green space economic benefits, and an extensive regeneration programme heavily focused on the city centre. The article scrutinises these changes to uncover the policy implications of the turn to resilience in green public space production. Based on data on green public space spatial distribution; semi-structured interviews with municipal representatives and senior employees and representatives of the government, civil society, and local professional associations; policy document analysis; and comparative analysis of all relevant development and planning documents, and drawing on Brenner and Theodore’s (2005) conceptualisation of neoliberalism, the article argues that greening policies in Thessaloniki form an ongoing enclosing process of the urban green commons that articulates in a threefold manner: their discursive construction as “natural assets,” the implementation of spatially selective policies, and the post-politicisation of decision-making processes. Keywords: Greece; green infrastructure; green public spaces; neoliberalisation; spatial justice; Thessaloniki; urban greening; urban resilience Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:346-360 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reframing Urban Nature-Based Solutions Through Perspectives of Environmental Justice and Privilege File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6018 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6018 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 334-345 Author-Name: Willi Bauer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Germany Abstract: Since its introduction, the concept of “nature-based solutions” has gained much attention, drawing public funds and private investments. Nature-based solutions conceptualise the use of nature in planning as a cost-efficient and sustainable means to address societal, economic, and ecological challenges. However, this “triple win” premise tends to conceal potentially resulting injustices, such as displacement through green gentrification. While these injustices have attracted the attention of environmental justice scholars, as exemplified by the “just green enough” approach, links to the “nature-based solutions” concept are mostly implicit. Further, the concept of environmental privilege, questioning who benefits from created natural amenities, has rarely been taken up. This article, therefore, argues that environmental justice should be linked closely to nature-based solutions. Supported by a theoretical perspective, the article aims at exploring who benefits from, and who loses out on, urban nature-based solutions processes. It builds on a qualitative literature review of the scholarly landscape on environmental justice and urban greening while linking to nature-based solutions, adding perspectives of environmental privilege. In this, it attempts to offer three important contributions to the current academic discussion. First, the article provides an overview of the debate on urban greening, (in)justice, and environmental privilege. Second, it relates the concept of nature-based solutions to the debate on environmental justice, opening nature-based solutions up for critique and conceptual refinements. Third, it outlines a way forward for reframing nature-based solutions through the lens of environmental justice and privilege. Thus, this article provides a starting point for further discussions on the implementation of just nature-based solutions in cities. Keywords: environmental justice; environmental privilege; Global North; green gentrification; just cities; nature-based solutions Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:334-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A New Phase of Just Urban Climate Action in the Rocky Mountain West File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6019 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6019 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 322-333 Author-Name: Clara Stein Author-Workplace-Name: Environmental Studies Program, Colorado College, USA Author-Name: Corina McKendry Author-Workplace-Name: Environmental Studies Program, Colorado College, USA / Department of Political Science, Colorado College, USA Abstract: The imperative of climate change has inspired hundreds of cities across the United States to act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Yet in some contexts, urban greening and climate action have exacerbated social injustices, spawning green gentrification or increasing the cost of living. In response, cities are beginning to shift their governing institutions to foster collaboration between departments and build local capacities while leaning into the interconnected nature of climate change mitigation, housing affordability, and social justice. Through a cross-case comparison of Denver, Colorado and Salt Lake City, Utah, two cities committed to climate action while facing severe housing crises, this study argues that cities are entering a new phase of urban climate action, one that can build a more sustainable and equitable urban environment for all. Keywords: climate justice; green gentrification; housing affordability; intersectional planning; urban climate policies Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:322-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Passive” Ecological Gentrification Triggered by the Covid-19 Pandemic File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6015 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6015 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 312-321 Author-Name: Dani Broitman Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Abstract: Urban areas can be conceptualized as large and ever-changing playgrounds in which many diverse agents (households, businesses, developers, municipalities, etc.) are active. The interactions between the playground qualities and the players’ preferences are not unidirectional. However, sometimes, external events may change the perception of the playground qualities in the player’s eyes. The recent Covid-19 pandemic and its associated precautionary measures are a clear example. During the pandemic, the value of existing urban green infrastructures has increased, as lockdowns were imposed, and distance working became widespread. The concept of “passive” ecological gentrification is developed in order to characterize this type of process. In contrast with “active” ecological gentrification, caused by purposeful intervention in the urban arena, “passive” ecological gentrification is triggered by a change of context, such as the pandemic impacts. This article focuses on the appreciation of green urban infrastructures by urbanites during the pandemic, showing that the willingness to pay to live near green and open spaces has increased in general, but with significant spatial differences. The main research questions are: (a) How does the player’s perception of the playground’s value change in times of pandemic? (b) Do these changes support the emergence of “passive” ecological gentrification? The methodology is based on the analysis of changes in property values over time as an indirect measure of a location’s appeal, looking specifically at areas near green urban infrastructures, both in the inner city and in the peripheral areas. Relatively large changes in property value over time are a possible indicator of ongoing gentrification processes: When they are observed near existing green infrastructures, and not related to redevelopment initiatives, “passive” ecological gentrification may be the result. Using detailed spatial data on land use and property prices from the Netherlands, we find evidence that supports the hypothesis of a “passive” ecological gentrification drift towards areas around urban parks and green infrastructures in general. Keywords: Covid-19; ecological gentrification; residential prices; residential rank; urban areas Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:312-321 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Environmental Microsegregation: Urban Renewal and the Political Ecology of Health File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6057 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6057 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 296-311 Author-Name: Klaus Geiselhart Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany Author-Name: David Spenger Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany Abstract: In recent years, multiple-burden maps were developed as a tool for assessing environmental health inequities in cities. Maps of this kind are particularly useful in identifying disadvantaged neighbourhoods. In the case of Erlangen (Germany), the historical development of poorer neighbourhoods may mean that their situation as regards environmental assets is relatively favourable. However, urban renewal often precipitates the redistribution of environmental “goods” and “bads” in such a way as to place a disproportionate burden on socio-economically deprived people and privilege the better-off. This type of environmental microsegregation occurs on a scale below that of neighbourhoods, which means that newly developed approaches in urban geography may fail to identify it. This article details the roots of these processes in changes in the structure of ownership and the respective administration of housing and considers possible methods for monitoring these tendencies. Keywords: environmental justice; Germany; microsegregation; political ecology; public health; urban renewal Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:296-311 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Green Gentrification, Social Justice, and Climate Change in the Literature: Conceptual Origins and Future Directions File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6129 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6129 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 283-295 Author-Name: Roberta Cucca Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning (BYREG), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway Author-Name: Michael Friesenecker Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering (IAN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria Author-Name: Thomas Thaler Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering (IAN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria Abstract: While global urban development is increasingly oriented towards strategies to facilitate green urbanism, potential community trade-offs are largely overlooked. This article presents the findings of a quantitative and qualitative meta-analysis of the current literature on green gentrification (the process leading the implementation of an environmental planning agenda displacing or excluding the most economically vulnerable population) in connection with climate change adaptation and mitigation across the globe. Based on specific keywords, we selected the recorded entry of 212 articles from Scopus covering the period 1977–2021. Our review focused on the historical and geographical development of the literature on urban greening and gentrification. The analysis shows that the concept of green gentrification has strong roots within the environmental justice debate in the US. In terms of intervention, most studies focused on urban parks and trees and were primarily oriented towards restoration. However, debates around the role of green facades, green roofs, or blue infrastructure (such as ponds and rivers) and other nature-based solutions as a driver for green gentrification are few and far between. Finally, we also identified a strong gap between the observation of green gentrification and potential countermeasures that respond to it. Most studies suggest that the existence of a stronger collaborative planning process within the affected communities may overcome the challenge of green gentrification. Based on our results, we identify several gaps and new research directions to design a green and just city. Keywords: climate change adaptation; climate justice; mitigation; social justice; urban design; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:283-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Justice in the Green City File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6850 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6850 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 279-282 Author-Name: Roberta Cucca Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning (BYREG), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway Author-Name: Thomas Thaler Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering (IAN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic and energy, climate, and demographic crises have shown how cities are vulnerable to these impacts and how the access to green and blue spaces has become highly relevant to people. One strategy that we can observe is the strong focus on the resilience discourse, meaning implementing more green and blue spaces in urban areas, such as at previous brownfield quarters. However, social justice implications of urban greening have been overlooked for a long time. The implementation of strategies to improve the quality and availability of the green and blue infrastructures may indeed have negative outcomes as far as housing accessibility is concerned by trigging gentrification processes. Issues related to environmental justice and socio-spatial justice are increasing in contemporary cities and call for a better understanding of the global and local mechanisms of production and reproduction of environmental and spatial inequalities. This thematic issue includes eleven articles with different methodologies, with examples from Europe and North America as well as different lenses of green gentrification. Some articles focus more on the question of costs, benefits, and distributional consequences of various infrastructural options for urban greening. Others, instead, discuss how the strategic urban planning tools and policy processes take into account distributional consequences, with specific attention on participatory processes. Keywords: climate gentrification; environmental justice; green gentrification; urban justice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:279-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Post-War Architecture and Urban Planning as Means of Reinventing Opole’s Past and Identity File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6079 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6079 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 266-278 Author-Name: Barbara Szczepańska Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Art History, University of Wrocław, Poland Abstract: In 1945, Opole experienced a disruption in its history—a formerly German city had been incorporated into southwestern Poland during the change of European borders. In this new geopolitical situation Opole, along with other pre-war Eastern outskirts of Germany, became a part of so-called Recovered Territories. The name itself implied that those lands were perceived as not only incorporated into the country but brought back as undeniably Polish. The process of establishing (or “regaining”) the Polish identity of those cities, among them Opole, was intended to omit some elements of the recent German past and emphasize others deemed inherently Polish at that time. This occurrence was also tied to the issue of rewriting and reinventing the city’s history, during which architecture and urban planning were used as one of the most powerful tools. The article presents how architecture and urban planning were used in the process of establishing Opole’s new, Polish identity since 1945. The attempts to rewrite and reinvent Opole’s history are exemplified by the restoration of the historic city centre, as well as by new, post-war architecture and urban development. The legacy of that process still lingers in the city’s urban fabric. The strive to emphasise “Polish” elements of the city while omitting or repurposing the German ones makes one pose questions about the role of architecture (both historic and new), urban planning, and the narratives created around them in the process of rewriting and reinventing a city’s past and identity. Keywords: architecture; monuments; Opole; Poland; post-war period; Recovered Territories; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:266-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dockers in Poplar: The Legacy of the London County Council’s Replanning of Poplar, East London File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6075 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6075 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 255-265 Author-Name: Rosamund Lily West Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Landscape, Kingston University, UK Abstract: Using Sydney Harpley’s sculpture, The Dockers, installed in Trinity Gardens on the Lansbury Estate in Poplar, this article will examine the London County Council’s reimagining of a key centre in London’s East End. Installed in September 1962, these Dockers sit within the post-war planned vision of the capital and are, as Frank Mort describes, “cultural visions” of a new London. For hundreds of years, Poplar served as part of the Port of London’s industrial heartland. After the Second World War, the London County Council assumed the River Thames would continue to be the heartbeat of Britain’s industry. The Port of London was the country’s largest and busiest port. The London County Council recognised that, in London, the most depressed and congested areas with bad housing housed working people. However, by referencing one part of the culture of this part of London, the London County Council was relying on a homogeneity of experience, difficult to defend in 1960s London. Using the initial reception of The Dockers, as well as the sculpture’s subsequent vandalism and destruction, this article shall analyse how the London County Council’s vision for post-war Poplar changed through the rapid deindustrialisation of the 1980s, through to the rapid gentrification of the area in the 21st century. Keywords: deindustrialisation; Docklands; East London; gentrification; housing; Poplar; Sydney Harpley Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:255-265 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Urban Fabric of Nuremberg From the 1940s Onwards Using Historical Maps File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6084 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6084 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 239-254 Author-Name: Carol Ludwig Author-Workplace-Name: GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany Author-Name: Seraphim Alvanides Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Abstract: As one of the most heavily bomb-damaged cities in Germany, with around 90% of its historic city centre destroyed, Nuremberg (Nürnberg) provides an excellent example to investigate the urban transformation of a post-war city. In this article, we bring together heterogeneous and under-researched data sets and archival material from the post-war period and convert urban features depicted in historic maps and scanned documents into digital geospatial data that is analyzed with a geographical information system. We combine morphological variables of townscape analysis to present three different transformations over time. First, using a damage map of Nuremberg from the Second World War, we examine the varying extent of bomb damage across the city at the detailed district level. Secondly, we focus on land-use units, comparing the pre-war spatial land-use distribution from 1940 with historical maps of land use/cover from 1956 and more recent land uses in 1969. Finally, using selected characteristics of urban form, we categorize pre-war and present-day urban block typologies to examine urban morphological change. In doing so, we contribute methodologically and substantively towards a new framework for the analysis of post-war cities. We demonstrate how geographical information systems can be utilized for historical research and the study of change in urban environments, presenting a map-based interpretation of the planning strategies to have guided post-war urban development in Nuremberg. Providing an alternative appraisal of post-war city transformation, our diachronic research offers insight into Nuremberg’s under-researched past, which is also of interest to planners and policymakers seeking to improve future cities. Keywords: city transformation; damage maps; geographical information science; post-war planning; urban morphology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:239-254 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intelligibility of Post-War Reconstruction in French Bombed Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6026 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6026 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 226-238 Author-Name: Alice Vialard Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Australia Abstract: In the aftermath of the WWII, many French cities faced a great need for reconstruction in response to the heavy destruction caused by the bombardments. Reconstruction plans were developed and implemented at relatively short notice in response to a critical and urgent situation. However, not all cities adopted the same approach: (a) some proposed and implemented a new layout; (b) others tried to recreate the old street layout but with some updates such as widening and alignment; and finally, (c) some have preferred to resort to more targeted interventions. The choice of approach was motivated by various factors associated with the level of destruction, the futuristic vision of the architect or urbanist in charge, or the historic value of the place destroyed. This article assesses the impact of these approaches on the urban tissue by measuring changes in the overall morphology and intelligibility of multiple city centres before and after the reconstruction based on their cadastral maps. Intelligibility is first measured as a configurational property of the street layout and then as a result of public participation in a navigation task using these maps and digital technology that records the speed of movement and trajectories. This allows a comparison between the original street layout and the new one, as well as across the different cities. Drawing on indicators of spatial cognition, this interdisciplinary research approach provides a means to measure and better understand the impact of the reconstruction on the intelligibility of urban environments. Keywords: bombed cities; intelligibility; skeleton; spatial cognition Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:226-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Reconstructionism”: A Strategy to Improve Outdated Attempts of Modernist Post-War Planning? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6169 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6169 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 211-225 Author-Name: Uwe Altrock Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Regeneration and Planning Theory, University of Kassel, Germany Abstract: Recently, Germany has seen a series of inner-city projects that tend to reconstruct pre-war buildings or ensembles lost in the Second World War after demolishing earlier attempts to redefine the place in which they had been located with the means of modernist architecture. While those modernist buildings are often seen as “eyesores” by ordinary citizens advocating their demolition, the newer reconstructionist projects are criticized heavily by architects and planners not only because they often bring along revisionist political attitudes but also lack a profound examination of the achievements of their predecessors and do without the creative possibilities new designs may offer. The article discusses the trend in its historical context starting in the early 1980s and flourishing after the German reunification by presenting four major types of reconstructionism and related case studies, and debates that accompany them. This allows an interpretation of the current trend and places it in the wider German debates about post-modern planning and urban design. It shows that beyond the most prominent examples of reconstructionism such as the reconstructed Frauenkirche church in Dresden and the Palace in the center of Berlin, there are certain parameters that loosely determine the trend. The article ends with recommendations for the ongoing debates on future reconstructions of bombed cities. Keywords: post-modern urban design; reconstructionism; retro style; urban repair Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:211-225 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Reconstruction to Urban Preservation: Negotiating Built Heritage After the Second World War File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6133 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6133 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 196-210 Author-Name: Birgit Knauer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Heritage Conservation, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Abstract: Designating parts of the city’s protected areas that are worthy of preservation has been part of urban-planning practice in Europe since at least the 1970s. Such efforts drew on post-war reconstruction planning, which had already addressed questions of which parts of historic city centers were worth preserving or rebuilding. However, the influence of reconstruction planning on the will to preserve historical city centers has so far been under-researched. The central concern of this article is to understand the reconstruction process not only as a moment of planning but also as an instance of inheritance and preservation. Close consideration of Vienna shows that the reconstruction period offered new opportunities, including some for the preservation movement. By designating buildings and entire Altstadt-Inseln (“old town islands”) as worth preserving, an attempt was made to influence the planning process. A review of historic maps and written documents shows how early cartographic and written heritage records guided not only the reconstruction process but also the longer-term development of the city. By exploring the discourse on preservation and repair that was carried out as part of reconstruction planning in Vienna, this article illustrates the consequences of this negotiation process and the ascription of value to monuments and ensembles, which formed the basis for the preservation of “Old Vienna” in the 1960s and 1970s and can still be traced today. Keywords: heritage negotiation; monument values; protection zones; reconstruction planning; townscape protection; urban preservation; Vienna Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:196-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Post-Second World War Reconstruction of Polish Cities: The Interplay Between Politics and Paradigms File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6116 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6116 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 182-195 Author-Name: Łukasz Bugalski Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Piotr Lorens Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: By the end of the Second World War, many of the Polish cities—and especially their historic centres—were in ruins. This was caused by both bombings and sieges conducted by the Nazis and Soviets. The particular group of cities is associated with former German lands—now called the “Recovered Territories”—which were incorporated into the borders of Poland as compensation for its Eastern Borderlands lost to the Soviet Union. These cities started to be gradually rebuilt after the end of the war, although one can distinguish certain stages and types of interventions, varying from the restoration and idealisation of the pre-war townscapes (so-called “Polish School of Conservation,” which was developed along principles contradictory to the urban conservation theories of these times) to late modern as well as postmodern (called the “retroversion”) principles. This process is ongoing, meaning the reconstruction of the historic cities is not yet completed. At the same time, these processes were embedded within the changing political perspectives—varying from “restoration of destroyed heritage” through “providing modern living environments” up to the “theming urban spaces.” In some cities, various stages and approaches overlapped, creating unique palimpsests. The article focuses not only on the evolution of both politics and design paradigms but mostly on the interplay between them and, as a result, on the doctrine’s evolution. Consequently, these considerations allow presenting the similarities and differences in the evolution of the reconstruction of Polish cities to the cases known from Western Europe and provide the framework for understanding the contemporary urban design paradigms of Central and Eastern Europe. Keywords: conservation; Polish School of Conservation; Recovered Territories; retroversion; socialist modernism; socialist realism; theming; tourism economy; urban heritage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:182-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Revisioning and Rebuilding Britain’s War-Damaged Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6102 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6102 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 169-181 Author-Name: Peter J. Larkham Author-Workplace-Name: Department of the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, UK Author-Name: David Adams Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK Abstract: This article presents an overview of Second World War bomb damage to British towns and cities and a systematic evaluation of the relationship between damage, revisioning, replanning, and actual reconstruction in a sample of cities—Bath, Birmingham, and Hull. Two were severely affected by aerial bombing as port/industrial targets, and the third for propaganda purposes as a historical city. Two had extensive plans produced by eminent consultants (both involving Patrick Abercrombie) but the city managers of the third did not support “big plans.” Birmingham, without a specific plan, rebuilt extensively and relatively quickly. Hull’s plan was disliked locally and virtually vanished. Bath was repaired rather than rebuilt. These contrasting experiences have shaped the contemporary city via subsequent generations of replanning (not all of which was implemented) and, in Birmingham’s case, the demolition of major reconstruction investments after relatively short lifespans. The article demonstrates the difficulty of conceptualising a generic approach to post-catastrophe reconstruction and the problems of such large-scale change over a short period for the longer-term effective functioning of the city. Keywords: Bath; Birmingham; Hull; post-war replanning; rebuilding; reconstruction; UK; wartime bomb damage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:169-181 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bombed Cities: Legacies of Post-War Planning on the Contemporary Urban and Social Fabric File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6828 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6828 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 165-168 Author-Name: Seraphim Alvanides Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Carol Ludwig Author-Workplace-Name: GESIS — Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany Abstract: Post-Second World War reconstruction is an important field of research around the world, with strands of enquiry investigating architecture, urban archaeology, heritage studies, urban design, city planning, critical cartography, and social geography. This thematic issue offers a critical statement on mid-twentieth century urban planning, starting from the period of the Second World War. We approach post-war reconstruction not only from the mainstream actualised perspective, but also considered by alternative visions and strategies, with an emphasis on empirically driven studies of post-catastrophic damage and reconstruction, implementing a range of different methodologies. In this editorial we identify two research strands on post-war planning of destroyed cities, one investigating the processes and practices of reconstruction and heritage conservation and the other assessing the legacies of planning decisions on the social and urban fabric of today’s cities. These two strands are interlinked; early planning visions and subsequent decisions were dominated by contemporary concerns and political values, yet they have been imprinted on today’s urban and social fabric of various bombed cities, affecting our urban lives. Thus, reconstruction strategies of destroyed cities should engage diverse voices in a broad dialogue through sensitive inclusion, as today’s planning decisions have the capacity to define the urban and social conditions for future generations. Keywords: building reconstruction; city transformation; damage maps; heritage conservation; post-war planning; social fabric; wartime bomb damage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:165-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Conservation Planning and the Development Trajectory of the Historic Core of Worcester, England File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6205 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6205 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 151-164 Author-Name: Heather Barrett Author-Workplace-Name: School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, UK Abstract: For over half a century many urban centres in England have been influenced by local conservation policies designed to preserve and enhance their historic townscapes. Whilst these policies have been viewed as broadly successful in preventing the loss of valued historic buildings, there has been limited detailed evaluation of their impact on the localised trajectories of development and change within cities. This article seeks to examine one of these localised trajectories through consideration of the impact of conservation planning on the nature of major development in the commercial core of the historic city of Worcester, England. Utilising local authority planning records, it explores the complex local unfolding of wider conservation and development interests through a focus on the outcomes of planning decision-making evident in the changing nature, location and architectural style of major development in the city core from the late 1980s onwards. The article uses the idea of conservation planning as an “assemblage” to consider how variation in the extent and nature of change across the core reflected the outcome of a complex web of decision-making, moulded by the material agency of a “heritage map” of heritage asset designation. Three distinct “turns” are noted over the study period when shifts in the wider discourses of conservation planning, changing local planning contexts, and amendments to the heritage map produced changes in the local conservation planning assemblage. The discussion highlights how a policy deficiency in articulating the value and significance of the existing urban form and character of the area impacted development proposals and outcomes, leading to the incremental erosion of local character, both in terms of morphological and functional change. The article concludes by reflecting on how exploration of change within local conservation-planning-assemblages might provide insights into some of the current challenges facing urban conservation practice in seeking to articulate how the management of historic urban landscapes can support sustainable urban development. Keywords: city centres; commercial development; conservation areas; conservation-planning-assemblage; heritage map; townscape character; Worcester Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:151-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Heritage Rehabilitation: Institutional Stakeholders’ Contributions to Improve Implementation of Urban and Building Regulations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6203 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6203 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 137-150 Author-Name: Cilísia Ornelas Author-Workplace-Name: CONSTRUCT, University of Porto, Portugal Author-Name: João Miranda Guedes Author-Workplace-Name: CONSTRUCT, University of Porto, Portugal Author-Name: Isabel Breda-Vázquez Author-Workplace-Name: CITTA, University of Porto, Portugal Author-Name: Virginia Gallego Guinea Author-Workplace-Name: Eduardo Torroja Institute for Construction Sciences, Spanish National Research Council, Spain Author-Name: Alessandra Turri Author-Workplace-Name: Superintendency of Archeology, Fine Arts, and Landscape for the Municipality of Venice and the Lagoon, Italy Abstract: Climate change, natural hazards, and human actions are threatening cultural heritage in urban areas. More than ever, building regulations’ procedures and criteria are essential to guarantee the protection and safeguarding of urban areas and their buildings. These procedures and criteria are crucial to assist stakeholders in decision-making, especially when facing rapid transitions and transformative changes in urban heritage areas. Several institutional stakeholders in charge of urban heritage protection strengthen the need for a better implementation of building regulations through flexible criteria to support intervention procedures in buildings with different features and in different contexts. Under this topic, the present study uses a twofold method. Firstly, the authors analyze and compare the urban and building regulations of three Southern European countries, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, concerning procedures and criteria directed to the built heritage; secondly, they highlight and compare the views of different institutional stakeholders from the same three countries, at different levels (national, regional, and municipal), to understand the impact of the implementation of the regulations on the ground. The findings show the relevance of the institutional stakeholders’ views to improve the regulations and their practice. They highlight the need to promote inventory and cataloging procedures, as well as flexible criteria when dealing with urban heritage buildings. Keywords: building regulations; flexible criteria; institutional stakeholders; Southern European countries; urban heritage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:137-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Bourdieusian Framework for Understanding Public Space Heritage Transformations: Riga’s Castle Square File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6137 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6137 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 121-136 Author-Name: Helena Gutmane Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium / Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, Latvian University, Latvia Abstract: The article investigates how Bourdieu’s theory of practice can be mobilized to analyse the micro landscape of decision-making in urban practice, framing it by means of the concept of habitus. The reconstruction of the Riga Castle Square in the UNESCO-protected area is used as a case study. Using the vocabulary of habitus-related concepts—illusio, doxa, and hysteresis—an attempt is made to trace the interrelations between the motivations and actions of professionals involved in the project and their influence on the outcomes. This article assumes that the symbolic significance of a place causes symbolic space, understood as a grid of cognitive structures guiding agents in their choices, to become salient. When representative public spaces are transformed, the symbolic space imposes on social and physical spaces through the symbolic forms of power used by specialists. In conclusion, the article offers an interpretation of heritage as a manifestation of habitus: Public space thus exemplifies a social interface, expressing interplay between traditional and emerging values. The findings reinforce the relevance of the theory of practice for researching non-physical phenomena of urban practice. The concept of habitus supports the conceptualization of urban planning practice as assemblages of diverse interdependent interactional settings where fraternities of practice communities communicate around values. This communication defines motivations and determines decisions, shaping physical space. The theory of practice helps decompose the micro-level of socio-psychological dynamics underlying stakeholders’ decision-making and to relate it to macro phenomena, such as power distribution or participation. Keywords: Bourdieu; habitus; heritage; public space; Riga Castle Square; urban project Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:121-136 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Portraying Urban Change in Alfama (Lisbon): How Local Socio-Spatial Practices Shape Heritage File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6073 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6073 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 110-120 Author-Name: Catarina Fontes Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Graça Índias Cordeiro Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Research Methods, ISCTE—University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal Abstract: Alfama, a neighborhood whose history dates to Lisbon’s origins, held simultaneously the power and burden of representing the “old Lisbon.” It is recognized as a territory that was never a part of the efforts to modernize the city but also through its inherent values. The latter derives exactly from the nostalgic images it projects and through which the city’s history is kept alive. As part of a city’s ecosystem and embroiling global phenomena, the neighborhood faces inevitable changes, affecting both the closely intertwined urban fabric and socio-cultural aspects to shape a landscape of tangible and intangible heritage. Based on a multidisciplinary and humanistic approach, the article portrays the urban change in the neighborhood through a spatial and ethnographic lens, along different scales and angles, contributing with a critical dimension to understanding urban development processes. We examine how Alfama has been dealing with political intentions steered by economic prosperity and global influences. Thus, we look at policies fostering urban regeneration and tourism development and describe impacts on the territory and responses where traces of the community’s resilience emerge. We further discuss how increased tourism led to a “touristification” scenario and implied local responses. Namely, the community has been activating specific mechanisms and leveraging certain socio-spatial features to cope with the process of change. Some examples highlight how the community is adapting practices of space and social interactions to take advantage of the new possibilities brought up by tourism, while defending its core socio-spatial networks, in a continuous process of heritage creation. Keywords: Alfama; alley; heritage (re)invention; neighborhood resilience; Portugal; urban change; urban heritage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:110-120 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Permanences Against Cultural Amnesia: Reconstructing the Urban Narrative of the Rum Community of Fener, Istanbul File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6063 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6063 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 99-109 Author-Name: Ilgi Toprak Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, USA Abstract: In this article I reconstruct the place narrative of the Rum community (Greeks of Turkey) in Fener, Istanbul through unrest, displacement, and gentrification, and how the urban fabric, everyday life, and encounters transformed through different phases of urban change. Fener was a neighbourhood where cultural groups coexisted with mutual respect. This environment started to deteriorate when societal unrest towards non-Muslims resulted in a city-wide assault in 1955 and a subsequent displacement of many non-Muslims from the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood decayed and later became an attractive spot for gentrifiers because of its multicultural history. This implicated a massive physical change after an unimplemented regeneration project leading to gentrification. I theorize this narrative mainly based on Whitehead’s “permanences,” the stabilities in the physical and non-physical presence of Rums in Fener and Bhabha’s “in-between temporalities” as complements of permanences, defining space-time envelopes that signify both adjustment and resilience, but also amnesia as a result of urban unrest through social and physical change. The Rum urban narrative provides a complex story of challenged community identity; therefore, it necessitates the use of several qualitative research methods: interviews with older residents, historical investigation with documentation, and personal observation. The study results show that the Rum community’s daily practices and placeworlds were lost; however, the community remembers permanences better than in-between temporalities. Linking fragmented narratives by reconstructing them fights cultural amnesia and leads to a better connection with place and past contexts. Keywords: cultural amnesia; displacement; permanence; Rum heritage; urban change Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:99-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Endangered Urban Commons: Lahore’s Violent Heritage Management and Prospects for Reconciliation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6054 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6054 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 83-98 Author-Name: Helena Cermeño Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Sociology, University of Kassel, Germany Author-Name: Katja Mielke Author-Workplace-Name: Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies (BICC), Germany Abstract: The debate on urban commons yields relevance for shared histories and heritage in divided and post-conflict societies. Albeit memory is always subjective, heritage management tends to engender a linear view of the past that suggests a preconceived future development. Where the past is denigrated to prove the impossibility of ethnoreligious communities’ coexistence even though they have lived together peacefully for centuries, it risks corroborating us-them divisions for posterity and undermines reconciliation and peacebuilding. In this historically informed article, we argue that urban change in Lahore since 1947 has gone hand in hand with the purposive destruction of the common heritage shared by India and Pakistan. This interpretation of the past for the future reflects different forms of violence that surface in heritage management. Based on empirical data collected on heritage practices in the Old City of Lahore, Pakistan, we analyse the approach of the Walled City of Lahore Authority towards heritage management. Our focus on ignored dimensions and objects of heritage sheds light on the systematic denial of a shared history with Hindus and Sikhs before and during the 1947 partition of British India. This partial ignorance and the intentional neglect, for instance, of housing premises inhabited once by Hindus and other non-Muslim minorities, prevent any constructive confrontation with the past. By scrutinising the relationship between urban change, nostalgia, memory and heritage, this article points out that heritage management needs to be subjected to a constructive confrontation with the past to pave the ground for future reconciliation. Keywords: evacuee property; heritage; housing; Lahore; memory; nostalgia; Pakistan; shared history; structural violence; urban commons Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:83-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns of Detachment: Spatial Transformations of the Phosphate Industry in el-Quseir, Egypt File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6053 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6053 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-82 Author-Name: Mirhan Damir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Monument Preservation and Building History, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Germany / Department of Architecture, Alexandria University, Egypt Author-Name: Martin Meyer Author-Workplace-Name: Habitat Unit – International Urbanism and Design, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Hellen Aziz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Renewal and Planning Theory, Universität Kassel, Germany Abstract: The establishment of phosphate mines and processing plants by Italian entrepreneurs in el-Quseir in 1912 revitalized a town that had faced a steady decline after the opening of the Suez Canal and re-linked it to the world economy. To this day, the now defunct industrial site occupies a large section of physical el-Quseir and plays a key role in its identity. In this article, we explore the impact of the company’s successive industrialization and deindustrialization based on archival research, interviews, and mapping. By tracing physical changes on-site and in the city of el-Quseir from the founding of its phosphate industry until today, as well as the historical and current interactions of citizens with the industrial facilities, we hope to better understand the “cluster value” of the industrial plant in quotidian life and the effect of the vacuum left behind after the termination of production. As machinery and buildings are slowly eroding in the absence of expressed interest by the former Italian and current Egyptian owners, we aim to discuss the relationship between the citizens and their el-Quseir phosphate plant as a crucial element of its heritage value at the local level. Keywords: Egypt; industrial heritage; industrialization; Italy; mining; phosphate industry Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:67-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Towards Liveability in Historic Centres: Challenges and Enablers of Transformation in Two Latvian Towns File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6035 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6035 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 52-66 Author-Name: Margarita Vološina Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Latvia Author-Name: Evija Taurene Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Latvia Author-Name: Pēteris Šķiņķis Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Latvia Abstract: This article describes two Latvian towns, Cēsis and Bauska, which have medieval origins and noticeable layers of subsequent historic periods. Both of their town centres have historic heritage protection status and a complex mixture of values, needs, and opportunities for the locals and visitors. The towns have recently had some physical improvements implemented in their public spaces, with key differences in the interplay between local governments and stakeholders. The Cēsis case was a municipality-initiated and public-led intervention to build awareness. The Bauska case was mainly a plea from active inhabitants that was only partially realised by the municipality, with limited support. In both cases, the introduced changes tackled some accumulated challenges, such as insufficient walkability, degraded public space, and car-centric town centres, but they also provoked discussions about the quality of the achievements, which raised questions about collaboration culture and practice between stakeholders. This study evaluates the interventions initiated by the municipality and the initiatives by nongovernmental organisations from the point of view of the tools applied and from the point of view of the civil process. This research contributes to discussions about the challenges of different approaches in spatial planning and provides recommendations about possible integrated planning solutions, as well as about the formation of the civil process. Keywords: historic centres; Latvia; liveability; local governance; participation; spatial planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:52-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Continuity and Change: Socio-Spatial Practices in Bamberg's World Heritage Urban Horticulture File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6034 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6034 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 39-51 Author-Name: Heike Oevermann Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Archaeology, Art History and Heritage Sciences, University of Bamberg, Germany Author-Name: Daniel Keech Author-Workplace-Name: Countryside and Community Research Institute, University of Gloucestershire, UK Author-Name: Marc Redepenning Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Geography, University of Bamberg, Germany Author-Name: Li Fan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Redevelopment and Urban Renewal, University of Kassel, Germany Author-Name: Patricia Alberth Author-Workplace-Name: World Heritage Centre, City of Bamberg, Germany Abstract: The German city of Bamberg offers lessons in how continuity and change interact within the context of the inner-urban land use of commercial horticulture, thereby informing sustainable urban transformations in historic cities. The case of Bamberg shows that urban food production is not just well-established, but a consistent and centuries-old cultural structure that influences the fabric of today’s city. In this article, we discuss what forms of urban horticulture (and thus also food production) are evident from Bamberg’s past and which may prevail in the future. Two questions structure our analysis. First, how are historical sites and spatial structures of horticulture shaped in the tension between continuity and change? Second, which practices/forms of urban horticulture are taken up and how are they updated by which actors? Both the heritage and contemporary practices of urban horticulture, it is argued, can be conceived of as a resource to create sustainable places and ways of life for citizens. Two new contributions result from this work. First, the article highlights the ongoing cultural heritage dimensions of urban horticulture in a field still dominated by eco-technical contributions associated with post-industrial innovation in urban planning; in this respect, heritage should be recognised as a dynamic that shapes urban change. In addition, secondly, the application of Luhmannian concepts of evolution in social systems reinforces the interdependence of continuity and change in urban settings. Keywords: Bamberg; food production; Germany; heritage; urban horticulture; World Heritage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:39-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Impacts of Change: Analysing the Perception of Industrial Heritage in the Vogtland Region File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6025 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6025 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 30-38 Author-Name: Leo Bockelmann Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for European Urban Studies, Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany Abstract: Beyond metropolitan areas, many peripheral regions and their cities in Europe have, in manifold ways, been significantly shaped by industrialisation. In the context of the relocation of industrial production to other countries over the last decades, the question has been raised as to the role this heritage can play in futural regional development as well as the potential local identification with this history. Hence, this article seeks to analyse the perception of the industrial heritage in the Vogtland region, located alongside the border of three German federal states and the Czech Republic. It inquires as to the perception of the industrial heritage by the local population and related potential future narrations. Based on spontaneous and explorative interviews with local people as an empirical base, a discrepancy between the perception of the tangible and intangible dimensions of the industrial heritage can be observed. On the one hand, the tangible heritage like older factories and production complexes are seen as a functional legacy and an “eyesore” narrative is attributed to them. On the other hand, people often reference the personal and familial connection to the industry and highlight its importance for the historical development and the wealth of the region. But these positive associations are mainly limited to the intangible dimension and are disconnected from the material artefacts of industrial production. Keywords: industrial heritage; perception; regional development; transformation; Vogtland region Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:30-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Role of the Public-Private Interface and Persistence of Historic Character in Nezu, Tokyo File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6016 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6016 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 19-29 Author-Name: Milica Muminović Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Arts and Design, University of Canberra, Australia Abstract: The Great Kanto Earthquake and Second World War Fire Bombings have left contemporary Tokyo with almost no monuments from the past. One of the areas that has been spared in both destructions is Yanesen, part of the three neighbourhoods Yanaka, Nezu, and Sendagi located in northeast central Tokyo. Nezu has a peculiar urban character that persists despite the lack of conservation and constant change in its built environment. Its unique character is defined by a sense of local, domestic, and neighbourhood closeness and is linked to the traditional identity of Shitamachi. This article hypothesizes that the main element that preserves the character of Shitamachi in Nezu is based on the relationships rather than on objects that need to be preserved. The analysis focuses on the relationships between public and private spaces and captures changes in the built environment in Nezu over six years. The comparative analysis applied mapping and a photographic survey of the public-private interface. The results showed how the persistence of the urban character is supported by a dynamic change in the built environment which functions as a complex system. The relationships between elements of the built environment are demonstrating non-linear causality at the public-private interface and contribute to Nezu’s enduring character. Keywords: assemblage; change; interface; persistence; public-private; relationships; Tokyo; urban character Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:19-29 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Change in the Dispersed Territory: (Proto)Types for a New Urban Paradigm File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5949 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.5949 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-18 Author-Name: Maarten Gheysen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Sophie Leemans Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Dispersed territories such as Flanders (Belgium) have been amongst others described as layered territories, as a palimpsest landscape, or as both a selective and a-selective infill of the territory. In the constant re-editing and change of this territory, historical remnants remain visible and often form a departing point for further adaptations and changes. One of these remnants, the moated farmstead, has evolved from a historical (proto)type to a common typology in South-West Flanders and enabled inhabiting the territory dispersedly. Moated farmsteads are typically composed of a series of different buildings and are surrounded by an artificial water body. The moat formed the central point of a larger land management system. Nowadays, many of these farmsteads still exist, however, over time they lost their original purpose and transformed into a variety of uses. The design of a prototype, i.e., a first model later evolving into a type, a recurring model, as an architectural object can simultaneously relate to a larger theoretical reflection on the scale of the territory. Subsequently, these farmsteads lead to the question: What (proto)types have been developed to demonstrate the uniqueness of the relation between the land/labour/living in a dispersed territory? Can we re-interpret the moated farmstead as a new (proto)type to establish a more sustainable way of urbanising the countryside in a dispersed context? Therefore, this article first documents the historical figure of the moated farmstead as an architectural object, socio-economic and political organisation, and ecological land management, and documents its change throughout time. Then, a reflection is built on how, at the time of their emergence, these moated farmsteads were an exponent of a sustainable and ground-breaking type that enabled a dispersed settlement pattern. Finally, the potential of the farmstead as a new prototype for a twenty-first-century dispersed territory is discussed. Keywords: architectural prototype; architectural typology; Belgium; dispersed territories; Flanders; moated farmstead; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:5-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Heritage in Transformation: Physical and Non-Physical Dimensions of Changing Contexts File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6633 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v8i1.6633 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 8 Year: 2023 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Frank Eckardt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany Author-Name: Aliaa AlSadaty Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architectural Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt Abstract: Urban heritage is at the core of the process of many changes observable in the cities today. The pace of urban change in heritage contexts, however, differs widely across the globe. In some areas, it goes slowly, in others it is astonishingly rapid. In some cases, change is coupled with risks of erosion of heritage and urban areas of value and in others change is synonymous with prosperity and positive impacts. Change in urban heritage areas is not only confined to the physical and tangible aspects, but needs to be regarded as mirroring changes related socio-political practices, economic implications, and cultural impacts. In this regard, the present thematic issue looks at various patterns of the interrelationship between heritage and urban change from both the physical and the non-physical perspectives. This editorial presents the topic of urban heritage and patterns of physical and non-physical transformation in urban heritage contexts and introduces the thematic issue “Urban Heritage and Patterns of Change: Spatial Practices of Physical and Non-Physical Transformation.” Keywords: non-physical transformation; patterns of change; physical transformation; urban heritage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v8:y:2023:i:1:p:1-4