While the planning and development of dense and high-rise neighborhoods are commonly perceived as primarily technical procedures, the past several decades have highlighted the growing social complexity of these processes. Neighborhood initiatives opposing development, as well as an increasing variety of public and private stakeholders involved in these processes, have led to the continual emergence of organizations that facilitate the production of urban density and verticality. Committees are founded to operate at the nexus of public and private development, while simultaneously promoting urban growth and public interests. Although they often are not formally recognized as political entities, they are constituted by political acts and hence influence planning processes. However, despite all the research into dense and high-rise neighborhood developments, academic interest has so far neglected the role of committees in these processes. This article aims to fill this gap by presenting an analysis of 23 committees engaging with high-rise housing and neighborhood developments in the three German-speaking countries of Austria, Switzerland, and Germany. First, it reveals the heterogeneity of committees, delineating four components for the institutionalization of committees. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of two committees in Austria and Switzerland, to demonstrate how these structural components influence the development of neighborhoods.
Keywords: Austria; committees; German-speaking countries; Germany; neighborhood development; Switzerland; urban densification Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:253-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young Families and High-Rise: Towards Inclusive Vertical Family Housing File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5624 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5624 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 245-252 Author-Name: Lia Karsten Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Geographies, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: In the near future, the vertical dimension of housing will become increasingly important. But high-rise housing is still being seen as not only inconvenient but also as inappropriate for young family households. This article aims to contribute to the vertical turn in the urbanism debate from a family point of view. The focus is on large western-industrialized cities. This literature-based article consists of two parts. The first part starts with the deconstructing of families’ position in urban high-rises. It is argued that young families have an “uneasy” relationship with urban high-rises due to the neglected presence of children. The dichotomous ways in which we define children and cities ultimately define city children and vertical living families as out-of-place. The second part of the article searches for ways to reconstruct families’ relationships with high-rises. Based on an analysis of the literature, problems of vertical family living are identified, and possible solutions are discussed on both the geographical scale level of the apartment and the building. The summarized conclusion from the literature is that vertical apartment living and happy family life are not necessarily at odds. The building of family-inclusive high-rises is both in the benefit of urban-oriented families and cities. Keywords: city children; high-rise housing; vertical family living; young families Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:245-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rise Overrun: Condoization, Gentrification, and the Changing Political Economy of Renting in Toronto File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5742 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5742 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 229-244 Author-Name: Sean Grisdale Author-Workplace-Name: Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Canada Author-Name: Alan Walks Author-Workplace-Name: Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Canada Abstract: Privately owned high-rise condominiums have been increasing as a proportion of all housing units built in the Greater Toronto Area for many decades. This has inspired a growing literature theorizing both “condoism” as an emergent planning-development regime and the implications of “condoization” and “condofication” for urban governance and everyday life in cities like Toronto. Building on this literature, this article assesses the implications of Toronto’s increasing reliance on (mainly vertical) condominium development for the socio-spatial transformation of the housing market, particularly for renters. Analyzing time-series data from Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and the Census of Canada to quantify the effects of the city’s condoization, we answer three key questions: How important is condominium development for understanding the restructuring of Toronto’s economy? How has condoization contributed to the ongoing gentrification of Toronto’s inner city? How is condoization restructuring Toronto’s rental market? Building on previous research categorizing and mapping the gentrification of Toronto’s inner city, we find that condoization is an increasingly defining element restructuring the city’s rental market, while this restructuring also plays a central role in the advancing gentrification of the city’s core. Keywords: Canada; condominiums; financialization; new-build gentrification; rental housing; Toronto; urban political economy Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:229-244 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning for Lower-Income Households in Privately Developed High-Density Neighbourhoods in Sydney, Australia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5699 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5699 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 213-228 Author-Name: Hazel Easthope Author-Workplace-Name: City Futures Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia Author-Name: Laura Crommelin Author-Workplace-Name: School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia Author-Name: Sophie-May Kerr Author-Workplace-Name: City Futures Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia Author-Name: Laurence Troy Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Design and Planning, University of Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Ryan van den Nouwelant Author-Workplace-Name: School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia Author-Name: Gethin Davison Author-Workplace-Name: School of the Built Environment, Oxford Brookes University, UK Abstract: In Australia, as in many other countries, private high-density housing is typically marketed as the domain of middle- and higher-income residents. But, in practice, it accommodates many lower-income households. These households often live in mixed-income communities alongside wealthier neighbours, but, because of constrained budgets, they rely more heavily on access to community services and facilities. This has implications for public infrastructure planning in high-density neighbourhoods where private property ownership dominates. In this article, we examine two neighbourhood case studies within the same local government area in Sydney that have sizable populations of lower-income households living in apartments, but which provide markedly different day-to-day experiences for residents. We consider the causes of these varying outcomes and implications for neighbourhood-scale planning and development. The article argues that coordinated and collaborative planning processes are key to ensuring that the needs of lower-income households are met in privately developed apartment neighbourhoods. Keywords: apartment; condominium; density; housing development; low-income; Sydney; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:213-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning and the High-Rise Neighbourhood: Debates on Vertical Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6357 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.6357 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 208-212 Author-Name: Brian Webb Author-Workplace-Name: Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, UK Author-Name: James T. White Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, UK Abstract: This editorial introduces the thematic issue on “Vertical Cities: The Development of High-Rise Neighbourhoods.” It outlines the lack of understanding about high-rise development in cities around the world and argues for a continued need to further interrogate concepts of verticality beyond single towers and towards a finer grain examination of high-rise neighbourhoods. The editorial introduces four interconnected themes that begin to address this phenomenon—socio-demographic challenges, planning discourses, high-rise legacies, and alternative conceptions of verticality—and highlights how the various articles in this thematic issue explore these critical areas of enquiry. It concludes with a call for future research to delve deeper into the planning challenges presented by high-rise neighbourhoods in the 21st-century city and, critically, the contribution that high-rise urban form makes to urban sustainability. Keywords: high-rise; neighbourhoods; planning; vertical cities Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:208-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sustainable Heritage Preservation to Improve the Tourism Offer in Saudi Arabia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5777 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5777 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 195-207 Author-Name: Silvia Mazzetto Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia Abstract: In recent years Saudi Arabia has launched many campaigns to promote a model of global excellence to be a pioneer in future growth. As part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s National Vision 2030, the country encourages the improvement of national quality services based on the commitment of the government to build up a prosperous country, starting with the valorisation of local traditions. In particular, the Saudi, Arab, and Islamic heritage, built by an ancient civilisation and deeply rooted in the country’s history, is currently valorised to strengthen the national identity of local Arab values. The country aspires to preserve heritage sites and the local environment by promoting hospitality services for tourism. In the last years, Muslim pilgrims and all visitors to heritage sites entering the country from abroad have reached eight million people, tripling the numbers in the last decade. The government has started many initiatives and promoted many urban planning processes, programmes, and projects to enhance the touristic offer. The intent is to reach a sustainable approach to target the healthy growth of the country and the Saudi Arabian cities. The article presents some interventions that are currently under development to pursue the Saudi Vision 2030 and its goals. The recent third expansion of the Two Holy Mosques, the modernization of national airports, and the Mecca Metro project to complement the railroad and train public transportation offer will be presented and discussed as part of the national strategy to achieve a sustainable economy and tourism. Keywords: healthy cities; public health; Saudi Arabia; sustainable economy; urban planning; walkability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:195-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enlarging the Human Climate Niche: Integrating Urban Heat Island in Urban Planning Interventions File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5732 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5732 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 179-194 Author-Name: Rayan Mounayar Author-Workplace-Name: AIA Environnement, France / ISIGE Mines Paris, France Author-Name: Daniel Florentin Author-Workplace-Name: ISIGE Mines Paris, France Abstract: This article explores the potential of linking the scholarship on the human climate niche and heat island research. One such combination leads to a better understanding of the liveability of urban areas and thereby offers a contribution to emerging healthy urban planning. Whereas former research has primarily focused on the parameters influencing urban heat island and mitigation solutions, it remains short on quantifying these solutions and conceptualising the cumulative impacts of urban heat island on health and vulnerable populations. Based on the coupling of ENVI-met computational simulation and the local climate zone method, this article quantifies mitigation solutions and associates the frequency and intensity of heat stress and health-related symptoms in various urban settings. Drawing on a real-case urban intervention in Paris, it offers a more effective health-related and comfort-focused approach to urban planning and interventions to expand the human climate niche. This should contribute to transforming the planning and conception of public spaces into “liveable refuges” for all population types, including the most vulnerable. The results stemming from the simulations of mitigation measures help design a hierarchy of interventions to tackle urban heat islands according to the intensity of their ability to reduce heat stress risk. This hierarchy is then adjusted to other parameters contributing to a healthy, liveable urban environment and urban planning, making interventions on urban heat islands a matter of (multidimensional) care for urban dwellers. Keywords: health; human climate niche; liveability; microclimates; simulations; urban heat island Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:179-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hawker Centres: A Social Space Approach to Promoting Community Wellbeing File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5658 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5658 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 167-178 Author-Name: Valeriya Radomskaya Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, James Cook University, Singapore Author-Name: Abhishek Singh Bhati Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, James Cook University, Singapore Abstract: This article sets out to examine how the use of social spaces, namely hawker centres, has contributed to community wellbeing during the Covid-19 pandemic. Using an extensive thematic analysis of online conversations, we have identified that the use of social spaces can have a positive influence on individual, relational and social wellbeing. Access to social spaces during stressful events contributes to the feeling of normalcy, supports routines and structured activities, encourages responsible behaviours, facilitates social connectedness, and helps maintain community resilience. We present a new framework for urban social space characterisation containing three dimensions: coaction, copresence, and colocation (the three Cs). Here, coaction is associated with better visibility of community practices, copresence enhances the sense of connectedness, and colocation is concerned with the use of spatial design factors for influencing movement and interactions. The framework is central to our understanding of social space and its impact on wellbeing. Underpinning the three Cs is the notion of the integration of policy, community wellbeing, and various urban agendas. The findings were considered in terms of their relevance for social space development in Singapore. Keywords: coaction; colocation; community wellbeing; copresence; hawker centres; social space; urban development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:167-178 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inequitable Housing Practices and Youth Internalizing Symptoms: Mediation Via Perceptions of Neighborhood Cohesion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5410 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5410 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 153-166 Author-Name: Richard C. Sadler Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Public Health, Michigan State University, USA / Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, USA Author-Name: Julia W. Felton Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, USA Author-Name: Jill A. Rabinowitz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA Author-Name: Terrinieka W. Powell Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA Author-Name: Amanda Latimore Author-Workplace-Name: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA / Center for Addiction Research and Effective Solutions, USA Author-Name: Darius Tandon Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Community Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, USA Abstract: Disordered urban environments negatively impact mental health symptoms and disorders. While many aspects of the built environment have been studied, one influence may come from inequitable, discriminatory housing practices such as redlining, blockbusting, and gentrification. The patterns of disinvestment and reinvestment that follow may be an underlying mechanism predicting poor mental health. In this study, we examine pathways between such practices and internalizing symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depression) among a sample of African American youth in Baltimore, Maryland, considering moderation and mediation pathways including neighborhood social cohesion and sex. In our direct models, the inequitable housing practices were not significant predictors of social cohesion. In our sex moderation model, however, we find negative influences on social cohesion: for girls from gentrification, and for boys from blockbusting. Our moderated mediation model shows that girls in gentrifying neighborhoods who experience lower social cohesion have higher levels of internalizing symptoms. Likewise for boys, living in a formerly blockbusted neighborhood generates poorer social cohesion, which in turn drives higher rates of internalizing symptoms. A key implication of this work is that, in addition to standard measures of the contemporary built environment, considering other invisible patterns related to discriminatory and inequitable housing practices is important in understanding the types of neighborhoods where anxiety and depression are more prevalent. And while some recent work has discussed the importance of considering phenomena like redlining in considering long-term trajectories of neighborhoods, other patterns such as blockbusting and gentrification may be equally important. Keywords: anxiety; Baltimore; blockbusting; depression; gentrification; internalizing symptoms; neighborhood social cohesion; redlining Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:153-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking the Contextual Factors Influencing Urban Mobility: A New Holistic Conceptual Framework File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5784 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5784 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 140-152 Author-Name: Taha Chaiechi Author-Workplace-Name: College of Business, Law and Governance, James Cook University, Australia Author-Name: Josephine Pryce Author-Workplace-Name: College of Business, Law and Governance, James Cook University, Australia Author-Name: Emiel L. Eijdenberg Author-Workplace-Name: JCU Singapore Business School, James Cook University, Singapore / School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Simona Azzali Author-Workplace-Name: College of Architecture and Design, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia / JCU Singapore School of Science and Technology, James Cook University Singapore, Singapore Abstract: Urbanisation, urban mobility (active travel), and public health continue to be three defining issues of the 21st century. Today, more than half of humanity lives in cities, a proportion that is expected to reach 70% by 2050. Not surprisingly, urbanisation has significant impacts on mobility, health, and well-being. Today’s cities struggle with health challenges such as those that are either a direct result of infectious and non-communicable diseases or issues related to violence and injuries. According to the World Health Organisation, the lack of suitable space in urban areas for physical activities and active living has turned cities into epicentres for diseases. The concept of urban mobility and its connection to health is not new. However, the ways through which a healthy city objective is achieved are poorly investigated in the academic literature. Accordingly, this article proposes a holistic conceptual framework by consolidating knowledge around factors impacting urban mobility by adopting a scoping review methodology to determine the field’s scope, coverage, and existing knowledge gap. To achieve the above objectives, 3,189 research articles and book chapters published between 2014 and 2021 were screened. A total of 92 studies were identified as eligible for inclusion in the scoping review. This approach revealed the importance of understanding urban mobility and healthy cities and of identifying and enacting associated enablers. Covid-19 has amplified the urgency of giving attention to these issues. The scoping review also showed a need for further research that investigates the future of urban mobility and healthy cities. A conceptual framework has been drawn from the literature to guide such future research. Keywords: healthy cities; social-ecological systems resilience theory; socio-economic factors; theory of planned behaviour; urban mobility; urbanisation; well-being Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:140-152 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transit-Oriented Development and Livability: The Case of the Najma and Al Mansoura Neighborhoods in Doha, Qatar File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5608 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5608 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 124-139 Author-Name: Almaha Al-Malki Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qatar University, Qatar Author-Name: Reem Awwaad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qatar University, Qatar Author-Name: Raffaello Furlan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qatar University, Qatar Author-Name: Michael Grosvald Author-Workplace-Name: Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Qatar University, Qatar Author-Name: Rashid Al-Matwi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qatar University, Qatar Abstract: Since the 1970s, Qatar’s rapid urban growth has resulted in a segregated and poorly connected urban form, particularly in the country’s capital, Doha. Although the recent opening of the Doha Metro has begun to mitigate some of the city’s challenges, local authorities recognize the need for a more comprehensive urban design which can ensure safe and convenient connectivity with the public transportation system. To this end, the government has developed the Qatar National Development Framework, an action plan for the management of Qatar’s urban development. One of its aims is to integrate the Doha Metro with the urban fabric of the city and to ensure that urban growth follows the principles of transit-oriented development, referring to a pattern of development centered on transit hubs supporting a mix of land uses in a well-connected and safe urban environment. This research article attempts to assess the effects of transit-oriented development on livability in mixed-use neighborhoods. The area around the Al Mansoura metro station within the Najma and Al Mansoura neighborhoods is selected as a case study. This analysis of urban form uses integrated modification methodology and focuses on three main determinants: compactness, complexity, and connectivity. Based on this analysis, several recommendations are made, whose implementation should enhance livability throughout the study area. Keywords: Al Mansoura; livability; Najma; sustainable urbanism; transit-oriented development; urban design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:124-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Healthy City for All? Social Services’ Roles in Collaborative Urban Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5620 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5620 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 113-123 Author-Name: Lina Berglund-Snodgrass Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden Author-Name: Maria Fjellfeldt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Sweden Author-Name: Ebba Högström Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Urban Markström Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Umeå University, Sweden Abstract: There is broad consensus among policymakers about the urgency of developing healthy, inclusive, and socially sustainable cities. In the Swedish context, social services are considered to have knowledge that needs to be integrated into the broader urban development processes in order to accomplish such ends. This article aims to better understand the ways in which social service officials collaborate in urban development processes for developing the social dimensions of healthy cities. We draw from neo-institutional theories, which set out actors (e.g., social service officials) as acting according to a logic of appropriateness, which means that actors do what they see as appropriate for themselves in a specific type of situation. Based on semi-structured interviews with social services officials in 10 Swedish municipalities on their experiences of collaboration in the development of housing and living environments for people with psychiatric disabilities, we identified that they act based on (a) a pragmatic rule of conduct through the role of the problem solver, (b) a bureaucratic rule of conduct through the role of the knowledge provider, and (c) activist rule of conduct through the role of the advocator. In these roles, they have little authority in the development processes, and are unable to set the agenda for the social dimensions of healthy cities but act as the moral consciousness by looking out for everyone’s right to equal living conditions in urban development. Keywords: collaboration; healthy cities; psychiatric disabilities; social services; Sweden Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:113-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Greenery and Urban Form vs. Health of Residents: Evaluation of Modernist Housing in Lodz and Gdansk File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5831 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5831 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 96-112 Author-Name: Małgorzata Hanzl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Magdalena Rembeza Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: Urban forms can have numerous direct and indirect effects on the health of residents. This article focuses on the relationship between health and urban form, in particular the role of green open spaces. The goal is to identify criteria for evaluating the impact of physical forms such as streets and open spaces, green infrastructure, and built structures on urban health. These criteria are then used to identify paths for the redevelopment of modernist housing estates with the aim of improving living conditions. This challenge remains particularly significant in Poland and Eastern Europe, where a large share of the urban population lives in modernist blocks of flats. First, we examine the modernist housing concept in Europe and Poland and the guiding principles for their development, including the role of green, open spaces. Then, we refer to several studies on urban health to identify normative factors that define the open space design conditions in modernist housing estates. We apply the typo-morphological approach with qualitative and quantitative assessment of building forms and forms of green open spaces to examine the structures of two modernist housing estates in Poland: Lodz and Gdansk. We evaluate their living conditions, especially the organisation of outdoor space, in terms of their impact on the health of residents. A comparison of the two housing estates reveals common factors defining the relationship between urban form and health. Keywords: Gdansk; healthy cities; Lodz; modernist housing; Poland; urban form; urban morphology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:96-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: City Models and Preventive Planning Strategies for Resilient Cities in Germany File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5803 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5803 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 90-95 Author-Name: Detlef Kurth Author-Workplace-Name: Chair for Urban Planning, Technical University Kaiserslautern, Germany Abstract: In the face of the Covid-19 crisis, the city model of the new Leipzig Charter of the EU was re-evaluated. The existing urban development model of a mixed and compact city is to be mainly maintained because the urban density or building typology does not influence the spread of Covid-19. But the pandemic has made it clear how important green space and recreation areas are for inner city residential areas. This green space also becomes more important regarding climate adaptation measures to provide cooler air and ventilation. In the framework of the Leipzig Charter of the EU, the German ministry for building adopted the memorandum on Urban Resilience in May 2021. Resilience in this context means that we should not only repair the damage of disasters but also adapt to future crises and make our cities more resilient and sustainable. For this, we need to strengthen preventive strategies in urban development planning connected with urban renewal approaches and ask for extended city models. Planning shapes the future, including counteracting undesirable scenarios with preventive planning. In this sense, future planning and disaster control have common objectives—they take an interdisciplinary approach to prepare for future change, they want to anticipate and prevent danger, protect and expand the infrastructure, and serve the common good. In this article, I will point out how integrated urban development concepts should be extended with aspects of urban resilience, and which city models are important for the future. Keywords: climate change; pandemic; planning models; urban planning; urban resilience Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:90-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public Space Usage and Well-Being: Participatory Action Research With Vulnerable Groups in Hyper-Dense Environments File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5764 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5764 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 75-89 Author-Name: Stephanie Y. S. Cheung Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Author-Name: Danyang Lei Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Author-Name: Faye Y. F. Chan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Author-Name: Hendrik Tieben Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Abstract: The importance of neighbourhood-level public space and its benefits have been discussed at large during the Covid-19 pandemic. While demands for public space increase, restrictions imposed by the containment policies such as social distancing and public space use have made profound health impacts on the general public. Such impact may further widen the gaps of existing health and social inequalities and engender well-being issues in vulnerable populations living in dense urban environments. To better understand vulnerable groups’ perception and experience of access to public spaces and its association with well-being, we conducted participatory action research during the pandemic (October 2020 to April 2021) via surveys, focus group discussions, mapping, and co-creation workshops in Sham Shui Po, a hyper-dense and poverty-stricken district in Hong Kong. Participants reported demands for public space use and its significance to well-being and pointed to several environmental and social factors that hindered their usage, including perceived safety, hygiene concerns, and issues between different genders and ethnic groups in the neighbourhood. Pandemic-containment measures and the fear of infections may contribute to heightened anxiety and stress to some degree among the participants. Directions for local interventions of spatial improvement were identified. Our study further highlights the strength of participatory action research for the development of more user-oriented planning solutions and the potential of community mapping and co-creation activities to empower vulnerable groups and enhance their spatial competence. Keywords: Covid-19; high-density environment; Hong Kong; participatory action research; public space; urban planning; vulnerable groups; well-being Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:75-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Co-Benefits of Transdisciplinary Planning for Healthy Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5674 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5674 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 61-74 Author-Name: Roderick J. Lawrence Author-Workplace-Name: Geneva School of Social Sciences (G3S), University of Geneva, Switzerland Abstract: Synergies between urban planning and public health were synthesized a decade ago by the Lancet Commission’s article “Shaping Cities for Health: Complexity and the Planning of Urban Environments in the 21st Century.” Since then, innovative research projects, urban planning projects, and accumulated experience from the World Health Organization Healthy Cities project confirm that transdisciplinary contributions enable the achievement of core principles of healthy cities. This article clarifies important differences between the content, scope, and outcomes of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary projects about public health and urban planning. It explains why transdisciplinary contributions are more likely to bridge the applicability gap between knowledge and practice in response to persistent urban health challenges; notably, they transgress the boundaries of public health and medical science; they prioritize political action in both the formal and informal construction sectors; and they include citizens, community associations, and private enterprises as partners in consortia for concerted action. This article proposes a radical shift from incremental, reactive, and corrective approaches in planning for urban health to proactive and anticipative contributions using backcasting and alternative scenarios that prioritize health. The article uses the case of public green spaces in planning for urban health. It identifies the shortcomings of many empirical studies that are meant to promote and sustain health before describing and illustrating an alternative way forward. Keywords: applicability gap; co-benefits; healthy cities; transdisciplinary projects; urban planning for health Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:61-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Putting Health at the Heart of Local Planning Through an Integrated Municipal Health Strategy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5829 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5829 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 42-60 Author-Name: Angela Freitas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Tourism, University of Coimbra, Portugal / Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Coimbra, Portugal Author-Name: Paula Santana Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Tourism, University of Coimbra, Portugal / Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Coimbra, Portugal Abstract: As a cross-sectoral issue, the promotion of health needs to be addressed across all policies. In Portugal, as more competencies are being transferred to local governments, the integration of health considerations into municipal plans remains a challenge and guidance on how to develop an integrated municipal health strategy is absent. The aim of this study is to describe the conceptual and methodological approach that informed the development of an integrated and multisectoral municipal health strategy in the City of Coimbra. Its design followed a population health approach with a geographic lens, looking at how the population’s health outcomes and health determinants were geographically distributed across the municipality, as well as the extent to which policies from multiple sectors can address them. The planning cycle followed an iterative workflow of five actions: assessing, prioritizing, planning, implementing, and monitoring. Following a participatory planning approach, several participatory processes were conducted involving local stakeholders and citizens (e.g., population-based surveys, workshops, Delphi, collaborative sessions) to identify problems, establish priorities, and define measures and actions. The strategic framework for action integrates 94 actions across multisectoral domains of municipal intervention: sustainable mobility and public places, safe and adequate housing, accessible healthcare, social cohesion and participation, education and health literacy, and intersectoral and collaborative leadership. Findings shed light on important aspects that can inform other municipal strategies, such as the adoption of a place-based approach, focused on geographic inequalities, health determinants and stakeholder participation, and the application of a health in all policies framework. Keywords: Coimbra; health determinants; health in all policies; local government; participatory governance; place-based approach; stakeholder involvement Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:42-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating Health Into the Urban Master Plan of Vic, Barcelona: A Comprehensive Approach File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5492 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5492 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 25-41 Author-Name: Anna Puig-Ribera Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health and Social Care, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Spain Author-Name: Marta Rofin Author-Workplace-Name: Vic City Council, Spain Author-Name: Judit Bort-Roig Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health and Social Care, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Spain Author-Name: Eva Aumatell Author-Workplace-Name: eHealth Centre, Open University of Catalonia, Spain Author-Name: Albert Juncà Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health and Social Care, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Spain Author-Name: Marc de San Pedro Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health and Social Care, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Spain Author-Name: Francesc Garcia-Cuyàs Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health and Social Care, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Spain Author-Name: Cati Chamorro Author-Workplace-Name: Public Health Department, Barcelona Provincial Council, Spain Author-Name: Lorena Perona-Ribes Author-Workplace-Name: Urbanism Department, Barcelona Provincial Country, Spain Author-Name: Josep Ramon Torrentó Author-Workplace-Name: Public Health Department, Barcelona Provincial Council, Spain Author-Name: Guillem Jabardo-Camprubí Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health and Social Care, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Spain Author-Name: Fabiana Palmero Author-Workplace-Name: Vic City Council, Spain Author-Name: Marina Geli Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health and Social Care, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Spain Abstract: Planning healthier cities is essential for public health. However, there is a gap between the insights from public health research and applications to planning practice. Based on a scoping review and in cooperation with urban planners and public health professionals, this study developed evidence-based tools and a comprehensive approach to help urban planners integrate health into the urban master plan (2017–2020) of a medium-sized city named Vic (Barcelona). The scoping review included a systematic review of the literature (PubMed, PRISMA protocol) and an advanced Google search for gray literature (2015–2017). The systematic review identified significant associations between urban planning attributes (n = 16) and health outcomes (n = 21). After critical appraisal with stakeholders, an urban and health association matrix was developed to help urban planners understand the connection between urban planning and health. The advanced Google search identified urban planning actions (n = 117) that had an impact on health outcomes. After critical appraisal with stakeholders, a healthy urban planning actions checklist (n = 68) was developed to help urban planners’ decision-making on the inclusion of locally tailored health-enhancing urban planning actions into the urban master plan. From the reviewed evidence and tools, a comprehensive approach delineated a series of steps that successfully led urban planners to incorporate health-enhancing urban actions (n = 112) into the urban master plan. This translational research developed a comprehensive approach to include health in local urban planning. This might scale up to other European medium-sized cities to maximise the effectiveness of built environment interventions and monitor their health impact. Keywords: Barcelona; health in the city; medium-sized city; tools; urban master plan; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:25-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparative Analysis of 20-Minute Neighbourhood Policies and Practices in Melbourne and Scotland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5668 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5668 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 13-24 Author-Name: Hing-Wah Chau Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Australia Author-Name: Ian Gilzean Author-Workplace-Name: Planning and Architecture Division, The Scottish Government, UK Author-Name: Elmira Jamei Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Australia Author-Name: Lesley Palmer Author-Workplace-Name: Dementia Services Development Centre, The University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Terri Preece Author-Workplace-Name: Dementia Services Development Centre, The University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Martin Quirke Author-Workplace-Name: Dementia Services Development Centre, The University of Stirling, UK Abstract: Twenty-minute neighbourhoods highlight the importance of well-connected and mixed-used neighbourhoods and communities with proximate access to employment, essential services, public transport, and open spaces. Shorter distances together with re-prioritised public spaces encourage more active transport choices, resulting in public health benefits and reduced environmental pollution. Higher liveability brought about by mixed-use developments enables people to have equitable access to local facilities, amenities, and employment opportunities, promoting vibrancy, social cohesion, and intergenerational connections. The attributes of 20-minute neighbourhoods also combine to create places, that are acknowledged as friendly for all ages, address changing needs across the life course, and provide better support for the ageing population. Furthermore, there are indications that 20-minute neighbourhoods may be more resilient against many of the negative impacts of stringent public health protocols such as those implemented in periods of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this article, we evaluate and compare planning policies and practices aimed at establishing 20-minute neighbourhoods in Melbourne (Australia) and Scotland (the UK). Using case studies, we discuss similarities and differences involved in using place-based approaches of 20-minute neighbourhoods to address 21st-century challenges in key areas of health and wellbeing, equity, environmental sustainability, and community resilience. Keywords: 20-minute neighbourhood; accessibility; active transport; age-friendly; Australia; climate change; Covid-19; liveability; Scotland; walkability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:13-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accessible and Inclusive Cities: Exposing Design and Leadership Challenges for Bunbury and Geelong File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5568 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i4.5568 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-12 Author-Name: Adam Johnson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Australia Author-Name: Richard Tucker Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture and Built Environment, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Hing-Wah Chau Author-Workplace-Name: College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Australia Author-Name: Elmira Jamei Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Australia Abstract: This article compares research identifying the systemic barriers to disability access and inclusion in two regional Australian cities, and discusses some of the leadership and design challenges that will need to be addressed by government and industry to embed universal design principles within the planning, development, and redevelopment of urban infrastructure. In Geelong, Victoria, given the often-opaque decision-making dynamics at play in the urban planning and development of cities, the disability community sought a more holistic and consultative approach to addressing access and inclusion. Systems-thinking for a collective impact approach was used to generate recommendations for action around improving universal design regulations, community attitudes to disability, access to information, accessible housing, partnerships, and disability employment. At Bunbury, Western Australia, a similar project analysed systemic factors affecting universal design at a local government level, and recommended a suite of safeguards for universal design including staff training, policies and procedures, best practice benchmarks, technical support and engagement in co-design. We describe the process followed in both studies to identify how, through collaborative and action-oriented research methods, the studies identified key technical, cultural, political, and structural changes required to achieve equitable access and inclusion in the urban landscape. Keywords: accessible cities; Australia; Bunbury; co-design; disability; Geelong; inclusion; inclusive design; participatory action research; universal design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:4:p:1-12 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Narrative Objects to Poetic Practices: On Figurative Modes of Urbanism File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5370 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5370 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 430-439 Author-Name: Jeremy Allan Hawkins Author-Workplace-Name: Department of City and Territory, Strasbourg National School of Architecture, France Abstract: In the context of increased interest in literary methods for spatial design, this article argues for a reconsideration of narrative methods for urban planning. It holds that when narrative is taken not as a reified object but as an active mode, in which a strategy for organizing the phenomenal world allows for form to be created from and within the profusion of signs, the importance of heterogeneous non-narrative elements comes into full force, in particular around figurative or metaphorical language, even or especially within the narrative frame. Drawing on work from Bernardo Secchi and Paola Viganò on and around the “porous city” figure and the Greater Paris international consultations, the article makes a case for a narrative of poetic practices. By identifying the polysemic agency of the poetic function, the territorial figure becomes not a comparison between two terms, but a complex linking of similarities in multiple dissimilar states, creating an effect of rapprochement with new possible futures. Keywords: figurative language; metaphor; mode; narrative; poetics; urbanism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:430-439 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Online Podcast Production as Co-Creation for Intercultural Participation in Neighbourhood Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5434 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5434 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 418-429 Author-Name: Robert Barbarino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Author-Name: Bianca Herlo Author-Workplace-Name: Design Research Lab, Berlin University of the Arts, Germany Author-Name: Malte Bergmann Author-Workplace-Name: Design Research Lab, Berlin University of the Arts, Germany Abstract: This article describes the usage of an online podcast workshop as an arts-based research method to reflect on intercultural participation. The podcast workshop was co-developed by researchers, local civil society actors, and administrative employees and deployed in a research infrastructure based on real-world labs. We show how the online podcast workshop as a research tool elicits co-creation with agonistic as well as communicative practices. The podcast combined practices of making with socially engaged research, using digital storytelling. It aimed at enhancing intercultural dialogue and participation and was used as an opportunity for voices that are not sufficiently represented in local public discourse on neighbourhood development to become recognised and challenge marginalisation. Based on one online podcast workshop, the article addresses new possibilities for collective and collaborative action during the Covid-19 pandemic and frames the podcast as a moderated place for exchange and reflection in the digital space. The podcast workshop intended to foster further discussion on the topic of intercultural participation and was conceived as a tool for empowerment that participants can use for further conversations and exchange in their communities. Keywords: arts-based research; co-creation; design research; intercultural participation; neighbourhood development; podcast; real-world labs; storytelling Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:418-429 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cultivating Urban Storytellers: A Radical Co-Creation to Enact Cognitive Justice for/in Self-Built Neighbourhoods File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5430 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5430 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 405-417 Author-Name: Catalina Ortiz Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, University College London, UK Abstract: We all carry an imperative to imagining collectively more just cities, to engaging more meaningfully with multiple urban actors and their different sensibilities through their stories. Storytelling helps to foster empathy, to understand the meaning of complex experiences, and, most importantly, to inspire action. With the rise of the digital era and new technologies at hand, we have an opportunity to redefine not only the way we tell, connect, and engage with our collective stories, but also how we work together in forming them. Based on the research design project Patrimonio Vivo | Living Heritage, grounded in the city of Medellín, this article illustrates the dynamics and potentials of co-creation with cultural organizations and creative teams through learning alliances. Our alliance among a cultural community centre, a cooperative of architects, a grassroot organisation and post-graduate students around the world used storytelling to propel an ecology of urban knowledges. Working online during the global lockdown, we mobilised stories of solidarity, care, memory, and livelihoods through the narrative of people, places, and organisations following their trajectories as the basis for the design of spatial strategies. This collaborative work aimed at contributing to the recognition of everyday spatial practices in self-built neighbourhoods as a form of “living heritage” of the city and a key building block for reframing a more progressive “integral neighbourhood upgrading” practice. I argue that using storytelling as a co-creative methodology, based on learning alliances, we can bridge the ecology of urban knowledges to foster cognitive justice and transform the current stigmatizing urban narrative of self-built neighbourhoods. Keywords: co-creation; cognitive justice; Medellín; storytelling; urban knowledge(s) Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:405-417 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning With Art: Artistic Involvement Initiated by Public Authorities in Sweden File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5367 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5367 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 394-404 Author-Name: Sofia Wiberg Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Abstract: In a Swedish context, public authorities have, over the past 10 years, implemented a number of initiatives to make art a central part of not only sustainable development but also urban planning as a practice, process, and knowledge area. Art and artistic methods are seen to contribute with new methods for site analyses (often in combination with citizen involvement) to enhance embodied and situated knowledge and give space to critical reflection. One of the Swedish initiatives is called Art Is Happening. Between 2016 and 2018, the Swedish government assigned the Public Art Agency Sweden money to work with public art and citizen inclusion in million program areas. The initiative was framed as using artistic methods to strengthen democracy in areas with low turnout. Fifteen places around the country were selected. In this article, the focus is on one of those projects in Karlskrona, where an artist collaborated with citizens to create a public artwork and local meeting place. During the process, the artist partly lived in the area. Rather than discussing the artistic project from a binary logic as disempowerment/empowerment, consensual/agonistic, and political/antipolitical, it is examined as a process involving a mixture of both, where power unfolded in ways that were both problematic and valuable at the same time. This approach moves away from “good or bad” to a nuanced way of discussing how artistic methods can contribute to understandings of situated knowledge production in urban planning. Keywords: artistic involvement; Karlskrona; participation; planning; public authorities; Sweden Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:394-404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Urban Consumption to Production: Rethinking the Role of Festivals in Urban Development Through Co-Creation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5371 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5371 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 379-393 Author-Name: Nicole Foster Author-Workplace-Name: Sustainable Community Development, Northland College, USA Abstract: Festivals infuse art and culture into the physical transformation of public spaces to support economic development, social capital, and urban vibrancy. Although these impacts align with urban planning, these projects typically engage actors outside the field such as community organisations, businesses, and artists, reflecting cultural and creative economies, where different values, motivations, and practices are continually negotiated through processes of co-creation. However, institutional planning practices have not yet effectively engaged with cultural production processes to maximise the social, cultural, and economic impacts of arts-led development. To explore this potential, this research uses participatory, co-productive methodologies to analyse the Bristol Light Festival, a collaborative partnership between business interests, city staff, and creative producers. The article begins with a discussion of the often contradictory role festivals play in urban development, followed by a discussion of creative and cultural ecologies and an overview of the co-creation process. Drawing on festival participant survey and interview data, the article discusses how the festival generated new forms of belonging in the city and other impacts that are often invisible within dominant arts-led development strategies. The article concludes with a discussion of findings relating cultural ecologies and co-creation to urban planning practice. Keywords: co-creation; co-production; festivals; networks; urban planning; value Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:379-393 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Framework for Co-Design Processes and Visual Collaborative Methods: An Action Research Through Design in Chile File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5349 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5349 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 363-378 Author-Name: Macarena Gaete Cruz Author-Workplace-Name: Management in the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Aksel Ersoy Author-Workplace-Name: Management in the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Darinka Czischke Author-Workplace-Name: Management in the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Ellen van Bueren Author-Workplace-Name: Management in the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: With the urgency to adapt cities to social and ecological pressures, co-design has become essential to legitimise transformations by involving citizens and other stakeholders in their design processes. Public spaces remain at the heart of this transformation due to their accessibility for citizens and capacity to accommodate urban functions. However, urban landscape design is a complex task for people who are not used to it. Visual collaborative methods (VCMs) are often used to facilitate expression and ideation early in design, offering an arts-based language in which actors can communicate. We developed a co-design process framework to analyse how VCMs contribute to collaboration in urban processes throughout the three commonly distinguished design phases: conceptual, embodiment, and detail. We participated in a co-design process in the Atacama Desert in Chile, adopting an Action Research through Design (ARtD) in planning, undertaking and reflecting in practice. We found that VCMs are useful to facilitate collaboration throughout the process in design cycles. The variety of VCMs used were able to foster co-design in a rather non-participatory context and influenced the design outcomes. The framework recognized co-design trajectories such as the early fuzziness and the ascendent co-design trajectory throughout the process. The co-design process framework aims for conceptual clarification and may be helpful in planning and undertaking such processes in practice. We conclude that urban co-design should be planned and analysed as a long-term process of interwoven collaborative trajectories. Keywords: co-design; co-design process; public space; urban co-design; visual methods Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:363-378 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Picture This: Exploring Photovoice as a Method to Understand Lived Experiences in Marginal Neighbourhoods File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5451 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5451 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 351-362 Author-Name: Juliet Carpenter Author-Workplace-Name: Global Centre on Healthcare and Urbanisation, University of Oxford, UK Abstract: Scholars in the social sciences are increasingly turning to research questions that explore everyday lived experiences, using participatory visual methodologies to promote critical reflections on urban challenges. In contrast with traditional research approaches, participatory visual methods engage directly with community participants, foregrounding their daily realities, and working towards collaborative knowledge production of participants’ situated experiences, potentially leading to transformative thinking and action. This participatory turn in research intersects with growing interests in community participation in collaborative planning and effective ways of engaging “unheard voices” in a planning context, particularly in marginalized neighbourhoods, using arts-based methods. This article critically examines the potential of participatory visual methodologies, exploring how the method of photovoice can reveal otherwise obscured perspectives from the viewpoint of communities in marginalised neighbourhoods. Based on a case study in the Downtown Eastside, Vancouver, the research considers whether and how creative participatory approaches can contribute to giving voice to communities and, if so, how these methods can impact a city’s planning for urban futures. The research shows that, potentially, photovoice can provide a means of communicating community perspectives, reimagining place within the framework of participatory planning processes to those who make decisions on the neighbourhood’s future. However, the research also demonstrates that there are limitations to the approach, bringing into sharp focus the ethical dimensions and challenges of participatory visual methodologies as a tool for engaging with communities, in an urban planning context. Keywords: arts-based methods; consultation; participation; photovoice; Vancouver Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:351-362 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Co-Creation From the Grassroots: Listening to Arts-Based Community Organizing in Little Tokyo File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5336 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5336 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 340-350 Author-Name: Jonathan Jae-an Crisman Author-Workplace-Name: Public & Applied Humanities, University of Arizona, USA Abstract: Co-creation has been adopted by some as a new paradigm for collaborative and participatory planning, especially through the introduction of creative and artistic practices which can disrupt the problematic power relationships latent within urban projects and knowledge creation. Co-creation research, however, has often focused on practices which connect empowered institutional actors, such as city planning officials, from the top down to less empowered grassroots and community actors. Co-creation can take myriad forms, however, and I use evidence from the Los Angeles community of Little Tokyo to, first, model grassroots-driven co-creation. Second, this example shows how empowered actors can practice “listening” as defined within public spheres literature to better respond to grassroots-driven co-creation. Third, Little Tokyo has also been the site of another promising form of co-creation practice: horizontal co-creation across multiple grassroots actors. In sum, I argue that co-creation practices which emanate from the grassroots can provide valuable insights, further a more just and inclusive city, and deserve more attention. Keywords: arts organizing; co-creation; gentrification; listening; Little Tokyo; Los Angeles; participation; participatory planning; public art; public spheres Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:340-350 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Drama: Power Mediation in Antagonistic Copenhagen File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5473 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5473 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 326-339 Author-Name: Jan Lilliendahl Larsen Author-Workplace-Name: Praxis, Copenhagen, Denmark Author-Name: Martin Severin Frandsen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University, Denmark Abstract: Recent research on participation in Danish urban planning has identified three typical formats of engagement: hearings, dialogue meetings, and workshops. Alongside these mainstream approaches, a plethora of less formalized and experimental formats drawing inspiration from collaborative and performative art practices have emerged. However, common to both the mainstream and experimental formats of participation is a difficulty when it comes to dealing with more strategic issues of power in the city. This article introduces and discusses the development, application, and power analytics of a format that focuses on these issues, the conflict and power-mediation method Free Trial! conceived by a local nongovernmental organization as a staged court case for high-profile issues in the city, which straddles political theater, deliberative participation, and research. The article demonstrates that advocacy, agonism, and liminoidity are the core elements that make the format effective in handling contentious issues in a constructive and enlightening manner within its created arena. However, it also shows that the handling of issues of power transcends the limits of this arena. To avoid reproducing unbalanced power relations of the city in general, the core elements of the format need to be incorporated among the wider public through an autonomous organization with this as its primary aim. Keywords: advocacy; agonism; conflict; democracy; liminoid space; participation; urban development; urban planning; urban politics Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:326-339 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Co-Creation Beyond Humans: The Arts of Multispecies Placemaking File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5288 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5288 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 315-325 Author-Name: Cecilie Sachs Olsen Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Abstract: Placemaking, as a form of urban development often focusing on arts- and community-based approaches, is becoming a key site for responding to pressing social and environmental concerns around the development of sustainable urban futures. This article explores the potential of arts-based methods to develop a “multispecies placemaking” in which “the community” is expanded to also include non-human species. Drawing on a performative event aiming to put the idea of multispecies placemaking into practice, the article brings together theories and practices of the evolving field of multispecies art with the more established field of socially engaged art to discuss challenges of co-creation and participation from a multispecies perspective. It concludes with a reflection on the possibilities of arts-based methods to foster not only methodological innovation within the field of placemaking but also to suggest a re-thinking of what placemaking is and could be. Keywords: arts-based methods; co-creation; multispecies art; participation; placemaking; socially engaged art Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:315-325 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Co-Creation and the City: Arts-Based Methods and Participatory Approaches in Urban Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6106 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.6106 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 311-314 Author-Name: Juliet Carpenter Author-Workplace-Name: Global Centre on Healthcare and Urbanisation (GCHU), University of Oxford, UK Author-Name: Christina Horvath Author-Workplace-Name: PoLIS, University of Bath, UK Abstract: This editorial for the thematic issue on “Co-Creation and the City: Arts-Based Methods and Participatory Approaches in Urban Planning” draws together the key themes of the ten articles in the issue. Firstly, the concept of Co-Creation is defined as a collective creative process involving artists, academics, and communities. Co-creation results in tangible or intangible outputs in the form of artwork or artefacts, and knowledge generated by multiple partners that, in a planning context, can feed into shared understandings of more socially just cities. The ten articles are summarized, and the emerging conclusions are drawn out, under three broad themes. The first set of conclusions deals with power imbalances and the risks of instrumentalization within co-creative processes. Contributors dismiss romanticizing assumptions that expect artistic practices to inevitably disrupt power hierarchies and strengthen democracy. The second set of outcomes relates to how arts-based strategies and methods can help address the translation of issues between urban planning and art. Finally, the third group of conclusions focuses on practices of listening within co-creation processes, raising the issue of voices that are less audible, rather than unheard or not listened to. In their concluding remarks, the authors recommend further research to be undertaken in this emerging field to explore the constraints and possibilities for urban planners to listen to arts-based expressions, in order to integrate a broader range of understandings and knowledge into plans for the city of the future. Keywords: affective knowledge; arts-based methods; co-creation; communities; embodiment; listening; participatory planning; power asymmetry; situated knowledge Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:311-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rendering Affective Atmospheres: The Visual Construction of Spatial Knowledge About Urban Development Projects File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5287 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5287 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 299-310 Author-Name: Sophie Mélix Author-Workplace-Name: Social Innovations in Rural Spaces Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany / Institute of Architecture, TU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Gabriela Christmann Author-Workplace-Name: Social Innovations in Rural Spaces Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany / Department of Sociology, TU Berlin, Germany Abstract: Renderings are digital visualisations of urban development projects in the field of urban design that aim to create spatial knowledge about future-built urban environments, which we also refer to as imaginaries. In our contribution, we ask how visual artists design renderings, how they try to influence spatial knowledge about future urban spaces, and in which processes renderings are produced. Using the cases of the Eko Atlantic City project in Lagos (Nigeria) and the Hudson Yards project in New York City (USA) as examples, it will be shown empirically how specialized visual artists try to make urban development projects appear convincing and appealing. The analyses show that visual artists particularly use design elements such as photorealistic aesthetics and lighting to make the presentations of the planned building projects desirable. They also attempt to make them appear coherent in their built environment by digitally collaging different imaginary elements. Interestingly, only a limited number of image types are used. They can nevertheless put the imaginary space of the planned building projects in a positive light, create pleasant affective atmospheres, and appeal to a wide audience. By visually constructing imaginaries about urban development projects and thus influencing the subjective spatial knowledge of stakeholders and a broader public, renderings develop power. The constructed—and widely shared—imaginary space can guide investment and influence planning processes and the materialization of the built project. Keywords: digitalization; Lagos; New York; spatial imaginaries; urban design; visualizations Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:299-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evidence-Based Planning: A Multi-Criteria Index for Identifying Vacant Properties in Large Urban Centres File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5369 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5369 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 285-298 Author-Name: Thiago Corrêa Jacovine Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Brazil Author-Name: Kaio Nogueira Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Real Estate and Planning, University of Reading, UK Author-Name: Camila Nastari Fernandes Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Brazil Author-Name: Gabriel Marques da Silva Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Brazil Abstract: Attempts to avoid property vacancy represent an immense challenge for local authorities and planning policy design. Despite recent normative and regulatory advances witnessed in the recent past with the recognition of the social function of the property by the federal constitution (1988) and statutory instruments included in the city statute (2001) and local master plans, Brazilian cities still experience difficulty in producing evidence-based indicators to support the implementation of progressive planning policies. This article offers a methodological approach using a multi-criteria index to identify vacancy propensity levels in the central area of São Paulo. The research results from a partnership between the municipal authority and two planning laboratories from public universities and financial support from UNESCO. The index was designed using a multi-criteria decision aid technique, PROMETHEE II. The proposed methodology involved the manipulation of eight variables related to the vacancy phenomenon and a two-phased validation process: one quantitative using statistical tests and the second qualitative through the scrutiny of the index by urban specialists. The result represents the potential vacancy levels for 3,254 urban blocks and their spatial distribution. For the 344 blocks inspected through fieldwork, 619 potential vacant properties were identified. The development and analysis of the index show that this approach provides valuable information on vacancy levels accounting for its spatial distribution. The index is a flexible tool that can absorb particular local conditions and support evidence-based policy-making. Keywords: evidence-based planning; multi-criteria index; property vacancy; São Paulo; territorial planning; urban centres Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:285-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Scaling Potential of Experimental Knowledge in the Case of the Bauhaus.MobilityLab, Erfurt (Germany) File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5329 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5329 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 274-284 Author-Name: Luise Kraaz Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Transport System Planning, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Germany Author-Name: Maria Kopp Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Transport System Planning, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Germany Author-Name: Maximilian Wunsch Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Transport System Planning, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Germany Author-Name: Uwe Plank-Wiedenbeck Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Transport System Planning, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Germany Abstract: Real-world labs hold the potential to catalyse rapid urban transformations through real-world experimentation. Characterised by a rather radical, responsive, and location-specific nature, real-world labs face constraints in the scaling of experimental knowledge. To make a significant contribution to urban transformation, the produced knowledge must go beyond the level of a building, street, or small district where real-world experiments are conducted. Thus, a conflict arises between experimental boundaries and the stimulation of broader implications. The challenges of scaling experimental knowledge have been recognised as a problem, but remain largely unexplained. Based on this, the article will discuss the applicability of the “typology of amplification processes” by Lam et al. (2020) to explore and evaluate the potential of scaling experimental knowledge from real-world labs. The application of the typology is exemplified in the case of the Bauhaus.MobilityLab. The Bauhaus.MobilityLab takes a unique approach by testing and developing cross-sectoral mobility, energy, and logistics solutions with a distinct focus on scaling knowledge and innovation. For this case study, different qualitative research techniques are combined according to “within-method triangulation” and synthesised in a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. The analysis of the Bauhaus.MobilityLab proves that the “typology of amplification processes” is useful as a systematic approach to identifying and evaluating the potential of scaling experimental knowledge. Keywords: amplification processes; Bauhaus.MobilityLab; experimental knowledge; real-world experiments; real-world labs; scaling; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:274-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sharing and Space-Commoning Knowledge Through Urban Living Labs Across Different European Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5402 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5402 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 254-273 Author-Name: Doina Petrescu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK Author-Name: Helena Cermeño Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Sociology, University of Kassel, Germany Author-Name: Carsten Keller Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Sociology, University of Kassel, Germany Author-Name: Carola Moujan Author-Workplace-Name: UMR 7324 CITERES, National Centre for Scientific Research, France Author-Name: Andrew Belfield Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, UK Author-Name: Florian Koch Author-Workplace-Name: Business School, HTW Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Denise Goff Author-Workplace-Name: Centre of Sociology, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Author-Name: Meike Schalk Author-Workplace-Name: KTH School of Architecture, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Floris Bernhardt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Sociology, University of Kassel, Germany Abstract: While the growing commodification of housing and public spaces in European cities is producing urban inequalities affecting mostly migrant and vulnerable populations, there are also manifold small-scale neighbourhood-based collaborative processes that seek to co-produce shared urban resources and contribute to more resilient urban developments. As part of the ProSHARE research project that investigates conditions in which sharing takes place and can be expanded to less-represented populations, we focus here on sharing and space-commoning practices within urban living labs. Considered multi-stakeholders sites for innovation, testing, and learning with a strong urban transformative potential, urban living labs have received increasing academic attention in recent years. However, questions related to whether and how labs facilitate processes of exchange and negotiation of knowledge claims and generate spatial knowledge remain largely unexplored. We address this gap by looking at the role urban living labs play in the regeneration of neighbourhoods, asking how sharing and space-commoning practices generate situated spatial knowledge(s) that can be used in planning processes, and what type of settings and methods can facilitate such processes. These questions are addressed in the context of four ProSHARE-Labs located in Berlin, Paris (Bagneux), London, and Vienna, drawing on a cross-case analysis of the functioning of these hubs, the research methods applied in each context, and on the translocal learning and possibilities for upscaling resulting from these parallel experiences. Keywords: heterogeneous neighbourhoods; ProSHARE; R-Urban; situated knowledges; spatial knowledge; translocal learning; urban commons; urban living lab Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:254-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mobilising Situated Local Knowledge for Participatory Urban Planning Through Storytelling File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5378 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5378 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 242-253 Author-Name: Hanna Seydel Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund, Germany Author-Name: Sandra Huning Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund, Germany Abstract: Participatory urban planning does not take place outside of social systems of privilege and discrimination; likewise, the negotiation of knowledge claims in planning processes is embedded in social relations defined by “gender,” “race,” and “class.” In this article, we argue that positionalities play out in the social construction of knowledge in participatory planning and that, consequently, a certain type of knowledge—typically represented by well-educated and resourceful residential groups—is privileged over other forms of everyday knowledge. We present storytelling as an inclusive approach to co-producing knowledge and reflecting on the extent to which the findings can be applied to participatory urban planning. This article is based on a three-year inter- and transdisciplinary research project based on real-world laboratories in two German neighbourhoods. Regarding feminist geographies, we first explore the role of power, positionality, and situated knowledge in shaping participatory planning, both theoretically and empirically. We outline the extent to which the methodological framework and the socio-spatial setting have an impact on the co-production of knowledge. We present insights from two storytelling interventions and reflect on the possibilities and limits of narrative knowledge production for participatory urban planning. Keywords: participation; positionality; power relations; situated knowledge; storytelling Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:242-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Copenhagen’s Struggle to Become the World’s First Carbon Neutral Capital: How Corporatist Power Beats Sustainability File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5327 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5327 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 230-241 Author-Name: Ulrik Kohl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Studies, Malmö University, Sweden / Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University, Denmark Author-Name: John Andersen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University, Denmark Abstract: Nordic cities are often perceived as frontrunners of urban sustainability and their planners increasingly embrace and combine environmentalist ideas with communicative planning approaches. We argue that how corporatist networks promote green growth strategies that can undermine sustainability targets is often overlooked. In this article, we examine how the City of Copenhagen is failing in its efforts to become the world’s first carbon-neutral capital by 2025 partly because of corporatist capture of the decarbonisation agenda. Taking a phronetic social science approach we shed light on the production of knowledge and counter-knowledge in planning conflicts over energy infrastructure, in particular the iconic €530 million Copenhill waste-to-energy plant in Denmark. On one side of the conflict was a green coalition that initially blocked the proposed energy megaplant to defend the city’s ambitious climate targets. On the other side was a corporatist coalition who subsequently succeeded in strong-arming the city council to accept the plant, even though that meant carbon emissions would increase significantly, instead of decreasing. We focus on this U-turn in the planning process as a case of dark planning and a knowledge co-creation fiasco. Our findings reveal how the sustainability concept can be utilised as an empty vessel to promote private sector export agendas. We suggest that environmentalist ideals may stand stronger in planning conflicts if they link up with a broader alternative socio-economic agenda capable of attracting coalition partners. The lesson to be learned for green coalitions is that it is crucial to combine expert, local, and political knowledge to be able to “read” the power configuration and develop strategic and tactical capacity to challenge dominant discourses. Keywords: carbon emissions; climate change; collaborative planning; Copenhagen; corporatism; iconicity; sustainability transitions; urban energy Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:230-241 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transforming Spatial Practices Through Knowledges on the Margins File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5415 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5415 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 219-229 Author-Name: Zuzana Tabačková Author-Workplace-Name: Department for Urban and Regional Planning, TU Berlin, Germany Abstract: Drawing on knowledges of spatial practitioners in Slovakia and Czechia, as well as those of feminist science and technology studies and actor-network theory, the article explores the benefits and importance of bringing diverse knowledges into spatial practice. More specifically, it focuses on the issue of including voices, perspectives, and knowledges in the construction of space other than those of status quo often implicated in the (re)production of social injustices. It proposes to look at the margins as a site of potential resistance to find spatial practices/know-hows and visions that actually contribute to the creation of spaces for good lives of marginalised communities. Leaning on the experiences of practitioners on the margins, the article presents portraits of two organisations to explore in detail what spatial practices they employ to materialise their marginalised visions. Building on an analysis of these case studies, the article closes with a description of three transformations of spatial practice that are needed for better involvement of marginalised visions in spatial production: addressing a more complete image of the world, conceiving of space as multiple becoming, and participation as a matter of care. Keywords: actor-network theory; architecture; Central and Eastern Europe; margins; planning; science and technology studies; spatial knowledge; spatial practice; standpoint theory Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:219-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Emancipatory Circuits of Knowledge” for Urban Equality: Experiences From Havana, Freetown, and Asia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5319 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5319 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 206-218 Author-Name: Stephanie Butcher Author-Workplace-Name: Melbourne Centre for Cities, University of Melbourne, Australia Author-Name: Camila Cociña Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, University College London, UK Author-Name: Alexandre Apsan Frediani Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute for Environment and Development, UK Author-Name: Michele Acuto Author-Workplace-Name: Melbourne Centre for Cities, University of Melbourne, Australia Author-Name: Brenda Pérez‐Castro Author-Workplace-Name: Secretariat, Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, Thailand Author-Name: Jorge Peña‐Díaz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Technological University José Antonio Echeverría (CUJAE), Cuba Author-Name: Joiselen Cazanave‐Macías Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Technological University José Antonio Echeverría (CUJAE), Cuba Author-Name: Braima Koroma Author-Workplace-Name: Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre, Sierra Leone / Institute of Geography and Development Studies, Njala University, Sierra Leone Author-Name: Joseph Macarthy Author-Workplace-Name: Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre, Sierra Leone / Institute of Geography and Development Studies, Njala University, Sierra Leone Abstract: Feminist, Southern, and decolonial thinkers have long argued that epistemological questions about how knowledge is produced and whose knowledge is valued and actioned are crucial in addressing inequalities, and a key challenge for planning. This collaborative article interrogates how knowledge is mobilised in urban planning and practice, discussing three experiences which have actively centred often-excluded voices, as a way of disrupting knowledge hierarchies in planning. We term these “emancipatory circuits of knowledge”—processes whereby diverse, situated, and marginalised forms of knowledge are co-produced and mobilised across urban research and planning, to address inequalities. We discuss experiences from the Technological University José Antonio Echeverría (CUJAE), a university in Havana, Cuba, that privileges a fluid and collaborative understanding of universities as social actors; the Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre, a research institute in the city of Freetown, which curates collective and inclusive spaces for community action planning, to challenge the legacies of colonial-era planning; and the Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, a regional network across Asia, which facilitates processes of exchange and co-learning which are highly strategic and situated in context, to advance community-led development. Shared across these “emancipatory circuits” are three “sites of impact” through which these partners have generated changes: encouraging inclusive policy and planning outcomes; shifting the planning praxis of authorities, bureaucrats, and researchers; and nurturing collective trajectories through building solidarities. Examining these three sites and their challenges, we query how urban knowledge is produced and translated towards epistemic justice, examining the tensions and the possibilities for building pathways to urban equality. Keywords: Asia; co-production; epistemic justice; Freetown; Havana; knowledge translation; participation; planning; urban equality Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:206-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “DALSTON! WHO ASKED U?”: A Knowledge-Centred Perspective on the Mapping of Socio-Spatial Relations in East London File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5365 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5365 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 191-205 Author-Name: Carsten Jungfer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of East London, UK Author-Name: Fernanda Palmieri Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of East London, UK Author-Name: Norbert Kling Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Technical University of Munich, Germany Abstract: Since the turn of the millennium, Dalston in the London Borough of Hackney has experienced fundamental change through public and private investment in new infrastructure and processes of urban restructuring. This was paralleled by the reform of the national planning system, which aimed to devolve decision-making to the local level and increase the possibilities for residents and stakeholders to participate in planning processes. However, the difficulty of translating local needs and aspirations into policy goals and broadly accepted area action plans resulted in a crisis, which, in 2018, led to the introduction of the Dalston Conversation and subsequently the revision of planning goals. It is in this context that the Relational States of Dalston mapping project generated and assembled local knowledge about the web of socio-spatial relations between different local actors and in this way highlighted the significance and fragility of the communities’ networks and their spatial dimensions. The collection, ordering, integration, and production of knowledge can be seen as part of the core work in urban planning processes and policymaking. Which forms of knowledge are routinely used in planning contexts and define the relationship between planning action and urban transformation? To what extent could the mapping of local community relations add to this knowledge and help to improve decision-making processes in contested spaces of knowledge? In what ways could a relational understanding of space and architectural modes of research and representation contribute to the analysis, conceptualisation, and communication of local community relations? This article engages with these questions, using the mapping project in Dalston as a case study. Keywords: East London; local knowledge; mapping; Relational States of Dalston; socio-spatial project; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:191-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Spatial Knowledge and Urban Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/6101 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.6101 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 185-190 Author-Name: Anna Juliane Heinrich Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Urban Development, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Angela Million Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Urban Development, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Karsten Zimmermann Author-Workplace-Name: Department of European Planning Cultures, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany Abstract: Urban planning is simultaneously shaped by and creates new (spatial) knowledge. The changes in planning culture that have taken place in the last decades—especially the so-called communicative turn in planning in the 1990s—have brought about an increased attention to a growing range of stakeholders of urban development, their interests, logics, and participation in planning as well as the negotiation processes between these stakeholders. However, while this has also been researched in breadth and depth, only scant attention has been paid to the knowledge (claims) of these stakeholders. In planning practice, knowledge, implicit and explicit, has been a highly relevant topic for quite some time: It is discussed how local knowledge can inform urban planning, how experimental knowledge on urban development can be generated in living labs, and what infrastructures can process “big data” and make it usable for planning, to name a few examples. With the thematic issue on “Spatial Knowledge and Urban Planning” we invited articles aiming at exploring the diverse understandings of (spatial) knowledge, and how knowledge influences planning and how planning itself constitutes processes of knowledge generation. The editorial gives a brief introduction to the general topic. Subsequently, abstracts of all articles illustrate what contents the issue has to offer and the specific contribution of each text is carved out. In the conclusion, common and recurring themes as well as remaining gaps and open questions at the interface of spatial knowledge and urban planning are discussed. Keywords: evidence-based planning; knowledge; knowledge orders; learning; negotiation; planning; stakeholders; urban living labs Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:185-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Examining Socio-Economic Inequality Among Commuters: The Case of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5271 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5271 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 172-184 Author-Name: Adiwan Aritenang Author-Workplace-Name: Urban and Regional Planning, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Abstract: The rapid development of urban areas in surrounding regions has led to an increasing number of commuters within and between core-peripheral regions. However, variation in jobs and economic levels has exacerbated the socio-economic inequalities between metropolitan residents. Using the commuter data of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, this study examines the socio-economic disparities of commuting behaviour, spatial patterns, and health between commuters with incomes lower and higher than the regional minimum wage. The article conducts quantitative descriptive statistics and a non-parametric test using the BPS—Statistics Indonesia 2019 commuter data that included 13,000 sample respondents from the Jakarta Province and its neighbouring districts. Our result reveals a significant impact of income level on the choice of private transportation mode, whilst having no effect on the choice of public transportation modes. Higher-income peripheral residents tend to commute to the core metropolitan area (Jakarta Province), while lower-income commuters typically travel between peripheral areas. The article also indicates the negative physical health impact of prolonged and early-hours commuting, especially for lower-income groups. The article proposes better public transportation that is convenient, safe, and reliable, to ensure a sustainable and resilient metropolitan area. Keywords: commuters; health; inequality; Jakarta; metropolitan area; transportation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:172-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Developing Polycentricity to Shape Resilient Metropolitan Structures: The Case of the Gdansk–Gdynia–Sopot Metropolitan Area File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5502 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5502 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 159-171 Author-Name: Piotr Lorens Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Anna Golędzinowska Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: Making the metropolitan area resilient, in many cases, calls for amending its spatial structures. This may take various forms, including both reshaping the metropolitan core and redeveloping the entire regional network of cities and centres, making them part of a coherent structure. The latter strategy is associated with reinforcing secondary urban centres as well as shaping new connections between them. In this case, the term “resilience” is associated not only with environmental aspects but also with socio-economic and spatial ones. Shaping resilient metropolitan areas is therefore associated with complex planning and development undertakings, in many cases spread over decades. This approach was proven to be correct during the recent Covid-19 pandemic, which spurred this process of rethinking metropolitan structures and led to generating new approaches to metropolitan development and planning. The article focuses on the Gdansk–Gdynia–Sopot Metropolitan Area, which is potentially the largest polycentric metropolitan area on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea. In this case, polycentricity has a twofold origin—it includes centres with a shaped spatial structure that come closer together as they develop and diffuse suburban structure, the shaping of which remains one of the main challenges of the regional spatial policy. The authors look at both concepts and tools associated with reshaping this metropolitan centre. In particular, they analyse the effects of using both obligatory and optional planning tools which are available according to Polish law. They also try to answer the question of under what conditions a polycentric structure has a chance to become a resistant structure. Keywords: Gdansk Metropolitan Area; metropolitan planning; Poland; polycentrism; resilience; Tri-City; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:159-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contemporary Decentralized Development of a Centrally Planned Metropolis: The Case of Budapest File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5426 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5426 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 144-158 Author-Name: Anna Kornélia Losonczy Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Design, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Author-Name: Annamária Orbán Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Design, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary / Department of Sociology and Communication, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Author-Name: Melinda Benkő Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Design, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Abstract: This study examines the changes undergone by urban centers within Greater Budapest’s extension area, which was annexed to the capital of Hungary in 1950, and which is, with minor modifications, equivalent to the outer zone today. The article compares the development methods of two different political systems: state socialism (i.e., the communist regime) between 1950 and 1990, and post-socialist capitalism after 1990. Over a longer period, the urban development of Budapest has made a long but circular journey from decentralized to a decentralized–disjointed socio-spatial development system, passing through a centrally-planned communist era between 1945 and 1990. Nevertheless, closer examination of this process reveals that several paradigm shifts took place in the design methodology, which was strongly influenced by socio-economic changes. These shifts, layered upon the inherited structure, as well as the neglect or preference of different systems, caused great differences in the development histories of centers on the outskirts. Therefore, we have set up a development typology for the centers on the outskirts by summarizing the planning history at the city level. Based on how well the center was able to incorporate itself into the larger metropolis since 1950, we have distinguished the following development models: the metropolized, the transcript, the rehabilitated, and the urban village model. This typology is extended to include new urban centers that formed during state socialism (between 1950 and 1990) and post-socialist capitalism (since 1990). Keywords: Budapest; governance system; metropolization; polycentric city; urban development; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:144-158 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When Modern Housing Built Optimistic Suburbia: A Comparative Analysis Between Lisbon and Luanda File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5221 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5221 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 130-143 Author-Name: Inês Rodrigues Author-Workplace-Name: Dinâmia’Cet, ISCTE–University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal Abstract: Throughout the 1960s, the urban peripheries in several Portuguese colonial cities embarked on a profound process of transformation. With different urban histories and distant geographical contexts, Lisbon and Luanda were united by urban planning and public policies defined by the Estado Novo’s response to the lack of housing supply. The neighbourhoods that expressed modern affiliation in their architecture witnessed profound changes brought about by the April 25th Revolution and the consequent process of democracy in Portugal (1974) and independence in Angola (1975). This article proposes a comparative analysis of middle-class housing complexes, demystifying the urban peripheries by an optimistic architecture that helped shape the built environment and echoed its time’s urban and political concerns. It analyses four case studies, taking into account their inherent characteristics (urban layout, architecture, and interior design), their significance as a testimony to the social and political aspirations of the time, and the quality of life and lifestyles of their current population. It draws on sociological surveys and analysis of plans, photographs, and maps to carry out a broader picture of modern housing through the work of Fernando Silva in Lisbon and Fernão Simões de Carvalho in Luanda. Based on current research, this article aims to assess the resilience of these neighbourhoods by analysing the housing landscape from an urban and architectural perspective. By mapping the changes after 50 years of use, the intention is to understand how they have adapted to current conditions (urban and social) and support future actions. Keywords: Fernando Silva; Fernão Simões de Carvalho; Lisbon; Luanda; modern housing; optimistic architecture; Portuguese heritage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:130-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From a Small Village to an Exclusive Gated Community: Unplanned Suburbanisation and Local Sovereignty in Post-Socialist Hungary File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5275 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5275 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 115-129 Author-Name: Adrienne Csizmady Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Sociology, Hungary / Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Szeged, Hungary Author-Name: Márton Bagyura Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Sociology, Hungary Author-Name: Gergely Olt Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Sociology, Hungary Abstract: In Hungary, after the regime change in 1989, one of the most important institutional changes concerning suburbanisation was the high sovereignty of local authorities, albeit without appropriate funding for sovereign operation. This type of local sovereignty made mezzo-level planning and cooperation of independent municipalities ineffective. The inherent systemic political corruption of the rapid post-socialist privatisation hindered spontaneous cooperation as well. As a result, suburban infrastructure, even in municipalities with high-status residents, remained underdeveloped (from traffic connections through waste management to water provision). Our research field, Telki, was successful in selling land because its scenic location and the absence of industrial and commercial activities made it attractive for high-status suburban settlers. These newcomers were not interested in the further functional development of the village, and, as they took local political power, they successfully restricted economic and functional development. Consequently, selling land and introducing property taxes remained the most important source of income. The colonisation of the village by newcomers also meant the displacement of lower status original villagers and, today, mostly high-status families with young children feel at home in Telki. Others feel excluded not only because of real estate prices but also by the lack of appropriate functions or simply by the narrow concept of an appropriate lifestyle in the village defined by local power. The consequence of a complete lack of cooperation and rational planning is not only social injustice, elite segregation, and environmental harm, but also the reduced economic and housing potential of the Budapest agglomeration. Keywords: Budapest; post-socialist urban transformation; residential suburbanisation; settlement planning; urbanisation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:115-129 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Between Decentralization and Recentralization: Conflicts in Intramunicipal and Intermunicipal Governance in Tokyo’s Shrinking Suburbs File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5268 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5268 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 98-114 Author-Name: Hiroaki Ohashi Author-Workplace-Name: College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan Author-Name: Nicholas A. Phelps Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Australia Author-Name: John Tomaney Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK Abstract: The suburban territory of Tokyo Metropolis, officially called the Tama Area, is experiencing path-dependent, multifaceted shrinkage in the sociodemographic, economic, and political and administrative (including fiscal) dimensions. The following two processes taking place in the opposite direction are at work: the political and administrative decentralization of authority and responsibility and the sociodemographic, economic, and fiscal recentralization (or reurbanization) of workplaces, residences, and municipal finance. Amid decentralization and recentralization, intramunicipal and intermunicipal conflicts, which are interrelated, are emerging in the lowest tier of government. We first explore intramunicipal disarrays of ideas and practices within a municipal government and subsequently investigate intermunicipal contradictions that are generating oscillations between unification and fragmentation among municipal governments. These two conflicts result in the failure to promote inclusive and geographically extensive intermunicipal cooperation only through the efforts of municipal governments. This failure partly stems from the path-dependency of Tokyo Metropolis incorporating past political and administrative separations at intrametropolitan and intrasuburban levels. Consequently, municipal governments face difficulty in building healthy relationships with upper-tier governments, civil society, and the market. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of creating new forms of governance systems for promoting spatially wider and functionally integrated intermunicipal cooperation by combining physical and virtual environments, which respectively have geographically greater and lesser limitations, and by involving private and community actors. This creation requires both politically bottom-up and top-down approaches by exploiting the emerging sense of the increasingly intertwined future under suburban shrinkage and by consolidating intermunicipal cooperation activities that are fragmentally dispersed. Keywords: decentralization; intermunicipal cooperation; local governance; metropolitan planning; recentralization; suburban shrinkage; Tama Area; Tokyo Metropolis Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:98-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Different Forms of Welfare Provision for Diverse Suburban Fabrics: Three Examples From Italy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5405 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5405 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 86-97 Author-Name: Lorenzo De Vidovich Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy Abstract: Over the last 20 years, suburbanization has gradually turned into a key topic of analysis, whereas welfare policies have faced a significant public reconfiguration towards the local scale of provision and the development of local welfare systems. Combined in such a way, these two statements tell us little, and they appear to be separate and without any relation. This article aims at building the analytical and research interplays between these two topics. In so doing, the article addresses the governance and planning of local welfare services in suburbs, entwined with the post-suburban theoretical frame. By identifying the issues at stake—that is, the governance of welfare and services—the analysis investigates the uneven socio-spatial polarizations that are currently emerging in metropolitan areas. The research bridges a research gap between the unevenness of the suburban expansion and the changing provision of welfare services. The article discusses these insights with three Italian cases from the edges of the three main metropolitan areas: Milan, Rome, and Naples. The empirical discussion, which relies on the outcomes of qualitative fieldwork activities, discusses and compares the differentiation of welfare provision and the relevant diverse “suburban societies” amongst the three contexts. Through this focus, the article points out that a heterogeneous and unequal spatial distribution of basic services and social infrastructures is to be found amongst the constellation of towns located on the outskirts of an urban core. Keywords: extended urbanization; governance; Italy; post-suburbia; suburbs; welfare Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:86-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “The System Is the System, Isn’t It?”: The Case for a Just Devolution File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5291 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5291 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 75-85 Author-Name: Liam O'Farrell Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University of Sheffield, UK Author-Name: Roman Zwicky Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Democracy Studies Aarau, University of Zurich, Switzerland Abstract: How do actors involved in decision-making around urban planning relate to devolution? How do they perceive external forces influencing their cities, and how can the interventions they make be better oriented towards tackling inequalities? We reflect on these questions with data from interviews conducted with urban leaders and housing and development policy stakeholders in the second cities of Birmingham, UK, and Lyon, France. We compare narratives and assess how they relate to the concept of spatial justice in differing contexts of devolution. Drawing from findings in two cities with distinct governance structures, we uncover common issues with neoliberal, growth-oriented mindsets among key actors, despite contrasting rhetoric around social justice. We contend that there is thus a need to define mechanisms for making devolution more attentive to inequalities. This could be achieved through incorporating the concept of spatial justice into devolution strategies. We further argue that, while autonomy to make decisions is an important aspect of devolution, this autonomy needs to be operationalised within an appropriate constellation, including a progressive political-economic culture, sufficient bureaucratic authority and resources, and an active and informed citizenry. As such, devolution is a two-way process of having powers devolved from above and building capacity from below to make use of these powers effectively. We conclude by reflecting critically on the potential of existing strategies in the two contexts to overcome social inequalities and realise the aspirations of “just devolution.” Keywords: decision-making; devolution; investment; spatial justice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:75-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Uneven Trajectories and Decentralisation: Lessons From Historical Planning Processes in Saint-Étienne File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5483 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5483 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 63-74 Author-Name: Victoria Pinoncely Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, École Normale Supérieure—PSL Research University, France Abstract: Once the industrial capital of France, Saint-Étienne has faced the closure of mining pits, steel plants, and textile firms in close succession, leading to population loss and social and economic challenges, and making the city an outlier in France as a large-sized shrinking city. There has generally been a lack of temporal approaches to urban shrinking processes and calls to incorporate historical institutionalism in planning research. This research will use path dependence—a conceptual framework where a critical event causes a process that is marked by reproductive logic—as a central explanatory tool to assess historical planning processes in Saint-Étienne. This article identifies a critical event—the publication of the first spatial plan for the Saint-Étienne region—and then considers temporal self-reinforcing processes, reviewing subsequent local spatial planning strategies through a culturalist theory frame. It shows that spatial strategies have not adapted over time to the reality of shrinkage; local beliefs in growth displayed path-dependent features and resulted in decentralisation and deepening socio-economic inequalities both within the metropolitan area of Saint-Étienne and with its larger neighbour, Lyon. More broadly, for metropolitan areas to be able to adapt to future changes and be resilient, it will be crucial for urban planning policy and research to consider the extent to which planning strategies can self-reinforce and to find ways to adapt these strategies in the face of global urban transformations. Keywords: historical processes; path dependence; planning policy; Saint-Étienne; self-reinforcing processes; shrinking cities; spatial planning; urban shrinkage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:63-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reimagining the Future of the Sydney CBD: Reflecting on Covid-19-Driven Changes in Commercial and Residential Property Trends File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5298 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5298 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 49-62 Author-Name: Gabriela Quintana Vigiola Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Juaneé Cilliers Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology Sydney, Australia / Unit for Environmental Sciences, North-West University, South Africa Author-Name: Luis Hernando Lozano-Paredes Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Abstract: Covid-19 has led to unprecedented changes in functional structures in our cities. Since the mid-20th century, central business districts (CBDs) worldwide have hosted economic and employment activities, leaving suburbia to home the residential function. However, the global Covid-19 responses have resulted in changes in some urban functions, and it is yet to see if these changes would transpire as temporary or permanent. Some argue that the broad macrogeographical pattern of urbanisation is unlikely to be changed. Still, that significant intra-metropolitan, neighbourhood-level and daily life changes are to become part of the new reality. Thus, this article considered these changes by focusing on property trends in the Sydney CBD to reflect on future trends, urban structures, and associated functions. An evaluative single case study desktop analysis was conducted to investigate commercial vacancy rates and rental prices within the CBD of Sydney (Australia) between 2018 and 2021 to reflect on the Covid-19-drive changes and their implications for urban planners. Findings highlighted that before Covid-19, both residential and commercial markets were growing, with rising rental prices and decreasing vacancy rates. However, commercial vacancies in the CBD have increased, and rental prices have decreased since 2020’s lockdown, stressing the dropping demand for commercial spaces. The residential market experienced a different trend with dropping vacancy rates and increasing rental prices. The data analysed provide an initial understanding of how Covid-19 has impacted the Sydney CBD. It poses some insights into potential future trends and changes in the urban landscape. It highlights the implications that the planning profession should consider in the quest to realise sustainable and resilient cities. Keywords: commercial use; Covid-19; future of CBD; pandemic impacts; property data; purchasing prices; residential use; vacancy rates Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:49-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Gender–Poverty–Mobility Nexus and the Post-Pandemic Era in South Africa File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5463 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5463 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 35-48 Author-Name: Lindsay Blair Howe Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Architecture and Planning, University of Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein / Department of Architecture, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Abstract: As part of long-term comparative research into the Gauteng City-Region, this article presents mixed-methods studies in the informal settlement of Denver, located in the industrial belt southeast of Johannesburg’s city center. It unpacks the results of focus groups, ethnographic and expert interviews, as well as mapping with an innovative smartphone tracking application, comparing everyday life for several households in this area before the pandemic in 2019 and during the pandemic in 2020. Findings show that the pandemic exacerbated the disproportionate burdens related to gendered roles of household management, childcare, and mobility, both on the macro- as well as the micro-scale. The article thus defines the “gender–poverty–mobility nexus” that shapes space and everyday life in the Gauteng City-Region, precluding places like Denver from overcoming their marginality. Post-pandemic planning policy could be transformative for such spaces if it can build on this knowledge to better identify the needs of these vulnerable social groups and connect them to opportunities. It concludes with suggestions on how these empirically revealed dynamics could be translated into responses on the urban and regional scales, in the name of more equitable, resilient planning futures for Johannesburg and beyond. Keywords: Covid-19; Denver informal settlement; Gauteng City-Region; gender inequality; infrastructure development; Johannesburg; mobility; poverty; South Africa Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:35-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Working From Home and Covid-19: Where Could Residents Move to? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5306 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5306 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 15-34 Author-Name: Johannes Moser Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Development, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Fabian Wenner Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Development, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Alain Thierstein Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Development, Technical University of Munich, Germany Abstract: As a protective measure during the Covid-19 pandemic, in Spring 2020, a high number of employees began relocating their workplace to their homes, many for the first time. Recent surveys suggest that the share of those working from home (WFH) will remain higher than before the pandemic in the long term too—with correspondingly fewer commuting journeys. Workplaces are still often concentrated in inner cities, into which workers commute from more outlying areas. However, classical geographical economic theory suggests that a reduced need for commuting might lead to a reorientation of residential preferences amongst employees towards even fewer urban areas, as households trade off the disamenity of commuting against lower housing costs and more living space. This article investigates how such consequences could unfold in space. The Munich Metropolitan Region is characterised by a high share of knowledge-based jobs suitable for WFH and thus serves as our case study. We collect data at the municipality level for relevant aspects of residential location choices and develop an index for the potential of additional residential demand through increased WFH for each municipality in the Munich Metropolitan Region. Crucially, a municipality’s potential depends on the number of commuting days per week. Keeping the weekly commuting time budget constant, an increase in WFH, or a reduction in commuting days allows a longer commuting time per trip. We visualise our results and sensitivities with maps. We observe a gradual yet discontinuous decay of potentials from the region’s core to the fringes with an increase in WFH days. Keywords: commuting; Covid-19; regional development; working from home Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:15-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Crises and the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Analytical Framework for Metropolitan Resiliency File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5376 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5376 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 4-14 Author-Name: Thomas J. Vicino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Northeastern University, USA / School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University, USA Author-Name: Robert H. Voigt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Northeastern University, USA Author-Name: Mahir Kabir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Northeastern University, USA Author-Name: Jonathan Michanie Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Northeastern University, USA Abstract: Social scientists of the urban condition have long been interested in the causes and consequences of the phenomena that shape the growth and decline of cities and their suburbs. Such interests have become increasingly relevant in light of the Covid-19 pandemic. Over the course of the pandemic, many academic and popular analyses have confronted two essential questions: How has the pandemic changed the city? And given these changes, are they permanent? This current scholarly and popular dialogue generally lacks comparative analysis. In this article, we attempt to further the analysis and discussion about the pandemic and the city by reframing the debate through three comparative lenses: temporal, scalar, and dimensional. Drawing on the debate and experience of urban areas in the United States, we present an analytical framework to apply a comparative analytical approach. Three temporal analytical matrices are presented: (a) pre-pandemic, (b) current-pandemic, and (c) post-pandemic. These matrices articulate the relationships between a city’s developmental patterns and their related dimensions of urbanization. We pay special attention to the nature of scale within and among the cities and suburbs of regions. Each matrix is tested and contextualized using relevant narratives from cities in the United States before, during, and after the pandemic on various issues, including housing, transportation, and economic development. This framework will serve as an analytical tool for future research on the pandemic and how cities can become more resilient to such shocks. Keywords: Covid-19; economic restructuring; pandemic; population change; resilience; urban crises; urbanization Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:4-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Resilient Metropolis: Planning in an Era of Decentralization File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5946 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i3.5946 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-3 Author-Name: Thomas J. Vicino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Northeastern University, USA / School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University, USA Abstract: This thematic issue of Urban Planning focuses on recent transformations of the built environment, the economy, and society around the world. The articles examine how planning processes and policy responses can adapt to the transformation of metropolitan areas in the pursuit of a more just and resilient society. Key themes are centered on socio-spatial processes that drive the uneven growth, the economic globalization of cities and the pursuant human migration, and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Collectively, the authors engage in a scholarly conversation about the future of the resilient metropolis in an era of decentralization. Keywords: economic restructuring; pandemic; population change; resilience; urbanization Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:3:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incoming Metaverses: Digital Mirrors for Urban Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5193 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5193 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 343-354 Author-Name: Andrew Hudson-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, UK Abstract: The planning process has been, arguably, slow to adapt and adopt new technologies: It is perhaps only now that it is starting to move into a more digitally focused era. Yet, it is not the current thinking around the digital that is going to change planning; it is the emerging metaverse. It is a change on the near horizon that is there but is currently largely unseen in the urban planning profession. The metaverse is, at first sight, a mirror to the current world, a digital twin, but it is more than this: It is an inhabited mirror world where the physical dimensions and rules of time and space do not necessarily apply. Operating across scales, from the change of use of a building up to a local plan and onwards to the scale of future cities, these emerging metaverses will exist either directly within computational space or emerge into our physical space via augmented reality. With economic systems operating via blockchain technology and the ability to instigate aspects of planning law, interspaced with design fiction type scenarios, they represent a new tool kit for the urban planner, spatial, economic, and social. We explore these emerging spaces, taking a look at their origins and how the use of game engines have allowed participation and design to become part of the workflow of these 3D spaces. Via a series of examples, we look at the current state of the art, explore the short term future, and speculate on digital planning using these incoming metaverses 10 years from now. Keywords: digital mirrors; Meta; metaverse; planning; virtual Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:343-354 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minecraft and Playful Public Participation in Urban Design File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5229 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5229 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 330-342 Author-Name: James Delaney Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, University College London, UK Abstract: Digital networks are transforming the way in which our built environment is planned, designed, and developed. Whilst many have heralded this technology as a solution to the problems of citizen engagement and participation in planning and design processes, the state of public participation in this field still arguably leaves much to be desired. In the last decade, academics and practitioners have explored the possibilities of 3D, multi-user, digital environments in planning and urban design contexts. These “inhabited virtual spaces,” where stakeholders are represented through digital avatars, hold the possibility of engaging a much wider audience in participatory processes, creating a more democratic and bottom-up process, and improving the outcome of community consultations. These multi-user environments can take many forms—and among the most promising are game environments. The benefits of using play and games in creative tasks and decision-making have been widely recorded, leading to the developing field of “serious games,” games which have been designed to accomplish a serious task. Despite this, there has been a reluctance to entertain the idea of appropriating more commercial and widely played games for serious tasks, rather than designing ones from scratch. One game in particular, Minecraft, has shown promising results as part of a participatory design methodology pioneered by UN-Habitat and the Block by Block Foundation. Through an analysis of this program, I will explore how the videogame Minecraft might be used as an innovative tool to improve public participation in urban design, whilst offering a virtual alternative to traditional models of consultation. Keywords: city-making; co-design; games; geogames; participatory approaches; playful city; public participation; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:330-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Procedural Cities as Active Simulators for Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5209 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5209 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 321-329 Author-Name: Flora Roumpani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, UK Abstract: Modelling a 3D city poses an interesting challenge. To create a virtual city, a road pattern has to be designed and a large number of buildings need to be generated. Every urban place has a road network, often a superimposed pattern plan that serves a population density and buildings which follow statutory rules. This patterned behaviour of the city is why it is possible to develop rules or “computational instructions,” to generate city models. In this article, we are going to discuss how to use procedural modelling and CityEngine, a rule-based application commonly used in the movie industry and gaming to produce vast realistic cityscapes, for regional and urban planning via an urban analytics approach. Unlike cinema’s imaginary worlds, cities have real-life population dependencies that need to be modelled for the development of planning scenarios. The goal is then to use the generative properties of the procedural modelling approach, along with population prediction models, to create informed 3D city scenarios. Instead of designing solutions, the user can use interactive parameters to affect the 3D model globally, thus enabling virtual cities to become active simulators for planning. Using urban analytics and generative environments, procedural cities may be able to create a “teaser” of different versions of how the city would look like in the future. Keywords: 3D cities; digital twins; procedural modelling; urban generators; urban modelling; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:321-329 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Playing for Keeps: Designing Serious Games for Climate Adaptation Planning Education With Young People File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5113 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5113 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 306-320 Author-Name: Stephan Hügel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Author-Name: Anna R. Davies Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Abstract: Citizen engagement around climate change remains a wicked problem. It is particularly challenging in relation to climate change adaptation at the local level. In response, this article presents the design steps taken to create a serious game for young people (aged 15–17) as a means to increase engagement in planning for climate change adaptation in Dublin. The iAdapt game acts as the capstone component of the audio and visual teaching and learning resources for adaptation education on the Climate Smart platform and uses open data, interactive in-browser 2.5D mapping and spatial analysis, and exemplar socio-technical adaptation interventions. Its primary aim is to empower young people to understand and engage with the complexities, uncertainties, and processes of climate adaptation planning by using scientifically validated flood data predictions, grounded in a place-based setting and with diverse examples of diverse adaptation interventions. Participants experience the difficulties of decision-making under conditions of democratic governance and uncertainty in order to educate, increase awareness, and stimulate discussions around the multiple possible pathways to planning for climate adaptation. Initial testing results with a cohort of young people in Dublin are presented. We conclude by reflecting upon the challenges of creating a game that has broad appeal yet remains enjoyable to play and the value of integrating real-world flood data with gamified elements. We also discuss the “value question” regarding the impact of games on expanding public engagement. Finally, the article sets out a plan for further development and dissemination of the platform and game. Keywords: climate change adaptation; Dublin; education; flooding; iAdapt; serious games; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:306-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New Insights, New Rules: What Shapes the Iterative Design of an Urban Planning Game? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5112 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5112 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 295-305 Author-Name: Cristina Ampatzidou Author-Workplace-Name: RMIT University – Europe, Spain Author-Name: Joost Vervoort Author-Workplace-Name: Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands Author-Name: Zeynep Falay von Flittner Author-Workplace-Name: Falay Consulting, Finland Author-Name: Kirsikka Vaajakallio Author-Workplace-Name: Hellon, Finland Abstract: Games have become established tools within participatory urban planning practice that provide safe spaces for collective actions such as deliberation, negotiation of conflicting agendas, scenario testing, and collaborative worldbuilding. While a body of literature on the effectiveness of games to address complex urban planning issues is emerging, significantly less literature addresses the design and development process of serious games with a possible space in its own right within urban planning practice. Our study investigates long term iterative processes of designing a game for visioning urban futures, specifically, how design iterations connect to the application of games in practice by accommodating or responding to emerging needs, goals, and relationships. We approach this topic through the case study of the Sustainability Futures Game, a game designed by the Helsinki-based creative agency Hellon to support business leaders, sustainability specialists, and city officials to imagine desirable alternative urban futures. Through storytelling and collective worldbuilding, players first imagine what sustainable urban living means for a specific city, frame their vision using the UN’s sustainable development goals, and finally create concrete pathways towards reaching these goals. This article uses a genealogical approach to systematically analyse the five design iterations of the Sustainability Futures Game. It aims to elucidate the contextual and relational influences on the application of serious games in urban planning practice to understand how these influences might encourage or inhibit their potential to foster transformation towards sustainable futures. Keywords: design genealogies; futures methods; serious games; sustainability transitions Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:295-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Playing With Uncertainty: Facilitating Community-Based Resilience Building File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5098 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5098 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 278-294 Author-Name: Bryann Avendano-Uribe Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand / HIT Lab NZ, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Author-Name: Heide Lukosch Author-Workplace-Name: HIT Lab NZ, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Author-Name: Mark Milke Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Abstract: Resilience has become a fundamental paradigm for communities to deal with disaster planning. Formal methods are used to prioritise and decide about investments for resilience. Strategies and behaviour need to be developed that cannot be based on formal modelling only because the human element needs to be incorporated to build community resilience. Participatory modelling and gaming are methodological approaches that are based on realistic data and address human behaviour. These approaches enable stakeholders to develop, adjust, and learn from interactive models and use this experience to inform their decision-making. In our contribution, we explore which physical and digital elements from serious games can be used to design a participatory approach in community engagement and decision-making. Our ongoing research aims to bring multiple stakeholders together to understand, model, and decide on the trade-offs and tensions between social and infrastructure investments toward community resilience building. Initial observations allow us as researchers to systematically document the benefits and pitfalls of a game-based approach. We will continue to develop a participatory modelling exercise for resilience planning with university graduate students and resilience experts within academia in Christchurch, New Zealand. Keywords: community-based resilience; participatory modelling; resilience planning; role-play games; serious games; socio-technical systems Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:278-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Network of Games: An Ecology of Games Informing Integral and Inclusive City Developments File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5136 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5136 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 264-277 Author-Name: Ekim Tan Author-Workplace-Name: Play the City Foundation, The Netherlands Abstract: This article analyzes possibilities for connecting individual city games for building a network of games working together. City gaming works along with the understanding that cities are self-organizing systems, influenced by multiple bottom-up and top-down actors with varying interests and powers. Affordable housing, climate adaptation, or area development are examples of urgent urban challenges city games typically focus on. The assumption is that if these specialized games could be linked, then a large game infrastructure built as a modular system, can offer various game combinations responding to urban challenges in an integral and holistic way. To test a working game network, city games, models, and digital apps have been linked through their shared datasets as well as game interfaces. Two city experiments have been conducted in two Dutch cities—Amsterdam and Breda—which enabled the testing to function as “constructive design research.” In Amsterdam (Klimaatspel) two separate city games were connected through their datasets, while in Breda (Play the Koepel) datasets and interfaces merged to create a new game. Used data models are the Energy Transition Model developed by Quintel and the urban plan cost simulator software of Urban Reality. Used game interfaces (digital and analog) include the Typeform, the Network of Games app, the Urban Reality simulator, and the Play the City table-top game format. The testing considered two different approaches for a potential game network. The first option assumes an all-encompassing digital app, reformatting and involving various games and models in a single interface. The second option is an open approach that looks to link custom-made games with existing interfaces. The second option allows both simultaneous and sequential linking. Two experiments utilizing sequential and simultaneous integration of diverse digital tools suggest that a collection of interfaces connecting to each other throughout the entire process from a digital poll to an app, a simulator or a webinar, or analog game sessions is more effective than a single mobile phone app for all potential game interactions. Considering city games as an ecology of city tools that can be linked to one another becomes through this study a concrete goal to reach. Through combining specialized games, addressing complex city challenges becomes possible. This step enables a more effective participation environment for diverse experts and non-experts. Keywords: city games; climate game; collaborative interfaces; integral planning; network of games; urban area development game Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:264-277 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Curating Player Experience Through Simulations in City Games File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5031 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5031 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 253-263 Author-Name: Jayanth Raghothama Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Jannicke Baalsrud Hauge Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sustainable Production Development, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Sebastiaan Meijer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Abstract: The use of games as a method for planning and designing cities is often associated with visualisation, from simplistic to immersive environments. They can also include complex and sophisticated models which provide an evidence base. The use of such technology as artefacts, aids, or mechanics curates the player experience in different and very often subtle ways, influencing how we engage with (simulated) urban phenomena, and, therefore, how the games can be used. In this article, we aim to explore how different aspects of technology use in city games influence the player experience and game outcomes. The article describes two games built upon the same city gaming framework, played with professionals in Rome and Haifa, respectively. Using a mixed-method, action research approach, the article examines how the high-tech, free form single-player games elicit the mental models of players (traffic controllers and planners in both cases). Questionnaires and the players’ reflections on the gameplay, models used, and outcomes have been transcribed and analysed. Observations and results point to several dimensions that are critical to the outcomes of digital city games. Agency, exploration, openness, complexity, and learning are aspects that are strongly influenced by technology and models, and in turn, determine the outcomes of the game. City games that balance these aspects unlock player expertise to better understand the game dynamics and enable their imagination to better negotiate and resolve conflicts in design and planning. Keywords: city-gaming; experience; Haifa; modelling; Rome; simulation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:253-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gamifying Decision Support Systems to Promote Inclusive and Engaged Urban Resilience Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4987 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.4987 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 239-252 Author-Name: Nathan Fox Author-Workplace-Name: School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, USA Author-Name: Victoria Campbell-Arvai Author-Workplace-Name: Environmental Studies Program, University of Southern California, USA Author-Name: Mark Lindquist Author-Workplace-Name: School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, USA Author-Name: Derek Van Berkel Author-Workplace-Name: School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, USA Author-Name: Ramiro Serrano-Vergel Author-Workplace-Name: School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, USA Abstract: Urban residents are often unevenly vulnerable to extreme weather and climate events due to socio-economic factors and insufficient greenspace. This can be amplified if citizens are not meaningfully consulted in the planning and design decisions, with changes to greenspace having detrimental impacts on local communities, e.g., through green gentrification. These deficiencies can be addressed through inclusive landscape-level collaborative planning and design processes, where residents are fully engaged in the co-creation of urban greenspaces. A promising way to support co-creation efforts is gamifying technology-based interactive decision support systems (DSSs). Gamification, the incorporation of video game elements or play into non-game contexts, has previously been used for DSSs in urban planning and to inform the public about the impacts of climate change. However, this has yet to combine informational goals with design-play functionality in the redesign of urban greenspaces. We conducted a review of state-of-the-art video game DSSs used for urban planning engagement and climate education. Here, we propose that gamified DSSs should incorporate educational elements about climate change alongside the interactive and engaging elements of urban planning games, particularly for real-world scenarios. This cross-disciplinary approach can facilitate improved community engagement in greenspace planning, informing design and management strategies to ensure multiple benefits for people and the environment in climate-vulnerable cities. Keywords: climate change; decision support system; gamification; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:239-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Co-Designing Urban Planning Engagement and Innovation: Using LEGO® to Facilitate Collaboration, Participation and Ideas File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4960 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.4960 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 229-238 Author-Name: Mark Tewdwr-Jones Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, UK Author-Name: Alexander Wilson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, UK Abstract: There is a growing academic interest in the idea of co-designing methods to achieve urban innovation and urban planning. As we see cities as “living laboratories,” beyond the control of elected city government, there is a momentum to develop and test shared responses to the social, environmental, and economic challenges present in contemporary urbanism. These living laboratories are a function of open innovation or “quadruple helix” actors, drawn from state, business, higher education, and community sectors. However, translating the often-good intention principles of working together through shared and co-designed arrangements in any major urban area is often a significant challenge and a topic neglected to date. This article addresses this gap through the case study of Newcastle City Futures, a university-anchored platform in the northeast of the UK, that sought to co-design collaborative urban research, public engagement, and innovation. Newcastle City Futures created novel working methods centred on participatory games to facilitate shared understanding and joint ideas for new urban innovation projects across established sectors. This article will examine one method that was successful in generating collaboration and participation: “LEGO® mash-ups.” Detailed empirical accounts of the development of the LEGO® mash-up method are used to illustrate attitudes to urban challenges, the fostering of a spirit of open collaboration, and the development of innovative responses through co-design. These are used to support the conceptual argument that the use of the quadruple helix as a form of urban innovation system needs to be accompanied by accessible, workable, and easily interpreted translation methods, such as games, by intermediaries. Keywords: co-design; engagement; innovation; LEGO®; LEGO® mash-up; Newcastle City Futures; quadruple helix Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:229-238 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unstable Wormholes: Communications Between Urban Planning and Game Studies File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4953 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.4953 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 218-228 Author-Name: Moozhan Shakeri Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management, University of Twente, The Netherlands Abstract: The past decade has seen a gradual but steady increase in the planning scholars’ interest in outlining a functional place for games in planning. A wide range of games for and about urban planning is developed and tested, from data-driven games that rely on extensive modelling techniques and aim to reduce the cost and risk of real-world scenario testing, to those that seek to educate their players about the complex nature of political and social issues. Despite the increasing interest in strengthening communications between planning and game studies, the current state is an amalgam of confusion and optimism about games’ role and added value. To shed light on why such confusions emerge, the article reflects on the nature and outcomes of communications between urban planning and games studies and explores games’ historical and current conceptions in planning. By adopting concepts from the work of Holbrook on interdisciplinary communications, the article explores how game studies’ concepts are rendered useful in planning and how planning theory has dealt with untranslatability and incommensurability of concepts in the processes of establishing and sustaining communications with game studies. Keywords: game design theory; interdisciplinary studies; participatory planning; planning theory Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:218-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Future’s Not What It Used To Be: Urban Wormholes, Simulation, Participation, and Planning in the Metaverse File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5893 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5893 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 214-217 Author-Name: Andrew Hudson-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, UK Author-Name: Moozhan Shakeri Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Geo-Information Management, University of Twente, The Netherlands Abstract: In this editorial linked to the thematic issue on “Gaming, Simulations, and Planning: Physical and Digital Technologies for Public Participation in Urban Planning,” we explore how urban planning has been, arguably, slow on the uptake of modern technologies and the move towards the next media revolution: The Metaverse is now on the horizon. By artfully pushing technological, cultural, and social boundaries in creating virtual environments, games and gaming technologies have presented interesting opportunities and challenges for the planning profession, theory, and education over the years. This thematic issue documents a wide range of innovative practices in planning enabled by games and gaming technologies. It attempts to open discussions about the way we conceptualize and treat new media and technologies in planning. By providing a wide range of examples, from non-digital games to gamified systems, interactive simulations and digital games, the issue shows that the lack of adoption of these practices has less to do with their technical possibilities and more to do with the way we understand tools and their added value in the dominant narratives of planning. As we note at the end, planning should be at the forefront of these technologies, not embracing technologies for technologies sake but because it should, as a profession, be leading the way into these new environments. Keywords: gaming; Metaverse; public participation; simulation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:214-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Making Green Work: Implementation Strategies in a New Generation of Urban Forests File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5039 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5039 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 202-213 Author-Name: Víctor Muñoz Sanz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Sara Romero Muñoz Author-Workplace-Name: Innovation and Technology for Human Development Centre, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Author-Name: Teresa Sánchez Chaparro Author-Workplace-Name: Innovation and Technology for Human Development Centre, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain Author-Name: Lorena Bello Gómez Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, USA Author-Name: Tanja Herdt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: The concept of “urban forest” (UF) is gaining momentum in urban planning in the context of climate adaptation. Principles from the field of urban forestry are mainstreamed into urban planning, but little is known about effective tools for the successful implementation of new UFs. This article presents explorative research comparing how three cities (Almere, Madrid, and Boston) are dealing with the planning of a UF project, and their alignment with distinct organisational and typological interpretations of a UF. We employed a mixed-methods approach to gain insights into the main goals of the project, their organisational structure, and the employed planning process through the analysis of project documents and expert interviews. Our results point to an effective mainstreaming of environmental questions among stakeholders, but also indicate a poor development of objective criteria for the success of a UF. We note that municipal planners circumvented current internal rigidities and barriers by relying on intermediaries and local academia as providers of external knowledge, or by facilitating experiments. Finally, our results show that there may not be just one UF type to achieve the desired environmental and social goals and overcome implementation barriers. Conversely, each of the governance and organisational models behind the implementation of each type present collaborative and mainstreaming challenges. Therefore, we see an opportunity in further research examining processes and institutions towards the collaborative building of UFs that could bridge gaps between top-down and bottom-up approaches and activate different types of agencies. Keywords: climate adaptation; mainstreaming; planning process; urban forestry; urban greening Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:202-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Multifunctional Green Infrastructure in Shrinking Cities: How Does Urban Shrinkage Affect Green Space Planning? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5008 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5008 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 186-201 Author-Name: Olivia Lewis Author-Workplace-Name: CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, University of Porto, Portugal Author-Name: Sílvia Sousa Author-Workplace-Name: CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, University of Porto, Portugal Author-Name: Paulo Pinho Author-Workplace-Name: CITTA Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, University of Porto, Portugal Abstract: Despite global urbanization, not all cities have increasing populations. While not homogenous, shrinking cities arguably have different opportunities and challenges for green space than growing cities. This article reports a structured content analysis to investigate how urban green space planning evolved in two case study cities: Buffalo (New York, US) and Porto (Portugal). These cities both underwent shrinkage and suburbanization but with very different green space planning histories. The concept of green infrastructure is used as a lens to analyze green space planning change, specifically focused on multifunctionality. The aim of investigating how objectives and priorities for planning green spaces change during a period of urban shrinkage, and particularly what functions these cities have assigned to green space, showed that, over time, green spaces were expected to produce more ecological functions in both cities, and, particularly in Buffalo, contribute to the economic and demographic outcomes of the city. Overall trends in green space planning appear to have played a role but we find shrinking cities may leverage green space to meet unique needs. These findings contribute to the literature by addressing how shrinkage affects not only vacant areas but also overall green space planning, as well as suggesting that general green space planning studies should consider demographic change as a relevant context factor. Keywords: green infrastructure; multifunctionality; shrinking cities; spatial planning; urban green space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:186-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Citizen Participation in Urban Forests: Analysis of a Consultation Process in the Metropolitan Area of Rouen Normandy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4997 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.4997 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 174-185 Author-Name: Charlotte Birks Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transformation of Physical and Sports Activities (CETAPS), University of Rouen Normandy, France Author-Name: Damien Féménias Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transformation of Physical and Sports Activities (CETAPS), University of Rouen Normandy, France Author-Name: Charly Machemehl Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transformation of Physical and Sports Activities (CETAPS), University of Rouen Normandy, France Abstract: The article examines the results of a “citizen consultation” organised by local public officials through a questionnaire-based consultation approach to the management of urban and peri-urban forests. The study shows how forests are at the same time strong, complex, and ambivalent policy levers in a public consultation process. The article, first of all, specifies the economic context of the case study, namely that of a metropolis in the north of France with a population of 500,000 people. It then presents the methods and the occasionally divergent results of the metropolitan “dialogue” survey (dated 2020, n = 375) on the one hand, and a university survey (dated 2020, n = 774) on the other. The results obtained reveal the challenges, difficulties, and limits of a participatory approach, given the high degree of ambivalence and contrast in the way population groups relate to woodland and the representative/participatory systems. The article highlights the complexity involved in the management of woodlands and their use as part of a political process that is both participatory and sustainable. Keywords: citizen consultation; city; environment; Normandy; public participation; Rouen; urban forest; woodland Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:174-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors and Strategies for Environmental Justice in Organized Urban Green Space Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5010 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5010 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 160-173 Author-Name: Dillip Kumar Das Author-Workplace-Name: Civil Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Abstract: Increased demand for land for economic and residential purposes has engendered tensions among different land users in Indian cities. Consequently, the development and management of environmentally just and organized green spaces involve major challenges. In this article, using the context of three Indian cities (Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, and Kolkata), the factors that contribute to environmentally unjust development and management of organized green spaces were examined and various strategies that would lead to environmental justice were evaluated. A survey research method was used to collect data, followed by factor analysis and ordinal regression modelling. Findings suggest that factors under five principal components contributed to environmental injustice, including: community features and infrastructure related to organized green space; the economics of development and management of organized green space; linking green space to environment and health; spatial development, land use, and accessibility; and land availability and governance of the supply of green space. Strategies such as community-led, green space development and management; fair and equitable distribution of green spaces; improvement of accessibility; connecting green spaces to benefits of health; and mandatory linkage of built infrastructure with the provision of green spaces would ensure environmental justice. Keywords: accessibility; economy; environmental justice; green space; India; land use Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:160-173 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Desk to Field: Countering Agrourbanism’s “Paper Landscapes” Through Phenomenology, Thick Description, and Immersive Walking File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5591 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5591 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 155-159 Author-Name: Robert France Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Canada Abstract: The primary focus of the urban agriculture literature has been on landscapes as biophysical spaces in which to grow food rather than on them as humanized places in which to grow experience. There is a need to leave the desk behind and enter the field to invigorate case study descriptions through the reflexive tool of narrative scholarship. Keywords: landscape phenomenology; thick description; walking methodology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:155-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Species Richness, Stem Density, and Canopy in Food Forests: Contributions to Ecosystem Services in an Urban Environment File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5135 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5135 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 139-154 Author-Name: Cara A. Rockwell Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Environment, Florida International University, USA Author-Name: Alex Crow Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, USA Author-Name: Érika R. Guimarães Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, USA Author-Name: Eduardo Recinos Author-Workplace-Name: The Education Fund, USA Author-Name: Deborah La Belle Author-Workplace-Name: The Education Fund, USA Abstract: Food forests expand the traditional concepts of urban forestry and agriculture, providing a broad diversity of tree-related ecosystem services and goods. Even though food forest systems bridge an obvious gap between agriculture and forestry, their potential value in the urban landscape is often undervalued. The inclusion of edible species in urban forest stands can enhance nutrition and well-being in the urban landscape, where food deserts are common. The potential for ecosystem services is especially pronounced in subtropical and tropical regions, where there is a heightened need for shade due to climate change-related heat waves. For this study, we investigated the tree species richness, stem density, and canopy cover provided by food forest gardens in 10 Miami-Dade County, Florida public schools located in the urban landscape. We compared results with neighboring properties around the schools and discovered that the food forest canopy was comparable with neighborhood urban tree cover. Additionally, we established that arborescent species richness (including an increase in edible taxa) and stem density was higher in food forests than in adjacent neighborhood plots. We posit that local food production could be enhanced by planting edible species in small spaces (e.g., empty lots or residential yards), as opposed to focusing on just ornamental taxa or recommended street trees. Our study highlights the importance of using mixed edible tree species plantings (especially with consideration to provisioning, regulating, and supporting services), potentially meeting urban forestry and agricultural goals proposed by urban planners and managers. Keywords: agroforestry; environmental services; green infrastructure; urban ecology; urban forestry; urban planning; urban sustainability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:139-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Place of Urban Food Forests in Cities of the 21st Century File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5567 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5567 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 135-138 Author-Name: Paloma Cariñanos Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Botany, University of Granada, Spain Author-Name: Simone Borelli Author-Workplace-Name: Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy Author-Name: Michela Conigliaro Author-Workplace-Name: Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy Author-Name: Alessio Fini Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy Abstract: The history of urban food forests (UFFs) dates back to ancient times, when civilizations incorporated edible species into wild forests to create an ecosystem as natural as and self-sufficient as possible. Since the second half of the 20th century, the practices of integrating edible plants into ornamental landscapes have spread throughout the world. Currently, UFFs must face a number of challenges similar to those encountered by urban forests: land tenure, governance, technical capacities, and pollution and global change issues, and must be addressed in order to identify the most suitable combination of productive, environmental, and socio-economic functions of UFF. The events on a global scale that occurred in the first decades of the 21st century are forcing those who live and work in urban environments to react quickly to address the upcoming challenges. Keywords: ecosystem services; edible cities; food forests; food security; urban challenges; urban forests Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:135-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Smart Urban Forests to Edible Cities: New Approaches in Urban Planning and Design File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5804 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5804 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 131-134 Author-Name: Alessio Russo Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts, University of Gloucestershire, UK Author-Name: Francisco J. Escobedo Author-Workplace-Name: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USA Abstract: In recent years, the pressing environmental, social, and economic problems affecting cities have resulted in the integration of the disciplines of landscape architecture and urban forestry via a transdisciplinary approach to urban planning and design. Now, new urban forestry approaches and concepts have emerged for more sustainable city planning. The discipline is using different methods and approaches to address many pressing issues such as human well-being and also food security. But, research on these topics is still limited and not available for many cities in the world. To fill this gap, we present this thematic issue “From Smart Urban Forests to Edible Cities: New Approaches in Urban Planning and Design.” The findings from this thematic issue offer new insight to policymakers and practitioners, as well as contribute to the emerging literature on edible and forest cities. Furthermore, the findings spanning different cities from different geographies can be used towards achieving the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals of making cities and human settlements more resilient, inclusive, safe, and sustainable, as well as ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition. However, further studies are still needed, especially in developing countries and the Global South. Keywords: ecosystem services; environmental justice; green infrastructure; urban agriculture; urban food forests; urban forests; urban green space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:131-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons From EU-Projects for Energy Renovation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5181 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5181 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 123-130 Author-Name: Tineke van der Schoor Author-Workplace-Name: Research Centre for Built Environment NoorderRuimte, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Abstract: There is an urgent need for energy renovation of the existing building stock, in order to reach the climate goals, set in Paris in 2016. To reach climate targets, it is important to considerably lower energy demand as well as switch to fossil-free heating systems. Unfortunately, renovation rates across the EU remain at a low level of 1% per year. Deep renovation, which lowers energy use with 60% or more, accounts only for 0,2% of renovations. The heating transition thus progresses much more slowly than the electricity transition. We draw on the framework of technological innovation systems, which allows comparison of different transitions. In the literature, it is argued that the configurational nature of the renovation system is one of the main reasons for the slow heating transition. The renovation system is context-bound and consists of many actors both on the demand-side and the supply-side, which leads to a fragmented market. For increasing the speed of the heating transition, it is deemed important to counter this fragmentation. We carried out a review of reports and publications of EU-funded projects on energy renovation. In many projects fragmentation in the building sector was identified as one of the main obstacles. We analyzed the deliverables of these energy renovation projects to find tried and tested solutions. One of these is the so-called one-stop-shop, which promises to improve the organization of the supply side, while also providing an appropriate and affordable solution to the customer. In the discussion we argue that the energy renovation system could be improved by increasing collaboration on the supply side and at the same time simplifying the renovation process for customers. A promising tool to make this happen is the one-stop-shop. Keywords: energy renovation; EU-projects; heating transition; technological innovation systems Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:123-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Renewable Energy Communities as a New Actor in Home Energy Savings File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5088 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5088 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 108-122 Author-Name: Frans H. J. M. Coenen Author-Workplace-Name: Section of Governance and Technology for Sustainability, University of Twente, The Netherlands Author-Name: Thomas Hoppe Author-Workplace-Name: Multi-Actor Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: Renewable energy communities (RECs) might be an interesting new stakeholder in stimulating home energy-saving efforts by tenants and homeowners due to their potential of raising awareness locally and gaining public support for low-carbon energy and energy-savings projects, because RECs are often locally sited, in close social proximity of residents, and are already part of local structures and share local institutions. This comes with many benefits since they already have a reputation locally, a social history with the local community, and can be trusted by the latter. This makes them potentially better suited than other—often less-trusted—parties (i.e., government and business companies) to use their agency to encourage sustainable change. The article builds on empirical data from the EU Horizon 2020 project REScoop Plus, using a mixed-methods research approach, including desk research, expert interviews, validation workshops, and multiple surveys among RECs in six EU member states about energy-saving actions implemented, and their effectiveness in terms of raising awareness, influencing the intention to save energy, and actual energy-saving behaviour. This article provides more insight into the assessment of actions and measures for coaching householders to achieve energy savings and low carbon goals. In addition, it shows the potential of using RECs as a new strategy to address home energy savings in the current housing stock, including options to improve the energy performance thereof. Keywords: citizens’ initiatives; community energy; energy conservation; energy transition; home energy savings; renewable energy communities; societal self-governance Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:108-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Let’s Get Sociotechnical: A Design Perspective on Zero Energy Renovations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5107 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5107 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 97-107 Author-Name: Stella Boess Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: The scaling up of zero energy (ZE) renovations contributes to the energy transition. Yet ZE renovations can be complex and error-prone in both process and outcome. This article draws on theory from sociotechnical design, participatory design, and inclusive design to analyse four recent case studies of ZE renovation/building in the Netherlands. The cases are studied using a mix of retrospective interviews and workshops, as well as ethnographic research. Three of the cases studied are ZE renovations of which two are recently completed and one is in progress, while the fourth case is a recently completed ZE new build. Three of the cases are social housing and one is mixed ownership. The research enquired into the situation of the project managers conducting the processes and also drew on resident experiences. The ZE renovation/builds are analysed as sociotechnical product-service systems (PSSs). The article evaluates how the use values, product values, and result values of these PSSs emerged from the processes. This perspective reveals issues with the usability of the PSSs, as well as with cost structures, technical tweaks, and maintenance agreements. Applying a design perspective provides starting points for co-learning strategies that could improve outcomes. Two example strategies that have potential in this regard are described, using demo dwellings and user manual as PSS prototypes in the early design phase. These and similar strategies could support the professionals in the field in creating successful ZE renovation/building processes. Keywords: demo dwellings; design thinking; inclusive design; innovation; participatory design; product-service systems; sociotechnical design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:97-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reusing Timber Formwork in Building Construction: Testing, Redesign, and Socio-Economic Reflection File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5117 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5117 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 81-96 Author-Name: Arno Pronk Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Stijn Brancart Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Fred Sanders Author-Workplace-Name: CPONH NGO, The Netherlands Abstract: In 2018, the construction sector was responsible for 39% of the worldwide energy and process-related carbon dioxide emissions (Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction et al., 2019). This is partly due to the embodied carbon, which represents the carbon emissions related to building construction and material production (LETI, 2020). While zero energy buildings and zero energy renovations start to get the operational carbon down, the circular economy aims to do this by closing material loops and stimulating the reuse of discarded materials in building construction (Ellen McArthur Foundation et al., 2015). Although it is not a new phenomenon, material reuse does require a substantially different approach and is at this point not yet common in the building industry. This is especially true for load-bearing components. This article presents a pilot project for the reuse of discarded timber formwork for the construction of the façade and (load-bearing) substructure of a new house. Through this pilot case and by reflecting on a series of similar cases, it studies the remaining challenges for material reuse but also proposes and assesses redesign strategies that will allow upscaling the reuse of timber formwork. The project shows that although waste, material, and money can be saved by using reclaimed materials, it does complicate the design and construction process and, as such, does not necessarily reduce the total project budget. Moreover, for reuse to become a current practice, new design approaches and collaborations will need to be established. Finally, socio-economic factors must be considered to increase the acceptance of reclaimed materials in new building construction. Keywords: circular economy; circular housing; CO2 reduction; material reuse; resource efficiency; sustainable architecture Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:81-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unlocking Grey Scientific Data on Resident Behaviour to Increase the Climate Impact of Dutch Sustainable Housing File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4865 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.4865 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 70-80 Author-Name: Fred Sanders Author-Workplace-Name: CPONH NGO, The Netherlands Author-Name: Marjolein Overtoom Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: A “community of knowledge” of representatives of the housing sector in the Netherlands investigated the impact of the behaviour of residents in sustainable housing, both newly constructed and renovated stock. For this, grey scientific data were used, i.e., data and reports from non-university agencies reflecting research commissioned by civil society NGOs and commercial enterprises. The aim was to find perspectives for action (practical “rules of thumb”) to increase the impact of sustainable housing on CO2 reduction and facilitate the implementation of the Dutch national sustainability program. First, a conceptual framework and research model were created to generate the relevant research questions for the sustainable construction sector. An innovative research approach was used where data from academic non-university researchers were enriched by university academic researchers. Experiences with the methodology used are: (a) It implicitly places the many factors that influence sustainable resident behaviour in context; and (b) it makes clear that data from such research can complement university research with useful data from practice, data that are scientifically difficult to use because they are mostly derived from stand-alone case studies. The perspectives for action that were generated are: (a) Sustainable technologies must add new useful functionalities for acceptance; (b) sustainable supply must be tailor-made because households differ and tenants behave differently from homeowners; (c) decision-making about sustainable investments is not only based on financial factors; (d) residents are reluctant to become involved, so it is important that (e) the people representing contractors should be reliable; and (f) people want personalised plans and on-time delivery. Finally, the collected reports turned out to be focused on practice and therefore provided less theoretical information about the rebound effect. Keywords: CO2 reduction; community of knowledge; energy transition; resident behaviour; sustainable housing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:70-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How a Sustainable Renovation Influenced the Environmental Values of Those Involved File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4972 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.4972 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 58-69 Author-Name: Mazin Bahho Author-Workplace-Name: IDEAschool, Eastern Institute of Technology, New Zealand Author-Name: Brenda Vale Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Abstract: Renovation projects are complex and multi-layered as they often deal with architectural, cultural, and social values, as well as aspects of energy efficiency and finance. This article discusses the impact that engaging in a sustainable retrofit had on the environmental values of those involved. The project was the renovation of an existing log cabin structure located on the Ōtātara heritage site at the Eastern Institute of Technology campus, New Zealand. The aim was to make the existing structure as near-zero energy as possible, so it would act as a demonstration facility for sustainable building and living practices and inspire the local community to adopt pro-environmental practices. The completed project is being used by the Eastern Institute of Technology as home to a nature-based education facility where the cultural and creative connections to land, sustainable use of resources, restoration of ecology, and biodiversity management are communicated. The article explains why people chose to be involved with the various stages of renovating and using a sustainable building and their attitudes towards behaving sustainably. The research approach is explorative, making use of qualitative data analysis methods. The study argues that getting involved in a sustainable building can potentially change the values of people through active, systemic, and successive learning, both in the building and operation phases. The key finding shows that involvement only increased as the project gained momentum as people could see that taking part would produce something tangible. Keywords: environmental values; New Zealand; renovation; sustainable buildings; zero energy Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:58-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Concerns of Owner-Occupants in Realising the Aims of Energy Transition File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5043 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5043 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 45-57 Author-Name: Mieke Oostra Author-Workplace-Name: Applied Urban Energy Transition, Utrecht University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Author-Name: Nelleke Nelis Author-Workplace-Name: Making Space, The Netherlands Abstract: Although there is an array of technical solutions available for retrofitting the building stock, the uptake of these by owner-occupants in home improvement activities is lagging. Energy performance improvement is not included in maintenance, redecoration, and/or upgrading activities on a scale necessary to achieve the CO2reduction aimed for in the built environment. Owner-occupants usually adapt their homes in response to everyday concerns, such as having enough space available, increasing comfort levels, or adjusting arrangements to future-proof their living conditions. Home energy improvements should be offered accordingly. Retrofit providers typically offer energy efficiency strategies and/or options for renewable energy generation only and tend to gloss over home comfort and homemaking as key considerations in decision-making for home energy improvement. In fact, retrofit providers struggle with the tension between customisation requirements from private homeowners and demand aggregation to streamline their supply chains and upscale their retrofit projects. Customer satisfaction is studied in three different Dutch approaches to retrofit owner-occupied dwellings to increase energy efficiency. For the analysis, a customer satisfaction framework is used that makes a distinction between satisfiers, dissatisfiers, criticals, and neutrals. This framework makes it possible to identify and structure different relevant factors from the perspective of owner-occupants, allows visualising gaps with the professional perspective, and can assist to improve current propositions. Keywords: built environment; customer satisfaction; energy efficiency; energy transition; owner-occupants Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:45-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Comfort Tool: Assessment and Promotion of Energy Efficiency and Universal Design in Home Renovations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5040 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5040 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 33-44 Author-Name: Ermal Kapedani Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Art, Hasselt University, Belgium Author-Name: Jasmien Herssens Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Art, Hasselt University, Belgium Author-Name: Erik Nuyts Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Art, Hasselt University, Belgium Author-Name: Griet Verbeeck Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Art, Hasselt University, Belgium Abstract: This article introduces a method for advancing environmental and social sustainability objectives in relation to home renovations laid out in European and Belgian policies. The comfort tool is an instrument that simultaneously addresses the energy efficiency and universal design aspects of a sustainable home renovation while being usable and meaningful to laymen homeowners and improving their communication with building professionals. It is based on recent research exploring a synergetic merging of energy efficiency and universal design in housing through the concept of indoor environmental comfort. It employs comfort as a way of intervening in the decision-making process for energy efficiency and universal design measures in home renovations. The comfort tool takes a user-centered approach and rests on an interdisciplinary set of theoretical constructs bringing together knowledge from psychology, nursing, design, and building sciences. Besides describing the method itself, the article lays out the theoretical underpinnings and motivations behind its development and discusses relevant future considerations for sustainable home renovations research and practice. Keywords: comfort; comfort tool; energy efficiency; home renovation; universal design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:33-44 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Residents’ Perceptions of a Smart Technology Retrofit Towards Nearly Zero-Energy Performance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5020 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5020 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 20-32 Author-Name: Veronika Mooses Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia Author-Name: Ingmar Pastak Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia Author-Name: Pilleriine Kamenjuk Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia Author-Name: Age Poom Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia / Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: Coping with global climate challenges requires changes in both individual practices and the technical infrastructure in which people operate. Retrofitting existing buildings with smart and sustainable technologies shows the potential in reducing the environmental impacts of the housing sector and improving the quality of life for residents. However, the efficiency of these means depends on their individual and societal acceptance. This calls for the need to incorporate social practice theories into the discussion of smart cities and technology adoption. This study aims to understand how smart retrofit intervention in an extensive pioneering smart city project in Estonia is perceived among the residents with different dispositions towards the environment and technology in an early phase of the intervention. We interviewed the residents of 18 Soviet-era apartment buildings which underwent a complete retrofit into nearly zero-energy buildings equipped with smart technologies. The results showed that pro-technology residents expressed high interest and trust towards smart retrofit intervention, while residents with environmentally inclined dispositions conveyed more critical arguments. This indicates that individuals’ underlying dispositions may result in different social practices and that a diverse set of engagement approaches are crucial for the success and social acceptance of large-scale pioneering projects in the housing sector. Keywords: environmental sustainability; nearly zero-energy renovation; smart city; smart retrofit intervention; technology adoption Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:20-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Housing Net-Zero Energy Renovations With Energy Performance Contract: Incorporating Occupants’ Behaviour File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5029 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5029 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 5-19 Author-Name: Margot Pellegrino Author-Workplace-Name: Lab’Urba, University Gustave Eiffel, France Author-Name: Carole Wernert Author-Workplace-Name: Lab’Urba, University Gustave Eiffel, France Author-Name: Angéline Chartier Author-Workplace-Name: Lab’Urba, University Gustave Eiffel, France Abstract: This article examines how the behaviour of occupants is assessed in a project with ambitious targets for energy use reductions and within the framework of an approach based on an energy performance contract. Its starting point is the observation that there may be significant disparities between the consumption threshold required by the regulations or the labels and the actual building consumption in its post-delivery existence. While behaviour cannot be the only factor explaining this overconsumption, the promoters of high-performance renovation operations often marginalise their importance. The recent surge in requirements for energy consumption reductions in new or renovated buildings in Europe further exacerbates these problems. In light of these challenges, there is a strong demand for compulsory verification of post-delivery performances and for developing energy performance contracts. In this context, the behaviour of a building’s occupants can no longer be considered as a simple adjustment variable. Through the analysis of Energiesprong, a net-zero energy renovation approach for the social housing developed in the Netherlands and in France, built around the principle of an energy performance contract over a long timeframe, the article highlights the injunctions to behavioural changes, the strategies, the negotiations, and the adjustments deployed by the project leaders. It finally shows that there is still a long way to go before the occupant’s behaviour in a high-energy performance renovation project is fully taken into account. Keywords: Energiesprong; energy performance contract; France; net-zero energy renovation; occupant behaviour; social housing; the Netherlands Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:5-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenges of Energy Renovation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5628 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5628 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Tineke van der Schoor Author-Workplace-Name: Research Centre for Built Environment NoorderRuimte, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Author-Name: Fred Sanders Author-Workplace-Name: CPONH NGO, The Netherlands Abstract: One of the most complex and urgent challenges in the energy transition is the large-scale refurbishment of the existing housing stock in the built environment. In order to comply with the goals of the Paris convention, the aim is to live “energy-neutral,” that is, a dwelling should produce as much sustainable energy as it consumes on a yearly basis. This means that millions of existing houses need to undergo a radical energy retrofit. In the next 30 years, all dwellings should be upgraded to nearly zero-energy buildings, which is a challenge to accomplish for a reasonable price. Across the EU, many projects have developed successful approaches to the improvement of building technologies and processes, as well a better involvement of citizens. It is important to compare and contrast such approaches and disseminate lessons learned. In practice, it is crucial to raise the level of participation of inhabitants in neighborhood renovation activities. Therefore, the central question of this issue is: How can we increase the involvement of tenants and homeowners into this radical energy renovation? Keywords: local energy policy; (near) zero-energy renovation; owner-occupied dwellings; participation; renewable energy strategy; social housing; user behaviour; user satisfaction Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:2:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “You and Your Neighborhood”: Neighborhood, Community, and Democracy as New Paradigms in Wartime American Architecture File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4828 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4828 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 369-384 Author-Name: Gaia Caramellino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Abstract: This article argues that a radical reconceptualization of the notion of neighborhood was introduced by architects in the United States during WWII in response to the new political, cultural, and economic conditions of the war. The efforts of architects and planners like Oskar Stonorov and Louis Kahn contributed to reconfiguring the organizational principle of the “neighborhood unit” model envisioned by Clarence Perry during the 1920s, transferring the discourse from the domain of urban sociology and technical planning to the realm of the American profession. This article revolves around the unexplored and intense period of architectural experimentation during WWII, when the neighborhood emerged as a vibrant platform for the efforts of professional circles to question the values of American democracy and introduce new participative practices in neighborhood and community design, fostering new forms of collaboration between citizens, governmental agencies, and speculative builders under the leadership of architects. Neighborhood design appeared as the testing ground to renegotiate the role and social responsibility of American architects and a foundational value of post-war American society, while its new meanings were to be renegotiated in post-war city planning and built communities. Keywords: community; neighborhood; Oskar Stonorov; wartime architecture; WWII Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:369-384 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Brutalism and Community in Middle Class Mass Housing: Be’eri Estate, Tel Aviv, 1965–Present File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4811 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4811 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 349-368 Author-Name: Yael Allweil Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Author-Name: Noa Zemer Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Abstract: Fostering functioning, place-based communities has been a major concern in architecture and planning circles since the mid-1950s revolving the issue of habitat. Using the ethics of European New Brutalism, in Israel the architectural discourse locally developed a Team 10 critique of CIAM, addressing community as the main challenge of modern housing. The failure of modern mass housing to foster viable communities is associated with, and arguably triggered by, the global shift from state-sponsored to market housing that began in the 1970s. Increasing neoliberal policies, which address housing as economic investment, further strip housing off its social role as the site for collectivity and identity. These policies sideline community in housing design. Challenging these assumptions, this study focuses on the socio-spatial dynamics of Beit Be’eri, a single-shared New Brutalist housing estate built in 1965 in Tel Aviv. Marking the beginning of the end of the Israeli welfare state, this estate was produced in the open market explicitly for well-to-do bureaucrats, civil servants, and professionals. Nevertheless, it uses the architectural and urban manifestations of New Brutalism associated with the earlier period of Brutalist state housing. The estate is cooperatively managed since its opening. It consists of a local interpretation of Team 10’s call to plan the city as a big house, the house as a small city. Although its cooperative management provokes ongoing inter-resident struggles over its shared spaces, Be’eri represents a long-lasting community, fifty-years strong. Be’eri estate forms a perplexing community, where residents’ individual ownership and middle-class identities clash in intricate practices of shared estate management. Based on archival, ethnographic, and architectural field research, this article unravels values of identity and senses of belonging that the brutalist estate provides to its residents. Fostering a critical view of the notion of community, it also examines the residents’ persistence in the context of a neoliberal housing bubble. This article portrays how the building allows for shared management of the large estate, shaping and consolidating an active community built upon every-day struggles over shared spaces. Applying Anderson’s powerful idea of the imagined community as a cultural product, we ask: Is the strong sense of collectivity in Be’eri imagined? If so, how do these imagined communities form? Upon what are they grounded? How do the intricate practices managing the estate shape its persistent middle-class identity? Keywords: Brutalism; community; housing estate; middle class; modern architecture; Tel Aviv Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:349-368 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Collective Housing in Belgium and the Netherlands: A Comparative Analysis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4750 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4750 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 336-348 Author-Name: Els De Vos Author-Workplace-Name: Henry van de Velde Research Group, University of Antwerp, Belgium Author-Name: Lidwine Spoormans Author-Workplace-Name: Architectural Engineering + Technology, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: Collective housing (CH) is undergoing a revival in Belgium. Since 2009, the Flemish Government Architect and his team have been advocating CH, stressing its importance as a task for architects given the demand for affordable housing and the need to reduce the environmental impact of housing. This support for CH has converged with the work of the non-profit citizen organization Samenhuizen (“Living together”) and the ad hoc initiatives taken by individual households and architects. In the Netherlands too, where there is a longer tradition of CH, the phenomenon is once more on the rise because of the housing crisis. As it is a developing topic, the terminology used for CH is also evolving. Drawing on publications on the subject in both Belgium and the Netherlands as well as on interviews with relevant stakeholders, this article sheds light on two widely published cases in both countries (pioneering and current, greenfield and conversion). These cases are compared in regard to thematic areas, based on an extensive literature study on collaborative housing by Lang et al. (2018). In addition to such aspects as the balance between “individuality” and the “collective,” we compare the role played by architects in both countries. Besides similarities, we show that the historical context, and especially the housing policy of each country, has a great influence and that the role of the architect is essential in the development of older and contemporary cohousing projects. Keywords: central living; cohousing; collective housing; housing culture Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:336-348 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Impact of Post-War Transnational Consultants in Housing and Planning Development Narratives: The Case of Otto Koenigsberger File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4749 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4749 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 321-335 Author-Name: Mónica Pacheco Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urbanism, ISCTE—University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal Abstract: In the aftermath of the Second World War, the progressive dismantling of previous power-nations and the independence of many countries have contributed to new political, economic, and technical processes and highly mobile flows of people and ideas. Yet, research has overlooked knowledge channels outside of mainstream geopolitical frameworks. In particular, the role and power of international aid organizations, their development assistance programs, and the impact of the emergent new actor of this phenomenon—the consultant—in housing and planning narratives deserve to be examined. This article proposes to do so by exploring the historical contribution of Otto Koenigsberger (1908–1999) as part of the first generation of CIAM-UN experts. His view of “housing as a problem of numbers” engaged him on a lifelong pedagogical and transnational political project of decolonizing architectural education and the redefinition of both the profession and the professional. By emphasizing the importance of (a new) training, it raises questions on what sort of knowledge housing may require, by whom knowledge competencies may be conveyed, and how that knowledge should be instrumentalized. The article draws on extensive archival research, findings on the protagonists and institutions involved, and the author’s interviews with key players that shed light on evolving conceptualizations of “development,” built environment, educational programs, and knowledge production. Ultimately, examining the terminology underlying the expertise delivered through consultancy reports vis à vis the education and skills needs contributes to a better understanding of the foundations of housing as a problematized field of architectural education. Keywords: architectural education; consultancy; housing missions; John Lloyd; KNUST; Otto Koenigsberger; United Nations Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:321-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Meanings of Self-Building: Incrementality, Emplacement, and Erasure in Dar es Salaam’s Traditional Swahili Neighborhoods File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4849 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4849 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 305-320 Author-Name: Priscila Izar Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Abstract: Self-building is the prevalent mode of urban production in rapidly urbanizing African cities. National and international policy frameworks, as well as popular discourse, still portray self-building as an informal and temporary fix for insufficient state investment—as the exception, rather than the rule. Meanwhile, emerging literature about the Global South draws from an analysis of processes, practices, spatialities, and lived experiences of urbanization and dwelling. This literature seeks to unveil how ordinary processes such as self-building unfold in different localities and realities, challenging the reluctance of government and private actors in recognizing self-building as a long-term mode of urban production. This article contributes to this literature through an ethnographic analysis of the oldest and most common modality of self-built houses in Tanzania—the Swahili house—and its unfolding in two traditional, centrally-located neighborhoods of Dar es Salaam. It emphasizes the home and dwelling aspirations, practices, and trajectories of a predominantly low-income population settling in the city. Based on the analysis, this article proposes that the self-building of Swahili houses and neighborhoods in Dar es Salaam represents a form of popular urbanization, characterized by long temporalities that simultaneously facilitate and are facilitated by affordable and incremental forms and processes of home building through residents’ appropriation of their own territories. However, in the city’s increasingly contested inner-city territories, top-down policy responses and large-scale, infrastructure-led urban development generate tensions and make such a popular form of self-building vulnerable to erasure and un-homing. Keywords: African cities; emplacement; housing transformation; incrementality; neighborhood transformation; self-building; Swahili house Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:305-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Co-’s of Co-Living: How the Advertisement of Living Is Taking Over Housing Realities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4805 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4805 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 296-304 Author-Name: Federico Coricelli Author-Workplace-Name: Future Urban Legacy Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Abstract: Co-living penetrated the urban realm both as a housing format and a neologism with fluid meaning. The co-living concept was developed by various companies in the early 2010s claiming to provide a valuable alternative to flat living in highly competitive rental markets. As a real estate product, co-living consists of all-inclusive rental plans of furnished rooms connected to fully equipped communal areas, conceived both for short-term and long-term stays. The few realized buildings combine collective spaces as laundries and co-working spaces with rooms as small as nine square meters. This kind of layout explicitly targets the urban middle-classer willing to live simultaneously together and apart. Differently from other housing formats, co-living is promoted through the jargon of sharing economy more than one of real-estate agencies. The co-root is commonly explained in companies’ recurring website section “What’s co-living?” as collective-living, convenient-living, and community-living. The emphasis on communitarian living echoes the semantics of co-housing. However, co-living communities differ radically from co-housing ones, based on a bottom-up initiative of inhabitants subscribing to a contract of cohabitation. In contrast, a co-living community is generated exclusively through economic accessibility. This article gives a critical insight into the mutated meanings of housing in the digital era by analysing co-living companies’ narratives and their spatial counterpart in realized buildings. The evidence collected by co-living promotion contributes to addressing a broader shift in real estate towards emphasizing the experiential dimension of lifestyle over space and shelter as primary housing features. Keywords: co-living; housing; living; real estate Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:296-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What’s in the Mix? Mixed-Use Architecture in the Post-World War II Years and Beyond File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4802 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4802 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 280-295 Author-Name: Inbal Ben-Asher Gitler Author-Workplace-Name: Sapir Academic College, Israel / Department of the Arts, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Abstract: Mixed-use housing (MUH) has proliferated in recent years, largely in connection with high-rise mixed-use housing and large urban developments. Whereas housing architecture integrating additional functions has been designed throughout history, post-World War II architects proposed innovative ideas and designs for modern MUH. This article explores MUH of that period as an experiment that articulated urban hierarchies by integrating elements belonging to the different scales of the city into housing plans. I analyze the terminological frameworks proposed by Team 10 in Europe and Denise Scott Brown and Harvey Perloff in the United States, tracing how these evolved into groundbreaking designs that redefined the architecture of MUH. I demonstrate how architects negotiated terms such as “habitat,” which engaged community, as well as “human association” and “urban reidentification” in their practice. Thinking about these terms, I propose accessibility, participation, reuse, and diversity in formal design as elements from the recent past that can provide tools for rethinking present and future MUH. Keywords: Alison and Peter Smithson; Denise Scott Brown; habitat; Harvey Perloff; mixed-use housing; modern architecture; post-World War II architecture; Team 10; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:280-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Self-Management of Housing and Urban Commons: New Belgrade and Reflections on Commons Today File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4746 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4746 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 267-279 Author-Name: Anica Dragutinovic Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands / Institute for Design Strategies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany Author-Name: Uta Pottgiesser Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands / Institute for Design Strategies, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany Author-Name: Wido Quist Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: The concepts of collective management of housing and urban spaces are being revisited within the contemporary discussions about community-driven approaches and practices and, in particular, related to the revitalization of residential neighbourhoods. This research identifies the concepts of self-management and social ownership of housing in the post-World War II period in Yugoslavia as an important legacy of Yugoslav urban planning and housing policies. Although they were subsequently neglected, these concepts can contribute to contemporary global discussions about housing affordability and the role of community in ensuring spatial and social equality. New Belgrade mass housing blocks—the main site for testing the new dwelling concepts, in terms of both policies and modernist design—are the object of this research. The article is mainly a theoretical analysis of the issues of common interest and engagement, common good, and common spaces which played a decisive role in its design. The study applies interpretative and correlational research methods in re-theorizing these concepts and their underlying narratives. It traces how the perspectives on the collective practices and spaces evolved over time, revealing a correlation between changed social practices and the spatial deterioration of the New Belgrade mass housing blocks. The study highlights the importance of both collective practices and common spaces for addressing housing issues, emphasizing their instrumentality, and potentiality for rearticulating the dialogue between public and private, engaging citizens in interactive and inclusive decision-making and co-creation of the urban reality. Keywords: common spaces; community; dwelling concepts; New Belgrade; post-war housing; self-management; urban commons Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:267-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Kleinhaus and the Politics of Localism in German Architecture and Planning, c. 1910 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4714 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4714 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 254-266 Author-Name: Isabel Rousset Author-Workplace-Name: School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University, Australia Abstract: As an antidote to the substandard tenement apartment, the ideal of the “small house” (Kleinhaus) was ubiquitous in housing debates in Germany before World War One. Denoting a modestly sized two-story family house aligned with the street, it had its origins in the Middle Ages, during which it was constructed to serve the humble domestic needs of urban craftsmen who lived and worked in thriving trade cities including Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Augsburg, Nuremberg, and Ulm. For modern promoters of low-density alternatives to the tenement, the Kleinhaus was an ideal model for mass appropriation. Unlike foreign and untranslatable dwelling models like the “villa” and the “cottage,” the Kleinhaus conveyed something that was both urban and quintessentially Germanic. It was thus enlisted by housing reformers to strengthen local cultural identity whilst raising the standards of the nation’s housing stock. This article examines the significance of the Kleinhaus in fostering dialogue between the fields of architecture and planning, and considers its embeddedness in a wider project of cultural nationalism in pre-war Germany. Keywords: affordable housing; architectural typology; cottage; family; Germany; Heimat; localism; nationalism; photography; urban design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:254-266 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Homes to Assets and From Pioneers to Shareholders: An Evolving Frontier Terminology File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4685 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4685 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 241-253 Author-Name: Gabriel Schwake Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: Frontier settlements played a key role in the formation of Israeli society and its territorial project. In the pre-statehood years and during the first decades after the establishment of the state of Israel, settling the frontiers formed one of the main national objectives, securing the nation’s control over space while promoting a unified local identity. Appropriately, settlement practices and discourse focused on pioneer rural communities and industrial towns, with a clear emphasis on housing units and residential estates. With the privatisation of the local economy, the national settlement development mechanism was privatised as well, the former state-led enterprise was harnessed to the interests of the market, and the earlier focus on housing was thus replaced by a property-oriented approach. This article studies the transformations in Israeli frontier settlement practices while analysing their changing modes of spatial production and the terminology they relied on. Studying the development process of Tzur-Yitzhak and Harish, two Israeli localities on the border with the occupied Palestinian West Bank, this article demonstrates how they first emerged as small-scale rural settlements and eventually turned into corporate-led projects. Presenting the geopolitical and societal interests behind both case studies, as well as the manner their proposed planning altered over the years, this article illustrates the transforming modes of production and the evolution of the local settlement terminology, demonstrating the shift from a pioneer-oriented to a market-led frontier settlement. Keywords: frontiers; housing; Israel; Palestine; pioneers; privatisation; terminology; territoriality Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:241-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Affordable Futures Past: Rethinking Contemporary Housing Production in Portugal While Revisiting Former Logics File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4770 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4770 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 223-240 Author-Name: Gisela Lameira Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, Portugal Author-Name: Luciana Rocha Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, Portugal Author-Name: Rui Jorge Garcia Ramos Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, University of Porto, Portugal Abstract: This article focuses on a specific term associated with the scientific, theoretical, and academic discourse on housing architecture in Portugal. Over the last 100 years, the term “affordable” has frequently been used in the vocabulary of urban housing in Portugal, being linked to other words commonly used in housing construction, such as económica (economical), barata (cheap/inexpensive/low-cost), pobre (poor), cooperativa (cooperative), or even custos controlados (controlled costs). Therefore, we propose to explore the multiple appropriations and contemporary shifts in its original meaning, seeking in this way to: (a) further stimulate the contemporary discussion on types of buildings, public housing programmes (i.e., following a historical perspective), contemporary housing policies (e.g. Basic Housing Law and New Generation of Housing Policies), refurbishment policies, new regulations, and new models for the middle classes (in Portugal); (b) share perspectives about the updating of this concept and the materialisation of its respective types and models in contemporary architectural practice; and (c) build bridges between the past and the present (public and private models and solutions, and shifts in the target audience). Although a wide range of different words was used to describe “affordable housing” in Portugal from the early 20th century to the first decade of the 21st century, it is essential to stress the importance of several newly emerging concepts. In recently implemented laws, concepts such as economicamente acessível (economically accessible) and custos controlados (controlled costs/low-cost) encompass the shifts in the meaning of the term “affordable” and broaden the contemporary discussion of the housing problem in relation to the type of property and target audience. Keywords: affordable housing; ageing in place; energy efficiency; housing policies; Portugal; state-subsidised housing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:223-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systematization: A Key Term in 20th-Century Romanian Urbanism File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4791 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4791 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 207-222 Author-Name: Dana Vais Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania Abstract: This article addresses the term “systematization” as it was used in Romania during the 20th century. It investigates the sources of the term and the changes in its meaning and in the practice it named in each phase of its evolution: from its emergence at the turn of the 20th century and its adoption as a label for scientific urbanism during the interwar period, to its political instrumentalization and projection on large scales in spatial planning during the late socialist period, and its rejection in the post-socialist years. It shows how a term can radically change its connotations, ranging from desirable to destructive effects. It exposes the variable distance between systematization as a concept and systematization as a concrete practice. The scientific and disciplinary aspects of systematization are addressed, highlighting its relation to the fields of architecture and urbanism. Its political relevance as an instrument for the authoritarian and respectively totalitarian Romanian state is shown, serving their interest to act on the territory on a large scale. Housing is also addressed as a central subject of systematization. The aim of the article is, first, to draw a history that apprehends the entire evolution, from emergence to dismissal, of a term that marked Romanian planning for a century; and second, to show that beyond its local history, this term is relevant for understanding the more general relationship between scientificity and political instrumentalization in modern urbanism and architecture during the 20th century. Keywords: 20th century; housing; modern urbanism; Romania; scientificity; socialist planning; systematization Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:207-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Notion of Housing Need in France: From Norms to Negotiations (19th–21st Centuries) File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4706 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4706 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 197-206 Author-Name: Yankel Fijalkow Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Housing Research, LAVUE–CNRS, France Abstract: This article aims to show how the concept of “housing need” has circulated between the social sciences and architectural design fields in France since the second half of the 19th century up until today. France is a particularly rich example for developing this sociohistorical overview over a long span of time, through three time periods: the beginning of housing policy which, during the hygienist period and in legal devices and statistics, defined “good housing” as opposed to inadequate housing; the debate surrounding the notion of need illustrated through an examination of mass construction since the beginning of the 1950s, in particular, that of large social housing estates which developed in response to the housing crisis and the increase of slums; and the contemporary period, that raises many questions faced by architects and urban planners concerning the persistence of forms of inadequate housing and the development of individual aspirations for well-being. Keywords: architecture; housing needs; norms; Paris; social sciences; urban history Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:197-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Terms of Dwelling File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5526 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.5526 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 193-196 Author-Name: Yael Allweil Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Author-Name: Gaia Caramellino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Abstract: This thematic issue re-articulates the question of housing as an architectural and planning problem and examines how architecture can contribute to reduce the divorce between housing provision and architectural research. The articles included in the issue investigate the terminology used to designate housing as a way to question the relation between housing, architecture, and planning, and investigate and theorize the language of housing in relation to the emergence of new and varied modes of inhabiting. Built on a heterogeneous corpus of terms, the articles offer a new outlook on the current housing crisis and the role of architecture in it. The papers unpack selected housing terms via close historical inquiry of specific case studies, housing typologies, policies and codes, discourses, and schemes, and contribute to explore the social, economic, political, and design dimensions of housing by inquiring the origin, evolution, codification, and diverse usage and meanings of selected terms. This collection of terms defines a theoretical frame to recasting architecture as a crucial aspect of housing provision, reconnecting design to policy and finance, and laying the ground for envisioning the capacities of architecture in a post-neoliberal society. Specific terms, concepts, and notions are examined by the authors in relation to their understanding in the housing discourse and practice, while other terms are analyzed in relation to their multiple origins and changing meanings, when terms migrated in diverse fields (normative, political, planning, administrative, financial) or across countries, disciplines, and cultures. Keywords: architecture; housing; housing crisis; planning; terminology; theory Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:193-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Relational Urbanisation, Resilience, Revolution: Beirut as a Relational City? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4798 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4798 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 183-192 Author-Name: Michael Rafferty Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Abstract: The destruction of Beirut’s port and large areas of the inner city following the August 2020 explosion occurred amid (and has exacerbated) an unprecedented national economic and social crisis portending another potential phase of urban “reconstruction” and a national political revolution. Critical scholars have highlighted the shortcomings of urban planning and governance in the city after the Lebanese civil war, particularly in terms of housing, infrastructure, and social inequalities, especially between the urban core and periphery. Beirut’s post-war reconstruction(s), guided by blended-scale governance (i.e., public/private, confessional/political, national/local) and a real estate-oriented growth model have neither managed to completely restore nor efface the city’s erstwhile status as an entrepôt of regional and international economic, cultural, and political importance but have instigated processes of rapid urbanisation and uneven development. These processes, historical trajectories, political and socio-economic dialectics, and shifts in urban political economy render Beirut relevant to the nascent empirical category of “relational cities,” i.e., cities whose geographical-historical profiles position them as urban nodes connecting regional-global-national systems of flows under globalised capitalism. This article positions Beirut in the context of the debate on relational urbanisation for empirical exploration, and also points to the evental possibilities for alternative geographies that flow from the October 2019 protests. Keywords: Beirut; global cities; relational cities; relational urbanisation; resilience Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:183-192 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Redesigning Informal Beirut: Shaping the Sustainable Transformation Strategies File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4776 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4776 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 169-182 Author-Name: Piotr Lorens Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Dorota Wojtowicz-Jankowska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Design, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Bahaa Bou Kalfouni Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: Lebanon is distinguished by its strategic geographical location among the Arab countries. Beirut, as the capital city and the major commercial and cultural centre of the country, is a point of interest for migrants. The region has witnessed many changes since the end of World War II, which have resulted in internal and external conflicts, migrations, the centralization of the country’s economy, etc. Furthermore, the city has witnessed many periods of urbanization, destruction, reconstruction, and regeneration, which has contributed to the complex nature of the city’s population and a blurring of the boundaries between settlements which are quite different in their natures. As a result, Beirut has become a home to mixed communities and societies of different origins and natures. The extensive inflow of migrants combined with economic crises has contributed to the appearance of informal settlements. They are located in different areas of the city and its surroundings, known as Greater Beirut. These settlements face various challenges, including spatial organization, socioeconomic standing, and environmental concerns. The current situation in Lebanon (resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic combined with the 4th of August 2020 blast in the port of Beirut) makes these challenges even more appalling. Some of the key issues discussed in this article are associated with the origin, current state, and prospects for improving the urban quality of these informal settlements considering their unplanned development and underused potentials. The article includes an inventory and speculates about the best possible strategies derived from three local interventions which are based on published reports. These examples represent rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in different cities in Lebanon. They can be applied to the specific situation of Beirut, given the variety of possible contexts there. The authors’ initial intention is to deal with the possible scope of the physical improvement in these settlements which will lead to socio-economic and environmental development and will also include possible ways of reinventing Beirut’s urban structure. Keywords: Beirut; complex city; immigrants; informal settlements; sustainable development; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:169-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tourist Maps to Capture Place Identity During Disruptive Events: The Case of Beirut File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4781 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4781 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 155-168 Author-Name: Laura Simak Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Urban Development, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Abstract: Between October 2019 and August 2020, Beirut underwent an unprecedented sequence of events in its recent history, starting with massive anti-government protests, followed by an economic and financial meltdown, coupled with the Covid-19 pandemic, and ending with an explosion in the port that devastated large parts of the metropolis. As a city-newcomer and urban design student from the Technische Universität Berlin, researching the theme of borders in fragmented cities for my master’s thesis, I was faced with a city-in-flux for 200 days, where mobility restrictions and safety measurements, as impacted by Covid-19, led to the exclusion of field investigation as a primary source of information. Hedging against the limitations imposed, I developed and tested a methodology that involves analyzing tourist maps as an alternative reconnaissance tool for urban designers. On the example of the Beirut port blast area, namely Gemmayze and Mar Mikhael, this study includes the decomposition of three tourist maps of Beirut in order to extract and verify their data and, furthermore, reconstruct the identity and image of the neighborhoods through this secondary resource. The analytical framework brings together the theories of place and space that exist in the different disciplines of spatial studies: social science’s The Production of Space by Lefebvre; urban geography’s Place and Placelessness by Relph; environmental psychology’s The Psychology of Place by Canter; and urban design’s Components of the Sense of Place by Punter and Montgomery. By exemplifying what it means to be a foreigner and a researcher exploring tourist maps in Beirut during this particular time, this article aims to encourage interdisciplinary approaches in urban studies and to critically reflect on atypical and underutilized tools for studying contemporary cities under extraordinary conditions of change. Keywords: Beirut port blast; city-in-flux; map deconstruction; place identity; spatial studies; tourist maps; urban design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:155-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Transformations and Complex Values: Insights From Beirut File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4851 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4851 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 142-154 Author-Name: Elisabetta Pietrostefani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK / Institute for Global Prosperity, University College London, UK Abstract: Through an urban renewal process driven by a well-resourced Lebanese diaspora and foreign investment, Beirut has undergone conspicuous morphological densification, characterised by parcel aggregation and exploitation of building height. Planning agencies have contributed to these transformations, deliberately involved in the production of illegality, and contributing to unplanned urban development. Although recent literature has substantially furthered our understanding of deregulated planning in Beirut, little is known of the preferences of residents with regards to the urban development process. This article sheds light on how morphological densification affects the complex values attached by residents to their urban environments using a novel data set and mixed-methods approach. It explores how dramatic urban restructuring affects resident values of architectural amenities and neighbourhood belonging. Findings show that although living in areas with different rates of building change does not affect preferences for architectural amenities, it affects resident socio-political activism towards the preservation of their built environment. Residents living in areas with high building-change rates had almost 50% lower odds of being willing to stop new construction near their location of residence because of their lack of confidence in the planning system. Neighbourhood belonging is not significantly affected by construction rates, but substantially increases both with the number of years lived in a neighbourhood and in locations with better building conditions, confirming a role for the built environment. Keywords: Beirut; deregulated planning; Lebanon; neighbourhood belonging; urban form; willingness to pay Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:142-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood Planning for a Divided City: The Case of Beirut File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4694 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4694 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 129-141 Author-Name: David Aouad Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Interior Design, Lebanese American University, Lebanon Abstract: This article discusses planning within Municipal Beirut, Lebanon, while focusing on the specific context of divided cities and societies, proposing a series of recommendations based on socio-economic and political science and planning theory to understand such contexts. It explores the case of Municipal Beirut that has undergone a devastating blast on August 4th, 2020, and left thousands of households in critical condition by leaving an already shattered sectarian city/society with an unforeseen planning future. By examining successful examples or frameworks in other cities and similar-context cities in history with urban/social shocks, evaluating current planning initiatives, and analyzing the case study of the recent Beirut Urban Declaration report, this article investigates neighborhood planning as a flexible framework that one must undertake to provide the divided city of Beirut a healthy and sustainable development. It argues that difference and diversity are a noteworthy feature of the city of Beirut and its society and should hence be incorporated in any planning approach even if the consequences on the ground may differ. Considering that planning could change the spatial, socio-economic, and political dimensions of a defined urban space, this article explores which of these dimensions can be used to intensify or lessen contestations over space in Beirut under the current sectarian culture reflected in both social and spatial realms. In the wake of the blast and amid all these divisions, this article will show that neighborhood planning stands out as a flexible and sustainable solution. By establishing a spatially targeted program, introducing innovative tools for neighborhood planning and management, and initiating a small-scale governance structure, neighborhood planning will create an intermediate level between the municipality, citizens, and other local actors, enhancing its social capital and leading eventually to an undivided planning strategy at a national and city scale. Keywords: Beirut; Beirut Urban Declaration; divided city; divided society; intra-urban inequalities; neighborhood planning; sustainable post-war recovery Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:129-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Evolutions, Transformations, and Adaptations in Beirut’s Public Spaces File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4724 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4724 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 116-128 Author-Name: Christine Mady Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Notre Dame University–Louaize, Lebanon Abstract: Beirut, Lebanon, has been a nexus for the east and west, has undergone episodes of conflict including the civil war between 1975 and 1989, and still witnesses instability to the present. This status has affected its everyday life practices, particularly as manifested in its public spaces. Over time, Beirut’s population has reflected the ability to adapt to living with different states of public spaces; these include embracing new public space models, adjusting to living in the war-time period with annihilated public spaces, and establishing a reconnaissance with post-war reintroduced, securitized, or temporary public spaces. Lefebvre’s space production triad serves to distinguish among spaces introduced through planning tools, from spaces appropriated through immaterial space-markers, or spaces established through social practices. This article provides an overview of the evolution of Beirut’s public spaces, starting with the medieval city and through into the 19th century, before examining the impact of instability and the conditions leading to the emergence of social spaces in the post-war period. It particularly highlights public spaces after 2005—when civic activism played an important role in raising awareness on the right to inclusive public space—by referring to literature, conducting interviews with public space protagonists, and addressing a questionnaire survey to inhabitants. The cases of Martyrs Square, Damascus Road, and the Pine Forest are presented, among other spaces in and around Beirut. The article reflects on the ability of some public spaces to serve as tools for social integration in a society that was segregated in the bouts of Beirut’s instability. Keywords: Beirut; Damascus Road; Lefebvre; Martyrs Square; Pine Forest; public space; social integration Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:116-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Conservation of Beirut’s Urban Heritage Values Through the Historic Urban Landscape Approach File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4762 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4762 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 101-115 Author-Name: Ibtihal Y. El-Bastawissi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture—Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon Author-Name: Rokia Raslan Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, UK Author-Name: Hiba Mohsen Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture—Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon Author-Name: Hoda Zeayter Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture—Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon Abstract: Cities are complex urban systems with dynamic transformations in their socio-economic and environmental dimensions. Several studies have shed light on the fragility of the urban heritage and the strategies of its conservation. The historic urban landscape (HUL) approach is a new framework adopted by UNESCO to deal with urban heritage. This article aims to apply the HUL approach to the rehabilitation and management of Beirut historic neighbourhoods impacted by the massive Beirut port explosion, focusing on Armenia Street in the Mar Mikhael neighbourhood as a case study. The application of the HUL framework allows for the re-evaluation of heritage not as an individual physical form but as an urban fabric interconnected to the city, inclusive of its cultural, social, architectural, and urban layers. The article investigates the application of the four tools identified within HUL recommendations—(1) regulatory systems, (2) community engagement, (3) planning, and (4) financial tools—by proposing implementation strategies in the assessment of urban heritage to mitigate major risks. The result reveals that cooperative efforts among private and public stakeholders can play a vital role in the development of Beirut heritage, acting as catalysts for urban heritage conservation. Strategies for establishing a new legislative framework that is focused on protecting Lebanese cultural heritage and ensuring sustainable adaptation planning are highlighted. Keywords: Beirut; collaborative tools; historic urban landscape; intangible heritage; tangible heritage; urban lab Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:101-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urbanism and Geographic Crises: A Micro-Simulation Lens on Beirut File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4711 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4711 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 87-100 Author-Name: Ali Termos Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Finance, American University in Bulgaria, Bulgaria Author-Name: Neil Yorke-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: At a geographical and strategic confluence, the ancient city of Beirut, Lebanon, has witnessed crises from natural and human causes over the centuries. The modern urban and peri-urban development is a result of neo-classical economics, laissez-faire regulations, and complex socio-political structures. This article considers the contemporary housing situation and asks about its resilience to crises. The methodological approach is speculative simulation. We capture the urban status quo through agent-based simulation, and simulate a range of independent shocks. Although the goal of the article is exploratory and not historical replay, the shocks considered are historical exemplars, such as the explosion on August 4th, 2020. Looking across peri-urban Beirut, we measure qualitative effects on housing economics and dynamics. The research question thus addressed is to determine the optimal amount of capital needed for regeneration without triggering a price increase in the housing market. The contribution of the article is a data-and-modelling approach to humane questions of interest to urban scholars. The simulation model is available open source to provoke further enquiry. Keywords: agent-based simulation; Beirut; econometrics; exogenous shocks; housing dynamics; urban form Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:87-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Myth of Beirut’s Resilience: Introduction to the Thematic Issue File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5317 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.5317 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 82-86 Author-Name: Liliane Buccianti-Barakat Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Saint Joseph University, Lebanon Author-Name: Markus Hesse Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Abstract: This editorial introduces a thematic issue of Urban Planning on recent developments in Beirut, Lebanon. It emphasises the multiple crises the city has been undergoing for some time, which include an enduring political and economic crisis, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, and most recently the devastating impact of the blast that happened in the port of Beirut on 4th August 2020. The editorial outlines the specific challenges resulting from these crises and addresses the concept of resilience, which is taken up by the articles included in this issue. Keywords: Beirut; Lebanon; resilience; urban development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:82-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Change by Activism: Insurgency, Autonomy, and Political Activism in Potosí-Jerusalén, Bogotá, Colombia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4431 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4431 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 72-81 Author-Name: Juan Usubillaga Author-Workplace-Name: Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, UK Abstract: Cities today face a context in which traditional politics and policies struggle to cope with increasing urbanisation rates and growing inequalities. Meanwhile, social movements and political activists are rising up and inhabiting urban spaces as sites of contestation. However, through their practices, urban activists do more than just occupy spaces; they are fundamental drivers of urban transformation as they constantly face—and contest—spatial manifestations of power. This article aims to contribute to ongoing discussions on the role of activism in the field of urban design, by engaging with two concepts coming from the Global South: insurgency and autonomy. Through a historical account of the building of the Potosí-Jerusalén neighbourhood in Bogotá in the 1980s, it illustrates how both concepts can provide new insight into urban change by activism. On the one hand, the concept of insurgency helps unpack a mode of bottom-up action that inaugurates political spaces of contestation with the state; autonomy, on the other hand, helps reveal the complex nature of political action and the visions of urban transformation it entails. Although they were developed at the margins of conventional design theory and practice, both concepts are instrumental in advancing our understanding of how cities are shaped by activist practices. Thus, this article is part of a broader effort to (re)locate political activism in discussions about urban transformation, and rethink activism as a form of urban design practice. Keywords: autonomy; Bogotá; insurgency; political activism; urban design; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:72-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fits-and-Starts: The Changing Nature of the Material City File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4501 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4501 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 56-71 Author-Name: Aseem Inam Author-Workplace-Name: Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, UK Abstract: How and why does the material city in the late 20th and early 21st century change? This article examines one type of prominent urban change, which is “fits-and-starts” and represents change that is concentrated in space and time and that nonetheless has longer term repercussions with high economic and environmental costs. Through a review of the literature and an illuminating case study in Las Vegas, this article reveals how human perception and decision-making via two interrelated phenomena, future speculation and manufactured obsolescence, drive such change. The case study in Las Vegas is particularly fascinating because as a city of apparent extremes, it not only reveals in clear relief phenomena that are present in the capitalist city but it also offers insights into basic patterns of decision-making that actually shape—or design—the contemporary city. The article concludes with more general insights into the nature of this type of urban change and implications for alternative types of urban practices. Keywords: fits-and-starts; Las Vegas; material city; urban change; urban practice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:56-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning Adaptation: Accommodating Complexity in the Built Environment File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4590 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4590 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 44-55 Author-Name: Kevin Muldoon-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Leo Moreton Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Abstract: Obsolescence and vacancy are part of the traditional building life cycle, as tenants leave properties and move to new ones. Flux, a period of uncertainty before the establishment of new direction, can be considered part of building DNA. What is new, due to structural disruptions in the way we work, is the rate and regularity of flux, reflected in obsolescence, vacancy, and impermanent use. Covid-19 has instantly accelerated this disruption. Retail failure has increased with even more consumers moving online. While employees have been working from home, rendering the traditional office building in the central business district, at least temporarily, obsolete. This article reflects on the situation by reporting findings from an 18-month research project into the practice of planning adaptation in the English built environment. Original findings based on interviews with a national sample of local authority planners, combined with an institutional analysis of planning practice since the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act, suggest that the discipline of planning in England is struggling with the reality of flux. There is a demand for planning to act faster, due to the speed of change in the built environment, and liberal political concerns with planning regulation. This is reflected in relaxations to permitted development rules and building use categories. However, participants also indicate that there is a concurrent need for the planning system to operate in a more measured way, to plan the nuanced complexity of a built environment no longer striated by singular use categories at the local level. This notion of flux suggests a process of perpetual change, turbulence, and volatility. However, our findings suggest that within this process, there is a temporal dialectic between an accelerating rate of change in the built environment and a concomitant need to plan in a careful way to accommodate adaptation. We situate these findings in a novel reading of the complex adaptive systems literature, arguing that planning practice needs to embrace uncertainty, rather than eradicate it, in order to enable built environment adaptation. These findings are significant because they offer a framework for understanding how successful building adaptation can be enabled in England, moving beyond the negativity associated with the adaptation of buildings in recent years. This is achieved by recognizing the complex interactions involved in the adaptation process between respective stakeholders and offering an insight into how respective scales of planning governance can coexist successfully. Keywords: adaptation; built environment; complexity; flux; temporality; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:44-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Changing Nature of In-Between Spaces in the Transformation Process of Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4444 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4444 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 32-43 Author-Name: Magdalena Rembeza Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Aleksandra Sas-Bojarska Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: In the in-between spaces of cities, there are many problems of various nature and scale: functional, spatial, economic, environmental, visual, and social. There are also some hidden potentials that can be activated. The aim of the article is to explore the possibilities of solving existing problems and to show the possibilities of using the potentials of in-between spaces with regard to the changing nature of a city. The article, of a discursive character, aims to answer the questions of whether connecting a city with public spaces can be a catalyst of changes, and what tools should be used to facilitate the flux of material factors (like goods or natural resources) and immaterial matter (e.g., ideas or cultural patterns). The new approach is based on the assumption that this would be most effective when using landscape architecture, green/blue infrastructure, artistic strategies, and universal design in public spaces. The expected result of the research is to show the purposefulness and possibilities in creating attractive and safe public areas of in-between spaces as an on-going micro- or macro-process of urban change on a wider scale. It was recognised that integrated actions combining the humanistic, ecological, and technical approaches could bring significant benefits to society, preventing existing problems, not only spatial and visual (changing the city directly), but above all social and environmental, having an impact on the functioning of the city from a much longer perspective. The results of the research show how the transformation process of public spaces may change the nature of the cities, improve the compactness of existing cities, and increase the quality of life. Selected case studies are presented to show the scale, scope, and benefits of possible actions. Keywords: connecting urban structure; in-between spaces; public space; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:32-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How Does Water Behave? Unstable Milieu and Stable Agencements in Dakar’s Flooded Suburbs File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4353 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4353 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 21-31 Author-Name: Romain Leclercq Author-Workplace-Name: Earth Politics Center, University of Paris/Sciences Po, France / Laboratoire Architecture Ville Urbanisme Environnement (LAVUE), France Abstract: In the suburbs of Dakar, matter as a flux is not a metaphor anymore, but a concrete process of city fluidification, disintegration, or solidification. Indeed, the city has been concerned for more than 30 years by regular floods that were established permanently in some districts. Drawing from an assemblage perspective, this article aims to understand how people deal with untamed waters in flooded neighbourhoods and at the city scale. It also raises questions about how we can capture the processes of production, maintenance, and disintegration of cities by identifying stable forms of assemblages and by comparing them according to the specific action that they support. Keywords: Accra; agencements; assemblage; Dakar; Djiddah Thiaroye Kao; flooding; untamed waters Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:21-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Agents of Change in the Domestic Built Environment File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4404 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.4404 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-20 Author-Name: Fani Kostourou Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, UK Abstract: As our cities age, a large number of spatial structures experience physical change. A better understanding of what this process may entail and the agents involved in it can extend the knowledge of practitioners, activists, and policy experts regarding the resilience of our domestic building stock and cities. Awan et al. (2013) explain that agents are not entirely free from societal and spatial constraints; instead, they are characterised by intent, shaped by their own visions and actions, and context, the spatial and social structures of which they are part and which they negotiate. This article discusses the intent and context of the agents involved in the construction and transformation of the Cité Ouvrière in Mulhouse in Eastern France from the mid-19th century to date. With 1,253 houses built for the workers of the Dollfus-Mieg et Compagnie (DMC) textile factory between 1853 and 1897, Cité Ouvrière was the largest and most successful employer-constructed housing scheme of its time, setting an example for many other European company towns. Through this exceptional case study, the article identifies the levels at which spatial agents operate, the means they use to instigate change, their dynamic relations, and the ways these are influenced by the wider historical context while influencing the making and evolution of the built form. Using historical and archival documents, it amounts to recognise an interplay of individuals and public and private groups, who have been responsible for taking decisions at different scales—the city, the neighbourhood, and the houses—and have instigated changes of different effect—from more localised to more aggregate. Keywords: actor-network; built environment; Cité Ouvrière; historical longitudinal study; Mulhouse; spatial agency; urban change Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:5-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: City as Flux: Interrogating the Changing Nature of Urban Change File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/5189 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v7i1.5189 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 7 Year: 2022 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Aseem Inam Author-Workplace-Name: Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, UK Abstract: What do we mean by the changing nature of urban change? First of all, in the 20th and 21st centuries, cities have been changing in different and dramatic ways, whether through grassroots mobilizations, through technological leaps, or through profit-driven speculations. Second, our understanding of how cities change has also been evolving, in particularly through empirical work that challenges the broad-brush universalizations of conventional thinking. The authors of the six selected articles take us through an around-the-world tour of cities and regions that range from Mulhouse in France to Dakar in Senegal to Las Vegas in the United States to Bogota in Colombia and beyond. Each author carefully examines the nature of urban change and how planners, developers, and citizens are either dealing with that change or even shaping it. Together, what the articles suggest is that we need a more fine-grained understanding of the city as flux in order to obtain better theoretical insights as well as urban practices that can better manage and ultimately shape urban change to benefit citizens, especially those who are marginalized. Keywords: city as flux; urban change; urban practice; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v7:y:2022:i:1:p:1-4