In this article, we present a 3D-GIS multiparametric scenario analysis for neighborhood renewal alternatives estimation to evaluate the performance and quality of the built environment as part of the decision-making process. The multiparametric approach will include evaluation analysis of several aspects of the environmental quality, including walkability, accessibility, sense of security, energy, shade, water infiltration, visibility, and more. The analysis results will indicate the level of performance for each aspect, as indices for environmental quality. The multiparametric scenario analysis for neighborhood renewal will be conducted on three renewal alternatives for one neighborhood in the city of Hatzor-HaGlilit, Israel.
Keywords: 3D-GIS; design alternative evaluation; Hatzor HaGlilit; neighborhood renewal; parametric analysis; urban environmental quality Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:172-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating Digital Twin Technology Into Large Panel System Estates Retrofit Projects File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4464 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4464 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 164-171 Author-Name: Paulina Duch-Zebrowska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Katarzyna Zielonko-Jung Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Design, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: As sustainability is now a standard for the proposed developments, the focus ought to be shifted towards the existing buildings and, among them, the worldwide stock of large panel system (LPS) buildings. Major upgrades and retrofits were done to some of the LPS estates in Germany and France, but a leading sustainable way must still be developed for LPS buildings in Eastern European countries, where apartments in those half-a-century-old estates are privately owned. Both sustainability and ownership issues make the demolition option redundant, and therefore the method for deep thermal retrofit and urban intervention is being developed with the use of BIM simulation tools. Digital twin (DT) technology allows for calibration to intertwine with the Internet of Things applications that reward the inhabitants for sustainable behaviour while feeding the relevant data back to the DT. Thanks to this, smart technology can be used to raise the level of social participation in the projects and thus help educate the end-users, which is paramount in establishing and maintaining good ecological habits, and as such, also for the efficacy and viability of the final endeavour. This article proposes a procedure of creating a 3D model typology repository for facilitating DT technology to provide a good analytical tool for community consultation and enable virtual testing of technical and urban solutions before implementation. It aims to determine the method for virtual technology to give deteriorating estates a new lease of life and improve their perception in the wider community while being a conduit for the adaptation of CEE to the digital revolution. Keywords: 3D model repository; BIM simulation tools; digital twin technology; end-user education; large panel system; modular design; participation projects; smart technology; sustainable refurbishment; thermal upgrade Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:164-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Real vs. Virtual City: Planning Issues in a Discontinuous Urban Area in Budapest’s Inner City File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4446 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4446 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 150-163 Author-Name: Melinda Benkő Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Author-Name: Bence Bene Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Author-Name: Ádám Pirity Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Author-Name: Árpád Szabó Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Design, Faculty of Architecture, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary Author-Name: Tamás Egedy Author-Workplace-Name: Budapest Business School, Faculty of Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism, University of Applied Sciences, Hungary / Geographical Institute of the Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungary Abstract:The 21st century has brought fundamental changes in the development of cities, with the spread of ICT and the rise of digitalization. The new technologies are increasingly making their mark on urban planning and policy as well. The question of how contemporary urban planning is adapting to new challenges is particularly relevant as neighborhoods built in previous centuries and decades by traditional planning methods are now increasingly confronted with new public and environmental demands. Despite the bad reputation of Budapest’s 8th district, Józsefváros, based on the socio-economic and urban problems it has continuously faced in the past, the neighborhood has become one of the most dynamically developing urban areas in the last decade. From a planning point of view, an exciting area of the district is Szigony Street and its wider surroundings due to the strongly fragmented, heterogeneous urban fabric. Nevertheless, the only high-rise mass housing estate built in Budapest’s historic inner city in the 1960s and 1970s is located there. Our research used a complex methodology (document, content and database analysis, fieldwork, surveys with professionals, and interviews) to explore the planning history of the area’s development. Ultimately, the aim was to identify the most important outcomes and consequences of traditional and contemporary planning and design and whether modern digital planning can make a meaningful contribution to the development of the neighborhood. Our results show that urban planning and development in Budapest are still essentially based on traditional top-down approaches. Digitalization has a role to play primarily in visualization and contextualization but digitalizing of planning alone will not solve problems and past planning mistakes that affect the urban fabric of a neighborhood.
Keywords: Budapest; digitalization; ICT; Józsefváros; mass housing; real city; Szigony Street; urban development; urban planning; virtual city Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:150-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Crisis, Urban Fabrics, and the Public Interest: The Israeli Experience File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4370 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4370 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 139-149 Author-Name: Hadas Shadar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, NB Haifa School of Design, Israel / Faculty of Architecture, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Abstract: The relation between urbanization and pandemics is not new. In fact, the “reformative” urban plans of the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought the addition of green patches, reliable running water systems, good sanitation, and sunlight to fend off the common ailments of the industrial city. No wonder then that these urban planning elements are also compatible with the Covid-19 era, as ample green and low-density areas are supposed to ensure or at least support quality of life and good health, even amid the health crisis we face today. This article examines whether additional elements tie together urban fabrics and coping with crises, particularly pandemics. To answer this question, I examine national urban planning in the state of Israel from the mid-20th century onwards. Urban planning in Israel has implemented theories and precedents from Europe and America; however, Israeli planners have also included nationalist-ideological contents in their work, so that the state and its interests have dictated their planning. The article concludes that the state interest of producing a cohesive society has created Israeli urban fabrics with community values and proximity to green areas, which are better suited for individual coping with crises involving the denial of personal freedom, whether due to a pandemic or any other reason. Accordingly, it proposes viewing these elements as suggestive of the need for significant involvement by public representatives in future urban renewal efforts. Keywords: communality; Covid-19; ideological planning; state planning; urban fabrics Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:139-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Digital Urban Regeneration and Its Impact on Urban Renewal Processes and Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4905 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4905 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 135-138 Author-Name: Dalit Shach-Pinsly Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Abstract: Urban renewal is one of the main motivations of city regeneration. Urban renewal strategies mainly relate to demolishing old buildings and redeveloping new buildings instead, improving buildings and deteriorated areas, infilling new buildings within existing urban fabric, integrating new communities into old and rolling-down areas, and so on. In parallel to this situation, the modern world is in the wake of the 4th Industrial Revolution, which is characterized by a merger of physical and digital spaces and is consequently affecting cities and their quality of life. Therefore, urban regeneration must take into consideration these digital innovations and harness the emerging technological changes into new development of urban renewal processes and decision-making approaches. This editorial introduces the topic of digital urban regeneration, by discussing possible methodologies and decision-making approaches and presents the thematic issue on “embedding digital technologies into urban renewal processes and development.” Keywords: digital technologies; environment analysis; new models and tools; urban planning and design; urban regeneration; urban renewal; urban technology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:135-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Closing the Gap Between Urban Planning and Urban Ecology: A South African Perspective File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4456 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4456 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 122-134 Author-Name: Burné van Zyl Author-Workplace-Name: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa Author-Name: E. Juaneé Cilliers Author-Workplace-Name: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa / School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Louis G. Lategan Author-Workplace-Name: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa Author-Name: Sarel S. Cilliers Author-Workplace-Name: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa Abstract: Ecological considerations should be an integral part of the decision-making processes of urban planners. Specifically, ecological aspects used in urban ecology, such as green infrastructure and ecosystem services, are substantiated by literature as strategies for improving quality of life, human health, and well-being. Studies dealing with such concepts in the Global South recently gained interest; however, these lack empirical evidence on the integration thereof in mainstream South African urban planning practice. This article conducts a preliminary investigation into the knowledge of ecological aspects of a sample of South African urban planners and their willingness to implement ecological aspects in urban planning practice. The new environmental paradigm scale is employed to determine the environmental worldview (ecocentric or anthropocentric) among respondent and how this relates to their knowledge of ecological aspects. The initial research sample consisted of a total of 283 questionnaires distributed. Although findings of this article are based on a low response rate (15%) of 42 documented responses, it did not affect the validity of the data collected in this context. The initial findings indicated that the environmental worldview of the sample of planners is only one factor influencing their perspective on incorporating ecological considerations. Low to moderate knowledge and awareness regarding ecological aspects such as ecosystem services, green infrastructure, and multi-functionality are argued to be main factors preventing integration in urban planning practice. Findings emphasize the need for context-based implementation strategies and broad recommendations are made for the planning profession as a point of departure to introduce or ingrain ecological considerations. Keywords: ecosystem services; green infrastructure planning; multi-functionality; South Africa; urban ecology; urban planners; urban planning practice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:122-134 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Community of Practice Approach to Planning Water Sensitive Cities in South Africa File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4575 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4575 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 110-121 Author-Name: Kirsty Carden Author-Workplace-Name: Future Water Research Institute, University of Cape Town, South Africa Author-Name: Jessica Fell Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, South Africa Abstract: As South African cities urbanise alongside climate change, resource constraints, and socio-economic challenges, water sensitive (urban) design (WSD) is slowly gaining traction as a framework to address water security goals and entrench resilience. This article reflects on the progression of WSD in South Africa and discusses the broadening of its initial association with stormwater and physical infrastructure to include critical governance and institutional arrangements and social engagements at the core of a water sensitive transition. The approach is being adapted for the socio-economic challenges particular to South Africa, including basic urban water and sanitation service provision, WSD related skills shortages, a lack of spatial planning support for WSD, and the need for enabling policy. Since 2014, a national WSD Community of Practice (CoP) has been a key driver in entrenching and advancing this approach and ensuring that the necessary stakeholders are involved and sufficiently skilled. The WSD CoP is aimed at promoting an integrative approach to planning water sensitive cities, bridging the gaps between theory and practice and blending the social and physical sciences and silo divisions within local municipalities. Three South African examples are presented to illustrate the role of a CoP approach with social learning aspects that support WSD : (1) the “Pathways to water resilient South African cities” interdisciplinary project which shows the institutional (policy) foundation for the integration of WSD into city water planning and management processes; (2) the Sustainable Drainage Systems training programme in the province of Gauteng which demonstrates a skills audit and training initiative as part of an intergovernmental skills development programme with academic partners; and (3) a working group that is being established between the Institute for Landscape Architecture in South Africa and the South African Institution of Civil Engineering which illustrates the challenges and efforts of key professions working together to build WSD capacity. Keywords: community of practice; South Africa; urban water resilience; water sensitive cities; water sensitive design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:110-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping Green Dublin: Co-Creating a Greener Future With Local Communities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4533 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4533 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 96-109 Author-Name: Alma Clavin Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, University College Dublin, Ireland Author-Name: Niamh Moore-Cherry Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, University College Dublin, Ireland Author-Name: Gerald Mills Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, University College Dublin, Ireland Abstract: Mapping Green Dublin is a transdisciplinary, collaborative action research project led by University College Dublin’s School of Geography in collaboration with arts organisation Common Ground, artist Seoidín O’Sullivan, and event facilitators Connect the Dots. It took place in an inner-city neighbourhood of Dublin 8 between 2019 and 2020 and was funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency. This article outlines the methodological approach taken to develop a community-led greening strategy that is both inclusive and planning-policy relevant. The first phase of the project involved scientifically mapping the span and territories of trees and greenspace across Dublin 8, identifying their location and quality, greenspace deficits, and future needs. Phase two included a series of curated events from March to August 2020 to map out a proposed process for co-creating urban greening solutions focusing more on local identity and the possibilities for future creation. The scientific data was presented to communities in a way that opened up a creative and supportive space for dialogue on the wider role of trees and greening in enhancing urban resilience. Such a co-created greening plan ensures that interventions respond to neighbourhood needs, have high social and cultural value within the community, and maximise opportunities for community wellbeing. The final phase of the project identified specific areas for focused greening interventions. An important output from this action research project is a co-creation process to enable communities, local authorities, and policymakers to engage with and develop a new governance arrangement for more inclusive and appropriate urban greening strategies. Keywords: co-creation; Dublin 8; green infrastructure; Mapping Green Dublin; urban governance; urban greenspace Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:96-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Classification of Landscape Physiognomies in Rural Poland: The Case of the Municipality of Cekcyn File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4375 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4375 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 80-95 Author-Name: Anna Górka Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Kazimierz Niecikowski Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland Abstract:This article presents a methodology and the results of the classification of the rural landscapes physiognomies conducted on the study area located in the municipality of Cekcyn, Poland. The study aimed to develop a landscape identification method that would combine natural, cultural, and visual criteria with which to implement the provisions of the European Landscape Convention. The realization of the European Landscape Convention in Poland is incomplete due to the lack of practical application of landscape assessment in land management and spatial planning at the commune level. The research was intended at helping to fill this void. The study develops a method using which it will be possible to protect the diversity and beauty of Europe’s rural landscapes more effectively. The goal has so far been of little scientific interest in Poland. The physiognomy of the studied area was analyzed with the use of commonly available spatial data and by means of field studies. Physical-geographical units and cultural characteristics have been designated based on spatial databases. Landscape patterns were identified by analyzing visual fields with the use of both GIS applications and field studies. This practice made it possible to determine physiognomic units of the landscape which are internally coherent and relatively homogeneous in terms of physical-geographical, cultural, and visual features. Identifying the landscape physiognomy within the designated landscape physiognomic units serves to harmonize spatial alterations in the area of rural communes in processes of land management and planning.
Keywords: land management; landscape assessment; landscape physiognomy; Poland; rural areas Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:80-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Close-To-Nature Heuristic Design Principles for Future Urban Green Infrastructure File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4451 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4451 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 67-79 Author-Name: Saruhan Mosler Author-Workplace-Name: School for Sustainable Environments & Design, Writtle University College, UK Author-Name: Peter Hobson Author-Workplace-Name: School for Sustainable Environments & Design, Writtle University College, UK Abstract: The global nature-climate crisis along with a fundamental shift in world population towards cities and towns has sharpened the focus on the role of urban green infrastructure. Green infrastructure has the potential to deliver cost-effective, nature-based solutions to help mitigate problems of climate change as well as provide improved human well-being through the ecosystem services inherent in landscapes rich in biodiversity. The absence of under-pinning science, specifically complex systems science and ecosystem theory in the design and planning of urban green infrastructure, has limited the capacity of these landscapes to deliver ecosystem services and to effectively demonstrate natural resilience to the impacts of climate change. To meet future challenges of environmental uncertainty and social change, the design of urban green space should embrace an adaptive ecosystem-based approach that includes fully integrated participatory planning and implementation strategies founded on principles of close to nature science. Our article offers two models to inform green space planning: urban green space framework and sustainable urban community network. Both concepts provide the foundation for six ecosystem-based design principles. In a case study on Essex green infrastructure, UK, recommendations made by the Essex Climate Action Commission to transform land management practices are presented as examples of adopting principles of the ecosystem approach and nature-based science. Our article concludes by emphasising the importance of reconnecting society with nature in cities through close-to-nature design of urban green space to secure essential ecosystem services and to build resilience to the impacts of climate change. Keywords: ecosystem-based approach; Essex Climate Action Plan; nature-based solutions; sustainable urban community network; urban green infrastructure; urban green space framework Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:67-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Economic Assessment of South African Urban Green Spaces Using the Proximity Principle: Municipal Valuation vs. Market Value File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4407 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4407 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 54-66 Author-Name: Louis Lategan Author-Workplace-Name: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa Author-Name: Juaneé Cilliers Author-Workplace-Name: School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Zinea Huston Author-Workplace-Name: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa Author-Name: Nadia Blaauw Author-Workplace-Name: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa Author-Name: Sarel Cilliers Author-Workplace-Name: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, South Africa Abstract:Urban green spaces (UGSs) deliver ecosystem services and potential economic benefits like increases in proximate residential property prices. The proximity principle (PP) premises that property prices increase as distance to UGS decreases. The PP has generally been confirmed by studies using municipal valuations and market values internationally. Conversely, South African studies have mostly employed municipal valuations and results have rejected the PP. There is an accepted interrelationship, but also often discrepancies, between municipal valuations and market values, presenting scope for this article to explore whether negative results are confirmed when market values replace municipal valuations in PP studies in the South African context. Accordingly, a statistical analysis of market values is completed in the Potchefstroom case study, where five test sites are replicated from studies that employed municipal valuations for longitudinal comparison. Results verify generally higher market values than municipal valuations and confirm the PP in two, but reject the PP in three, of five test sites. Previous studies employing municipal valuations in the case study confirmed the PP in one instance, thus presenting certain, but limited, inconsistencies between findings based on municipal valuation vs. market value. Results suggest that the market’s willingness to pay for UGS proximity is sensitive to the ecosystem services and disservices rendered by specific UGS, but not significantly more than reflected in municipal valuations. Overall, findings underscore the need to protect and curate features that encourage willingness to pay for UGS proximity to increase municipal valuations and property taxes to help finance urban greening.
Keywords: green infrastructure; market value; municipal valuation; proximity principle; South Africa; urban green space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:54-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Context-Specific, User-Centred: Designing Urban Green Infrastructure to Effectively Mitigate Urban Density and Heat Stress File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4393 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4393 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 40-53 Author-Name: Julia Mittermüller Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Germany Author-Name: Sabrina Erlwein Author-Workplace-Name: Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Amelie Bauer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Germany Author-Name: Tatjana Trokai Author-Workplace-Name: Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Sophie Duschinger Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, Germany Author-Name: Michael Schönemann Author-Workplace-Name: bifa Environmental Institute, Germany Abstract:Green infrastructure plays a vital role for cities facing the challenges of urbanisation and climate change. It has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of urban density and the heat island effect, enhancing the ecological and social resilience of cities and their inhabitants. This study identifies contextual, psychological, and social factors which influence people’s subjective evaluation of urban green infrastructure (UGI), density, and heat stress. Planning recommendations for effective, context-specific, user-centred design are developed to increase the social and health benefits of UGI in limited space. To do so, a mixed-methods approach that combines social surveys, GIS-analysis, and microclimate modelling was employed. The field studies were undertaken in two contrasting neighbourhoods in Munich, Germany: a densely built and scarcely vegetated inner-city neighbourhood and a declaimed “green and compact” neighbourhood at the outskirts. Both sites are assessed in terms of their supply of green infrastructure, building and population density, and outdoor summer heat loads drawing on geostatistical data and mean radiant temperature modelling. This assessment is compared to the inhabitants’ subjective evaluation thereof retrieved from face-to-face questionnaires, and semi-standardised interviews. The results indicate that the existence and the amount of UGI per se are not decisive for people’s perception of urban heat, density, and neighbourhood attractiveness. It is rather the perceived accessibility of green spaces, their design, quality, and contextual factors like traffic or the presence of other people that define its value for urban dwellers.
Keywords: crowding; mental maps; neighbourhood quality; outdoor thermal comfort; psychological evaluation; UGI; urban density; urban stress; urban vegetation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:40-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bioconnections as Enablers of Regenerative Circularity for the Built Environment File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4373 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4373 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 25-39 Author-Name: Henrique Sala Benites Author-Workplace-Name: School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia Author-Name: Paul Osmond Author-Workplace-Name: School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia Abstract:Learning from nature may be the most important step towards improving cities in the context of environmental and climate issues. However, many of the current approaches to make cities greener or more sustainable are still linear and insufficient to deal with these growing challenges. In this scenario, the adoption of regenerative and circular lenses for the built environment may foster a more holistic development based on what is good rather than what is less bad. In this article, we propose that bioconnectivity or bioconnections—a nature-focused approach based on biophilic design, biomimetics, and ecosystem services—may be an important enabler for the regeneration of the ecological and social boundaries of the planetary boundaries and doughnut economics models. We examine the literature to identify in what ways bioconnections could facilitate circular and regenerative processes for the local scale of the built environment domain. We complement the discussion with some real-world examples from selected urban communities or interventions in existing urban areas around the globe that claim a green approach. In the end, we propose a framework of relevant bioconnections for the built environment that could facilitate addressing ecological and social boundaries at the local urban scale and facilitate processes of regenerative transitions towards thriving communities.
Keywords: circular economy; circularity; nature-based solutions; regenerative design and development; urban bioeconomy; urban green infrastructure; urban sustainability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:25-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Role of Vegetation in Climate Adaptability: Case Studies of Lodz and Warsaw File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3931 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.3931 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 9-24 Author-Name: Małgorzata Hanzl Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Anna Tofiluk Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Kinga Zinowiec-Cieplik Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Magdalena Grochulska-Salak Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Anna Nowak Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Abstract:The threats that arise from climate change and their associated economic, social, and environmental impacts are leading to the transformation of the spatial structures of cities. The growing demand for climate adaptability calls for the development of normative criteria for the design of forms of urban settings that integrate vegetation. Climate-responsive urban design reacts to the challenges of urban physics, which depend heavily on the forms of urban structures and the role of greenery. This method includes research on vegetation indexes and their impact on urban regulatory functions. The goal is to propose a comprehensive framework for assessing the functioning of urban public space, which considers the role and maintenance of green infrastructure. The intersection with the subject matter of analytical urban morphology is evident, in terms of the resolution of the urban fabric and its transformations over time. The framework of climate-responsive urban design also covers examining the parameters of surrounding built structures, such as the floor area ratio, the building coverage ratio, and building heights. In particular, the requirements of climate adaptation have an impact on the design of outdoor spaces in cities. In this article, we apply the selected methods that contribute to the climate-responsive urban design model to recommend the transformations of two urban nodes, in Lodz and Warsaw (Poland). Our goal is to indicate the future form of nodal public spaces with a focus on the needs of urban greenery, and to determine indicators for the local climate zone. After an initial literature review, we discuss a number of available indicators from the perspective of how they might contribute to determine the environmental conditions. We focus on urban water cycle, the requirement of trees for water, and insolation conditions.
Keywords: climate adaptability; ecosystem services; green infrastructure; Lodz; urban design; urban vegetation; Warsaw Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:9-24 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Urban Façade to Green Foundation: Re-Imagining the Garden City to Manage Climate Risks File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4360 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i4.4360 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 4 Pages: 4-8 Author-Name: Rob Swart Author-Workplace-Name: Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Author-Name: Wim Timmermans Author-Workplace-Name: Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Author-Name: Jos Jonkhof Author-Workplace-Name: Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Author-Name: Hasse Goosen Author-Workplace-Name: Climate Adaptation Services, The Netherlands Abstract:Climate risk management evolves rapidly from one additional challenge for urban planning into a radical driver of urban development. In addition to fundamental changes in urban planning to increase long-term resilience, the creation of new opportunities for sustainable transformation is imperative. While urban planners increasingly add climate risks to their menu, implementation of effective action is lagging. To reduce urban infrastructure’s vulnerability to heat and flooding, cities often rely on short-term incremental adjustments rather than considering longer-term transformative solutions. The transdisciplinary co-development of inspiring urban visions with local stakeholders over timescales of decades or more, can provide an appealing prospect of the city we desire—a city that is attractive to live and work in, and simultaneously resilient to climate hazards. Taking an historic perspective, we argue that re-imagining historical urban planning concepts, such as the late 19th-century garden city until early 21st century urban greening through nature-based solutions, is a pertinent example of how climate risk management can be combined with a wide-range of socio-economic and environmental goals. Climate knowledge has expanded rapidly over the last decades. However, climate experts mainly focus on the refinement of and access to observations and model results, rather than on translating their knowledge effectively to meet today’s urban planning needs. In this commentary we discuss how the two associated areas (urban planning and climate expertise) should be more fully integrated to address today’s long-term challenges effectively.
There is an expanding understanding of the value and critical need for green(er) cities. It comes at a time when green spaces are depleting on a global scale, in order for cities to host the majority of the world’s population. The contest between diverse land-uses is inflating the pressure on already strained resources, intensifying the growing carbon footprint and impairing water quality, and compromising health and overall quality of life. Soon our cities will be far removed from the safe, clean, and liveable environments, as envisioned in planning theory, if we continue with business-as-usual. There is an increasing scientific appreciation of the interrelated role of green land-uses, the value of our environment and its related ecosystem services, which acts as catalyst to realise the objectives of broader sustainability. Although literature is clear on the importance, role, benefits, and impact of green(er) cities, the realisation of the greening initiatives in practice is still limited, and more should be done to embed green(er) thinking as part of mainstream urban planning. Urban spatial transformation is needed to reclaim nature for cities and to enhance the direct and indirect benefits that nature provides to contemporary societies. This thematic issue considered various trans-disciplinary approaches to provide a way forward in the quest of prioritising the notion of green(er) cities, while drawing on a range of evidence-led initiatives.
Keywords: contemporary societies; future cities; green benefits; sustainability; urban spaces Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:4:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Industrial Infrastructure: Translocal Planning for Global Production in Ethiopia and Argentina File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4211 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4211 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 444-463 Author-Name: Elke Beyer Author-Workplace-Name: Habitat Unit, Institute of Architecture, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Lucas-Andrés Elsner Author-Workplace-Name: Habitat Unit, Institute of Architecture, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Anke Hagemann Author-Workplace-Name: Habitat Unit, Institute of Architecture, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Philipp Misselwitz Author-Workplace-Name: Habitat Unit, Institute of Architecture, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Abstract: Current development and re-development of industrial areas cannot be adequately understood without taking into account the organisational structures and logistics of commodity production on a planetary scale. Global production networks contribute not only to the reconfiguration of urban spatial and economic structures in many places, but they also give rise to novel transnational actor constellations, thus reconfiguring planning processes. This article explores such constellations and their urban outcomes by investigating two current cases of industrial development linked with multilateral transport-infrastructure provisioning in Ethiopia and Argentina. In both cases, international partners are involved, in particular with stakeholders based in China playing significant roles. In Mekelle, Ethiopia, we focus on the establishment of a commodity hub through the implementation of new industry parks for global garment production and road and rail connections to international seaports. In the Rosario metropolitan area in Argentina, major cargo rail and port facilities are under development to expand the country’s most important ports for soybean export. By mapping the physical architectures of the industrial and infrastructure complexes and their urban contexts and tracing the translocal actor constellations involved in infrastructure provisioning and operation, we analyse the spatial impacts of the projects as well as the related implications for planning governance. The article contributes to emergent scholarship and theorisations of urban infrastructure and global production networks, as well as policy mobility and the transnational constitution of planning knowledge and practices. Keywords: Argentina; China; Ethiopia; global production networks; infrastructure-led development; transnational urban spaces Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:444-463 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Behavioural Aspects of Office Space Structures in the City: The Case of Warsaw’s Business Districts File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4259 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4259 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 431-443 Author-Name: Dorota Celińska-Janowicz Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for European Regional and Local Studies (EUROREG), University of Warsaw, Poland Author-Name: Maciej Smętkowski Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for European Regional and Local Studies (EUROREG), University of Warsaw, Poland Author-Name: Katarzyna Wojnar Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for European Regional and Local Studies (EUROREG), University of Warsaw, Poland Abstract: Agglomeration and urbanisation externalities accelerate the concentration of commercial activities in the urban space and the creation of business districts. As a result, besides the usual central business district (CBD), large cities also have more recent, peripheral, and specialised secondary business districts (SBDs). There is little substantial research on the formation of SBDs in rapidly globalising, semi-peripheral locations, especially in post-socialist metropolises of Central and Eastern Europe. This includes Warsaw, Poland, which is being transformed into an emerging global metropolis. The article aims to determine the differences between the CBD and the SBD in Warsaw in terms of their attractiveness to companies and employees and the spatial behaviours of employees, especially in terms of transport and shopping. The research hypotheses indicate the differences between the two districts in terms of the type of agglomeration economies, transport accessibility, and components of the competitive advantage, as well as the characteristics of companies in those districts. The data are from a survey conducted in 2017–2018 among companies and their employees in both business districts, and they are analysed using basic statistical techniques and discriminatory analysis. The results confirmed there are significant differences between the two Warsaw business areas, mainly in terms of their transport accessibility and urbanisation externalities. In terms of transport, there is a greater role for public transport and rail in the CBD and for motorway and airport proximity in the SBD. Urbanisation externalities are significantly diminished by the traffic congestion in the SBD. The study also revealed that the development of commercial areas in Warsaw—a post-socialist city with a neoliberal model of spatial planning—follows only in some aspects the spatial patterns of business areas in other Western European metropolises. Keywords: central business district; location factor; secondary business district; spatial behaviour; Warsaw Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:431-443 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Berlin’s Manifold Strategies Towards Commercial and Industrial Spaces: The Different Cases of Zukunftsorte File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4239 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4239 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 415-430 Author-Name: Lech Suwala Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Technical University of Berlin, Germany / Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Robert Kitzmann Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Elmar Kulke Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Abstract: Despite being the third largest industrial agglomeration in the world before World War II, Berlin was faced with an economic void after the partition and reunification of the city with many abandoned and alienated commercial and industrial spaces in a compact urban fabric. What has happened with this commercial and industrial heritage over the last 30 years? The main rationale behind this article is to show how Berlin planned and developed some of these spaces through the Zukunftsorte strategy by preserving its historical sites and modernizing its commercial and industrial base. As part of this undertaking, the article combines insights from urban planning and regional innovation studies. Methodologically, a two-step approach is applied: First, the article conducts an analysis of fundamental planning frameworks and technology/innovation policy trajectories with regard to commercial and industrial spaces; second, a multiple-case study analysis of selected Zukunftsorte (Adlershof, Marzahn, Schöneberg, Siemensstadt) is carried out to test whether and to what extent those spaces are supported by planning frameworks and exhibit components of what we coined territorial ecosystem models. The data compiled stems from 15 years of work engaging in various planning and policy steering committees, individual or joint research projects, personal interviews with relevant stakeholders, and regular field observations. The findings suggest that Berlin’s strategies towards commercial and industrial spaces need to integrate highly contextual approaches since size, progress, operation, means, and timelines of Zukunftsorte vary substantially. Whereas Adlershof is a well-functioning network of business, academia, planners, and policymakers with preliminary attempts to embed those stakeholders in residential neighborhoods and the European Energy Forum in Schöneberg—which can be described as a miniature living lab of Adlershof—the other investigated Zukunftsorte do not yet deserve to carry this name. Keywords: Berlin; commercial and industrial planning; technology and innovation policies; territorial ecosystem models; territorial innovation models; Zukunftsorte strategy Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:415-430 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The New Distribution: Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Large Distribution Warehouse Premises in England and Wales File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4222 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4222 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 399-414 Author-Name: Paul Greenhalgh Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Helen M. King Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Kevin Muldoon-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Josephine Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, UK Abstract: This research addresses the deficit of empirical investigation of changes in industrial and warehouse property markets in the UK. It uses business rates (rating list) data for England and Wales to reveal changes in the quantum and distribution of premises over the last decade. Spatio-temporal analysis using geographical information systems identifies where new industrial and warehouse premises have been developed and examines spatial changes in the distribution of premises between the two sectors. The research focuses on the development of new large distribution warehouses (LDWs) to investigate whether there is a new pattern of warehouse premises located in close proximity to junctions on the national highway network. Findings confirm the emergence of a dynamic distribution warehouse property market where “super sheds” have been developed in areas with high levels of multi-modal connectivity. The comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of all industrial and warehouse premises in England and Wales reconfigures the previously recognised Midlands “Golden Triangle” of distribution warehouses to a “Golden Pointer” and reveals the emergence of a rival “Northern Dumbbell” of distribution warehouse premises in the North of England. Further analysis using isochrones confirms that 85% of the population of Great Britain is situated within four hours average heavy goods vehicle drive time of these two concentrations of super sheds and over 60% of all LDWs floorspace is within 30 minutes’ drive of intermodal rail freight interchanges. Keywords: distribution warehouses; drive time; England; GIS; industrial; logistics; motorways; multi-modal; spatio-temporal; Wales Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:399-414 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Surpassing the Line: Urban-Oriented Strategies in the Development of Business Complexes in Poland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4258 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4258 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 382-398 Author-Name: Piotr Lorens Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Joanna Bach-Głowińska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Michał Habier Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Paweł Rzepecki Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: Development trends regarding the business-related urban complexes seem to evolve from the “big-box” towards the more “multi-use” types of structures. Within it, the special role is reserved for places, which—due to economic, political, and geographical reasons—have not been previously considered as major business hubs. Only recently, places like cities in Central and Eastern Europe have become attractive locations for business complexes. These could offer centrally located and attractive locations for new structures, which resulted in the development of the new type of commercial centers—in the form of multi-use districts, walkable, and complemented by other uses. Therefore, to some extent, these cities “surpassed the development line” of the commercial and business complexes, and have become home to something much more advanced. Within the article, the cases from Poland, including Gdańsk, Warsaw, Cracow, and Wroclaw, are discussed. Not only is the urban arrangement of selected complexes presented, but the planning and socio-economic, legal, and infrastructural aspects of these developments are also discussed. Keywords: business centers; Cracow; Gdańsk; multi-use projects; Warsaw; Wroclaw Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:382-398 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: City and Industry: How to Cross Borders? Learning From Innovative Company Site Transformations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4240 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4240 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 368-381 Author-Name: Britta Hüttenhain Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Urban Planning and Design, University of Stuttgart, Germany Author-Name: Anna Ilonka Kübler Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Urban Planning and Design, University of Stuttgart, Germany Abstract: While working and living coexisted in the historical city, the functions are separated in the Modernist city. Recently, the idea of connected urban districts with short distances and attractive work spaces have received renewed attention from companies and planners alike, as soft site factors, tacit knowledge, and local production are gaining importance. In this article we focus on the development of multi-national company sites and the economic and spatial conditions that encourage them to transform existing sites, improve placemaking, and cross borders. We also have a look at their interactive influence on the neighbourhood. We talked to the real estate managers of BASF, BMW, Bosch, Siemens, and Trumpf about site development strategies and approaches for connecting and mixing functions, and therefore crossing borders and, where it is necessary, separating. The professional discourse on “productive cities” and “urban manufacturing” is concerned with reintegrating production into the city. Reurbanisation is especially instrumental in overcoming a major guiding principle or dogma of the Modernist city: the separation of functions. Nevertheless, reurbanisation results in price rises and increases the competition for land. Therefore, planning has to pay attention to industrial areas, as well as housing or the inner-city. An important thesis of the article is that multi-national companies are pioneers in transforming their priority sites to suit future development. For cities, it is an upcoming communal task to ensure that all existing industrial areas develop into “just, green and productive cities,” as pointed out in the New Leipzig Charter. To a certain extent, it is possible to adapt the urban planning and design strategies of multi-national companies for existing industrial areas. This is especially true regarding the question of how borders and transition zones between industrial areas of companies and the surrounding neighbourhood can be designed to be spatially and functionally sustainable or how they can be transformed to suit future urban needs. However, urban planning has to balance many concerns and therefore the article concludes with a synopsis of the importance of strategic planning for transforming existing industrial areas. Keywords: company sites; economic development; global players; industrial areas; just city; productive city; strategic planning; transition zones; urban planning and design; urban resilience Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:368-381 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning Urban Manufacturing, Industrial Building Typologies, and Built Environments: Lessons From Inner London File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4357 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4357 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 350-367 Author-Name: Jessica Ferm Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK Author-Name: Dimitrios Panayotopoulos-Tsiros Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK Author-Name: Sam Griffiths Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, UK Abstract: Despite concerns about the loss of industry, industrial land, and buildings in high-value post-industrial cities, there is concurrently a renewed enthusiasm around the potential of “new” urban manufacturing and its contribution to the socio-economic diversity of cities. Yet, little is known about how planning policy can best support the retention and growth of urban manufacturing. To advance this agenda, this article proposes that we need a better understanding of industrial building typologies and resultant urban form. Using concepts developed by Julienne Hanson to analyse residential morphologies undergoing transformation under modernism, we apply these concepts to investigate the industrial, mixed-use contexts in two areas of London with concentrations of urban manufacturing—Hackney Mare Street and Old Kent Road. The research presented examines how both areas have evolved historically to produce distinctive urban tissues and a range of industrial building typologies. The article reveals that, despite territorial similarities in the late 19th century, the mixed land uses and smaller plot sizes of Hackney Mare Street have allowed for a more resilient development pattern, whereas the greater separation of land uses, large plot sizes, and inward-facing development in the Old Kent Road has facilitated its reimagination for large-scale regeneration. We conclude that greater attention needs to be paid to the relationship between urban manufacturing and built urban form if policies that aim to protect or support the revival of manufacturing in cities are to avoid negative unintended consequences. Keywords: built environment; industry; London; manufacturing; morphology; planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:350-367 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Variable Arrangements Between Residential and Productive Activities: Conceiving Mixed-Use for Urban Development in Brussels File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4274 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4274 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 334-349 Author-Name: Michael Ryckewaert Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Author-Name: Jan Zaman Author-Workplace-Name: Flemish Planning Bureau for the Environment and Spatial Development, Department of Environment and Spatial Development, Flemish Government, Belgium Author-Name: Sarah De Boeck Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium / perspective.brussels, Belgium Abstract: Mixing productive economic activities with housing is a hot topic in academic and policy discourses on the redevelopment of large cities today. Mixed-use is proposed to reduce adverse effects of modernist planning such as single-use zoning, traffic congestion, and loss of quality in public space. Moreover, productive city discourses plead for the re-integration of industry and manufacturing in the urban tissue. Often, historical examples of successful mixed-use in urban areas serve as a guiding image, with vertical symbiosis appearing as the holy grail of the live-work mix-discourse. This article examines three recent live-work mix projects developed by a public real estate agency in Brussels. We investigate how different spatial layouts shape the links between productive, residential, and other land uses and how potential conflicts between residents and economic actors are mediated. We develop a theoretical framework based on earlier conceptualisations of mixed-use development to analyse the spatial and functional relationships within the projects. We situate them within the housing and productive city policies in Brussels. From this analysis, we conclude that mixed-use should be understood by considering spatial and functional relationships at various scales and by studying the actual spatial layout of shared spaces, logistics and nuisance mitigation. Mixed-use is highly contextual, depending on the characteristics of the area as well as policy goals. The vertical symbiosis between different land uses is but one example of valid mixed-use strategies along with good neighbourship, overlap, and tolerance. As such, future commercial and industrial areas will occur in various degrees of mixity in our cities. Keywords: Brussels; housing; mixed-use; productive activities; urban development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:334-349 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Post-Fordist Production and Urban Industrial Land Use Patterns File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4272 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4272 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 321-333 Author-Name: Frank Roost Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning, University of Kassel, Germany Author-Name: Elisabeth Jeckel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning, University of Kassel, Germany Abstract: Economic restructuring of the 21st century is changing the production methods and location requirements of most industries. Mass production on the outskirts of cities, as was common in 20th century Fordism, is largely being replaced by an economic model characterised by a multitude of networked small and medium-sized production sites as well as logistics facilities. In this article, we want to examine if this also creates the opportunity to combine some of the smaller industrial areas with the city as a whole and to initiate a transformation of these areas in favour of redensification and mixed use. Examining the case of Kassel, Germany, we take a closer look at the transformation processes from Fordism to post-Fordism and the possibilities for a smarter land use. In this largely industrially shaped region, younger companies such as the solar panel producer SMA are using new approaches in terms of urban planning and land use by building their low emission-factories on greyfields in an urban environment rather than on suburban greenfields. In our article, we survey selected industrial areas in Kassel and discuss their recent change as part of a broader development from Fordism to post-Fordism. Firstly, the study contains a theoretical discussion of commercial and industrial land-use patterns in both socio-economic models. Subsequently, an on-site analysis is carried out to determine the extent to which both economic models have influenced the use and shape of industrial areas in Kassel. Based on this analysis, we finally show criteria for how urban planning can help to ensure that this change is combined with an improvement in the spatial and design quality of the industrial areas and is meaningfully integrated into the sustainable development of the city region. Keywords: economic structural change; industrial area; knowledge economy; post-Fordism; productive city; urban manufacturing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:321-333 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparing Climate Impact Assessments for Rural Adaptation Planning in Germany and the Netherlands File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4269 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4269 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 306-320 Author-Name: Juliane Wright Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Author-Name: Johannes Flacke Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, The Netherlands Author-Name: Jörg Peter Schmitt Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Author-Name: Jürgen Schultze Author-Workplace-Name: Social Research Center, TU Dortmund University, Germany Author-Name: Stefan Greiving Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Abstract: The consensus nowadays is that there is a need to adapt to increasingly occurring climate impacts by means of adaptation plans. However, only a minority of European cities has an approved climate adaptation plan by now. To support stakeholder dialogue and decision-making processes in climate adaptation planning, a detailed spatial information and evidence base in terms of a climate impact assessment is needed. This article aims to compare the climate impact assessment done in the context of two regional climate change adaptation planning processes in a Dutch and a German region. To do so, a comparison of guidelines and handbooks, methodological approaches, available data, and resulting maps and products is conducted. Similarities and differences between the two approaches with a particular focus on the input and output of such analysis are identified and both processes are assessed using a set of previously defined quality criteria. Both studies apply a similar conceptualisation of climate impacts and focus strongly on issues concerning their visualisation and communication. At the same time, the methods of how climate impacts are calculated and mapped are quite different. The discussion and conclusion section highlights the need to systematically consider climatic and socio-economic changes when carrying out a climate impact assessment, to focus on a strong visualisation of results for different stakeholder groups, and to link the results to planning processes and especially funding opportunities. Keywords: adaptation; climate change; Germany; impact assessment; stress test; the Netherlands Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:306-320 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Landscape as a Potential Key Concept in Urban Environmental Planning: The Case of Poland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4044 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4044 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 295-305 Author-Name: Aleksandra Sas-Bojarska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: Rapid urban development increases the consumption of materials, energy, and water, resulting in an overproduction of waste and emissions. These cause many environmental threats, such as ozone layer depletion and rain acidification, leading to climate change. Therefore, the question arises on how to improve the effectiveness of tools that strengthen environmental protection. This discursive article presents an approach stressing the role of landscape in environmental protection in Poland. It indicates that landscape protection is an ecological, not just an aesthetic activity, as it is often considered in Poland. The landscape reflects all changes occurring in individual elements of the environment resulting from urban development. Through landscape transformations, one can track the growth and accumulation of adverse effects in the chain of environmental changes. Knowledge regarding the dynamics and scope of these transformations can improve ecological design and technologies. Therefore, the landscape condition should be treated as an indicator of sustainable development. If so, one could hypothesise that effective landscape protection contributes to minimising environmental and climate changes. The relationships between the landscape and environmental/climate threats discussed in this article prompt combining some tools related to these threats, which may ensure both effective landscape protection and sustainable development, leading to reduced climate change. The possibilities and benefits of integrating these tools are presented here as well. General considerations are supplemented with references to the situation in Poland to support the need for implementing a more policy-oriented and interdisciplinary approach to landscape protection. Keywords: climate change; combining tools; environmental impacts; landscape protection; Poland; urban development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:295-305 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Less is More? Evaluating Technical Aspects and User Experiences of Smart Flood Risk Assessment Tools File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4257 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4257 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 283-294 Author-Name: Patrick A. Witte Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Karin A. W. Snel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Stan C. M. Geertman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Abstract:In light of several recent large-scale flooding events worldwide, the urgency of involving residents in the flood risk management debate is growing. However, this has so far proven to be problematic, mainly because of lacking or ineffective communication between stakeholders. One way to better involve residents in the flood risk management debate is by developing smart applications, dedicated to facilitate and increase the insights of residents into the flood risk and vulnerability of their private properties. However, what is lacking thus far is a systematic evaluation of the technical aspects and the user experiences of such tools. The goal of this article is to explore and evaluate the technical, analytical, and communicative qualities of smart flood risk assessment tools. To this end, a new smart application named FLOODLABEL is used, aiming to inform residents of flood-prone areas about potential flood risks and associated protection measures of their dwellings. Based on this, the article concludes that a smart application like FLOODLABEL can be beneficial for informing residents about flood risks and potential protection measures. However, it also shows that a one-size-fits-all approach is not suitable for informing residents on flood risks, inter alia because how residents perceive risks is not homogeneous. This research is therefore just the first step towards a more systematic evaluation method of smart applications.
Keywords: flood risk governance; planning support; pluralism; risk communication; task-technology fit; user-technology fit Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:283-294 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Flood-Resilient Communities: How We Can Encourage Adaptive Behaviour Through Smart Tools in Public–Private Interaction File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4246 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4246 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 272-282 Author-Name: Peter R. Davids Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Mobility and Spatial Planning, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Thomas Thaler Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria Abstract: To achieve a more flood-resilient society, it is essential to involve citizens. Therefore, new instruments, such as tailor-made advice for homeowners, are being developed to inform homeowners about adaptive strategies in building to motivate them to implement these measures. This article evaluates if public–private interactions, such as tailored advice, change risk behaviour and therefore increase flood resilience among homeowners. The article conducted semi-structured interviews with homeowners who had received advice as well as involved experts in two case study regions in Europe: Flanders in Belgium and Vorarlberg in Austria. The results show how the tailored advice helps homeowners who are already aware of flood risks and provides them with answers on how to adapt a house. However, the tool seems to lack the ability to inform and “recruit” new groups of homeowners who are not as familiar with flood risks. As such, this article concludes that this initiative has a relatively low impact in raising flood risk awareness among homeowners but may be more successful in serving as a tool that suggests tailored property-level flood risk adaptation measures for those who are already aware. Alternatively, more automated tailored information systems might be more efficient for unaware homeowners. Keywords: Austria; Belgium; flood risk management; homeowners; property level flood risk adaptation (PLFRA); risk governance; tailored risk communication Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:272-282 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping Flood Risk Uncertainty Zones in Support of Urban Resilience Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4073 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4073 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 258-271 Author-Name: Sven Anders Brandt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, University of Gävle, Sweden Author-Name: Nancy Joy Lim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences, University of Gävle, Sweden Author-Name: Johan Colding Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Sweden / The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden Author-Name: Stephan Barthel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Sweden / Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden Abstract:River flooding and urbanization are processes of different character that take place worldwide. As the latter tends to make the consequences of the former worse, together with the uncertainties related to future climate change and flood-risk modeling, there is a need to both use existing tools and develop new ones that help the management and planning of urban environments. In this article a prototype tool, based on estimated maximum land cover roughness variation, the slope of the ground, and the quality of the used digital elevation models, and that can produce flood ‘uncertainty zones’ of varying width around modeled flood boundaries, is presented. The concept of uncertainty, which urban planners often fail to consider in the spatial planning process, changes from something very difficult into an advantage in this way. Not only may these uncertainties be easier to understand by the urban planners, but the uncertainties may also function as a communication tool between the planners and other stakeholders. Because flood risk is something that urban planners always need to consider, these uncertainty zones can function both as buffer areas against floods, and as blue-green designs of significant importance for a variety of ecosystem services. As the Earth is warming and the world is urbanizing at rates and scales unprecedented in history, we believe that new tools for urban resilience planning are not only urgently needed, but also will have a positive impact on urban planning.
Keywords: digital elevation models; ecosystem services; flood map uncertainties; GIS tool; river floods; urban resilience Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:258-271 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Quantitative Morphological Method for Mapping Local Climate Types File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4223 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4223 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 240-257 Author-Name: Daniela Maiullari Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Marjolein Pijpers-van Esch Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Arjan van Timmeren Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: Morphological characteristics of cities significantly influence urban heat island intensities and thermal responses to heat waves. Form attributes such as density, compactness, and vegetation cover are commonly used to analyse the impact of urban morphology on overheating processes. However, the use of abstract large-scale classifications hinders a full understanding of the thermal trade-off between single buildings and their immediate surrounding microclimate. Without analytical tools able to capture the complexity of cities with a high resolution, the microspatial dimension of urban climate phenomena cannot be properly addressed. Therefore, this study develops a new method for numerical identification of types, based on geometrical characteristics of buildings and climate-related form attributes of their surroundings in a 25m and 50m radius. The method, applied to the city of Rotterdam, combines quantitative descriptors of urban form, mapping GIS procedures, and clustering techniques. The resulting typo-morphological classification is assessed by modelling temperature, wind, and humidity during a hot summer period, in ENVI-met. Significant correlations are found between the morphotypes’ characteristics and local climate phenomena, highlighting the differences in performative potential between the classified urban patterns. The study suggests that the method can be used to provide insight into the systemic relations between buildings, their context, and the risk of overheating in different urban settings. Finally, the study highlights the relevance of advanced mapping and modelling tools to inform spatial planning and mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of urban overheating. Keywords: data-driven classification; microclimate; typologies; urban morphology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:240-257 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Ecosystem Vulnerability Assessment of Support Climate-Resilient City Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4208 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4208 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 227-239 Author-Name: Zipan Cai Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Jessica Page Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Sweden Author-Name: Vladimir Cvetkovic Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Abstract: Climate change poses a threat to cities. Geospatial information and communication technology (Geo-ICT) assisted planning is increasingly being utilised to foster urban sustainability and adaptability to climate change. To fill the theoretical and practical gaps of urban adaptive planning and Geo-ICT implementation, this article presents an urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment approach using integrated socio-ecological modelling. The application of the Geo-ICT method is demonstrated in a specific case study of climate-resilient city development in Nanjing (China), aiming at helping city decision-makers understand the general geographic data processing and policy revision processes in response to hypothetical future disruptions and pressures on urban social, economic, and environmental systems. Ideally, the conceptual framework of the climate-resilient city transition proposed in this study effectively integrates the geographic data analysis, policy modification, and participatory planning. In the process of model building, we put forward the index system of urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment and use the assessment result as input data for the socio-ecological model. As a result, the model reveals the interaction processes of local land use, economy, and environment, further generating an evolving state of future land use in the studied city. The findings of this study demonstrate that socio-ecological modelling can provide guidance in adjusting the human-land interaction and climate-resilient city development from the perspective of macro policy. The decision support using urban ecosystem vulnerability assessment and quantitative system modelling can be useful for urban development under a variety of environmental change scenarios. Keywords: climate change; climate-resilient city; ecosystem vulnerability; Geo-ICT; socio-ecological model Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:227-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Smart Urban Governance for Climate Change Adaptation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4613 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4613 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 223-226 Author-Name: Thomas Thaler Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria Author-Name: Patrick A. Witte Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Thomas Hartmann Author-Workplace-Name: School of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Author-Name: Stan C. M. Geertman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Abstract: Climate change will affect the way cities work substantially. Flooding and urban heating are among the most tangible consequences in cities around the globe. Extreme hydro-meteorological events will likely increase in the future due to climate change. Making cities climate-resilient is therefore an urgent challenge to sustain urban living. To adapt cities to the consequences of climate change, new ideas and concepts need to be adopted. This oftentimes requires action from different stakeholder groups and citizens. In other words, climate adaptation of cities needs governance. Facilitating such urban governance for climate adaptation is thus a big and increasing challenge of urban planning. Smart tools and its embedding in smart urban governance is promising to help in this respect. To what extent can the use of digital knowledge technologies in a collaborative planning setting be instrumental in facilitating climate adaptation? This question entails visualising effects of climate adaptation interventions and facilitating dialogue between governments, businesses such as engineering companies, and citizens. The aim of this thematic issue is to explore how the application of technologies in urban planning, embedded in smart urban governance, can contribute to provide climate change adaptation. We understand smart urban governance in this context both in terms of disclosing technical expert information to the wider public, and in terms of supporting with the help of technologies the wider governance debates between the stakeholders involved. The contributions reflect this dual focus on socio-technical innovations and planning support, and therefore include various dimensions, from modelling and interacting to new modes of urban governance and political dimensions of using technologies in climate change adaptation in urban areas. Keywords: climate change; planning; resilience; risk management; smart technologies; smart urban governance; vulnerability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:223-226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Materiality in the Seam Space: Sketches for a Transitional Port City Dome District File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4082 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4082 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 210-222 Author-Name: Stephen J. Ramos Author-Workplace-Name: College of Environment + Design, University of Georgia, USA Abstract: Biomass material volatility generates new opportunities for port-city relationships. Alternative energy markets require specialized port facilities to handle new bulk commodities like biomass. Wood pellets, a type of biomass, present warehousing challenges due to combustion danger. The industrial response to this risk has generated new storage forms for port regions. The return to bulk cargo reintroduces materiality as a focus for port city research, which had generally been regarded as a peripheral concern since the advent of the shipping container. The container had come to represent a borderless, ‘fast capitalism’ throughput model, but research on port ‘accidents’ has complicated this reductive globalization narrative. The programmatic dynamism of wood pellet dome structures suggests new spatially-porous possibilities for an interstitial border space at the port-city interface with material commonalities and hybrid potentials for resilient logistics and civic facilities. In contrast to container cargo unitization, the dome signifies the standardization of the coastal/riparian port environment. Dome structures can help ports plan for the complex challenges of cargo material behaviors and increasing extreme weather events. The article begins with wood pellet materiality to then explore programmatic possibilities that industrial construction technology generates. Conceptually, this joins the proposal of port as ‘seam space’ with port-city resilience planning and the porosity celebrated in recent urbanism literature. Scaling up from wood pellet materiality to an interstitial port-city district, the article contributes to calls for increased attention to materiality as a means to envision new urban agendas. Keywords: biomass; energy transition; logistics; materiality; port geography; seam spaces Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:210-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Porous Kirkenes: Crumbling Mining Town or Dynamic Port Cityscape? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4105 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4105 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 197-209 Author-Name: Lukas Höller Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: The great number of actors in port city regions, such as port authorities, municipalities, national governments, private companies, societal groups, and flora and fauna, need to develop shared visions. Collaborative approaches that focus on combined values can help achieve long-term resilience and enable a sustainable and just coexistence of port and city actors within the same territory. However, the sheer focus on economic profit generated by port activities overshadows and ignores equally essential cultural, societal, and environmental values and needs. The lack of pluralities in planning and decision-making processes creates challenges for the cohabitation of the many actors and their interests within port-city regions. On the one hand, contemporary spaces in port cities cannot be classified and defined by traditional dichotomies anymore. On the other hand, the perception of spatial and institutional boundaries between port and city leads to a positivistic-driven definition of a rigid and inflexible, line-like interface physically and mentally separating the port from the urban activities and stakeholders, neglecting the inseparable character of many parts of our society. By investigating and re-imagining the future port-development plans within the historic mining town of Kirkenes, located around 400 km above the Arctic Circle in Northern Norway, the aim of this article is to explore and combine the concepts of negative and positive porosity and liminality and arrive at a renewed perception of the port cityscape, which can function as dynamic thresholds inbetween the multiple dualities and realities of various port and city actors. The article bridges the theoretical/conceptual sphere of urban porosity and the practical approaches of liminal design. By using Design Fiction as a tool for creating new, innovative, and pluralistic port city narratives, the article contributes to contemporary research that aims for imaginary, value-based, and history-informed approaches to designing future-proof, resilient, just, and sustainable port cities. Keywords: borders; boundaries; Kirkenes; liminality; porosity; port cityscape; synergistic and adaptive ecosystems Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:197-209 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Shanghai’s Regenerated Industrial Waterfronts: Urban Lab for Sustainability Transitions? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4194 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4194 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 181-196 Author-Name: Harry den Hartog Author-Workplace-Name: College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, China / Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: In China, Shanghai often serves as a place to introduce and try out new ideas. This is certainly the case with experimental urban planning and design solutions and sustainability transitions. This article identifies and evaluates the role of pilot projects and demonstration zones along the Huangpu River. These clusters and zones are supposed to guide the urban regeneration of the former industrial waterfronts and to accelerate innovative development in Shanghai and the wider Yangtze Delta Region. The Huangpu River as a whole is considered an urban lab and a showcase of ecological civilisation policies, with a strong ‘people oriented’ focus on improving the overall quality and attractiveness of urban life. Following three decades of rapid urban expansion, Shanghai’s urban development model is shifting toward one that emphasizes densification and the reuse of existing elements. The motto of Shanghai’s latest master plan is “Striving for an Excellent Global City.” One of the pathways to realize this expectation is the creation of thematic clusters for creative industries, financial institutes, AI, and technology, media and telecommunication industries. These clusters are high-density investment projects meant to support and accelerate the transformation of Shanghai into a service economy. There are important similarities between these projects in Shanghai and the role of urban labs in theories of sustainability transitions. Drawing on these theories and those of ecological civilization, this article examines how these so-called ‘experimental’ urban megaprojects along the river contribute to Shanghai’s effort to take the lead in developing sustainable urban transitions. Keywords: ecological civilization; global city; port city; sustainability transitions, urban lab; urban megaprojects; urban regeneration; waterfront transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:181-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Port-City Transition: Past and Emerging Socio-Spatial Imaginaries and Uses in Rotterdam’s Makers District File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4253 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4253 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 166-180 Author-Name: Maurice Jansen Author-Workplace-Name: Erasmus Centre for Urban, Port and Transport Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Amanda Brandellero Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Arts and Culture Studies, Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Rosanne van Houwelingen Author-Workplace-Name: Erasmus Centre for Urban, Port and Transport Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: This article explores old and emerging socio-spatial imaginaries and uses of Rotterdam’s Makers District. The district comprises two urban harbors—Merwe Vierhavens and Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij—historically in use as bustling trade, storage, and ship yarding nodes of the city’s port activities. At the turn of the millennium, technological advancements made it possible to move many port-related activities out of the area and farther out of the city, gradually hollowing out these harbors’ port-related economic foundations and opening opportunities for new uses and imaginaries. This article traces the transition by detailing how the boundary between the city and the port has become more porous in this district. It does so by offering original empirical evidence on the flows of users in and out of the area in recent years, based on location quotients, while also applying a content analysis of the profiles of companies and institutions currently inhabiting and working in these transformed port-city spaces. On the one hand, the results show how the ongoing port-city transition in Rotterdam’s Makers District combines carefully curated interventions and infrastructure plans seeking to progressively adapt the area to new purposes, while maintaining some of its former functions. On the other hand, they highlight the pioneering role of more bottom-up initiatives and innovative urban concepts, springing from the creative industries and maker movement. The article offers insights into the emerging uses and imaginaries attached to the district, while also showing the resilience and adaptation of port legacies. Keywords: imaginaries; innovation ecosystem; maker movement; port-city interface; Rotterdam; transition; waterfront Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:166-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tangible and Intangible Boundaries: The Case of Baoshan Port-City Interface in Shanghai File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4103 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4103 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 152-165 Author-Name: Yueyue Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Radboud University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Peter Martin Ache Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Radboud University, The Netherlands Abstract: Instead of stressing that port cities are characterised by institutional fragmentations with many resulting conflicts, we claim that port cities might be highly constructive in terms of changing tangible and intangible boundaries. To capture this quality, we use the concept of ‘penumbral,’ a combination of perceptional aspects as well as tangible and intangible spatial constellations. This perspective is applied in the case of the Shanghai Baoshan port-city interface through the investigation of the changing tangible and intangible boundaries, and how planning relates to boundary changes in a context of spatial, industrial, and institutional multi-layered structures. Tangible refers to physical boundaries between the port and urban structure or district, while intangible refers to immaterial boundaries created by actors’ views on ports. Based on planning documents, direct observations, and 17 in-depth semi-structured interviews with local governments, port authority, planning departments, and companies, we find that one can indeed speak of penumbral boundaries, based on port-related values and ideas, and particularly on perceptions of the port and port businesses. Those perceptions are the initial power of changing and, following the idea of penumbral boundaries, blurring tangible and intangible boundaries. Finally, we suggest that, following the idea of penumbral boundaries, planning can play a stronger role in connecting the port and the city by first investigating how actors view the port and port businesses carefully, paying full attention to the specific relational context before formulating plans in the usual manner. Keywords: Baoshan; institutional development; multi-layered structures; penumbral; port-city interface; Shanghai; tangible and intangible boundaries Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:152-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Straddling the Fence: Land Use Patterns in and around Ports as Hidden Designers File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4101 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4101 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 136-151 Author-Name: Lucija Ažman Momirski Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Author-Name: Yvonne van Mil Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Carola Hein Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: Ports are clearly demarcated structures on land and water. They are fenced in, easily recognizable on satellite and orthophoto images, and they have specific functions. This apparent clarity of ports, their function and outline, in relation to nearby urban and rural areas, becomes more complex when explored through the lens of land use, that is the existing and planned future functional dimension or socio-economic purpose of the land. In contrast to urban and rural areas, where land use has been mapped and defined for centuries, the use and function of land and water in port areas has long been multifunctional and not defined on land use maps. This raises questions about the role and understanding of port territory in relation to neighboring spaces, past, and present. This article first defines land use and describes its historical development. Scholars from various disciplines, including geographers, planners, and economists, have addressed the issue of land use in port areas. Land use patterns have emerged over time and are based on earlier demarcations of port areas and distinctions between port and city. As shown by the historical port city borders in Hamburg, Rotterdam, and Koper, these delimitations can change over time, by location and by function. The land use register has only recently been harmonized at the European level. European and national registers distinguish existing and planned land use in port areas differently. Mixed uses prevail in new port interventions, creating a new kind of permeability or porosity; that is, areas where port, urban and rural functions merge. New land use porosity is a particular state of land use (on both sides of the boundaries of port areas) that goes beyond the physical boundaries marked by fences. Land use porosity effectively creates land use continuity, a functional porosity that serves as a hidden blueprint for future planning. Understanding land use porosity can provide a foundation for novel approaches to the development of transition strategies that are needed to address contemporary challenges, including climate change and sea level rise, digitization, and new work and life practices in port city regions. In conclusion, we note that due to the porosity of land use patterns, the separation between the present port and the city is beginning to crumble. However, this process has yet to be made fully visible and used as a basis for design. Keywords: boundaries; Hamburg; Koper; land use; planning; porosity; port city; Rotterdam Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:136-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Morphological Evolution of the Port‐City Interface of Algiers (16th Century to the Present) File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4017 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4017 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 119-135 Author-Name: Khalil Bachir Aouissi Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory PUViT, Ferhat Abbas University Setif 1, Algeria Author-Name: Said Madani Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory PUViT, Ferhat Abbas University Setif 1, Algeria Author-Name: Vincent Baptist Author-Workplace-Name: Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: This article traces the centuries-long morphological development of Algiers’ port-city interface across four historically relevant time periods that together span from the dawn of the 16th century up until today. Through a diachronic and geo-historical approach, we identify and analyse the origins of Algiers’ persistent port-city divide. In doing so, the notion of the interface is interpreted as a spatial threshold between city and port, which nevertheless supports the material flows of both entities. As a multi-purpose area, the interface holds the potential to weave the disparate entities of a port city back together. To further complement this conceptual angle, we provide investigations of porosity that determine the differing degrees of connectivity between the city and port of Algiers. This is combined with a spatial-functional analysis of Algiers’ current port-city interface, which is ultimately characterised as a non-homogeneous entity composed of four distinct sequences. These results contribute to a better orientation of imminent plans for waterfront revitalisations in Algiers. Whereas the interface was long considered as some kind of no man’s land in the past, port and municipal authorities nowadays aim to turn the interface into a tool of reconciliation, and can do so by acting upon its potential porosity. Finally, this article’s critical examination of the previously neglected case of Algiers can and should also be considered as an applicable model for the continuing study of southern Mediterranean and African port metropolises in general, which share a particular evolution in the relations between city and port. Keywords: Algiers; flows; Kasbah; porosity; port-city interface; waterfront Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:119-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A City Profile of Malaga: The Role of the Port-City Border throughout Historical Transformations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4189 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4189 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 105-118 Author-Name: María J. Andrade Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento Arte y Arquitectura, Malaga School of Architecture, Universidad de Málaga, Spain Author-Name: João Pedro Costa Author-Workplace-Name: CIAUD, Centro de Investigação em Arquitetura, Urbanismo e Design, Lisbon School of Architecture, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Author-Name: Eduardo Jiménez-Morales Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento Arte y Arquitectura, Malaga School of Architecture, Universidad de Málaga, Spain Author-Name: Jonathan Ruiz-Jaramillo Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento Arte y Arquitectura, Malaga School of Architecture, Universidad de Málaga, Spain Abstract: The relationships Malaga has established with its port have changed over the centuries, conjuring up a variety of scenarios and circumstances. The past and present are closely linked phenomena in this case study where the porosity of the port‐city fabric has marked the city’s development and constitutes a key issue in the current and future challenges it faces. Malaga provides a particularly interesting example of a post‐industrial city that has reopened its port to its inhabitants’ acclaim while maintaining port activity. However, the growth tourism has seen in recent years has come to dominate the local economy. Cruise ships have taken on a significant role and have brought about important changes in the dynamics and flows between the port and the city, unsettling the balance between the two. This profile explores port‐city development through the lens of boundaries and flows, demonstrating how their dynamics have determined Malaga’s spatial, functional, and social development over time and how they continue to do so to this day. This article reviews the transformations the city has undergone and its future opportunities to achieve a balanced and sustainable port‐city relationship. Keywords: Malaga; porosity; port city; waterfront Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:105-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Evolution of Edges and Porosity of Urban Blue Spaces: A Case Study of Gdańsk File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4108 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4108 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 90-104 Author-Name: Justyna Breś Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Karolina A. Krośnicka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: Current waterfront studies focus mainly on a land-based perspective, failing to include the water side. Water is, however, not just a resource for port and industrial purposes and an edge to the waterfront; it is also a feature of the waterfront and the complex relation between water and city. Thus, the article suggests that water-land edges need to be re-contextualised, taking into consideration also their shape, functionality, and evolution over time. This article therefore introduces the concept of urban blue spaces, that is, spaces that include at least one land-water edge, such as a shoreline or river edge. The types and character of these edges define the porosity of urban blue spaces: Spaces with easy connections, such as boulevards or parks, are highly porous, while fenced areas have low porosity. The research first analyses the existing literature on the spatial and functional characteristics of the land-water edge in port cities, and explores existing typologies of urban blue spaces. The results of this investigation are used to examine the most iconic urban blue space of Gdańsk, the Motława river, over the last 1000 years. The case study shows that the porosity of the Gdańsk urban blue space has been increasing over time, in line with its spatial and functional development from an undeveloped riverbank to a ‘gated’ port and industry area, to urban living spaces today. The article thus presents the whole breadth of urban blue spaces through the case study of the Motława river urban blue space. The spatial evolution of the urban blue space is depicted through the transformation of its land-water edge—from a natural sloping edge to the dominance of vertical edged structures or ones overhanging the surface of the water, to the emergence of spatially ‘blurred’ sloping, slanted, terraced, and floating structures, partially independent of the riverbank. The transformation of the structure of the Motława urban blue space edges increased its complexity over time, from a single-edge structure to a double and multiple-edged one. Keywords: Gdańsk; land-water edge; port city; urban blue space; waterfront Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:90-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neoliberal Economic, Social, and Spatial Restructuring: Valparaíso and Its Agricultural Hinterland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4242 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4242 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 69-89 Author-Name: Hernán Cuevas Valenzuela Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of History and Social Sciences, Austral University of Chile, Chile Author-Name: Jorge Budrovich Sáez Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities, University of Valparaíso, Chile Author-Name: Claudia Cerda Becker Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Psychological Studies, Austral University of Chile, Chile Abstract: The analysis of the neoliberal restructuring of Chilean port cities and their hinterland suggests there was a functional coupling of neoliberalisation, precarisation, reterritorialisation, extraction, and logistics. To address this process properly, we expanded the boundaries of our analytical scale to include not only the port city, but also its hinterland, and be able to examine the flow of commodities and labour. The analysis demonstrated that the effects of neoliberal restructuring of Valparaíso and its hinterland has had interconnected ambivalent effects. Although social and economic restructuring of agricultural hinterland and port terminals in Chile increased land and port productivity and economic competitiveness, this pattern of capitalist modernisation benefitted neither the increasing masses of temporary precarious workers in the countryside nor port cities such as Valparaíso, marked by territorial inequality, socioecological damage, urban poverty, and a growing sense of closure of the littoral and reduced access to the ocean. These negative externalities and frictions have triggered local political controversies, commercial and economic disputes, labour strikes, and urban and socio-territorial conflicts. Keywords: agribusiness; Chile; port-city; social and economic restructuring; Valparaíso Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:69-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: 160 Years of Borders Evolution in Dunkirk: Petroleum, Permeability, and Porosity File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4100 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4100 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 58-68 Author-Name: Stephan Hauser Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Penglin Zhu Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Asma Mehan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, The Netherlands Abstract: Since the 1860s, petroleum companies, through their influence on local governments, port authorities, international actors and the general public gradually became more dominant in shaping the urban form of ports and cities. Under their development and pressure, the relationships between industrial and urban areas in port cities hosting oil facilities evolved in time. The borders limiting industrial and housing territories have continuously changed with industrial places moving progressively away from urban areas. Such a changing dynamic influenced the permeability of these borders. Port cities are nodes and logistic points where various flows of commodities, wealth, and knowledge gathered before further re‐distribution. These flows affected port cities by changing their spatial organization and the availabiity of space between borders. The main question here is: How did industrial and urban borders evolve through time in port cities? Through a historical analysis, the article explores the settlements of oil facilities and the influence of oil companies over local, regional, and national governments in creating borders and how it influenced the porosity of port cities. This article, through the petroleum narrative, illustrates the impacts of past borders on the contemporary urban form through the evolution of the French port city of Dunkirk, in the North of France. As a historical study, the article analyzes the changing relationships between petroleum industrial sites and housing areas in the city of Dunkirk, using aerial pictures, archival sources, and regulations of different periods. The importance of this analysis lies in knowing that former oil sites previously located on the periphery of Dunkirk, that were forgotten by the authorities are now located within the current urban tissue. This process demonstrates the importance of historical developments to understand current challenges in the urban planning of industrial port cities. Keywords: borders; Dunkirk; energy transition; oil industry; port cities; urban history Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:58-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Infrastructure Development and Waterfront Transformations: Physical and Intangible Borders in Haifa Port City File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4198 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4198 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 43-57 Author-Name: Keren Ben Hilell Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture and Town Planning Faculty, Technion IIT, Israel Author-Name: Yael Allweil Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture and Town Planning Faculty, Technion IIT, Israel Abstract: Constructed on its natural bay as a fortified Muslim town in the late 18th century, Haifa’s port city transformed into a modern cosmopolitan port city in the second half of the 19th century. Significant technological, administrative, and social changes made Haifa into the transportation and economic hub of northern Palestine: Its harbor, the first in the region, became a gate to the east for commodities, pilgrimages, and ideas. British imperialism enlarged it with landfill areas and added an industrial function, constructing refineries and a connecting pipeline with Iraq. Haifa port served as the main entry port for immigration and goods for the newly founded Israeli state. Privatization and neo-liberalization transformed it from national port to international corporate hub, reshaping both port and city. Individual entrepreneurs, local governments, and imperial actions shaped and reshaped the landscape; perforating new access points, creating porous borders, and a new socioeconomic sphere. This process persisted through the Late Ottoman era, the British Mandate, and the Israeli state. From the first Ottoman landfills to the sizeable British harbor of 1933, the market economy led urban planning of Haifa’s waterfront and its adjacent railroad to the current Chinese petrol-harbor project. What were the city’s tangible and intangible borders? How did these changes, influenced by local and foreign agendas, unfold? Tapping into built-environment evidence; archival documents (architectural drawings, plans, maps, and photographs); and multidisciplinary academic literature to examine Haifa’s urban landscape transformation, this article studies the history of Haifa’s planned urban landscape—focusing on transformations to the port and waterfront to adjust to new technologies, capital markets, and political needs. We thus explore Haifa port history as a history of porosity and intangibility—rather than the accepted history of European modernization—building upon theoretical literature on global networks and urban form, regional dynamics of port cities, and tangible and intangible border landscapes. Keywords: Haifa; infrastructure development; Israel; modernity; porosity; port city Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:43-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Port Cities within Port Regions: Shaping Complex Urban Environments in Gdańsk Bay, Poland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4183 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4183 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 27-42 Author-Name: Karolina A. Krośnicka Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Piotr Lorens Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Author-Name: Eliza Michałowska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland Abstract: Port cities located within various metropolitan or functional regions face very different development scenarios. This applies not only to entire municipalities but also to particular areas that play important roles in urban development—including ports as well as their specialized parts. This refers also to the various types of maritime industries, including the processing of goods, logistics operations, shipbuilding, or ship repairing, to name just a few. Since each of these activities is associated with a different location, any transformation process that creates changes in geographic borders or flows will dynamically affect the port cityscape. Municipalities may evolve in different directions, becoming ‘major maritime hubs,’ ‘secondary service centers,’ ‘specialized waterfront cities,’ or just distressed urban areas. Within each metropolitan area, one can find several cities evolving in one of the above-mentioned directions, which results in the creation of a specific regional mosaic of various types of port cities. These create specific ‘port regions’ with specific roles assigned to each of these and shape the new (regional) dimension of the geography of borders and flows. As a result, these port regions are created as porous structures where space is discontinuous. To further develop the issue of the creation and evolution of port regions, the authors present the case study of the Gdańsk Bay port region. This study in particular allowed for the development of both the theoretical background of this phenomenon and the presentation of a real-life example. Keywords: Gdańsk; Gdynia; Kaliningrad; Poland; port city; port regions Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:27-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urbanization Patterns around the North Sea: Long-Term Population Dynamics, 1300–2015 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4099 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4099 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 10-26 Author-Name: Yvonne van Mil Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Reinout Rutte Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: Around the North Sea, how have port cities and cities in the hinterlands of port cities influenced one another in the past? What possible links are there between population trends in various urban areas and time periods? Is it possible to identify the origin of the urbanization patterns around the North Sea? To understand the current era of urbanization, we need to analyze historical trends and urbanization patterns in the long term. By mapping the population figures for eight moments in history and combining this with data on political boundaries and large infrastructures that facilitate flows of goods and people, this article aims to contribute to an improved understanding of contemporary and historical urbanization trends around the North Sea. It also presents the first spatial dataset on urban settlements around the North Sea by means of a series of demographic maps, from 1300 to 2015. It provides a detailed explanation of the method used for mapping and handling demographical data. Each map is accompanied by a brief explanation of the urbanization pattern, with special attention to identifying demographic and economic developments and possible clarifications for centers of gravity and shifts. The maps lay the foundation for further research on social patterns and spatial developments in urban (port) regions around the North Sea and for understanding urban culture through space and time. Port cities must be analyzed from the perspective of the sea, which requires a rethinking of data sets and data borders, to understand the ways in which these port cities have served as porous distribution hubs and as transit nodes for boundary-crossing flows. Keywords: demography; geo-spatial mapping; infrastructure; North Sea region; political boundaries; population numbers; port cities; urbanization patterns Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:10-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Port City Porosity: Boundaries, Flows, and Territories File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4663 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i3.4663 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-9 Author-Name: Carola Hein Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of History of Architecture and Urban Planning, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: The introduction to this thematic issue on port city porosity sets the stage for the study of port city territories as a particular type of space, located at the edge of land and sea, built, often over centuries, to facilitate the transfer of goods, people, and ideas. It argues that the concept of porosity can help conceptualize the ways in which the spaces and institutions of ports, cities, and neighboring areas intersect. It expands on the well‐established notion of the interface and more recent reflections on the port city threshold by arguing for a conceptualization of the port cityscape as a continuous network of port‐related spaces and practices. The introduction places this reflection in time, exploring the ways in which boundaries have shifted and opened up; it also provides a brief overview of the 14 contributions to the thematic issue. The contributions are organized in three groups: (1) exploring long‐term approaches to porosity in port city territories; (2) mapping and conceptualizing port city porosity on the sea side and on the land side; and (3) measuring, designing, and rethinking porosity in port city territories. The thematic issue opens questions for further research such as: Does the degree of porosity between port and city areas and the presence of maritime pockets in the city and the territory lead to greater resilience of port city activities? Does the existence of porous borders between port and city allow for easier transitions? Keywords: borders; porosity; port cities; port cityscape; territories Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:3:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Knowledge, Fear, and Conscience: Reasons to Stop Flying Because of Climate Change File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3974 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3974 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 314-324 Author-Name: Nina Wormbs Author-Workplace-Name: Division of History of Science, Technology and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Maria Wolrath Söderberg Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Rhetoric, Södertörn University, Sweden Abstract: Much research on the societal consequences of climate change has focused on inaction, seeking to explain why societies and individuals do not change according to experts’ recommendations. In this qualitative study, we instead consider people who have changed their behaviour for the sake of the climate: They have stopped travelling by air. We first asked them to elaborate their rationales for the behaviour change. Then, using topos theory to find thought structures, we analysed their 673 open-text answers. Several themes emerged, which together can be regarded as a process of change. Increased knowledge, primarily narrated as a process by which latent knowledge was transformed into insight, through experience or emotional distress, was important. Contrary to certain claims in the literature, fear stimulated change of behaviour for many in this group. Climate change was framed as a moral issue, requiring acts of conscience. Children were invoked as educators and moral guides. Role models and a supportive social context played an important part. Alternatives to flying were brought forward as a motive to refrain from flying. Only a few mentioned shame as momentous. Instead, stopping travelling by air invoked a feeling of agency and responsibility, and could also result in a positive sensation. Keywords: arguments; children; climate change; flight shame; inner deliberation; knowledge-action gap; stop flying; topos Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:314-324 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Flying Less for Work and Leisure? Co-Designing a City-Wide Change Initiative in Geneva File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3911 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3911 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 299-313 Author-Name: Marlyne Sahakian Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociological Research, University of Geneva, Switzerland Author-Name: Malaïka Nagel Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociological Research, University of Geneva, Switzerland Author-Name: Valentine Donzelot Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociological Research, University of Geneva, Switzerland Author-Name: Orlane Moynat Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociological Research, University of Geneva, Switzerland Author-Name: Wladyslaw Senn Author-Workplace-Name: Terragir Association, Switzerland Abstract: Geneva prides itself on being an international city, home to the United Nations and international organizations. The airport plays an important role in this image, tied to a quest for hypermobility in an increasingly globalized society. Yet, mobility accounts for close to one quarter of the territory’s carbon emissions, with flights responsible for 70% of these emissions. With recent legislation that includes ambitious targets for net zero carbon emissions by 2050, the role of air travel can no longer be ignored. In 2020, a partnership was formed between the City, the University of Geneva, and a community energy association to explore the possibility of co-designing a city-wide change initiative, focused on reducing flights through voluntary measures. The team consulted with a variety of actors, from citizens who fly for leisure, to those who fly for professional reasons, with a spotlight on academic travel. A review of the scientific and grey literature revealed what initiatives already exist, leading to a typology of change initiatives. Inspired by this process, we then co-designed a series of workshops on opportunities for flying less in Geneva. We demonstrate the value of going beyond an ‘individual behaviour change’ approach towards understanding change as embedded in socio-material arrangements, as well as identifying interventions that seek to address both negative and positive anticipated outcomes. We conclude with insights on how a social practice approach to understanding mobility reveals both material and immaterial challenges and opportunities, involving infrastructures and technologies, but also social norms and shared meanings. Keywords: co-design; flying less; Geneva; participative methods; social practices; Switzerland Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:299-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Territorializing International Travel Emissions: Geography and Magnitude of the Hidden Climate Footprint of Brussels File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3905 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3905 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 285-298 Author-Name: Kobe Boussauw Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Author-Name: Jean-Michel Decroly Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Environmental Management and Land-Use Planning, Department of Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Abstract: In the present article we investigate the geography and magnitude of the climate footprint of long-distance travel with Brussels, Belgium, as a destination. The internationally networked position of this city goes hand in hand with a strong dependence on international mobility, which largely materializes in impressive volumes of long-distance travel and associated consumption of important amounts of fossil fuel. Despite a surge in concerns about global warming, the climate footprint of most international travel, notably air travel, is not included in the official national and regional climate inventories, or in other words, it is not territorialized. The official climate footprint of the Brussels-Capital Region attained 3.7 Mton CO2eq per year (in 2017). Based on our exploratory calculations, however, the total estimated climate footprint of all Brussels-bound international travel equalled an additional 2.7 Mton CO2eq. In terms of geographical distribution, over 70% of international travellers to Brussels come from Europe, while these represent only 15% of the climate footprint of all international travel to Brussels. We conclude that the practice of not allocating emissions caused by international travel to territorial units has kept the magnitude and complexity of this problem largely under the radar and contributes to the lack of societal support for curbing growth of international aviation. Keywords: air travel; Brussels; cities; climate footprint; tourism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:285-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Agent-Based Simulation of Long-Distance Travel: Strategies to Reduce CO2 Emissions from Passenger Aviation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4021 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.4021 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 271-284 Author-Name: Alona Pukhova Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Ana Tsui Moreno Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Carlos Llorca Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Wei-Chieh Huang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Rolf Moeckel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Germany Abstract: Every sector needs to minimize GHG emissions to limit climate change. Emissions from transport, however, have remained mostly unchanged over the past thirty years. In particular, air travel for short-haul flights is a significant contributor to transport emissions. This article identifies factors that influence the demand for domestic air travel. An agent-based model was implemented for domestic travel in Germany to test policies that could be implemented to reduce air travel and CO2 emissions. The agent-based long-distance travel demand model is composed of trip generation, destination choice, mode choice and CO2 emission modules. The travel demand model was estimated and calibrated with the German Household Travel Survey, including socio-demographic characteristics and area type. Long-distance trips were differentiated by trip type (daytrip, overnight trip), trip purpose (business, leisure, private) and mode (auto, air, long-distance rail and long-distance bus). Emission factors by mode were used to calculate CO2 emissions. Potential strategies and policies to reduce air travel demand and its CO2 emissions are tested using this model. An increase in airfares reduced the number of air trips and reduced transport emissions. Even stronger effects were found with a policy that restricts air travel to trips that are longer than a certain threshold distance. While such policies might be difficult to implement politically, restricting air travel has the potential to reduce total CO2 emissions from transport by 7.5%. Keywords: aviation emissions; long distance travel; mode choice modelling; transport emissions; transport modelling Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:271-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-Distance Travel and the Urban Environment: Results from a Qualitative Study in Reykjavik File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3989 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3989 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 257-270 Author-Name: Johanna Raudsepp Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Iceland Author-Name: Áróra Árnadóttir Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Iceland Author-Name: Michał Czepkiewicz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Iceland Author-Name: Jukka Heinonen Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Iceland Abstract: A compact urban form has shown many benefits in efficiency. Yet multiple studies have found that residents of urban, dense, and centrally located areas travel more frequently than those living in suburbs, small towns, or the countryside. As air travel is already causing more emissions than ground transport in many affluent urban locations and is predicted to increase, this pattern could undermine efforts in climate change mitigation. Explanations of these patterns and motivations for long-distance travel connected to the built environment have been examined quantitatively before, but with inconclusive answers. We studied this topic qualitatively in Reykjavik, Iceland, offering an in-depth perspective through semi-structured interviews. Results showed various links between the urban environment and long-distance travel. Some indications of compensatory travel behavior emerged, particularly connected to a lack of quality green areas, hectic urban life, and commuting stress. Compensatory trips were typically domestic. Furthermore, residential preferences seemed connected to leisure travel preferences—living in green neighborhoods was connected to more domestic travel to nature. The results show there are more factors for ‘escape’ trips than urban density and lack of green spaces. Examples of car-free lifestyles hindering domestic leisure travel were also found. Our study shows how a qualitative approach offers nuanced insight into the travel motivations of urbanites. Considering our results and travel motivation literature, the compensation hypothesis appears to be an overly narrow theoretical framing. Our study supports the conclusion that planning policies should aim at reducing car-dependence. Further research is needed for specific policy recommendations. Keywords: climate change; compensation hypothesis; Iceland; long-distance travel; Reykjavik; tourism; travel motivation; urban environment Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:257-270 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Characteristics of Middle European Holiday Highfliers File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3972 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3972 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 246-256 Author-Name: Martin Thomas Falk Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, Department of Business and IT, University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway Author-Name: Eva Hagsten Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland Abstract: This article estimates a count-data model on the flight behaviour of Austrian holiday-makers based on information from a large representative quarterly survey spanning the years 2014–2016. On average, the number of holiday flights ranges between 0.6 and 1.2 per year for residents in the least populated region and the capital, respectively. Results of the estimations reveal that the number of holiday flights is highest for persons with tertiary degrees, of a young age (16–24 years) and capital city residents, while it is lowest for individuals with children and large households. Residents of the capital city fly 78 percent more often in a given quarter than those living in Carinthia, the most rural region. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis reveals that the difference is rather related to location than to variations in individual characteristics. Socio-demographic aspects such as age, household size and travelling with children are of no relevance for the holiday flying behaviour of capital residents. Keywords: count data model; holiday travel; tourist air travel; travel frequency Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:246-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Air Travel and Urbanity: The Role of Migration, Social Networks, Airport Accessibility, and ‘Rebound’ File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3983 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3983 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 232-245 Author-Name: Giulio Mattioli Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Transport Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany / School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, UK Author-Name: Craig Morton Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, UK Author-Name: Joachim Scheiner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Transport Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Abstract: Residents of urban areas, and particularly urban cores, have higher levels of long-distance travel activity and related emissions, mostly on account of greater frequency of air travel. This relationship typically remains after controlling for basic socio-economic correlates of long-distance travel. There is an ongoing debate in the literature about what causes this association, and whether it calls into question urban densification strategies. Understanding this is important from a climate policy perspective. In this article, we investigate the role of three factors: i) access to airports; ii) the concentration of people with migration background and/or geographically dispersed social networks in urban areas; and iii) greater air travel by urban residents without cars (‘rebound effect’). We use representative survey data for the UK including information on respondents’ air travel frequency for private purposes and derive estimates of greenhouse gas emissions. The dataset also includes detailed information on migration generation, residential location of close family and friends, car ownership and use, as well as low-level geographical identifiers. The findings of regression analysis show that Greater London residents stand out in terms of emissions from air travel. Airport accessibility, migration background, and dispersion of social networks each explain part of this association, whereas we find no evidence of a rebound effect. However, proximity to town centres remains associated with higher emissions after accounting for these issues, indicating that this association is due to other factors than those considered here. We conclude by discussing implications for urban and climate policy, as well as future research. Keywords: airport accessibility; air travel; greenhouse gas emissions; long-distance travel; migrants; rebound effect; social networks; travel behaviour; visiting friends and relatives Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:232-245 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cities, Long-Distance Travel, and Climate Impacts File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4541 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.4541 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 228-231 Author-Name: Jukka Heinonen Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Iceland Author-Name: Michał Czepkiewicz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Iceland / Faculty of Sociology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Abstract: This thematic issue focuses on important but understudied connections between cities and climate impacts of long-distance travel. While urbanization and urban density have climate change mitigation potential in short-distance travel (e.g., by reducing car use and supporting public transportation, walking, and cycling), they have been associated with a higher level of emissions from flights. This highlights the role that city-regions could potentially play in reducing climate impacts of aviation. At the same time, the development of airports and flight connections has been an important driver of economic growth at regional scale and a factor contributing to global competitiveness of city-regions. This thematic issue includes seven interesting articles focusing on different aspects of the theme, all of which are briefly presented in this editorial. We also lay down some suggestions for future research directions based on the findings presented in this thematic issue. Keywords: aviation; cities; climate impacts; long-distance travel; urban living Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:228-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenging Times and Planning: Origins, Endings and New Beginnings? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4450 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.4450 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 225-227 Author-Name: Mark Oranje Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Town and Regional Planning, University of Pretoria, South Africa Abstract: Planning was born in and of crisis. Given the multiple challenges facing the world, it may rightly be asked whether Planning would not be willing and able to assist in taking these on. In this short commentary, it is argued that the chances of this happening are slim, but not impossible, should a number of changes be made that put hope, belief, reason, and dream to collective task again. Keywords: change; origins; planning; systems Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:225-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lessons Learned from 55 (or More) Years of Professional Experience in Urban Planning and Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3980 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3980 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 218-224 Author-Name: Han Verschure Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Reflecting on the many debates over the years on changing urbanization processes, on the towns and cities of yesterday, today, and tomorrow, the main challenge will be listening to lessons of wisdom from the past and adapting these to our future professional work. When Chief Seattle said that the Earth does not belong to us, we belong to the Earth, he called for more humility and respect so as to plan for the needs of today and tomorrow, and not for the greed of a few. The doomsday scenarios of overpopulation only make sense if we continue to exploit our planet the way we do today, as if we have an infinite reservoir of resources. Already back in the 1960s, Barbara Ward, John F. C. Turner, and particularly Kenneth Boulding taught me to rethink our whole perception of Spaceship Earth. I have seen many towns and cities grow as if resources were limitless; I myself have seen and worked on efforts to focus on spatial quality, respecting nature whenever possible for a growing number of people, recognizing resources as being precious and scarce, and yet guaranteeing equitable access to a good quality of urban life. Such objectives are not evident, when models in education, schools of thought, professional planners, and greedy developers are often geared towards the contrary: the higher the skyscrapers, the better; the more egotripping by architects, the more the rich like it; the more people are stimulated to consume, the better the world will be. Such narrow visions will no longer help. At several global urban planning and developments events (1976, 1992, 1996, 2016, etc.), new ideas and agendas have been put forward. Whether the present Covid-19 crisis may induce a more rapid change in vision and practice is still too early to confirm, but luckily, several towns and cities, and a few visionary planners and decision makers are showing some promising examples. Keywords: human settlements; international cooperation; lessons learned; planning and design; sustainability; transdisciplinarity Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:218-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enclaving the City; New Models of Containing the Urban Populations: A Case Study of Cairo File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3880 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3880 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 202-217 Author-Name: Safa H. Ashoub Author-Workplace-Name: Chair for Urban Design and Urbanisation, TU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Mohamed W. Elkhateeb Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Germany Abstract: This article builds on theoretical foundations from enclave urbanism, authoritarian planning and neoliberal urbanisation to explore contemporary socio-spatial transformation(s) happening in Cairo, Egypt. Relying on a nationwide road development project, inner-city neighbourhoods in Cairo are turning into urban enclaves, whereby populations are being separated by a multiplicity of transport-related infrastructure projects. As these rapid planning processes are occurring, our article aims to explain why these developments are crucial and unique in the context of the post-Arab Spring cities. We argue that the new road infrastructure is creating a spatially and socially fragmented city and transforming the urban citizenry into a controllable and navigable body. We use an inductive approach to investigate the effects of the new road infrastructure and its hegemonic outcomes on the city. On a conceptual level, we propose that the enclaving of the city is a containment method that has erupted since the mass mobilisations of the Arab Spring. In doing so, we use qualitative analysis to explain empirical evidence showing how the city is being transformed into nodes of enclaves, where communities are getting separated from one another via socio-spatial fault lines. Keywords: Cairo; containment; fragmentation; mobilisation; road infrastructure; socio-spatial transformation; urban enclaves Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:202-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Living and Planning on the Edge: Unravelling Conflict and Claim-Making in Peri-Urban Lahore, Pakistan File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3858 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3858 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 189-201 Author-Name: Helena Cermeño Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Urban Development, Department of Urban Sociology, University of Kassel, Germany Abstract: In Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, high population growth rates, decades of rural-urban migration, and rampant land and real-estate speculation have contributed to the rapid urbanization of peri-urban land and the engulfing of pre-existing rural settlements. Lahore’s spatial transformation goes hand in hand with an increasingly complex urban governance framework. Historically shaped by colonial planning institutions and decades of political instability as power alternated between military and civilian regimes, Pakistan’s governance practices have contributed to increasing levels of urban segregation and inequality. This raises questions around the in- and exclusionary role of planning in fostering or constraining residents’ access to housing and services. Comparing three vignettes and drawing upon insights gained from extensive fieldwork, this article employs the concept of ‘access-assemblages’ to analyze how access to urban resources—i.e., land, housing, and services—is experienced, disputed, and negotiated in the rapidly urbanizing peri-urban fringe of Lahore. The cases represent different spatial and socio-political configurations brought about by a variety of actors involved in the planning and development of the city’s periphery as well as in contesting development: private developers, the army, the city development authorities, and the residents of affected villages. The analysis unpacks the planning rationalities and mechanisms that reinforce inequalities of access and exclusions. Unfolding practices that enable or hinder actors’ ability to access resources sheds light on the complex layers assembled in urban planning in Lahore and serves as a basis to rethink planning towards a more inclusive approach. Keywords: access-assemblages; access theory; assemblage; claim-making; housing; land dispossession; peri-urbanization; qabza; urban governance; urban politics Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:189-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blue-Green Playscapes: Exploring Children’s Places in Stormwater Spaces in Augustenborg, Malmö File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3953 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3953 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 175-188 Author-Name: Misagh Mottaghi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Lund University, Sweden / Sweden Water Research, Sweden Author-Name: Maria Kylin Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Sweden Author-Name: Sandra Kopljar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Lund University, Sweden Author-Name: Catharina Sternudd Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: The urbanisation of cities increases the demands on, and complexity of, urban land use. Urban densification is challenging urban green space. Cities have responded to this challenge by adopting a multiple-use strategy where different functions share space. Shrinking open space has to contain solutions for everyday functions such as bicycle parking, waste sorting, blue-green stormwater systems, and playscapes. Values and functions that can reinforce and amplify each other are therefore of interest to study. The present article explores the possibilities for blue-green solutions (BGS) to be used as part of children’s playscapes. BGS are aboveground, ecological stormwater facilities, introduced to prevent flooding and support biodiversity while adding recreational and aesthetic qualities to the urban environment. The objective is to discuss the extent to which ecological and social values can reinforce each other in terms of encouraging children to engage with BGS natural elements. The researchers have studied the Augustenborg residential neighbourhood in Malmö. The area was primarily investigated through a postal survey, which identified a remodelled park with a floodable sunken lawn as a potentially attractive area for children’s activities. The park was analysed as a potential playscape and supported by on-site observations. The study shows that even if BGS largely meet children’s play values, due to existing socio-spatial structures, children are not using the offered play features. The article discusses the results in terms of how stormwater management may enhance the actualisation of play potentials in children’s everyday living environment. Keywords: affordance; blue-green solutions; children; everyday life; play possibilities; urban design; urban open space; urban water management Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:175-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Demand-Side Approach for Linking the Past to Future Urban–Rural Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3798 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3798 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 162-174 Author-Name: Schuman Lam Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China Author-Name: Heng Li Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China Author-Name: Ann Yu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China Abstract: Is economy-led urbanization the only answer to urban planning? By 2050, about 70% of the world population will live in urban areas, intensified by rapid urbanization in developing countries. A new urban development framework is critically relevant to investigating urban living’s emerging complexity for advancing human-social-economic-environmental sustainability. The multi-disciplinary study explores a roadmap for solving industrialization’s adverse effects to inform future resilient development in developing countries. The classical Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (MHN) and some scholars have stated that human physiological needs would be prioritized and fulfilled by developing countries, and psychological needs would be satisfied and desired by developed countries after fulfilling physiological needs level. Our study argued that transit-oriented-development (TOD) and ICT could simultaneously fulfill some essential physio-psychological needs with digital-ruralism. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was adopted to test the indicator-based MHN theory developed by literature, urban quality of life (Uqol) evaluation between the developing and developed countries, and backed by digital-ruralism success in developing China. The Uqol evaluation identifies the developing countries’ subjective well-being demand as the health, mobility, governance, environment, social, economy, human capital, technology-ICT, smart living, and lifestyle, which are used to transform the classical MHN model to the indicator-based MHN model. The SEM subsequently illustrates that the observed well-being indicators are positively correlated to the TOD and ICT, defined by the proposed urban-ruralism development framework. The study contributes to an innovative approach to reconnect the classical MHN theory to contemporary sustainable urban planning while narrowing the socioeconomic-environmental gap between the developed (urban) and developing (rural) domains, which encourages a paradigm shift for future resilient urban development in the developing countries. Keywords: digital-ruralism; Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs; post-industrial development; quality of life; resiliency; sustainable urban development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:162-174 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nature-Based Deployment Strategies for Multiple Paces of Change: The Case of Oimachi, Japan File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3779 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3779 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 143-161 Author-Name: Rob Roggema Author-Workplace-Name: Cittaideale, Office for Adaptive Design and Planning, The Netherlands / Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University, Australia Author-Name: Nico Tillie Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Greg Keeffe Author-Workplace-Name: School of Natural and Built Environment, Queens University Belfast, UK Author-Name: Wanglin Yan Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School of Media and Governance, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, KEIO University, Japan Abstract: In this article a planning approach is proposed to accommodate different paces of urbanisation. Instead of responding to a single problem with a Pavlov-type of response, analysis shows that the transformational tempi of different urban landscapes require multiple deployment strategies to develop urban environments that are sustainable and resilient. The application of nature-based solutions, enhancing both human and natural health in cities, is used as the foundation for the design of deployment strategies that respond to different paces of urban change. The results show that urban characteristics, such as population density and built space is, partly, dependent on the underlying landscape characteristics, therefore show specific development pathways. To create liveable and sustainable urban areas that can deal holistically with a range of intertwined problems, specific deployment strategies should be used in each specific urban context. This benefits the city-precinct as a whole and at the local scale. Even small nature-based solutions, applied as the right deployment strategy in the right context, have profound impact as the starting point of a far-reaching urban transformation. The case-study for Oimachi in Japan illustrates how this planning approach can be applied, how the different urban rhythms are identified, and to which results this leads. Keywords: deployment strategy; nature-based solutions; rapid urbanisation; resilience; transformation; urban change Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:143-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rapidly Changing Cities: Working with Socio-Ecological Systems to Facilitate Transformation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4472 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.4472 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 139-142 Author-Name: Karina Landman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Town and Regional Planning, University of Pretoria, South Africa Abstract: Cities across the world are changing rapidly. Driven by population growth, migration, economic decline in rural areas, political instabilities, and even more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic, urban systems and spaces are changing to accommodate moving people and new functions. In many cases, these trends contribute to increased levels of inequality, poverty, food insecurity, and unemployment, while the warnings about the impact of climate change continue to raise concerns. Though some have called this a new urban revolution, others have referred to, in a more apocalyptic turn, the end of cities. In response, many writers are encouraging smarter cities, whereas others are promoting a post-urban context and a return to small communities. High levels of uncertainty are characteristic, along with increased intensities of complexity, rapid fluctuation and unbounded experimentation. This raises many questions about the nature and implication of change in different cities situated in vastly contrasting contexts. This thematic issue of Urban Planning focuses on five narratives from cities across the world to illustrate various drivers of change and their implications for urban design and planning. The editorial introduces these narratives, as well as commentaries from leading academics/practitioners and highlights several divergent experiences and common threats. It argues that to deal with the rapid and often large-scale changes, planners need to view human settlements as socio-ecological systems and plan for change and uncertainty to facilitate the co-evolution of humans and nature. Keywords: complexity; rapidly changing cities; socio-ecological systems; sustainable development; urbanisation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:139-142 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Promoting Interculture in Participation in German Urban Planning: Fields of Action for Institutional Change File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3856 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3856 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 127-138 Author-Name: Sandra Huning Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Author-Name: Christiane Droste Author-Workplace-Name: UP19 Stadtforschung + Beratung GmbH, Germany Author-Name: Katrin Gliemann Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Abstract: Germany has been a host country for immigrants for a long time, but an institutional transformation to promote interculture in urban public administration in general, and participation in urban planning in particular, has only just begun. This article addresses institutional frameworks and proposes strategic elements for interculture in participation, based on transdisciplinary, participatory, and transformative research in two German cities. Interculture means overcoming access barriers, based on cultural norms and stereotypes, to open up participation for groups who have been underrepresented so far. The article presents four types of barriers to interculture: a selective implementation of interculture guidelines, an institutional culture that leaves room for ‘othering’ of immigrant groups, top-down definitions of participation procedures, and an inter-departmental division of labour. In response to these barriers, we elaborate two fields of action: the establishment of spaces for reflexivity and of a ‘phase zero’ that helps to build trust and long-term relationships with immigrant communities. These fields of action do not offer any concrete road map. Instead, they focus on the institutional context for action, its structures, self-understandings, and the scope for individual action, and are thus much harder to address. The transformative, participatory, and transdisciplinary research setting bears both challenges and potential, but the article argues that it is beneficial for urban studies in light of the challenges that cities are facing. Keywords: Germany; institutional transformation; interculture; migration; participation; public administration; real-world laboratory; transdisciplinary research Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:127-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Negotiation of Space and Rights: Suburban Planning with Diversity File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3790 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3790 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 113-126 Author-Name: Zhixi Cecilia Zhuang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Urban and Regional Planning, Ryerson University, Canada Abstract: The increasing suburbanization of immigrant settlement in Canada’s major receiving cities has created unprecedented challenges for municipalities. Despite emerging research about the rise of ethnic suburbs in Canada and abroad, the role of suburban municipalities in facilitating immigrant integration and planning with diversity remains unclear. Based on mixed-method ethnographic research, this article investigates how immigrant and racialized communities in the Greater Toronto Area have significantly transformed suburban places and built institutionally complete communities. However, the rapid development of these spaces has not been fully recognized or supported by municipal planning authorities. Conflicts related to land use, public engagement, and public realm development expose planning’s failure to keep pace with the diverse needs of immigrant communities, who must continually negotiate and fight for their use of space. Furthermore, the lack of effective civic engagement not only ignores immigrant and racialized communities as important stakeholders in suburban redevelopment, but also threatens to destroy the social infrastructure built by these communities and their ‘informal’ practices that are often not recognized by the planning ‘norm.’ Without appropriate community consultation, planning processes can further sideline marginalized groups. Lack of consultation also tends to prevent cooperation between groups, impeding the building of inclusive communities. It is imperative for municipalities to better understand and encourage community engagement and placemaking in ethnic suburbs. This study offers several recommendations for suburban planning with diversity. Keywords: Canada; diversity; ethnic suburbs; immigrant settlement; institutional completeness; social infrastructure; social space; Toronto Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:113-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migration-Related Conflicts as Drivers of Institutional Change? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3800 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3800 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 103-112 Author-Name: Maria Budnik Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Germany Author-Name: Katrin Grossmann Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Germany Author-Name: Christoph Hedtke Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Germany Abstract: This article examines the role of social conflicts in the context of migration and discusses the relation between such conflicts and institutional change. We understand conflicts as tensions that evoke contradiction between different social groups or institutional actors. Varied urban contexts together with dynamic immigration of heterogeneous population groups can induce negotiation processes that affect institutional settings and actors. Conflicts have therefore been an integral part of urban coexistence, and cities have always been places where these conflicts play out. We assume that conflicts are social phenomena, which have multiple causes and effects. Public assumptions about conflicts in connection with migration often have a negative or destructive impetus, while conflict theory ascribes to conflicts potential positive effects on societal change. Conflicts can represent forms of socialization and the possibility of adapting or changing social conditions. This article discusses the extent to which migration-related conflicts induce institutional change. Using qualitative empirical results from the BMBF-funded research project MigraChance, we present a case study that reconstructs the emergence and course of a conflict surrounding the construction of a Syriac-Orthodox church in Bebra (Hesse) in the 1990s. Analyzing this conflict both in depth and in relation to its local context, we show that migration is only one part of what we refer to as migration-related conflicts, and we shed light on the complexity of factors that can result in institutional change. Change can also occur indirectly, in small steps, and with ambivalent normative implications. Keywords: change; conflicts; Germany; institutional change; migration Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:103-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disrupting Dialogue? The Participatory Urban Governance of Far-Right Contestations in Cottbus File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3793 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3793 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 91-102 Author-Name: Gala Nettelbladt Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany / Department of Urban and Regional Sociology, Institute of Social Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Germany Abstract: This article investigates how municipal governments negotiate far-right contestations through the format of citizens’ dialogues and contemplates to what extent they disrupt established assumptions about participatory urban governance. In doing so, I want to contribute to emerging scholarship on reactionary responses to migration-led societal transformations in cities via scrutinising their effects on institutional change in participatory practices. Building on participatory urban governance literature and studies on the far right in the social sciences, I argue that inviting far-right articulations into the democratic arena of participation serves to normalise authoritarian and racist positions, as the far right’s demand for more direct involvement of ‘the people’ is expressed in reactionary terms. I will show how this applies to two prominent notions of participation in the literature, namely, agonistic and communicative approaches. This argument is developed through an explorative case study of two neighbourhood-based citizens’ dialogues in Cottbus, East Germany, which the municipal government initiated in response to local far-right rallies. While a careful reading of these forums reveals productive potentials when the issue of international migration is untangled from context-specific, socio-spatial problems in the neighbourhoods, my analysis also shows how the municipality’s negotiation of far-right contestations within the citizens’ dialogues serves to legitimise far-right ideology. I find that to negotiate today’s societal polarisation, municipal authorities need to rethink local participatory institutions by disentangling these complex dynamics and reject far-right contestations, while designing dialogues for democratic and emancipatory learning. Keywords: agonism; cities; communicative planning theory; far right; local democracy; municipal government; participation; populism; racism; urban governance Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:91-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Postmigrant Spatial Justice? The Case of ‘Berlin Develops New Neighbourhoods’ (BENN) File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3807 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3807 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 80-90 Author-Name: Sylvana Jahre Author-Workplace-Name: Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany Abstract: This article discusses the introduction of a new urban policy in Berlin, Germany, in the frame of postmigrant spatial justice. In 2017, Berlin established so-called ‘integration management programs’ in 20 different neighbourhoods around large refugee shelters as a response to the growing challenges local authorities faced after the administrative collapse in 2015/16. A new policy agenda provides the opportunity to learn from previous policies and programs—especially when it is addressed to the local dimension of integration, a widely and controversially discussed issue. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Berlin in 2018 and 2019, this article discusses how migration is framed in urban social policy against both postmigrant and spatial justice theory. Keywords: BENN; Berlin; critical urban research; forced migration; migration policy; refugees; postmigration; social city; spatial justice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:80-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Role of Institutional and Structural Differences for City-Specific Arrangements of Urban Migration Regimes File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3767 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3767 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 68-79 Author-Name: Eva Bund Author-Workplace-Name: German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees, Germany Author-Name: Ulrike Gerhard Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, Germany Abstract: In recent years, an increasing influx of migrants to Europe has led to a heated public discourse about integration capacities within receiving countries such as Germany. During this period, German society, with its changeful immigration history, is again challenged to provide policy responses and foster migrant integration, especially in urban areas. The efforts of cities along that path, however, vary greatly. Complementing locality approaches on immigration and integration policies, which are focused on metropolises and the U.S.-American context, this article is an empirical application for understanding institutional and structural conditions for local variations in integration strategies in Germany by presenting a comparative analysis of four mid-sized cities. The particular research interest lies on discourses from interviews with local authorities and civil society actors. Our analysis reveals city-specific streamlines: For instance, discourses at a center of the ‘knowledge society’ focused on a strong municipal power structure that allowed communally-financed, sustainable projects to evolve from a historically-grounded commitment to welcome migrants and from high financial capacities at its disposal. In another case, discourses revolved around a city’s financially constraints, which were equalized by compensatory civil society networks. In other cities, progress was associated with spontaneous local happenings or individual innovative leadership. These street-level patterns create a degree of locality within the global migration discourse, since they emerge from the interplay of financial, economic, and demographic features; historical concepts; or local events. We therefore contend that urban planning initiatives would profit from considering place-specific institutions that influence integration stakeholders, which are regime-makers and foster institutional, migration-led changes. Keywords: city-specificity; institutions; integration strategies; migration; spatial analysis; urban context; urban migration regimes Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:68-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Role of the ‘Cities for Change’ in Protecting the Rights of Irregular Migrants in Spain File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3811 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3811 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 56-67 Author-Name: Belén Fernández-Suárez Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Communication Sciences, University of A Coruña, Spain Author-Name: Keina Espiñeira Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Communication Sciences, University of A Coruña, Spain Abstract: Have the new municipalist pro-migrant policies succeeded in protecting the rights of irregular migrants? Cities in Spain have powers to design and implement services and programs aimed at the reception and integration of immigrants. Cities can also include those who are in vulnerable conditions, guaranteeing them access to healthcare, minimum income coverage or labour training, regardless of the immigration status. However, old municipal politics have been characterised by pragmatism, being mainly focused on regular immigrants. Besides, there has been a restrictive and punitive turn in immigration policy directly connected to the economic recession and austerity as of 2008. To explore what possibilities do cities have to expand and protect the rights of irregular immigrants, we analyse in this contribution the cases of Madrid and Barcelona for the years 2015–2019 when progressive municipalists fronts ruled the cities. Based on the textual analysis of policy documents and in-depth interviews with political parties, street-level bureaucrats and activists, we first examine the competencies that municipalities have in migration matters and mainstream approaches in Spain. Then we discuss the action of the new municipalism, focusing the analysis on four political measures that have been rebel and innovative in protecting irregular immigrants, namely, the proactive census, the prevention of irregularity, access to healthcare and changes in police protocols. These real experiences allow us to argue that cities can achieve changes in the way state control is enforced. However, the analysis also shows tensions between the political will and institutional constraints. Keywords: Barcelona; cities; citizenship; immigration; institutional change; integration; Madrid; municipalism; Spain; welfare Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:56-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Can Transnational Cooperation Support Municipalities to Address Challenges of Youth Migration? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3799 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3799 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 43-55 Author-Name: Elisabeth Gruber Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria / Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Austria Abstract: In the cooperation project ‘YOUMIG,’ funded by the INTERREG Danube transnational programme, challenges of youth migration were discussed in a transnational consortium consisting of project partners from different countries from Central and Eastern Europe experiencing difficulties such as a declining population and outmigration, as well as immigration of young people, which necessitated the provision of an integration infrastructure. Project outcomes included strategies as well as pilot activities performed by local-level authorities. The following article will consider outcomes as well as experiences from stakeholders involved in the project and investigate individual and organizational learning processes throughout the project. It will elaborate on the question of the extent to which transnational cooperation can potentially facilitate sustainable institutional changes and transformation. The results confirm the potential of transnational cooperation towards triggering learning and institutional change. Nevertheless, they underline that in the context of the project, the learning processes that could be achieved were predominantly of an individual nature and that the tangible outcomes could not lead to sustainable institutional changes. Keywords: Central and Eastern Europe; Danube Region; EU-internal mobility; INTERREG; organizational learning; transnational cooperation; youth migration Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:43-55 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ‘It’s a Matter of Life or Death’: Jewish Migration and Dispossession of Palestinians in Acre File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3676 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3676 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 32-42 Author-Name: Amandine Desille Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Portugal Author-Name: Yara Sa'di-Ibraheem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and the Human Environment, Tel-Aviv University, Israel Abstract: In this article, we aim to identify the actors and unpack the discourses and administrative practices used to increase current mobilities of people (Jewish immigrants, investors, tourist visitors, and evicted residents) and explore their impact on the continuity of the settler-colonial regime in pre-1948 Palestinian urban spaces which became part of Israel. To render these dynamics visible, we explore the case of Acre—a pre-1948 Palestinian city located in the north-west of Israel which during the last three decades has been receiving about one hundred Jewish immigrant families annually. Our findings reveal a dramatic change in the attempts to judaise the city: Mobility policies through neoliberal means have not only been instrumental in continuing the processes of displacement and dispossession of the Palestinians in this so-called ‘mixed city,’ but have also recruited new actors and created new techniques and opportunities to accelerate the judaisation of the few Palestinian spaces left. Moreover, these new mobility policies normalise judaisation of the city, both academically and practically, through globally trendy paradigms and discourses. Reframing migration-led development processes in cities within a settler-colonialism approach enables us to break free from post-colonial analytical frameworks and re-centre the native-settler relations as well as the immigrants-settlers’ role in territorial control and displacement of the natives in the neoliberal era. Keywords: Acre; Israel; migration; neoliberalism; Palestine; settler colonialism; urban development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:32-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Refugee Mobilities and Institutional Changes: Local Housing Policies and Segregation Processes in Greek Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3937 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3937 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 19-31 Author-Name: Pinelopi Vergou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, Greece Author-Name: Paschalis A. Arvanitidis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, Greece Author-Name: Panos Manetos Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Greece Abstract: Many studies have explored the dynamics of immigrant and refugee settlement at the local level, highlighting that it is actually a two-way process: On the one hand, the local socio-political context specifies the conditions for refugee inclusion, and on the other, migrant mobility leads to the transformation of localities in various ways. In Greek cities, the social practices of local actors have played an important role in the implementation of the immigration policy, where refugees were perceived as a threat to personal and community security. Yet, new forms of social mobilisation and solidarity by individual citizens and community initiatives have worked to alter these attitudes, mitigating tensions and obstacles in refugee acceptance. The article draws on the Greek experience to explore the role and importance of the local socio-political texture in refugee inclusion, shedding light on how it gave rise to various local initiatives that inform refugee allocation as well as urban transformation and institutional change. In methodological terms, the article considers three neighbouring Greek cities as case studies to identify the different institutional and policy responses to refugee accommodation, giving rise to different paths and forms of social inclusion. The study reveals the complexity and context of the social-spatial diversity that refugees face but also the transformation dynamics of local states and civil society.The paper draws on the Greek experience to explore the role and importance of social infrastructure in refugee integration, shedding light on how these qualities, materialized in local initiatives for refugee integration to influence urban transformation and institutional change. In methodological terms, the paper employs three small and medium-size Greek cities as case studies to identify the different institutional and policy responses to refugee accommodation followed, giving rise to different paths and forms of social inclusion and urban transformation. The study reveals the complexity and the contextuality of the social spatial diversity that refugees face but also the transformation of local states and civil society. Keywords: local welfare state; municipalities; refugee accommodation; segregation; social initiatives; solidarity Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:19-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migrants’ Access to the Rental Housing Market in Germany: Housing Providers and Allocation Policies File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3802 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.3802 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 7-18 Author-Name: Heike Hanhörster Author-Workplace-Name: ILS—Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Germany Author-Name: Isabel Ramos Lobato Author-Workplace-Name: Helsinki Institute for Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: Housing markets play a decisive role in the spatial distribution of populations and the integration of immigrants. Looking specifically at Germany, shortages of low-rent housing in many cities are proving to be an open door for discrimination. This article looks at the influence institutional housing providers have on migrants’ access to housing. Based on 76 qualitative interviews with housing experts, politicians, local government officials, civil society and academics, the internal routines of housing companies are examined for the first time in a German context, looking at what effect they have on producing socio-spatial inequality. Using Lipsky’s (1980) ‘street-level bureaucracy’ as our conceptual framework, we argue that the barriers denying migrants access to the rental housing market are attributable to two factors: the organisational culture, whether in the form of official guidelines (‘policy as written’) or of day-to-day activities in the front-line context (‘policy as performed’), and the huge gap between the two. Corporate policies, the resultant allocation policies, staff training and housing company involvement in local governance structures play a decisive role in determining migrants’ access to housing. The goal of achieving the right social mix and the lack of guidelines for housing company staff in deciding who gets an apartment—turning their discretionary power into a certain kind of ‘forced discretion’—in many cases arbitrarily restrict access to housing in Germany. Theoretically embedding these findings in organisational sociology, the article adds to urban geographical and sociological research into the drivers and backgrounds of residential segregation. Keywords: allocation policies; discrimination; diversity policies; housing market; institutional housing providers; migration-led institutional change; social mix; street-level bureaucracy Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:7-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migration-Led Institutional Change in Urban Development and Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4356 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i2.4356 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-6 Author-Name: Robert Barbarino Author-Workplace-Name: School of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Author-Name: Charlotte Räuchle Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geographical Science, Department of Earth Science, Free University Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Wolfgang Scholz Author-Workplace-Name: School of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund University, Germany Abstract: The migration-city-nexus has become central in migration and urban studies alike. This ‘local turn’ has not only initiated a rethinking of the local level as an independent level of migration policy-making but also broadened the discourse on how migration processes actually change cities. Therefore, the thematic issue at hand seeks to understand how migration-led development processes in cities promote and shape institutional change, and which actors transform policies, structures, and discourses on migration in different settings. It questions how migration-related issues in urban development are being handled and transformed by local state and civil society actors. With 11 empirical articles on local negotiations of migration in urban development in different settings, this thematic issue applies an institutional change perspective on local migration policy-making to contribute to a broader understanding of migration-led development in both urban and migration studies. When it comes to clearly capturing migration-led institutional change in urban development and planning, the contributions demonstrate great heterogeneity. They reveal that research on migration-led institutional change still has many biases and is very dependent on theoretical perspectives, positionalities of researchers, and the local context of the case studies. Keywords: institutional change; migration; urban development; urban governance Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:2:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning for 1000 Years: The Råängen Experiment File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3534 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3534 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 249-262 Author-Name: Peter Pelzer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning/Urban Futures Studio, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Roger Hildingsson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden Author-Name: Alice Herrström Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden Author-Name: Johannes Stripple Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: While traditional forms of urban planning are oriented towards the future, the recent turn towards experimental and challenge-led urban developments is characterized by an overarching presentism. We explore in this article how an experimental approach to urban planning can consider the long-term through setting-up ‘conversations with a future situation.’ In doing so, we draw on a unique experiment: Råängen, a piece of farmland in Lund (Sweden) owned by the Cathedral. The plot is part of Brunnshög, a large urban development program envisioned to accommodate homes, workspaces, and world-class research centers in the coming decades. We trace how Lund Cathedral became an unusual developer involved in ‘planning for thousand years,’ deployed a set of art commissions to allow reflections about values, belief, time, faith, and became committed to play a central role in the development process. The art interventions staged conversations with involved actors as well as publics geographically and temporally far away. The Råängen case illustrates how long-term futures can be fruitfully brought to the present through multiple means of imagination. A key insight for urban planning is how techniques of financial discounting and municipal zoning plans could be complemented with trust in reflective conversations in which questions are prioritized over answers. Keywords: art; deep-time organizations; experimentation; long-term; planning; Sweden Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:249-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contextualising Urban Experimentation: Analysing the Utopiastadt Campus Case with the Theory of Strategic Action Fields File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3629 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3629 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 235-248 Author-Name: Matthias Wanner Author-Workplace-Name: Division Sustainable Consumption and Production, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Germany / Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany Author-Name: Boris Bachmann Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Transformation Research and Sustainability (transzent), University of Wuppertal, Germany Author-Name: Timo von Wirth Author-Workplace-Name: Dutch Research Institute for Transitions (DRIFT), Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Practices of urban experimentation are currently seen as a promising approach to making planning processes more collaborative and adaptive. The practices develop not only in the context of ideal-type concepts of urban experiments and urban labs but also organically in specific governance contexts. We present such an organic case in the city of Wuppertal, Germany, centred around a so-called change-maker initiative, ‘Utopiastadt.’ This initiative joined forces with the city administration and collaborated with a private property owner and the local economic development agency in an unusual planning process for the development of a central brownfield site. Ultimately, the consortium jointly published a framework concept that picked up the vision of the ‘Utopiastadt Campus’ as an open-ended catalyst area for pilot projects and experiments on sustainability and city development. The concept was adopted by the city council and Utopiastadt purchased more than 50% of the land. In order to analyse the wider governance context and power struggles, we apply the social-constructivist theory of Strategic Action Fields (SAFs). We focused on the phases of contention and settlement, the shift in interaction forms, the role of an area development board as an internal governance unit and the influences of proximate fields, strategic action, and state facilitation on the development. We aim to demonstrate the potential of the theory of SAFs to understand a long-term urban development process and how an episode of experimentation evolved within this process. We discuss the theory’s shortcomings and reflect critically on whether the process contributed to strengthening collaborative and experimental approaches in the governance of city development. Keywords: collaborative planning; governance experiment; participatory city-making; theory of Strategic Action Fields; urban change; urban experimentation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:235-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning from Failure: Transforming a Waterfront through Experimentation in a Placemaking Living Lab File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3586 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3586 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 221-234 Author-Name: Ramon Marrades Author-Workplace-Name: Placemaking Europe, The Netherlands Author-Name: Philippa Collin Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Culture & Society, Western Sydney University, Australia Author-Name: Michelle Catanzaro Author-Workplace-Name: School of Humanities and Communication Arts, Western Sydney University, Australia Author-Name: Eveline Mussi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia Abstract: This article assesses on what happens when planning by experiment becomes imperative for strategic city sites such as waterfronts due to the failure of other forms of centralised, top-down, or market-led planning. Through an in-depth case-based analysis of La Marina de València (LMdV) we investigate the potential of experimentation for revitalisation of city sites. To do this, we first review the literature on urban development approaches to identify specific issues that lead to urban planning failure. We then extend the scholarship on urban experimentation by proposing a definition of place-based experimentation as ‘relational process.’ Then, we explore how planning by experiment emerged as a response to planning failures in a broader strategy for revitalisation of LMdV. We propose key processes for planning by experiment through a Placemaking Living Lab based on perception, collaboration, and iteration, which we use to assess experimentation at LMdV. In the conclusion we discuss the potential of this approach to ‘planning by experiment’ to revitalise urban governance and planning processes in cities and their strategic sites. Keywords: experimental planning; innovation; participation; placemaking; urban living labs Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:221-234 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Encounter by Experiment? Potentials and Pitfalls of Real-World Labs for Urban Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3475 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3475 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 208-220 Author-Name: Charlotte Räuchle Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geographical Science, Department of Earth Science, Free University Berlin, Germany Abstract: This article explores the potential of real-world labs (RWLs) and real-world experiments (RWEs) to be a fruitful addition to established approaches in urban planning in Germany. While transdisciplinary and transformative RWLs rooted in socio-ecological sustainability studies have become an important tool for experimenting with innovative solutions for environmental challenges in cities, RWLs aimed at improving social cohesion in neighbourhoods and fostering a communal life characterised by dialogue and solidarity are rare. To this latter aim, this article contributes with research experience from a transdisciplinary RWL on cooperative urban open space development seeking to foster social cohesion in super-diverse neighbourhoods in Germany. This article analyses the contradictory perceptions of the local stakeholders involved as regards the potentials of RWEs to be a meaningful addition to established planning practices. This article makes it clear that there is greater proximity between urban planning theory, practice, and RWEs than initially assumed. Nevertheless, RWEs have considerable potential as a positive complement to established approaches to urban planning and as a means of experimenting with open-ended encounter formats in neighbourhoods. Keywords: encounter; neighbourhoods; real-world experiment; real-world lab; social cohesion; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:208-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Planning by Experiment at Precinct Scale: Embracing Complexity, Ambiguity, and Multiplicity File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3525 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3525 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 195-207 Author-Name: Darren Sharp Author-Workplace-Name: Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Australia Author-Name: Rob Raven Author-Workplace-Name: Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Australia Abstract: Urban living labs have emerged as spatially embedded arenas for governing urban transformation, where heterogenous actor configurations experiment with new practices, institutions, and infrastructures. This article observes a nascent shift towards experimentation at the precinct scale and responds to a need to further investigate relevant processes in urban experimentation at this scale, and identifies particular challenges for urban planning. We tentatively conceptualise precincts as spatially bounded urban environments loosely delineated by a particular combination of social or economic activity. Our methodology involves an interpretive systematic literature review of urban experimentation and urban living labs at precinct scale, along with an empirical illustration of the Net Zero Initiative at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, which is operationalising its main campus into a living lab focussed on precinct-scale decarbonisation. We identify four processual categories relevant to precinct-scale experimentation: embedding, framing, governing, and learning. We use the empirical illustration to discuss the relevance of these processes, refine findings from the literature review and conclude with a discussion on the implications of our article for future scholarship on urban planning by experiment at precinct scale. Keywords: experimentation; governance; net zero; precinct; urban living labs; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:195-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experimental Governance and Urban Planning Futures: Five Strategic Functions for Municipalities in Local Innovation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3396 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3396 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 183-194 Author-Name: Erica Eneqvist Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden / Division of Built Environment, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden Author-Name: Andrew Karvonen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Abstract: Experimental governance is increasingly being implemented in cities around the world through laboratories, testbeds, platforms, and innovation districts to address a wide range of complex sustainability challenges. Experiments often involve public-private partnerships and triple helix collaborations with the municipality as a key stakeholder. This stretches the responsibilities of local authorities beyond conventional practices of policymaking and regulation to engage in more applied, collaborative, and recursive forms of planning. In this article, we examine how local authorities are involved in experimental governance and how this is influencing their approach to urban development. We are specifically interested in the multiple strategic functions that municipalities play in experimental governance and the broader implications to existing urban planning practices and norms. We begin the article by developing an analytic framework of the most common strategic functions of municipalities in experimental governance and then apply this framework to Stockholm, a city that has embraced experimental governance as a means to realise its sustainability ambitions. Our findings reveal how the strategic functions of visioning, facilitating, supporting, amplifying, and guarding are producing new opportunities and challenges to urban planning practices in twenty-first century cities. Keywords: collaboration; experimental governance; experimentation; municipalities; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:183-194 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How Cities Learn: From Experimentation to Transformation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3545 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3545 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 171-182 Author-Name: James Evans Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Manchester, UK Author-Name: Tomáš Vácha Author-Workplace-Name: University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic Author-Name: Henk Kok Author-Workplace-Name: Sector Strategy/Team Europe, Eindhoven Town Hall, The Netherlands Author-Name: Kelly Watson Author-Workplace-Name: Manchester Urban Institute, University of Manchester, UK Abstract: Cities must change rapidly to address a range of sustainability challenges. While urban experimentation has prospered as a framework for innovation, it has struggled to stimulate broader transformation. We offer a novel contribution to this debate by focusing on what municipalities learn from experimentation and how this drives organisational change. The practicalities of how municipalities learn and change has received relatively little attention, despite the recognised importance of learning within the literature on urban experiments and the central role of municipalities in enabling urban transformation. We address this research gap, drawing on four years of in-depth research coproduced with European municipal project coordinators responsible for designing and implementing the largest urban research and innovation projects ever undertaken. This cohort of professionals plays a critical role in urban experimentation and transformation, funnelling billions of Euros into trials of new solutions to urban challenges and coordinating large public-private partnerships to deliver them. For our respondents, learning how to experiment more effectively and embedding these lessons into their organisations was the most important outcome of these projects. We develop the novel concept of process learning to capture the importance of experimentation in driving organisational change. Process learning is significant because it offers a new way to understand the relationship between experimentation and urban transformation and should form the focus of innovation projects that seek to prompt broader urban transformation, rather than technical performance. We conclude by identifying implications for urban planning and innovation funding. Keywords: experimentation; innovation; municipalities; process learning; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:171-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Practice of Urban Experimentation in Dutch City Labs File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3626 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3626 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 161-170 Author-Name: Christian Scholl Author-Workplace-Name: Maastricht Sustainability Institute, Maastricht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Joop de Kraker Author-Workplace-Name: Maastricht Sustainability Institute, Maastricht University, The Netherlands / Department of Environmental Sciences, Open Universiteit, The Netherlands Abstract: ‘Urban planning by experiment’ can be seen as an approach that uses experimentation to innovate and improve urban planning instruments, approaches, and outcomes. Nowadays, urban experiments—interventions in the city with the aim to innovate, learn, or gain experience—are increasingly taking place in the context of Urban Living Labs. In the Netherlands, a certain type of Urban Living Lab, called city labs, is flourishing, and it has been suggested that these labs could make an important contribution to ‘urban planning by experiment.’ However, previous studies have indicated that this will depend on how experimentation is conducted in these labs. To obtain a more comprehensive picture of the practice of experimentation, we conducted a survey among Dutch city labs, supplemented by individual and group interviews with practitioners from a small subset of the 17 responding labs. We conclude that there is a poor match between the practice of experimentation in Dutch city labs and the characteristics that are considered to support effective ‘urban planning by experiment’ (i.e., a structured approach to experimentation, co-creation of experiments, active and targeted dissemination of lessons learned, and experiments as linking pins between municipal policy goals and the needs of urban society). This suggests that the current contribution of Dutch city labs to ‘urban planning by experiment’ is probably quite limited. Further research is needed to determine whether the typical practice of experimentation encountered in the Dutch city labs, i.e., action-oriented, resource-limited, and largely driven by opportunities, is also found in Urban Living Labs elsewhere. Keywords: city labs; learning; practice; urban experimentation; urban living labs; urban planning innovation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:161-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Planning by Experiment: Practices, Outcomes, and Impacts File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4248 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.4248 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 156-160 Author-Name: Christian Scholl Author-Workplace-Name: Maastricht Sustainability Institute, Maastricht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Joop de Kraker Author-Workplace-Name: Maastricht Sustainability Institute, Maastricht University, The Netherlands / Department of Environmental Sciences, Open Universiteit, The Netherlands Abstract: The impact of urban experimentation on urban planning approaches is so far insufficiently assessed and discussed. This thematic issue sets out to investigate the possibilities and limitations of ‘urban planning by experiment,’ defined as an approach that uses experimentation to innovate and improve urban planning instruments, approaches, and outcomes. It brings together eight contributions presenting original research on urban experimentation and its relation to urban planning. All contributions are empirically grounded in (illustrative) case studies, mostly from European cities. Here, we summarize and discuss the major findings across the eight contributions with respect to three key themes: the practices of urban experimentation, its outcomes, and its impacts on urban planning. We conclude that the practices of urban experimentation described in the contributions generated a wide variety of substantive and learning outcomes, which, according to the authors, represent worthwhile additions or alternatives to the current repertoire of approaches and instruments of urban planning. However, except for a single case, large-scale integration of experimentation in established approaches to urban planning was not observed, let alone a complete transformation of urban planning practices. An area for further research concerns the relation between the way urban experiments are organized and conducted, and their impact on urban planning. Keywords: sustainable urban development; urban experiments; urban planning; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:156-160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Are We Kidding Ourselves That Research Leads Practice? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4132 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.4132 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 154-155 Author-Name: Bruce Stiftel Author-Workplace-Name: School of City and Regional Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Abstract:The importance of learning from practice is underscored by the analysis in the articles on innovation and development in urban planning of this journal’s thematic issue.
Keywords: innovation; research; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:154-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Planning Academics: Tweets and Citations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3720 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3720 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 146-153 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Affairs and Planning, Virginia Tech, USA Abstract: This article discusses the relationship between Twitter usage and scholarly citations by urban planning academics in the U.S. and Canada. Social media and academic publications may be considered separate activities by some, but over the past decade there has been a convergence of the two. Social media and scholarship can be complementary not only when social media is used to communicate about new publications, but also to gather research ideas and build research networks. The analysis presented here explores this relationship for urban planning faculty using data for faculty who had active Twitter accounts between March 2007 and April 2019. Measures of Twitter activity were combined with Google Scholar citation data for 322 faculty with Twitter accounts. As expected, the results highlight that there are different patterns of Twitter activity between junior faculty and senior faculty both in terms of proportions of each rank using Twitter as well as activity levels on the social media platform. The results also suggest that Twitter activity does not have a statistically significant relationship with overall scholarly productivity as measured by citation levels. Keywords: academic; Canada; citations; Google; planning; research; social media; Twitter; US Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:146-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How Do Scholars Communicate the ‘Temporary Turn’ in Urban Studies? A Socio-Semiotic Framework File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3613 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3613 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 133-145 Author-Name: Robin A. Chang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of European Planning Cultures, School of Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund, Germany Abstract: Interdisciplinarity broadens urban planning praxis and simultaneously deepens how urban research unfurls. Indeed, this breadth and depth diverges and converges the understanding of current and popular concepts such as temporary use (TU)—also recognized as short-term or temporally undefined use of space. Through a meta-research, or research about research approach employing socio-semiotics and bibliometric analyses for the first time in relation to TU, I clarify the increasing scholarly attention to urban interventions by asking: How are urban scholars communicating the TU discourse? A socio-semiotic framework helps unpack the production of meanings as well as symbols channeled through the scholarly institutionalization of TU. Supporting this, I use bibliometric analyses to explicate the production and reproduction of meaning through keywords and citation networks in research literature. This study illuminates epistemological activities and reflects on directions tied to our understanding and articulation of a potential ‘Temporary Turn’ in theory and practice. Keywords: bibliometrics; socio-semiotics; temporary turn; temporary use; urban studies Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:133-145 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Precarious Absence of Disability Perspectives in Planning Research File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3612 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3612 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 120-132 Author-Name: Mikiko Terashima Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, Dalhousie University, Canada Author-Name: Kate Clark Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, Dalhousie University, Canada Abstract: One in five people in the world are said to have some type of disability. Disability is not merely individuals’ compromised capability in navigating the built environment, but rather the ‘misfit’ of capabilities with how a given living environment is organized. Planning, therefore, has a crucial role to play in responding to the needs of this significant population through changes to the built and social environment. However, discussion on planning theories and practices with a focus on persons with disability (PWD) has been limited to more specific realms of ‘design,’ and precariously absent in broader planning research. This systematic literature review aims to inform potential directions for planning scholarship by exploring the current and historic planning research investigating the needs of PWD. We compiled relevant papers from five prominent English language planning journals, some of which are long-standing (Town Planning Review, 1910–, Journal of the American Planning Association, 1935–). A very limited number of papers (n = 36) on topics related to PWD of any type have been published in the five journals throughout their existence, with even fewer focusing on the population. The subareas of planning these papers addressed include housing, transportation, land use, policy, and urban design. Many papers called for participation by PWD in the planning and decision-making processes, and some recent papers advocated for the production of evidence related to costs of creating accessible infrastructure. A critical look on some disciplinary divides and enhanced roles of planning research would be beneficial. Keywords: accessibility; disability; persons with disability (PWD); systematic literature review Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:120-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Qualitative Methods and Hybrid Maps for Spatial Perception with an Example of Security Perception File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3614 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3614 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 105-119 Author-Name: Mandy Töppel Author-Workplace-Name: Dynamics of Communication, Knowledge and Spatial Development, Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany Author-Name: Christian Reichel Author-Workplace-Name: Environmental Policy Research Centre, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Abstract: The security/insecurity of our cities has become the subject of public debate in recent years. The individual intuitions about security or insecurity can vary with age, gender, social background, personal constitution and previous positive or negative experiences. They are also constantly (re)produced, as perceptions of space are individual and selective. Noting these variations, materialised factors also play a major role, e.g., recessed house entrances, dense or high hedges, poor orientation options, dark places, etc. Attributing meaning to these materialised factors, real constructs are formed which create positive or negative narratives about certain (urban) spaces, influencing the actual use and design of urban spaces. To investigate the importance attached to certain spaces, qualitative methods are required for examining socio-spatial situations, perceptual processes and attribution. Using different methods in an explorative and in-depth descriptive research phase, such as expert interviews, user observations, surveys on go-alongs, participatory mapping with detailed information on structural and spatial locations, the advantages and disadvantages of method selection are presented. Berlin’s Alexanderplatz was used as a case study area to determine perceptions of security in urban areas. We confirmed that despite variations, certain subjective perceptions concerning visibility, brightness, and audibility are collective. Additionally, hybrid maps are used to explain how subjective perceptions of space, combined with 3D graphics, can alert architects and city planners to uncertainty among users of public space. Keywords: 3D planning tools; go alongs; hybrid maps; participatory mapping; spatial perception; urban resilience Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:105-119 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Design in Planning: Reintegration through Shifting Values File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3664 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3664 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 93-104 Author-Name: Danielle Zoe Rivera Author-Workplace-Name: Environmental Design, University of Colorado Boulder, USA Abstract: Design is increasingly entering planning beyond the subfield of urban design. At a larger scale, designers are moving into the social sciences to apply design skills at intersections with the social sciences. This article offers an overview of research and practice at the forefront of both interpreting design fields and understanding their growing importance within planning. This transcends examinations of urban design to incorporate the potential of design more broadly in planning, with particular emphasis on community development and engagement. The article does this through a case study of an existing design-based nonprofit (bcWORKSHOP) which leverages techniques across design and planning to generate new forms of community planning practice in the State of Texas. Ultimately, this case study begins to ask whether planning can fully address a number of issues (like social/racial justice and climate change) without understanding these issues from both design and planning perspectives simultaneously. It also emphasizes the importance of training planners to both envision and build alternate possible worlds, a skillset fundamental to design that could reshape planning education and practice. Keywords: design; planning research; community-based design; interdisciplinary research; design practice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:93-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Innovations and Development in Urban Planning Scholarship and Research File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/4135 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.4135 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 89-92 Author-Name: Thomas W. Sanchez Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Affairs and Planning, Virginia Tech, USA Abstract: Urban planning is characterized by involving a wide range of experts from a variety of fields. Therefore, planning research draws upon each of these fields in how it interprets an examines the natural and built environment as elements of human settlement activities. As a small professional and academic discipline incorporating aspects of design, policy, law, social sciences, and engineering, it is understandable that research outcomes are published in a broad range of academic outlets. It is useful for us to reflect on our research intentions, processes, and outcomes, which is also referred to as ‘research about research,’ with a focus on the scholarly products of urban planning academics. We can do this by examining our methodologies, subdomains, application of research to practice, research impact, and bibliometrics. The purpose of reflecting on our research helps us better understand research processes and the resulting body of urban planning research and scholarship as a whole. Keywords: planning; research; scholarship Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:89-92 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Green Infrastructure and Biophilic Urbanism as Tools for Integrating Resource Efficient and Ecological Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3633 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3633 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 75-88 Author-Name: Giles Thomson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Strategic Sustainable Development, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden / Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University, Australia Author-Name: Peter Newman Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University, Australia Abstract: In recent decades, the concept of resource efficient cities has emerged as an urban planning paradigm that seeks to achieve sustainable urban environments. This focus is upon compact urban environments that optimise energy, water and waste systems to create cities that help solve climate change and other resource-based sustainability issues. In parallel, there has been a long-standing tradition of ecological approaches to the design of cities that can be traced from Howard, Geddes, McHarg and Lyle. Rather than resource efficiency, the ecological approach has focused upon the retention and repair of natural landscape features and the creation of green infrastructure (GI) to manage urban water, soil and plants in a more ecologically sensitive way. There is some conflict with the resource efficient cities and ecological cities paradigms, as one is pro-density, while the other is anti-density. This article focusses upon how to integrate the two paradigms through new biophilic urbanism (BU) tools that allow the integration of nature into dense urban areas, to supplement more traditional GI tools in less dense areas. We suggest that the theory of urban fabrics can aid with regard to which tools to use where, for the integration of GI and BU into different parts of the city to achieve both resource efficient and ecological outcomes, that optimise energy water and waste systems, and increase urban nature. Keywords: biophilic urbanism; ecological cities; green infrastructure; resource efficient cities; urban fabric theory; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:75-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: More Than Open Space! The Case for Green Infrastructure Teaching in Planning Curricula File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3518 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3518 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 63-74 Author-Name: Andrea I. Frank Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Andrew Flynn Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, UK Author-Name: Nick Hacking Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, UK Author-Name: Christopher Silver Author-Workplace-Name: College of Design, Construction and Planning, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA Abstract: Since the mid-1990s, the concept of Green Infrastructure (GI) has been gaining traction in fields such as ecology and forestry, (landscape) architecture, environmental and hydrological engineering, public health as well as urban and regional planning. Definitions and aims ascribed to GI vary. Yet, agreement broadly exists on GI’s ability to contribute to sustainability by means of supporting, for example, biodiversity, human and animal health, and storm water management as well as mitigating urban heat island effects. Given an acknowledged role of planners in delivering sustainable cities and towns, professional bodies have highlighted the need for spatial planners to understand and implement GI. This raises questions of what sort of GI knowledge planners may require and moreover by whom and how GI knowledge and competencies may be conveyed? Examining knowledge and skills needs vis-à-vis GI education opportunities indicates a provision reliant primarily on continued professional education and limited ad hoc opportunities in Higher Education. The resulting knowledge base appears fragmented with limited theoretical foundations leading the authors to argue that a systematic inclusion of green infrastructure knowledges in initial planning education is needed to promote and aid effective GI implementation. Keywords: curricula; green infrastructure; higher education; planning profession; spatial planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:63-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Eco-Techno Spectrum: Exploring Knowledge Systems’ Challenges in Green Infrastructure Management File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3491 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3491 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 49-62 Author-Name: A. Marissa Matsler Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA Author-Name: Thaddeus R. Miller Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA Author-Name: Peter M. Groffman Author-Workplace-Name: Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA / Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, USA Abstract: Infrastructure crises are not only technical problems for engineers to solve—they also present social, ecological, financial, and political challenges. Addressing infrastructure problems thus requires a robust planning process that includes examination of the social and ecological systems supporting infrastructure, alongside technical systems. An integrative Social, Ecological, and Technological Systems (SETS) analysis of infrastructure solutions can complement the planning process by revealing potential trade-offs that are often overlooked in standard procedures. We explore the interconnected SETS of the infrastructure problem in the US through comparative case studies of green infrastructure (GI) development in Portland and Baltimore. Currently a popular infrastructure solution to a wide variety of urban ills, GI is the use and mimicry of ecological components (e.g., plants) to perform municipal services (e.g., stormwater management). We develop the ecological-technological spectrum—or ‘eco-techno spectrum’—as a framing tool to bridge all three SETS dimensions. The eco-techno spectrum becomes a platform to explore the institutional knowledge system dynamics of GI development where social dimensions are organized across ecological and technological aspects of GI, exposing how governance differs across specific forms of ecological and technological hybridity. In this study, we highlight the knowledge system challenges of urban planning institutions as a key consideration in the realization of innovative infrastructure crisis ‘fixes.’ Disconnected definition and measurement of GI emerge as two distinct challenges across the knowledge systems examined. By revealing and discussing these challenges, we can begin to recognize—and better plan for—gaps in municipal planning knowledge systems, promoting decisions that address the roots of infrastructure crises rather than treating only their symptoms. Keywords: Baltimore; ecosystem services; infrastructure crises; integrated planning; interdisciplinarity; knowledge systems analysis; Portland; science and technology studies; social-ecological-technological systems; water management Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:49-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Soft Systems Methodology for Business Creation: The Lost World at Tyseley, Birmingham File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3499 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3499 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 32-48 Author-Name: Marianna Cavada Author-Workplace-Name: Lancaster Institute for Contemporary Arts, School of Architecture, University of Lancaster, UK / Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Chris Bouch Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Chris Rogers Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Michael Grace Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, UK Author-Name: Alexander Robertson Author-Workplace-Name: Hay Mills Foundation Trust, UK Abstract: Much has been written about the benefits of green infrastructure, but securing the resources necessary for its development and long-term maintenance is often difficult. This article’s premise is that, in general, people and organisations will take action to provide those resources when they can see value accruing to them; therefore narratives of value generation and capture (our definition of business models) are required to motivate and support that action. This article explores the application of soft systems methodology to the wicked problem of business model development in the context of a social enterprise, using a case study based on a piece of green infrastructure in the city of Birmingham, UK, called The Lost World. The research involved a workshop with several of The Lost World’s key stakeholders and aimed at identifying: The Lost World’s scope as a business; its potential value streams; and how they might be realised in a social enterprise. Analysis of the findings shows that while stakeholders can identify opportunities for their organisations, bringing those opportunities to fruition is difficult. The research demonstrates a compelling need for social entrepreneurs to act as catalysts and long-term enablers of the formulation and maintenance of businesses and business models—vital missing actors in the ambition to transform cityscapes. Keywords: business model; green infrastructure; social enterprise; value Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:32-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integrating Green Infrastructure into Urban Planning: Developing Melbourne’s Green Factor Tool File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3515 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3515 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 20-31 Author-Name: Judy Bush Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Australia Author-Name: Gavin Ashley Author-Workplace-Name: HIP V. HYPE Sustainability, Australia Author-Name: Ben Foster Author-Workplace-Name: City of Melbourne, Australia Author-Name: Gail Hall Author-Workplace-Name: City of Melbourne, Australia Abstract: As cities increase in size and density, the ecosystem services supplied by urban greenery and green infrastructure are increasingly vital for sustainable, liveable urban areas. However, retaining and maximising urban greenery in densifying cities is challenging. Governments have critical roles in addressing these challenges through policy development and implementation. While there has been significant attention on the quality and quantity of green space on public land, there is an increasing focus on policy mechanisms for integrating green infrastructure into the private realm, including green roofs, walls, facades, balconies and gardens. As part of City of Melbourne’s efforts to increase greening across the municipality, its 2017 Green Our City Strategic Action Plan includes specific focus on the private realm, and development of regulatory processes for green infrastructure. This article reports on a participatory research project to develop a Green Factor Tool for application to building development proposals in Melbourne. We focus on the transdisciplinary collaborations that brought together contributions from researchers, practitioners, policymakers and designers. We discuss how local research on green space contributions to provision of ecosystem services shaped the design of the tool and provided the tool’s rigorous evidence-base. Finally, we consider the roles of urban planning in retaining and maximising urban green spaces in densifying urban areas. Keywords: biodiversity; climate change; ecosystem services; green; planning tools; regulation; sustainability; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:20-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Trade-Offs between Urban Green Space and Densification: Balancing Outdoor Thermal Comfort, Mobility, and Housing Demand File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3481 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3481 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 5-19 Author-Name: Sabrina Erlwein Author-Workplace-Name: Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Stephan Pauleit Author-Workplace-Name: Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Technical University of Munich, Germany Abstract: Urban green spaces reduce elevated urban temperature through evaporative cooling and shading and are thus promoted as nature-based solutions to enhance urban climates. However, in growing cities, the supply of urban green space often conflicts with increasing housing demand. This study investigates the interplay of densification and the availability of green space and its impact on human heat stress in summer. For the case of an open-midrise (local climate zone 5) urban redevelopment site in Munich, eight densification scenarios were elaborated with city planners and evaluated by microscale simulations in ENVI-met. The chosen scenarios consider varying building heights, different types of densification, amount of vegetation and parking space regulations. The preservation of existing trees has the greatest impact on the physical equivalent temperature (PET). Construction of underground car parking results in the removal of the tree population. Loss of all the existing trees due to parking space consumption leads to an average daytime PET increase of 5°C compared to the current situation. If the parking space requirement is halved, the increase in PET can be reduced to 1.3°C–1.7°C in all scenarios. The addition of buildings leads to a higher gain in living space than the addition of floors, but night-time thermal comfort is affected by poor ventilation if fresh air circulation is blocked. The protection of mature trees in urban redevelopment strategies will become more relevant in the changing climate. Alternative mobility strategies could help to reduce trade-offs between densification and urban greening. Keywords: densification; ENVI-met simulations; green infrastructure; outdoor thermal comfort Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:5-19 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: City Planning and Green Infrastructure: Embedding Ecology into Urban Decision-Making File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3957 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v6i1.3957 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 6 Year: 2021 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Paul Osmond Author-Workplace-Name: School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Australia Author-Name: Sara Wilkinson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Abstract: Green infrastructure (GI) includes an array of products, technologies, and practices that use natural systems—or designed systems that mimic natural processes—to enhance environmental sustainability and human quality of life. GI is the ultimate source of the ecosystem services which the biotic environment provides to humanity. The maintenance and enhancement of GI to optimise the supply of ecosystem services thus requires conscious planning. The objective of this thematic issue is to publish a cross-section of quality research which addresses how urban planning can contribute to the conservation, management, enhancement, and creation of GI in the city. The terms of reference include the technical, economic, social, and political dimensions of the planning/GI nexus. Here we offer a brief overview of the articles published in this collection, and consider where policy, planning, and design relating to urban GI may be heading in the future. Keywords: biophilia; ecosystem services; green infrastructure; habitability; sustainability; urban design; urban ecology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v6:y:2021:i:1:p:1-4