Planning practice in the Global South often defines a border between formal and informal developments ignoring the complex and nuanced reality of urban practices and, consequently, worsening segregation. This article proposes an alternative view of socio-spatial segregation that shifts the distinction between formal/informal towards one that emphasises access to opportunities and their relationship with the spatial structure of the city. Under this alternative framework, applied to the case of the Valle Amauta neighbourhood in Lima, Peru, we reflect on how socio-economic activities, shaped by spatial conditions and social practices, increase or reduce socio-spatial segregation. Our findings suggest that a shift towards strategies aimed at increasing accessibility to centrality, provided by the density of social and economic activities, could offer new opportunities for planning practice and theory in the Global South.
Keywords: informality; Global South; segregation; spatial justice; urban morphology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:303-318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pathways to the ‘Good Life’: Co-Producing Prosperity Research in Informal Settlements in Tanzania File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3177 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3177 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 288-302 Author-Name: Saffron Woodcraft Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Global Prosperity, University College London, UK Author-Name: Emmanuel Osuteye Author-Workplace-Name: Development Planning Unit, University College London, UK Author-Name: Tim Ndezi Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Community Initiatives, Tanzania Author-Name: Festo D. Makoba Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Community Initiatives, Tanzania Abstract: Residents of informal settlements in urban centres in Africa are known to suffer disproportionate burdens of environmental and socio-economic inequalities and are often excluded from macro-level visions and policies that seek to make cities safer and prosperous (Birkmann, 2007; da Silva & Braulio, 2014; Dodman et al., 2013). This tension undermines the validity of orthodox, ‘expert-led’ visions, policies and measures of prosperity that are distant from the lived-experience of marginalised urban residents. Based on new empirical work with communities in three informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, this article argues that novel methodological and theoretical approaches to co-producing context-specific policy-relevant knowledge about pathways to prosperity (translated by the communities as maisha bora, ‘the good life’) creates inclusive spaces for both community participation in processes of urban knowledge production and critical social enquiry that can lead to grounded theory building. By co-producing both an agreed and relevant methodological approach for the study, and its subsequent documentation and analysis, this work contributes valuable empirical insights about the capacities and capabilities of local communities to shape and influence urban policy-making and in this way speaks to calls for a global urbanism (Ong, 2011; Robinson, 2016) that brings diverse voices and geographies to urban theory to better account for the diversity of urban experiences and processes found in twenty-first century cities. Keywords: Africa; community innovation; Dar es Salaam; informal settlements; knowledge co-production; prosperity; socio-economic inequalities; Tanzania Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:288-302 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disrupting Risk Governance? A Post-Disaster Politics of Inclusion in the Urban Margins File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3210 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3210 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 274-283 Author-Name: Ricardo Fuentealba Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography, Planning and International Development, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Hebe Verrest Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography, Planning and International Development, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Facing climate emergency and disaster risks, cities are developing governing arrangements towards sustainability and resilience. Research is showing the ambivalent results of these arrangements in terms of inclusion and (in)justice, as well as their outcomes in emptying the ‘properly political’ through depoliticised governing techniques. Acknowledging this post-political thesis, however, critical analyses must also engage with re-politicization and focus on disruptive and transformative governance efforts. This article addresses the dual dynamics of de—and re-politicisation, focusing on the interplay of different modes of governing urban risk. We follow the political philosophy of Jacques Rancière and related interpretations in critical urban studies to recover the politics of the city. We focus on a post-disaster area in the foothills of Santiago, Chile. After a 1993 disaster, the State constituted a mode of governing risks based on physicalist interventions that discouraged local conflicts. This techno-managerial policing order made risks invisible while favouring real estate development. However, we show how local initiatives emerge in the interstices of formal and informal arrangements that contest this course. This emerging mode of governing risk, we argue, has the potential to recover incrementally urban politics and disrupt the dominant one through an egalitarian principle on the margins. Our contribution shows that, although these modes of governance coexist and are still evolving, advancing more just and inclusive cities require moving beyond consensus-based governance and focusing on the role of dissent and disruptive politics. Keywords: inclusive cities; Jacques Rancière; post-disaster; risk management; urban governance; urban politics Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:274-283 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Memory in Sacred Places: The Revitalization Process of the Muisca Community File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3109 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3109 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 263-273 Author-Name: Paola Andrea Sánchez-Castañeda Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, Florida International University, USA Abstract: The Muisca community of Suba, located in Bogota, Colombia, is a place-based community whose epistemology is rooted in what is now an urban environment. After enduring over five centuries of segregation, marginalization, displacement, and near cultural obliteration, the Muisca community has thrived to the present day and is currently undertaking the task of re-indigenization through the revitalization of their traditional knowledge and the process of ethnogenesis. The effects of urbanization on the Muisca have not only changed the physical spaces which they inhabit, but it has also disrupted the relational patterns between the community and their sacred places. This severing of the community from their sacred places has had the effect of further invisibilizing the Muisca’s ethnic identity in the national social imaginary. As a form of resistance to their marginality, the Muisca are engaging in symbolic practices, in both public and private spaces, as a means of cultivating ideological resistance, memory revitalization, and generating new meanings of their collective identity. This article, based on an ethnographic case study, seeks to examine how the Muisca community is symbolically re-appropriating their sacred places in this urban context to mend the social fabric of the Muisca community. As such, this revitalization project represents an attempt to reconstruct a forgotten indigenous identity by rewriting the historical memory of a community that disappeared from the national discourse. Keywords: Colombia; Indigenous communities; memory; resistance; sacred places; urban indigeneity Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:263-273 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “They Sold Us Illusions”: Informality, Redevelopment, and the Politics of Limpieza in the Dominican Republic File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3129 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3129 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 252-262 Author-Name: Raksha Vasudevan Author-Workplace-Name: Program in Community and Regional Planning, University of Texas at Austin, USA Author-Name: Bjørn Sletto Author-Workplace-Name: Program in Community and Regional Planning, University of Texas at Austin, USA Abstract: In the capital city of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, climate change and environmental concerns are used to justify massive redevelopment projects in informal settlements located along the rivers Ozama and Isabela. Residents in such river communities negotiate the uncertainty of state planning under a new socio-environmentalism that prioritizes the environment over social concerns, while continuing to pursue bottom-up neighborhood planning despite the powerful rationality of limpieza (cleanliness), the pervasive techniques of responsibilization, and the celebratory spectacles of megaprojects. The uncertainty resulting from governance under socio-environmentalism produces ambivalence towards environmentcentered projects among residents. Drawing on oral histories and interviews with long-time community members, we suggest that residents engage in three ‘sensemaking strategies’ to process their ambivalence in the face of daily precarity, in particular the ongoing threat of evictions. Residents ‘keep up’ with the state and strategically utilize planning language to advocate for community priorities. They engage in practices of storytelling that reproduce a deep sense of community and provide a longer historical understanding of planning interventions. Finally, through verbal speculation and other ‘unsanctioned speech acts’ they analyze disruptions caused by socio-environmentalism, build solidarity with other communities, and think ahead despite uncertainty. Keywords: climate change; community-based planning; community organizing; Dominican Republic; informality; Latin America; oral history; redevelopment; speculation; storytelling Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:252-262 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Experience of Urban Hospitality: An Ecological Approach to the Migrants’ World File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3069 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3069 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 241-251 Author-Name: Louise Carlier Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economic, Social and Political Sciences and Communication, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium Abstract: This article was inspired by a collaborative action-research experience undertaken in Brussels by ARCH (Action Research Collective for Hospitality), aimed at further understanding the dynamics of hospitality and improving hospitality towards refugees, based on collaboration with actors of civil society. In a context of spreading policies of hostility and exclusion in Europe and the lack of arrival infrastructures for undocumented migrants, asylum seekers and refugees, the people tend to occupy public spaces of the city. Consequently, these spaces become the central nodes where civil society organizes the humanitarian aid and practices of hospitality and at the same time are places for interactional tensions and institutional violence. In other words, they become an urban stage where the tension between hospitality and exclusion is played out. Based on this research, our article proposes to take the urban consequences of hostility policies seriously by analyzing the ecology of the migrants’ world in the city. Our aim is to understand their experience of segregation and hospitality in the urban environment—and more specifically in public spaces. Public spaces are indeed the only livable spaces for people for whom no room has been made. However, what constitutes their hospitality for migrants, i.e., their capacity to be inhabited, enters into tension with the constitutive dimensions of urban publicness (like accessibility, visibility, or urbanity). Understanding the experience of hospitality in urban public spaces for those who have no other place to live is seen as a condition as well as a means to enhance their urban inclusion. Keywords: city; ecology; inclusion; hospitality; hostility; migration; public space; urbanity; visibility Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:241-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Refugees’ Right to the Center of the City and Spatial Justice: Gentrification vs Commoning Practices in Tarlabaşı-Istanbul File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3098 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3098 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 230-240 Author-Name: Charalampos Tsavdaroglou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography, Planning and International Development, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: During the recent refugee crisis and following the common statement-agreement between the European Union and Turkey (18 March 2016), more than half a million refugees have been trapped in Istanbul. Although the vast majority is living in remote areas in the perimeter of the city, there is a remarkable exception in the central neighborhood of Tarlabaşı. Over the decades, this area has become a shelter for newcomers from eastern Turkey and, recently, for thousands of refugees from the Middle East and Africa. In this neighborhood, refugees with the support of local and international solidarity groups establish communal houses, social centers, and collective kitchens, creating an example of commoning practices, mutual help, and transnational togetherness in the urban core. At the same time, over the past few years, Tarlabaşı has been the target of gentrification policies that aim to dislocate poor residents and refugees and to transform the area into a highincome residential area and a tourist destination. Thus, ongoing urban conflict is taking place for the right to the center of the city. This article follows the Lefebvrian concept of ‘the right to the city’ and Soja’s and Harvey’s notion of ‘spatial justice,’ taking also into account the discussion on the spatialities of ‘urban commons’ and ‘enclosures.’ It combines spatial analysis, participatory observation, and ethnographic research, and its main findings concern the refugees’ daily efforts against social segregation and exclusion shaped by commoning practices for spatial justice, visibility, and the right to the center of the city. Keywords: commoning practices; exclusion; Istanbul; refugees; right to the city; segregation; spatial justice; Tarlabaşı Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:230-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Densification and School Segregation: The Case of Oslo File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3215 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3215 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 217-229 Author-Name: Rebecca Cavicchia Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway Author-Name: Roberta Cucca Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway Abstract: Urban densification has become a desirable development strategy in several cities. In addition to its environmental benefits, densification is also advocated as able to promote conditions for better coexistence and social mix. Studies have shed light on the likelihood of densification affecting residential patterns, but no attention has been paid so far to understanding the possible consequences on school segregation dynamics. As residential and school population composition are strongly intertwined, we argue that densification patterns may be associated with specific dynamics in school segregation. This study may thus pave the way to a better understanding of an understudied relationship. Using Oslo as a case study, we investigate how urban densification, here implemented through a neoliberal planning approach, can be associated with different forms of gentrification and new social divisions that are somewhat mirrored in the school segregation patterns of the city. Keywords: Oslo; school segregation; socio-spatial inequalities; urban densification; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:217-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: City, Nation, Network: Shifting Territorialities of Sovereignty and Urban Violence in Latin America File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3095 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3095 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 206-216 Author-Name: Diane Davis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Design, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, USA Abstract: Cities across the global south are seeing unprecedented levels of violence that generate intense risks and vulnerability. Such problems are often experienced most viscerally among poorer residents, thus reinforcing longstanding socio-spatial conditions of exclusion, inequality, and reduced quality of life for those most exposed to urban violence. Frequently, these problems are understood through the lens of poverty, informality, and limited employment opportunities. Yet an undertheorized and equally significant factor in the rise of urban violence derives from the shifting territorialities of governance and power, which are both cause and consequence of ongoing struggles within and between citizens and state authorities over the planning and control of urban space. This article suggests that a relatively underexplored but revealing way to understand these dynamics, and how they drive violence, is through the lens of sovereignty. Drawing on examples primarily from Mexico, and other parts of urban Latin America, I suggest that problems of urban violence derive from fragmented sovereignty, a condition built upon the emergence of alternative, competing, and at times overlapping networks of territorial authority at the scale of the city, nation, and globe. In addition to theorizing the shifting spatial correlates of sovereignty among state and non-state armed actors, and showing how these dynamics interact with urbanization patterns to produce violence, I argue that the spatial form of the city both produces and is produced by changing political and economic relations embedded in urban planning principles. That is, urban planning practices must be seen as the cause, and not merely the solution, to problems of urban violence and its deleterious effects. Using these claims to dialogue with urban planners, this essay calls for new efforts to redesign cities and urban spaces with a focus on territorial connectivities and socio-spatial integration, so as to push back against the limits of fragmented sovereignty arrangements, minimize violence, and foster inclusion and justice. Keywords: cities; Latin America; Mexico; networks; sovereignty; space; territory; violence Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:206-216 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Imagining Cities of Inclusion—Formulating Spaces of Justice File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3465 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3465 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 200-205 Author-Name: Anja Nygren Author-Workplace-Name: Development Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland Author-Name: Florencia Quesada Author-Workplace-Name: Development Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: This introduction underlines some of the topics the present thematic issue focuses on, such as segregation and security, control and creativity, resistance and networking, presenting continuities and changes in urban governance and urban justice in different parts of the world. We argue that urban theory should be rethought to consider cities as fora that recentre the ‘political’ in relation to gentrification, rights to the city, justice, and alternative urbanisms. We highlight structural aspects of urban policy and planning, including the intersection of mega-development projects with disruptive acts of social dispossession and efforts to depoliticise institutional control. Simultaneously, we emphasise tactics that reinterpret hierarchical modes of governance and create initiatives for enhanced justice through claim-making, negotiation, improvisation, acts of everyday resistance and organised opposition. Keywords: cities; inclusion; inequality; justice; politics; segregation; space; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:200-205 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migrants and Refugees: Bottom-Up and DIY Spaces in Italy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2921 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2921 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 189-199 Author-Name: Marco Cremaschi Author-Workplace-Name: Centre d’études européennes et de politique comparée, Sciences Po, France Author-Name: Flavia Albanese Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Arts, IUAV University of Venice, Italy Author-Name: Maurizio Artero Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy Abstract: The term ‘arrival city’ was notoriously introduced by Saunders (2010) to indicate all places which provide first access to the city. For Saunders, migrants from rural third world villages confront the same challenges in their home country or abroad. The informal neighbourhood in developing countries is thus advocated as a model for cities in western countries. Through an ethnographic approach, the article considers emerging practices of refugees and migrants in the centre of Milan and in a small town on the outskirts of Rome investigating a varied set of reception models. In conclusion, the article revises the model of the arrival neighbourhood while criticizing the underlying assumption of informal development. Instead, it insists on the need for understanding the specific requirements of arrival places for better regulation of the reception of migrants. Keywords: arrival neighbourhoods; cities; informality; migration; pubic space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:189-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Live Like a Lifelong Tourist”? The Contradicting Realities of Finnish Offshore Service Workers in Athens File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2990 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2990 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 177-188 Author-Name: Johanna Lilius Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Aalto University, Finland Author-Name: Dimitris Balampanidis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Harokopio University, Greece Abstract: Contrasting the mass out-migration of the younger populace following the economic crisis in Greece and the simultaneous large inflow of refugees, the city of Athens has lately become an attractive place for tourists and lifestyle migrants. This article provides a better understanding of the marginal, yet unexplored in-migration of relatively affluent Europeans moving to Athens to work in the growing offshore service sector. Athens is an attractive place for offshore service work companies, as low salaries can be compensated for by “the sun,” “Greek culture,” and “low cost and high standard of living” (Bellos, 2019). Based on interviews with Finnish offshore workers, this article argues that the local context might not render all lifestyle migrants from wealthier countries similarly privileged. Due to their low salaries and recent changes in the local housing market fuelled by touristification, offshore service workers face a lack of affordable housing. The article further argues that affluent transnational migration is a multidimensional phenomenon, which needs to be contextualized, and which has nuanced, widespread effects on local housing markets and neighbourhood life. Keywords: Athens; lifestyle migration; offshore service workers; touristification; transnational gentrification Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:177-188 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing Commons vs. State Spatial Policies of Refugee Camps in Athens and Thessaloniki File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2924 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2924 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 163-176 Author-Name: Charalampos Tsavdaroglou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Greece Author-Name: Konstantinos Lalenis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Greece Abstract: Since the European Union’s agreement with Turkey on March 18, 2016, more than 70,000 refugees have been trapped in Greece. Most have been settled in state-run camps on the perimeters of Athens and Thessaloniki. However, these state-run camps do not meet international standards and are located at significant distances from urban centres, within industrial zones where residential use is not permitted. At the same time, a number of self-organized and collective refugee housing projects have been created within the urban fabric of Athens and Thessaloniki. In the context of these projects, refugees develop forms of solidarity, mutual help, and direct democracy in decision-making processes. There is a significant volume of bibliography which studies the NGOs’ activities and state migration policies. However, little attention has been given to the various ways by which refugees create self-managed and participatory structures to meet their needs. This article aims to fill the gap in the research concerning the production of housing common spaces by the refugees themselves. Based on the current discussions on the Lefebvrian ‘right to the city’ and the spatialities of ‘commons’ and ‘enclosures,’ the article aims to compare and contrast refugee housing commons with state-run refugee camps. Using qualitative methods, including ethnographic analysis and participatory observation, the main findings show that refugees attempt not only to contest state migration policies but also negotiate their multiple identities. Consequently, refugees collectively attempt to reinvent a culture of togetherness, to create housing common spaces, and to claim the right to the city. Keywords: Athens; Greece; housing policy; mobility; refugees; Thessaloniki Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:163-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Negotiations of Socio-Spatial Coexistence through Everyday Encounters in Central Athens, Greece File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2882 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2882 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 150-162 Author-Name: Eva (Evangelia) Papatzani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Author-Name: Lena Knappers Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, The Netherlands Abstract: Over the past decades, Athens has emerged as both a destination and gateway city for diverse migrant populations. Athenian urban development interrelated with migrants’ settlement dynamics has resulted in a super-diverse and mixed urban environment. This article focuses on the western part of Omonia, in central Athens, Greece, and investigates sociospatial trajectories of migrants’ habitation, entrepreneurship, and appropriation of (semi-)public spaces. It draws on scholarship about everyday encounters where negotiations of difference and interethnic coexistence take place at the very local level. It explores encounters between migrants, as well as between migrants and locals, that are created due to their everyday survival and social needs. The article argues that these ‘place-specific’ and ‘needs-specific’ encounters emerge as ‘micropublics’ that are open to negotiation, manage to disrupt pre-existing social boundaries, and epitomise processes of belonging in the city. The article draws from ethnographic fieldwork and qualitative semi-structured interviews carried out from 2013 to 2014 and from 2018 to 2019. Keywords: Athens; everyday encounters; local diversity; micropublics; migrants’ settlement; socio-spatial coexistence; urban space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:150-162 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Refugees and Asylum Seekers Dispersed in Non-Metropolitan French Cities: Do Housing Opportunities Mean Housing Access? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2926 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2926 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 138-149 Author-Name: Camille Gardesse Author-Workplace-Name: Lab’Urba, University of Paris-Est Créteil, France Author-Name: Christine Lelevrier Author-Workplace-Name: Lab’Urba, University of Paris-Est Créteil, France Abstract: Since 2015, policies for resettling asylum seekers and refugees in European cities have renewed the debate over the governance of migration, while not only metropolises but also small towns and mid-sized cities emerge as, although not new, at least specific arrival spaces. National dispersion policies are assigning these asylum seekers and refugees to small and mid-sized cities that are presumed to provide housing opportunities. However, little is known about access to housing and residential trajectories in these specific urban and socio-economic contexts. This article analyses how the housing providers—either state agencies, managers of temporary accommodation centres or social housing organisations—are adjusting to the arrival and needs of asylum seekers and refugees in cities where there is usually less ethnic diversity. We demonstrate that access to housing and residential trajectories tends to be determined by dispersion and mainstream social mix policies, from national to local arrangements. However, we argue that some pragmatic local practices have reframed this pattern to provide housing solutions that may be contrary to national policies. Our article will be based on 84 in-depth interviews conducted with housing providers, NGOs and with asylum seekers and refugees in three small and mid-sized French cities. Keywords: asylum seekers; housing access; local planning; mid-sized cities; policies of dispersion; refugees; small cities; social and ethnic mix Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:138-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Frustrating Beginnings: How Social Ties Compensate Housing Integration Barriers for Afghan Refugees in Vienna File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2872 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2872 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 127-137 Author-Name: Josef Kohlbacher Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria Abstract: In this article, we present findings from a recent (2017–2018) qualitative survey on the integration of Afghan refugees in Vienna. Vienna is by far the largest city in Austria with a diversified labour and housing market and a multi-faceted (migrant) economy. It doubtlessly is the most attractive ‘arrival city’ in Austria. Moreover, Vienna has received the bulk of refugees during the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015–2016 and before. The analysis will focus on Ager and Strang’s (2008) argument, which characterizes housing as a core domain in integration. Housing constitutes a potential means of supporting integration into domains other than the labour market. In the process of housing integration, researchers (Aigner, 2018; Borevi & Bengtsson, 2015) have emphasized the relevance of refugees’ social ties with family and co-ethnic groups, whereas the importance of inter-ethnic networking with members of the receiving society remains insufficiently explored. The majority of the 65 interviewees had emphasized the importance of refugees’ social ties for their efforts towards structural integration. This analysis therefore aims at describing Afghans’ challenging access paths into the local housing market, and the outstanding compensatory relevance of social ties in this process. Thus, we can identify special constraints (e.g., ‘Afghanophobia,’ exploitative conditions) and coping strategies of this under-researched ‘newcomer’ group of refugees in Austria. Keywords: Afghan refugees; housing market integration; integration challenges; social networks; social ties Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:127-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ordinary Places of Postmigrant Societies: Dealing with Difference in West and East German Neighbourhoods File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2960 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2960 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 115-126 Author-Name: Karin Wiest Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Institute for Regional Geography, Germany Abstract: The starting point of the contribution is the question of how the dynamics of social encounters in the city are shaped by specific migration histories, local discourses, economies and policies. Against this background, the article analyses the perceptions and localised practices in dealing with social difference and diversity in a comparison of East and West German neighbourhoods. However, this is not about a hierarchizing evaluation, but about understanding urban encounters in the migration society as contestations of social and class recognition, which are played out at different levels and in specific urban places. Based on narrative interviews and field observations, it is shown how urban coexistence is experienced and negotiated in everyday settings between routines and new conflicts. A postmigrant perspective—as a heuristic point of entry—aims to take hegemonic understandings of societal belonging and exclusion under migration-related conditions into question. Keywords: diversity; East Germany; encounter; postmigration; West Germany Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:115-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Peripheral Estates as Arrival Spaces? Conceptualising Research on Arrival Functions of New Immigrant Destinations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2932 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2932 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 103-114 Author-Name: Nihad El-Kayed Author-Workplace-Name: Berlin Institute for Empirical Integration and Migration Research, HU Berlin, Germany / Department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Institute of Social Sciences, HU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Matthias Bernt Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany Author-Name: Ulrike Hamann Author-Workplace-Name: Berlin Institute for Empirical Integration and Migration Research, HU Berlin, Germany / Department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Institute of Social Sciences, HU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Madlen Pilz Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany Abstract: In recent years, the question of how urban spaces support the arrival of immigrants has found increased attention among scholars. The emerging discussion uses terms like arrival cities, arrival neighbourhoods, arrival spaces, arrival contexts, or arrival infrastructures to refer to local conditions which support immigrant inclusion. This discussion, however, tends to focus empirically and conceptually on neighbourhoods or cities with long-standing migration histories. Connected to this, arrival spaces are often conceptualised as spaces with strong migrant support networks and economies, as well as with high levels of functional diversity and a high fluctuation of residents. Less focus is placed on the question of if and how destinations that lack these characteristics support the arrival of new immigrants. This contribution focuses on this by discussing existent conceptualisations of arrival spaces and contrasting them with empirical illustrations of peripheral estate neighbourhoods in east German cities that have experienced a substantial population loss since the 1990s, resulting in the partial demolition of housing and infrastructure. Since the refugee migration to Germany starting in 2015, the population dynamic in these neighbourhoods has changed substantially. We contrast these developments with the literature on arrival contexts in order to reflect the strengths and weaknesses of the concept, specifically regarding the conditions in new destinations where migrant networks and economies are still emerging, functional diversity is low, and the role of residential fluctuation is unclear. While this article draws on empirical material, its major objective is to point out the blind spots in the current discussion around arrival spaces. It develops questions and offers a research agenda that introduces a wider and more varied set of neighbourhoods into the evolving research agenda on arrival spaces. Keywords: arrival spaces; housing; immigrant destinations; immigrant neighbourhoods; peripheral estates; refugee migration Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:103-114 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Leipzig’s Inner East as an Arrival Space? Exploring the Trajectory of a Diversifying Neighbourhood File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2902 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2902 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 89-102 Author-Name: Annegret Haase Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany Author-Name: Anika Schmidt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany Author-Name: Dieter Rink Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany Author-Name: Sigrun Kabisch Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany Abstract: The article analyses and discusses the development of Leipzig and especially its inner east as an ‘urban space of arrival’ since 1990. It represents a study about arrival in the post-socialist context that is fairly rare in the international debate so far, since most of the arrival debate builds on western European evidence. Leipzig’s inner east was characterised by shrinkage until the end of the 1990s and by new growth, especially after 2010, as the whole city grew. Since the second half of the 1990s the inner east has developed into a migrant area, referred to here as an ‘arrival space.’ Today, in 2020, it represents the most heterogeneous part of the city in terms of population structure and is one of the most dynamic areas in terms of in- and out-migration. At the same time, it represents an area where large amounts of the population face different types of disadvantage. Set against this context, the article embeds the story of Leipzig’s inner east into the arrival debate and investigates the area’s development according to the characteristics discussed by the debate. Our results reveal that Leipzig’s inner east represents a meaningful example of an arrival space in a specific (post-socialist, shrinkage followed by regrowth) context and that arrival and its spatial allocation strongly depend on factors like population, housing, and real estate market development, as well as policymaking and, significantly, recognition. Keywords: arrival spaces; Leipzig; migration; neighbourhood; regrowth; shrinkage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:89-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accessing Resources in Arrival Neighbourhoods: How Foci-Aided Encounters Offer Resources to Newcomers File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2977 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2977 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 78-88 Author-Name: Nils Hans Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Social Space Research Group, Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Germany Author-Name: Heike Hanhörster Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Social Space Research Group, Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Germany Abstract:Numerous studies have stressed the importance of social networks for the transfer of resources. This article focuses on recently arrived immigrants with few locally embedded network contacts, analysing how they draw on arrival-specific resources in their daily routines. The qualitative research in an arrival neighbourhood in a German city illustrates that routinised and spontaneous foci-aided encounters in semi-public spaces play an important role for newcomers in providing access to arrival-specific knowledge. The article draws on the concept of ‘micro publics,’ highlighting different settings facilitating interactions and resource transfers. Based on our research we developed a classification of different types of encounter that enable resource transfer. The article specifically focuses on foci-aided encounters, as these appear to have a great impact on newcomers’ access to resources. Institutionalised to varying degrees, these settings, ranging from local mosques to football grounds, facilitate interaction between ‘old’ and ‘new’ immigrants. Interviews reveal forms of solidarity between immigrants and how arrival-specific information relevant to ‘navigating the system’ gets transferred. Interestingly, reciprocity plays a role in resource transfers also via routinised and spontaneous foci-aided encounters.
Keywords: arrival infrastructures; micro-publics; migrations; neighbourhoods; public space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:78-88 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Arrival Infrastructures between Political and Humanitarian Support: The ‘Refugee Welcome’ Mo(ve)ment Revisited File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2918 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2918 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 67-77 Author-Name: Rivka Saltiel Author-Workplace-Name: Universität Graz Abstract:Maximilian Park in Brussels was the site of a makeshift refugee camp for three months in 2015 when the institutional reception system was unable to provide shelter for newly arriving asylum seekers. Local volunteers stepped in, formed a civic initiative and organized a reception area under the banner ‘Refugees Welcome!’ The civic platform which emerged claimed and asserted (existing) rights for one specific group, asylum seekers, exclusively, and thus did not challenge the exclusive migration regime nor demand transformation. While such a humanitarian approach risks reproducing the exclusive border regime and the inequalities it engenders, political support is a disturbing rupture in the name of equality that resists normative classifications and inaugurates transformation. This article maps out the complex dialectical interrelation between political and humanitarian support and argues that political implications can only be understood through longer-term research, emphasizing processes of transformation that have resulted from these moments of disruption. Therefore, the article revisits Maximilian Park two and four years after the camp and reveals how the humanitarian approach chosen in the camp sustainably transformed the park, adding arrival infrastructures beyond the institutional, and had an impact on how refugees were dealt with and represented. Concluding, the article suggests the notion of ‘solidary humanitarianism’ that providing supplies, meeting acute existential needs and simultaneously articulating political claims that demand structural transformation: the right to shelter, basic supply, presence, and movement for all in the city.
Keywords: arrival policies; Belgium; Brussels; humanitarianism; irregular migration; solidarity; space of arrival; transmigrants Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:67-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Between Hospitality and Inhospitality: The Janus-Faced 'Arrival Infrastructure' File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2941 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2941 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 55-66 Author-Name: Maxime Felder Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Urban Sociology, EPFL—Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Joan Stavo-Debauge Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Urban Sociology, EPFL—Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Luca Pattaroni Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Urban Sociology, EPFL—Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Marie Trossat Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Urban Sociology, EPFL—Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Guillaume Drevon Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Urban Sociology, EPFL—Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: Although ‘arrival infrastructure’ is central to the experience of migrants arriving in a new city, is it sufficient to form a ‘hospitable milieu’? Our article compares newcomers’ experiences with ‘arrival infrastructure’ in two European cities: Brussels and Geneva. Based on ethnographic research with 49 migrants who arrived a few months earlier, we show that arrival infrastructure is Janus-faced. On one hand, it welcomes newcomers and contributes to making the city hospitable. On the other hand, it rejects, deceives and disappoints them, forcing them to remain mobile—to go back home, go further afield, or just move around the city—in order to satisfy their needs and compose what we will call a ‘hospitable milieu.’ The arrival infrastructure’s inhospitality is fourfold: linked firstly to its limitations and shortcomings, secondly to the trials or tests newcomers have to overcome in order to benefit from the infrastructure, thirdly to the necessary forms of closure needed to protect those who have just arrived and fourthly to those organising and managing the infrastructure, with divergent conceptions of hospitality. By using the notion of milieu and by embedding infrastructure into the broader question of hospitality, we open up an empirical exploration of its ambiguous role in the uncertain trajectories of newcomers. Keywords: cities; hospitality; infrastructure; migration; milieu Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:55-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Transformative Power of Urban Arrival Infrastructures: Berlin’s Refugio and Dong Xuan Center File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2897 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2897 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 44-54 Author-Name: René Kreichauf Author-Workplace-Name: John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, FU Berlin, Germany / Cosmopolis—Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Author-Name: Olivia Rosenberger Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography, HU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Paul Strobel Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Architecture, TU Berlin, Germany Abstract: Migration researchers and urban scholars are increasingly applying infrastructural approaches to analyze the production and organization of urban spaces and migration. While transformative and transforming power seem to be inherent characteristics of infrastructures, studies to date have rarely emphasized this aspect, only placing minimal focus on its importance for understanding the constitution and development of infrastructures and for examining the mobility of migrants. In the current article, we study Berlin’s Refugio, an alternative form of housing for forced migrants, and the city’s Dong Xuan Center (DXC), a Vietnamese hypermarket. We argue that they not only represent infrastructures in which newcomers reach a city, and navigate their trajectories, as well as the obstacles, and opportunities of urban life, but they are also ‘infrastructures of conversion’ that transform material space and the people inhabiting them, and their entanglement with the city. While the DXC and Refugio emerged out of necessity, addressing the lack of economic (DXC) and housing (Refugio) opportunities, they have changed into cultural and economic hubs for migrant communities and beyond. On the one hand, these changes come with multilayered negotiation processes, revealing a complex interplay of interests, actors, and internal hierarchies within the DXC and Refugio. On the other hand, their transformation illustrates the influence of local planning authorities, institutions, and the pressure to culturally and economically exploit their social, spatial, and ‘ethnic’ characteristics. This mesh elucidates the diffuse position of both infrastructures in the urban realm. While their existence and future development is constantly challenged, they simultaneously represent political spaces that prompt institutional logics and questions of immigrant integration. Keywords: commodification; infrastructures of conversion; local governance; migration infrastructure; mobility; urban arrival Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:44-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Arrival or Transient Spaces? Differentiated Politics of Mobilities, Socio-Technological Orderings and Migrants’ Socio-Spatial Embeddedness File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2988 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2988 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 33-43 Author-Name: Tabea Bork-Hüffer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Austria Author-Name: Simon Alexander Peth Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Austria Abstract:For the last decade there has been a lively debate on urban arrival spaces. Saunders’ (2011) widely received book Arrival Cities can be seen as catalyst of this debate. Taking a hitherto largely unexplored comparative approach, based on two empirical research studies on migrant workers and highly-skilled migrants in Singapore, this study debates the notion of arrival cities and spaces and argues for a differentiated perspective on the complex and interdependent processes of spatially and socially arriving. By comparing how the politics of mobilities, migration management and differential inclusion influence the migration trajectories of workers and professionals we argue that the concept of transient spaces might be a more fruitful approach for understanding the differentiated processes of arriving and (not) becoming socio-spatially embedded. In order to educe the relevance of a processual perspective, and for a systematic comparison, we apply four analytical dimensions that shed light on the process of migrating, arriving, and passing through. These four dimensions comprise (1) arriving, (2) settling, (3) mingling locally and translocally, and (4) planning ahead for future mobilities. We argue that the scholarship on politics of mobilities needs to take note of the combined effects of states’ and companies’ neoliberal politics of mobility throughout the migration process, and of the increasing relevance of socio-technological orderings, which imprint migrants’ socio-spatial embedding.
Keywords: arrival city; comparative approach; migration management; Singapore; translocal spaces Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:33-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How the Presence of Newly Arrived Migrants Challenges Urban Spaces: Three Perspectives from Recent Literature File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2894 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2894 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 23-32 Author-Name: Martina Bovo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urban Studies, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Abstract: This article explores the notion of arrival spaces in the recent urban studies literature, and it outlines three emerging perspectives on their role and the associated processes and complexities. Recently, within changing migratory trajectories, the dimension of arrival has gained increasing relevance, and scholars have discussed the growing complexity underpinning it. Within this framework, some contributions reflect on the role of arrival spaces, which currently represent a rapidly changing research subject. However, by the term ‘arrival space,’ authors refer to various types of space, and the article argues that a clearer reference to the spatial dimension of arrival is needed. Spaces are contexts where different actors interact and intervene in the city, and their understanding represents a preliminary step for future research. In this sense, this contribution aims to unpack the previous decade’s debate on arrival spaces. It outlines three main perspectives: The first discusses the role of trans-local contexts, working as nodes in international migration networks; the second follows the debate on arrival neighborhoods; the third suggests that arrival spaces may be defined as all those parts of the urban fabric with which newcomers interact at the moment of arrival. Finally, drawing from this review, the article underlines that arrival spaces are not only specialized areas with migrant newcomers’ concentration, but they may also be ordinary urban spaces that temporarily work for arrival. Hence, future research should further deepen this perspective and more explicitly investigate the relation of arrival spaces to the city and its actors. Keywords: arrival infrastructure; arrival spaces; migration flows; temporariness; urban space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:23-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Broadening the Urban Planning Repertoire with an ‘Arrival Infrastructures’ Perspective File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3116 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.3116 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 11-22 Author-Name: Bruno Meeus Author-Workplace-Name: Human Geography and Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands / Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre (IMMRC), University of Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Luce Beeckmans Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Bas van Heur Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Author-Name: Karel Arnaut Author-Workplace-Name: Interculturalism, Migration and Minorities Research Centre (IMMRC), University of Leuven, Belgium Abstract: In this article we propose an arrival infrastructure’s perspective in order to move beyond imaginaries of neighbourhoods as a ‘port of first entry’ that are deeply ingrained in urban planning discussions on migrants’ arrival situations. A focus on the socio-material infrastructures that shape an arrival situation highlights how such situations are located within, but equally transcend, the territories of neighbourhoods and other localities. Unpacking the infrastructuring work of a diversity of actors involved in the arrival process helps to understand how they emerge through time and how migrants construct their future pathways with the futuring possibilities at hand. These constructions occur along three dimensions: (1) Directionality refers to the engagements with the multiple places migrants have developed over time, (2) temporality questions imaginaries of permanent belonging, and (3) subjectivity directs attention to the diverse current and future subjectivities migrants carve out for themselves in situations of arrival. This perspective requires urban planners to trace, grasp and acknowledge the diverse geographies and socio-material infrastructures that shape arrival and the diverse forms of non-expert agency in the use, appropriation and fabrication of the built environment in which the arrival takes place. Keywords: arrival infrastructures; immigrant neighbourhoods; migration; urban diversity Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:11-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Role of Arrival Areas for Migrant Integration and Resource Access File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2891 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i3.2891 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-10 Author-Name: Heike Hanhörster Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Social Space Research Group, Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Germany Author-Name: Susanne Wessendorf Author-Workplace-Name: International Inequalities Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK / Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, UK Abstract: Research on socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods with high numbers of migrants tends to problematise such areas as hindering upward social mobility and further enhancing disadvantage. However, an emerging body of research on arrival areas is highlighting how such areas can provide newcomers with specific arrival resources, helping them to come to grips with their new circumstances. This article provides a conceptual overview and discussion of this newly emerging body of literature on urban arrival areas in the Global North. It argues that arrival areas offer infrastructures which can provide important support for newcomers, ranging from overcoming day-to-day problems to potentially enabling social mobility. In many cases, previous migrants act as knowledge brokers facilitating newcomers’ access to resources. The article shows how different forms of arrival-specific knowledge can be found in these areas, facilitating the exchange of resources across different migrant groups and across localities. However, arrival-specific infrastructures can be both enabling and disabling with regard to social mobility, as they often emerge in contexts of underlying disadvantage and discrimination where access to resources such as housing and jobs can be highly contentious. The article argues that understanding the dynamics of urban arrival areas and infrastructures and their specific role in providing resources for newcomers can contribute to our knowledge on integration and help us rethink the role of policymaking and urban planning in increasingly complex and mobile urban societies. Keywords: arrival areas; arrival infrastructures; diversity; integration; migration Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:3:p:1-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Advent of the 4D Mirror World File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3133 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3133 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 307-310 Author-Name: Frederic Kaplan Author-Workplace-Name: Digital Humanities Laboratory, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Isabella di Lenardo Author-Workplace-Name: College of Humanities, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: The 4D Mirror World is considered to be the next planetary-scale information platform. This commentary gives an overview of the history of the converging trends that have progressively shaped this concept. It retraces how large-scale photographic surveys served to build the first 3D models of buildings, cities, and territories, how these models got shaped into physical and virtual globes, and how eventually the temporal dimension was introduced as an additional way for navigating not only through space but also through time. The underlying assumption of the early large-scale photographic campaign was that image archives had deeper depths of latent knowledge still to be mined. The technology that currently permits the advent of the 4D World through new articulations of dense photographic material combining aerial imagery, historic photo archives, huge video libraries, and crowd-sourced photo documentation precisely exploits this latent potential. Through the automatic recognition of “homologous points,” the photographic material gets connected in time and space, enabling the geometrical computation of hypothetical reconstructions accounting for a perpetually evolving reality. The 4D world emerges as a series of sparse spatiotemporal zones that are progressively connected, forming a denser fabric of representations. On this 4D skeleton, information of cadastral maps, BIM data, or any other specific layers of a geographical information system can be easily articulated. Most of our future planning activities will use it as a way not only to have smooth access to the past but also to plan collectively shared scenarios for the future. Keywords: 3D models; Mirror World; photo archives; photogrammetry; virtual globes Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:307-310 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Editing Cumulated Landscapes: Point Cloud Modeling as a Method of Analysis in Landscape Design File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2885 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2885 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 296-306 Author-Name: Philipp R. W. Urech Author-Workplace-Name: Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore / Chair of Landscape Architecture of Prof. Christophe Girot, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Abstract: Pragmatic planning juxtaposed with conflicting agendas has led to metropolitan territories with little quality for urban life. Rapidly growing urban agglomeration, synchronous with the Great Acceleration of the global society, is causing massive landscape change leading to radical breaks with traditional landscapes. By drawing from the formal properties of the environment that include existing qualities, it is possible to develop solutions that respond to both a broader and more specific context. The method resorts to laser scanning technology to produce three-dimensional point cloud models and use them as a prospective medium to perform informed transformations in the landscape. Laser-scanned 3D models can help take advantage of subtle topographic differences to support water management, capture significant site features, and provide an accurate site inventory that could reduce the cost of displaced terrain and replanted trees. The article discusses how point cloud models can support the site investigation as part of a digital design method in the field of landscape design. The approach engages formal characteristics of a physical landscape and results in a transformative workflow linked to the survey and the analysis of the site. By using modes of visualization and coloring to emphasize shapes, densities, and heights, the model can reveal relevant landscape features and patterns that are otherwise not noticeable. Section 1 introduces the methods used in other disciplines; Section 2 provides explanations about how the methods apply to a case study in landscape design; Section 3 presents the possibilities offered by the approach to integrate formal characteristics of the environment during the design process. Design development based on documented features in the point cloud model increases the control to shape environments that contribute to the process of accumulation occurring in the landscape. Keywords: change detection; digital landscape design; geometric analysis; geometric documentation; point cloud modeling Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:296-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rhythmanalysis of Urban Events: Empirical Elements from the Montreux Jazz Festival File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2940 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2940 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 280-295 Author-Name: Guillaume Drevon Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Sociology Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Luca Pattaroni Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Sociology Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Lucien Delley Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Sociology Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Fabien Jacot-Descombes Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Sociology Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Nils Hamel Author-Workplace-Name: Digital Humanities Lab, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: This article proposes an original approach to urban events mapping. At the theoretical level, the article is based on rhythmanalysis and recent research on urban rhythms. It contrasts with previous research by departing from everyday rhythms to tackle the specific rhythms of urban events. Drawing on this theoretical framework, the article proposes to analyse the rhythms of the Montreux Jazz Festival. The article proposes two main types of rhythmic scales, linked with the historical development of the Festival and its annual performance. The methodology is based on a mixed method of data collection and an original analysis framework. The analysis of the historical rhythm is carried out based on the analysis of the festival archives and interviews with experts. The analysis uses the Time Machine visualisation device that reveals three processes of urban resonance: the spread, which shows how the festival is integrated into the existing urban fabric; the openness, which shows accessibility; and the grip, which seeks to evaluate the urban sphere of influence of the event. These different visualisations are enriched by the addition of other data, including ticket scanning and commercial transactions that show the alternance between high and low-intensity periods. These allowed us to not only confirm the impact of programming on flows, but also the effects of the wider organisation of the leisure system. The results of the analysis show that the intertwining of the two rhythmic scales produces a hyper-place that resonates both internationally and locally. Keywords: eventful city; GIS; hyper-place; mobility; Montreux Jazz Festival; rhythmanalysis; rhythmic scales; Time Machine; visualisation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:280-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping Urbanization as an Anthropedogenetic Process: A Section through the Times of Urban Soils File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2848 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2848 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 262-279 Author-Name: Antoine Vialle Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Urbanism, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Mario Giampieri Author-Workplace-Name: MIT Norman B. Leventhal Center for Advanced Urbanism, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Abstract: Current trends of spatial planning policies give a strategic role to soils, the multifunctionality of which must be considered as a crucial driver facing cities’ forthcoming social-ecological transition. However, soils within urban areas are insufficiently studied as a long-term record of environmental history and heavy anthropization. This article investigates the extreme qualitative variability of urban soils by presenting a conceptual model and cartographic workflow highlighting soil evolution processes as a value which co-variates with urbanization. Based on a case study in West Lausanne (Switzerland), the layers and map series of an atlas underscore the applicability of different types of information and spatial analysis for documenting the influence of anthrosediments and land cover changes. Combined with empirical profile descriptions, such a consolidated concept map defines a template, in the form of a complex spatio-temporal figure, on which to apply the state factor approach. Instead of using a simple spatial transect or gradient, the increasing anthropic dominance over original landscape conditions is explained using a section through time. An urban anthroposequence consequently retraces contrasting soil development pathways as a coherent bundle of historical trajectories. Such a narrative integrates various facets of land use, including one-off construction techniques and recurring maintenance practices, planning tools, and morphologies, into a specific ‘project for the ground’ which brought forth the mixed mesh of the Swiss Plateau ‘cityterritory.’ Ultimately, the dynamic vision conveyed by these intertwined soil–urbanization coevolution trajectories outlines opportunities for the regeneration of the resource deposit made up of both West Lausanne’s urban fabric and its soils as a palimpsest. Keywords: conceptual model of anthropedogenesis; anthrosediments; anthroposequence; ecosystem history; land cover change; soil mapping; spatial planning; urban soils; urban history Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:262-279 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Recording Permanence and Ephemerality in the North Quarter of Brussels: Drawing at the Intersection of Time, Space, and People File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2753 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2753 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 249-261 Author-Name: Claire Bosmans Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Racha Daher Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Viviana d’Auria Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Lying in the Senne River Valley, the North Quarter of Brussels is a physical record of spatial transformations unevenly distributed over time. Waves of developments and unfinished plans colonized its original landscape structure, erasing, writing, and re-writing it with large-scale metropolitan projects and transportation systems, around which an industrial and urban fabric developed. Accumulated expansions left an assemblage of incomplete infrastructures in which a multi-faceted and highly identifiable quarter lies punctuated by weakly defined morphological mismatches. At the center of this diverse and mutilated fabric, Maximilien Park stands as pars pro toto. From a combination of research methods that includes ethnographic fieldwork and interpretative mapping, three drawings are overlaid with the moving dimensions of space, time, and people, and assembled in a reinterpreted triptych to investigate the production of that public space. The first panel “Traces” overlaps lost urban logics and remaining traces on the urban tissue. The second panel “Cycles” traces the uneven deconstruction of the North Quarter during the last century, identifying scars of its past. The third panel “Resignifications” focuses on recent events in the area, examining how people have appropriated and transformed the park since 2015. With this triptych, the article aims to re-interpret the palimpsest of the North Quarter, represent the area’s transforming character, and unravel a spatial reading of the lived experiences of the place through time. Keywords: cycle; mapping; Maximilien Park; North Quarter; palimpsest; resignification; urban ethnography; urban regeneration Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:249-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reconsidering Hilberseimer’s Chicago File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3322 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3322 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 243-248 Author-Name: Philip Denny Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, USA Author-Name: Charles Waldheim Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, USA Abstract: The German architect and urbanist Ludwig Hilberseimer spent the second half of his career as an internationally influential urbanist, author, and educator while living and working in Chicago. The city of Chicago provided both context and content to inform his theories of planning the American city. While in Chicago, Hilberseimer taught hundreds of students, authored dozens of publications, and conceived of his most significant and enduring professional projects. Yet, in spite of these three decades of work on and in Chicago, the relationship between Hilberseimer’s planning proposals and the specific urban history of his adopted hometown remains obscure. This commentary reconsiders the role that Chicago played in Hilberseimer’s work as well as the impact that his work had on the planning of the city. Keywords: decentralization; economic order; regional pattern; settlement unit; urban renewal Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:243-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reading the Brussels Palimpsest in the History of the Nouveau Plan de Bruxelles Industriel (1910) File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2809 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2809 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 229-242 Author-Name: Marine Declève Author-Workplace-Name: EDAR—Architecture and Sciences of the City, EPFL—École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland / Metrolab Brussels, UCLouvain, Belgium Abstract: This article restores the dialogical link between the Nouveau Plan de Bruxelles Industriel avec ses Suburbains, published on the occasion of the 1910 Industrial Exhibition (Verwest, Vanderoost, & Xhardez, 1910a), and the Inventaire Visuel de L’architecture Industrielle de L’agglomération de Bruxelles, produced by Maurice Culot and the team at the Archives d’Architecture Moderne (AAM) between 1980–1982 (Culot & the AMM, 1980–1982). These two kinds of spatialised visual inventories of places dedicated to production brings out a layer of the Brussels palimpsest filled with information that goes beyond the categories of permanence, persistence and disappearance raised by André Corboz and Alain Leveillé’s cartographic implementation of the palimpsest theory in the Atlas du Territoire Genevois (Corboz, 1993). This article compares palimpsest theory as applied to Geneva to the practice of inventory in Brussels. We propose visualising a lisuel layer intended as a visual reading revealed through a process of description, extraction, classification and juxtaposition. This process of visual analysis helps construct a typology of manufacturing production whose traces are embedded in urban space. It shows how a cartographic document informs the 1910 urban project and how local manufacturing companies contributed to its implementation. The contribution of this cartographic investigation is threefold. It concerns forms of manufacturing companies, forms of living, and production of urban space in 1910 Brussels. The Brussels Industrial Exhibition and the spatial story of Louis De Waele’s public works company reveals two patterns of relationships between industrial production and the transformation of urban space. Keywords: Brussels’ industrial map; palimpsest-based urbanism; urban morphology; urban production Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:229-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Territory of the Grand Tetouan as Linear City: Between Description and Project File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2863 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2863 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 218-228 Author-Name: Victor Brunfaut Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture La Cambre-Horta, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Author-Name: Bertrand Terlinden Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture La Cambre-Horta, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Abstract: This article, based upon pedagogical experimentation in development in a master-level architecture studio at the ULB School of Architecture (Brussels), focuses on the concept of a linear city in a metropolitan context. This concept is proposed by the Grand Tetouan (North Morocco) spatial development scheme as a framework to think about the future of this territory. The interest of the concept lies in its being both a descriptive and project-oriented tool, which allows working with students on the intricate relationship between these two moments of urban design. The coastal region has been the subject of a proposal for a “linear garden city” by a follower of Soria y Mata, Hilarión González del Castillo (1929), a project that left traces on the “palimpsest” (Corboz, 1983/2001) of the actual territory. The idea of the linear city, which has been, throughout the 20th century, a recurrent thematic in urban planning theory and practice dealing with the issue of industrial development of the modern city can be, in the specific case of the Grand Tetouan region, re-examined through the lens of tourism as an industry. The exploration is based on an analytical approach by the use of the notion of urban material (Boeri, Lanzani, & Marini, 1993; Viganò, 1999), an approach that creates the conditions of understanding (describing/designing) the existing territory through the mapping of its physical elements, a description that can then be used to develop an analysis of the forms of production of these elements and the complexity of their uses: how the city is, formally and socially, built (Secchi, 1989). Keywords: architecture teaching; city; linear city; Tetouan region; Morocco; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:218-228 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On-Drawing South American Extent: Geo-Poetic Mapping Palimpsest in the Travesías de Amereida File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2780 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2780 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 205-217 Author-Name: Álvaro Mercado Author-Workplace-Name: LoUIsE—Laboratory on Landscape, Urbanism, Infrastructures and Ecologies, Faculty of Architecture La Cambre Horta, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium / School of Architecture and Design, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile Author-Name: Geoffrey Grulois Author-Workplace-Name: LoUIsE—Laboratory on Landscape, Urbanism, Infrastructures and Ecologies, Faculty of Architecture La Cambre Horta, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Abstract:Contemporary urbanization, as a process extended beyond the cities, requires original design practices to contribute to the critical understanding and visualization of the multiple spatial and temporal layers that shape the territories. In this account, this article examines the geo-poetic mapping developed by the Valparaiso School of Architecture, as a radical means of exploring the territories and elaborating their palimpsestic representations. This contribution unfolds the geopoetic vision of the South American continent created in the sixties by the School of Valparaiso, in Chile, as fundamental groundwork to critically question the historic and ongoing urban occupation of territories and their representations following colonization. Besides, it presents the Travesías de Amereida, a collective and situated architectural study performed throughout the vast South American inland, as a unique geo-poetic practice in which freehand mapping becomes an original means of rethinking and redrawing the ever-changing American extent. Through the analysis of drawings made before, during, and after the travesías were undertaken between 1965 and 1985, this article outlines how the geo-poetic vision and mapping practices—that embodies iterative freehand drawings combining different temporality, spatiality, and situated experiences—have attempted to unveil the South American continent as a palimpsest: an open extent to trace the ever-changing footprints that reshape its content. To conclude, the article assesses the contribution of situated geo-poetic mapping as a critical design practice to study and visualize the ever-changing, multi-layered, and multi scalar-realities on virtually unknown territories of contemporary urbanization.
Keywords: geo-poetic mapping; palimpsest; situated practice; South American extent; urbanization Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:205-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Red Chalk Palimpsest: The Logic of Somba Landscape File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2796 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2796 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 191-204 Author-Name: Fabrice Noukpakou Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, UCLouvain, Belgium Author-Name: Ghita Barkouch Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, UCLouvain, Belgium Author-Name: Nawri Khamallah Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, UCLouvain, Belgium Author-Name: Renaud Pleitinx Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, UCLouvain, Belgium Abstract: This article presents the results of a study on the traditional settlement patterns of the Somba people, living in the department of Atacora, north-western Benin. Adopting a methodology based on both a generative approach and André Corboz’s (1983) territory–palimpsest analogy, the study specifically questions the ‘dispersed’ character of the Somba habitat. Built upon two hypotheses, according to which Tatas Somba settle approximately to pre-existing Tatas and near to watercourses, this study seeks to understand the reasons and conditions of this dispersal throughout history. By cross-checking on-site inventory and geographic information system data allowing to analyse the distances between Tatas, archaeological sites and nearby watercourses, and thus revealing the permanent, the persistent, and the disappeared landscape elements, this article aims to prove that the settlement of the Tatas Somba is not determined by geometrical compositions, landmarks, or infrastructures, but rather by a combination of social, agricultural, environmental, and subsistence factors. Keywords: Atacora; palimpsest; Somba landscape; Tatas Somba; watercourses Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:191-204 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cajamarca: Mapping (Post)Mining Palimpsests of the Peruvian Andes File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2797 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2797 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 172-190 Author-Name: Margarita Macera Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Bruno De Meulder Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Kelly Shannon Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Mining, in addition to other human activities and natural phenomena, has repeatedly reshaped the landscapes of the Peruvian Andes. Long-standing, significantly modified and new Andean landscapes have resulted in a complex reading of the ‘land as palimpsest’ (Corboz, 1983). In recent decades, large-scale modern mining has disturbed headwater landscapes and broader Andean ecologies, as exemplified in Cajamarca’s gold mines. This article critically reads past and present spatial transformations induced by gold mining in the headwaters of the Cajamarca Basin. Through archival documentation, fieldwork and interpretative cartography, it analyses the large-scale surface mining operations in Cajamarca from 1993 to 2020, as well as their impact on downstream rural and urban ecologies. A cross-scalar mapping investigation discloses the spatial-ecological outcomes of twenty-seven years of mining (and closure) operational procedures. As a conclusion of the palimpsest reading, a design-research question is posed as to how Cajamarca’s post-mining landscapes can be opportunely premeditated. It hypothesizes that, already during exploitation, the post-mining landscapes can be consciously constructed by an intelligent manipulation of mining procedures and create a layer of the territory that is more robust. Environmental reconstruction after mining closure recreates a pseudo-natural environment that supposedly erases the traces of mining and restores natural condition—literally back to nature, with no cultural trace. In this regard, reconstruction is merely theoretical since the repairing to a natural state would mean no palimpsests. However, despite the most imaginative and ecological repair, the territory remains a mega palimpsest, cruelly violated and disrupted. Therefore, at best, the proposition can be to build a cultural, consciously conceived and tailored post-mining landscape, merging mining and post-mining landscape construction into one movement, where the remaining (palimpsest) is part-and-parcel of the newly constructed. Keywords: Andes; Cajamarca; palimpsest; (post)mining landscapes; reconstruction Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:172-190 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Palimpsest Metaphor: Figures and Spaces of the Contemporary Project File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3251 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3251 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 167-171 Author-Name: Paola Viganò Author-Workplace-Name: Lab-U, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland / Cultura del Progetto Department, IUAV University Venice, Italy Abstract: What are the consequences of the use of the palimpsest metaphor on the construction of the contemporary project? The metaphor casts criticism on the modern project and opens to the long-term (longue durée). The investigation of territorial rationalities brings to the fore these temporal dimensions and the organizational structures of space. Understanding territorial rationalities is inescapable to define the basis of any exploration of the future of territorial, urban-rural configurations. The metaphor of the palimpsest alludes to the meeting/clash between different times, endless modifications and transformations. Until the use of the support is not so serious as to question its very existence, directions, dynamics and, at times, fortuitous encounters interweave on its shriveled skin; forms of power and violence are measured there, which, in turn, will generate new conflicts. “Unintentional monuments” are places where this intensity of pure overlapping disconnected intentions become monumental and the substance of a project, revealing, celebrating and exposing their landscapes, as episodes of collective human and environmental history. The palimpsest as a figure in the contemporary project is not only a criticism of the modern space, but the expression of a change of direction in the design activity, of its social role and of the theories intended to support it: Design space in the second degree. Keywords: contemporary project; landscape design; longue durée; palimpsest; territorial rationality; urban and territorial design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:167-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping as Gap-Finder: Geddes, Tyrwhitt, and the Comparative Spatial Analysis of Port City Regions File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2803 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2803 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 152-166 Author-Name: Carola Hein Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of History of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture & The Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Yvonne van Mil Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of History of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture & The Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: Politicians, planners, and mapmakers have long used mapping to depict selected spaces, to document natural and humanmade changes within them, and to identify spaces where planning intervention is needed or can be helpful. Recent innovations involving big data, GIS-based research and digital datasets offer opportunities for maps and mapping that can lead to a better understanding of the interrelation of spatial, social, and cultural elements over time and to facilitate planning. A close analysis of the historic transformation of the built environment (such as land use, land ownership, infrastructures), the development of institutional structures (municipal boundaries) and the narrative that accompanies them (as embedded in maps and plans) through historical geo-spatial mapping can facilitate the identification of ‘gaps,’ where spatial, institutional, or cultural opportunities and challenges exist and where planning can be useful. Such an understanding can provide novel insights into the conditions and complexity of multiple transitions (energy, digital, technological) and provide a better foundation for future design. Our use of geo-spatial mapping to identify ‘gaps’ builds upon the work of Patrick Geddes and Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, who promoted the concept of survey-before-plan. As Tyrwhitt argued in 1950, the consistent overlaying of information can help us see patterns and outliers and derive meaning from huge, complex territories and large amounts of data (Tyrwhitt, 1950b). We can then better identify planning opportunities. Following an analysis of mapping as an analytical tool, we explore questions of sources, time, representation, and scale in the use of mapping at a time of increased availability of data. This article represents an initial effort to analyze the role of mapping as a tool of understanding, communicating, and ultimately planning through the lens of port city regions and their development over time. As a first step, it proposes conducting observations of historical geospatial mapping in port city regions in Europe: the Nieuwe Waterweg in the Netherlands, the Thames in the UK, and the Elbe in Germany. Probing the challenges and opportunities presented by historical sources, questions of representation and scale and data layers, the article concludes by proposing historical geo-spatial maps and mapping as a tool of display and comparative research and as a ‘gap finder.’ Keywords: comparative spatial analyses; gap-finder; GIS; historical geo-spatial mapping; port city regions; survey-before-plan Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:152-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Territories of Extraction: Mapping Palimpsests of Appropriation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2901 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2901 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 132-151 Author-Name: Berta Morata Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture Research Group, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Chiara Cavalieri Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning, UCLouvain, Belgium Author-Name: Agatino Rizzo Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture Research Group, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Andrea Luciani Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture Research Group, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Abstract: This article—framed as a methodological contribution and at the intersection between the critical urban, urban political ecology and world-ecology disciplines—builds on Corboz’s metaphor of ‘territory as a palimpsest’ to explore the representation of the socio-economic and ecological processes underpinning uneven development under extractive capitalist urbanization. While the palimpsest approach has typically been used to map transformations of more traditional urban morphologies, this work focuses instead on remote extraction territories appropriated by the global economy and integral to planetary urbanization. The article suggests the central notion of ‘palimpsests of appropriation’ as a lens to map the extraction processes. It does so in its multi-scalar and temporal dimensions and on the basis of the three intertwined frames—i.e., the productive, distribution and mediation palimpsest—shortly exemplifying its use on the ground for the iron ore extraction territory in the Swedish-Norwegian Arctic. With this, the article contributes to the development of an expanded representational methodology and conception of territories of extraction—where social and natural production are brought together—illustrating how appropriation has been (re)shaping each of the frames throughout historical thresholds, but also how socio-natures are being (re)made in its image. Keywords: appropriation; extraction; palimpsest; planetary urbanization; territory Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:132-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Large Landholdings in Brabant: Unravelling Urbanization Processes in the City-Territory File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2805 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2805 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 116-131 Author-Name: Guillaume Vanneste Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning (LOCI), UCLouvain, Belgium Abstract: Through the observation of land property (le foncier) and, specifically, large landholdings, this research aims to take a fresh look at urbanization and urban planning in the Belgian Walloon Brabant Province. In contrast with most Belgian urban studies that tackle the issue of sprawling urbanization through small-scale parcels, fragmentation processes and individual initiatives, this investigation complements recent research on estate urbanization by examining large-scale properties and how they played a role in the city-territory’s urbanization during the second half of the 20th century. Large landholdings in Walloon Brabant are remnants of 18th century territorial dominions inherited from nobility and clergy, progressively dismantled, reorganized or maintained as result of the urbanization dynamics integral to the reproduction of modern and contemporary society. The village of Rixensart is the subject of a series of these transformations. By mapping the de Merode family’s large landholdings in the south of the commune and analyzing the allotments permit, we retrace urban transformations and the reordering of social and ecological relations through changing land structure. The palimpsest notion is used as a tool to unravel the set of actors involved in urbanization dynamics and to highlight the socio-spatial transformations and construction of recent urbanization. The profound transformations taking place in Walloon Brabant today present an opportunity to reflect on its future, and questions regarding landed estates suggest potential for tackling the city-territory’s greater systemic challenges. Keywords: Brabant; de Merode; dispersion; foncier; land; land ownership; landholdings; metropolization; property Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:116-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping the Palimpsest of Milieus: Towards a Shared Project on the Open Spaces of the Plaine Lyon-Saint-Exupéry File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2795 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2795 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 99-115 Author-Name: Alexandre Callens Author-Workplace-Name: IPRAUS/AUSSER Research Unit, Paris-Belleville School of Architecture, France Abstract: This article examines the tools and methods that contribute towards the development of open-space projects in urban countrysides as part of land-use planning processes. It focuses on the creation of a support to encourage dialogue between ecology and landscape architecture professionals, in relation to their common interest in the history of the territories they are analysing. Based on the notion of palimpsest, we propose an original methodology for the cartographic representation of milieus, designed as a tool for interprofessional work. We conducted an experiment within the operational context of the Plaine Lyon-Saint-Exupéry so as to set out this method of data and map production on GIS software, reinterpreting the historical atlas of the Canton of Geneva (Corboz, 1983; Léveillé et al., 1993). We will see that these cartographic representations allow for unique readings of planned territory in order to imagine its future. For ecology and landscape professionals working on the open spaces in question, they contribute to develop complementary project intents and new modes of exchange with local actors with regard to its co-construction. The palimpsest mapping tool may therefore be defined as an ‘intermediary object’ for a shared multifunctional project on open spaces. Keywords: cartography; interprofessionality; landscape architecture; landscape ecology; open space; periurban; regional planning; territorial planning; urban countryside Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:99-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Territories in Time: Mapping Palimpsest Horizons File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3385 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3385 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 94-98 Author-Name: Chiara Cavalieri Author-Workplace-Name: SST/LOCI–Faculté d’architecture, d’ingénierie architecturale, d’urbanisme, UCLouvain, Belgium Author-Name: Elena Cogato Lanza Author-Workplace-Name: LAB-U ENAC, EPFL–École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: In the early 80s André Corboz, in describing the territory as being the result of slow and long-term processes involving multiple transformations, implicitly declares the onset of a new paradigm for understanding cities and territories: a new gaze attentive to the chronological dimension of spaces, aware of the long history of places, interested in that ensemble of signs, traces and voids so tangible, and yet ignored by the paradigm of tabula rasa. To describe this complexity, Corboz proposes the metaphor of territory as palimpsest: A palimpsest is a two-dimensional writing board bearing a three-dimensional matrix of signs, which, as a metaphor, allows for a contextual, four-dimensional apprehension of territory, portraying space in its chronological evolution. This text re-contextualizes the notion of palimpsest—both as a methodological and a theoretical question—in the light of two main conceptual ‘shifts’: the ‘territorial turn,’ which increased interest among different disciplines, projects, and policies for the dimension of cities as territory, and the ‘digital turn,’ namely the rapid evolution of data recording, archiving, and mapping technologies. Keywords: city-territory; digital transition; mapping; mapping time; palimpsest; territorial turn Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:94-98 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Participatory Urban Planning: What Would Make Planners Trust the Citizens? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3021 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3021 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 84-93 Author-Name: Joachim Åström Author-Workplace-Name: School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, Örebro University, Sweden Abstract: Based on the critical stance of citizens towards urban planning, growing attention has been directed towards new forms of citizen participation. A key expectation is that advanced digital technologies will reconnect citizens and decision makers and enhance trust in planning. However, empirical evidence suggests participation by itself does not foster trust, and many scholars refer to a general weakness of these initiatives to deliver the expected outcomes. Considering that trust is reciprocal, this article will switch focus and concentrate on planners’ attitudes towards citizens. Do urban planners generally think that citizens are trustworthy? Even though studies show that public officials are more trusting than people in general, it is possible that they do not trust citizens when interacting with government. However, empirical evidence is scarce. While there is plenty of research on citizens’ trust in government, public officials trust in citizens has received little scholarly attention. To address this gap, we will draw on a survey targeted to a representative sample of public managers in Swedish local government (N = 1430). First, urban planners will be compared with other public officials when it comes to their level of trust toward citizens’ ability, integrity and benevolence. In order to understand variations in trust, a set of institutional factors will thereafter be tested, along with more commonly used individual factors. In light of the empirical findings, the final section of the article returns to the idea of e-participation as a trust-building strategy. What would make planners trust the citizens in participatory urban planning? Keywords: citizen participation; e-participation; new urban agenda; planning practice; smart cities; trust in planning; urban planners Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:84-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Citizen Participation in Digitised Environments in Berlin: Visualising Spatial Knowledge in Urban Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3030 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3030 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 71-83 Author-Name: Ajit Singh Author-Workplace-Name: Dynamics of Communication, Knowledge and Spatial Development Research Department, IRS–Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany Author-Name: Gabriela Christmann Author-Workplace-Name: Dynamics of Communication, Knowledge and Spatial Development Research Department, IRS–Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany / Department of Sociology, School of Planning Building Environment, TU Berlin, Germany Abstract: Digital information and communication technologies influence not only on urban planning but also citizen participation. The increasing level of politically driven involvement of the public in urban planning processes has led to the development of new participatory technologies and innovative visual tools. Using an empirical case study, the article investigates a completed participation process concerning an e-participation platform in Berlin, while focusing on the following questions: (1) How are visualisations communicatively deployed within e-participation formats? (2) In what ways do citizens communicate a kind of spatial knowledge? (3) Which imaginings of public urban space are constructed through the use of visualisations? The exploration of the communication conditions and the ‘methods’ employed will demonstrate the way participants visually communicate their perceptions and local knowledge as well as how they construct their imagining of urban places. In this context, visualisations in participation processes are understood as products of ‘communicative actions’ (Knoblauch, 2019) that allow people to present their visions in ways that are more understandable and tangible to themselves and others. Within this context, by the example of the state-driven e-platform ‘meinBerlin’ a discussion will trace how far digitalised and visualised communicative actions from Berlin residents contribute to the social construction of urban spaces and the extent to which they can be considered a part of cooperative planning. Keywords: citizen participation; digitised environments; e-participation; meinBerlin; spatial knowledge; urban planning; visual methods; visualisations Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:71-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reflections on Deploying Community-Driven Visualisations for Public Engagement in Urban Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3008 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3008 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 59-70 Author-Name: Sebastian Weise Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, UK / PlaceChangers Ltd., UK Author-Name: Alexander Wilson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, UK / Open Lab, School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, UK Author-Name: Geoff Vigar Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, UK Abstract:Publicly available visualisations play an increasing role in enabling wider audiences to contribute to debates to shape place futures. In this article, we unpack such contributions to consider the conceptualisation, actualisation and deployment of these visualisations as separate entities that each require development and reflection. In doing so we draw on our experiences of using two public engagement tools that utilise visualisations of residents’ comments. Through this we explore the limitations of visualisations in public engagement designed to support differing levels of debate and their abilities to support abstract topics and geographic associations. We discuss how visualisations alone do not produce actions and how they need to be rooted in wider conversations about a place to lead to insights and action. The article calls for the linking of visualisations for place meaning and place action at different stages of much broader public engagement projects to unlock the potentials present in them in the mediatisation of built environment outcomes.
Keywords: digital visualisations; knowledge exchange; public engagement; town planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:59-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Entanglement of Class, Marriage and Real Estate: The Visual Culture of Egypt’s Urbanisation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3026 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3026 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 44-58 Author-Name: Mennatullah Hendawy Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Design and Urbanization, TU Berlin, Germany / Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany / Department of Urban Planning and Design, Ain Shams University, Egypt Author-Name: Jörg Stollmann Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Urban Design and Urbanization, TU Berlin, Germany Abstract: A majority of scholars consider Egypt’s urban development a product of the neo-liberal political economy facilitated by the country’s central government. In this article, we want to shift our attention towards the public and its demand for housing. We describe the urban everyday experiences of a population within a country in which a visual culture established via public media creates an urban imagination that does not reflect the lived social, spatial, and economic reality of the majority of the population. Exploration of the general public’s attitudes towards media narratives that focus their advertisement campaigns on high class residential projects launched this investigation. The argument that follows is based on empirical studies within the Greater Cairo Region (GCR). In this setting, a puzzling trend from our collected data guides our central research question: Why aren’t ads for luxury housing—a market segment clearly beyond the reach of most Egyptians—condemned by those who cannot afford it? To tackle this phenomenon, we shed light on how the pre—and post-marital demand for housing among young couples and their families influence the market, and particularly, the market for upscale and luxury housing in Cairo. The research consists of four phases, including (1) field interviews with Uber and Careem drivers, (2) an online survey targeting inhabitants across varying urban and social segments of the GCR, (3) the first author’s personal story, which posits that marriage culture acts as a key driver for real estate narratives, and (4) a visual analysis of a real estate advertisement. To conclude, the article discusses how far a hegemonic visual culture that caters to socio-economic links between class, marriage, and real estate engages the support of a large part of the population, which in turn, co-produces a spatially unjust urban development scheme that works against their own interests. Keywords: Cairo; class; Egypt; housing; marriage; media; real estate; urbanisation; visual culture Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:44-58 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Digital Visualisation as a New Driver of Urban Change in Africa File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2989 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.2989 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 35-43 Author-Name: Vanessa Watson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics, University of Cape Town, South Africa Abstract: Cities in Sub-Saharan Africa are growing faster than in any other part of the world, driven by expanding informal settlement (usually on the urban periphery) and the real-estate sector aiming for up-market property development. The continent currently has the highest real-estate value growth potential in the world. Much up-market property development is currently taking the form of new ‘cities’—sometimes a redevelopment of an entire city (e.g., Kigali), sometimes a new city on an urban edge (e.g., Eko-Atlantic, Lagos) and sometimes a new satellite city (e.g., Tatu City, Nairobi). These projects are driven by international property development companies often in collaboration with governments and sometimes with local planning and property partners. All manifest as plans in a new way: as graphics on the websites of international consultants. Most involve no public participation and attempt to by-pass planning laws and processes. Producing these new plans (as computer generated images) are a new set of professionals: architects, planners, visualisers, advertising executives and project managers, working together in offices in global capitals of the world. Their aim is commercial. Planning in these projects is no longer shaped by the materiality of the city and attempts to achieve socio-spatial justice and sustainability. Rather planning is shaped by the circulation of graphics through a network of software programmes and marketing professionals. This article will situate Africa’s new cities in theorisation of urban development and the role of urban planning through digital visualization. Keywords: digital visualisation; property development; urban Africa; urban inequality; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:35-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Digital Excavation of Mediatized Urban Heritage: Automated Recognition of Buildings in Image Sources File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3096 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3096 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 24-34 Author-Name: Tino Mager Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Carola Hein Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: Digital technologies provide novel ways of visualizing cities and buildings. They also facilitate new methods of analyzing the built environment, ranging from artificial intelligence (AI) to crowdsourced citizen participation. Digital representations of cities have become so refined that they challenge our perception of the real. However, computers have not yet become able to detect and analyze the visible features of built structures depicted in photographs or other media. Recent scientific advances mean that it is possible for this new field of computer vision to serve as a critical aid to research. Neural networks now meet the challenge of identifying and analyzing building elements, buildings and urban landscapes. The development and refinement of these technologies requires more attention, simultaneously, investigation is needed in regard to the use and meaning of these methods for historical research. For example, the use of AI raises questions about the ways in which computer-based image recognition reproduces biases of contemporary practice. It also invites reflection on how mixed methods, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches, can be established and used in research in the humanities. Finally, it opens new perspectives on the role of crowdsourcing in both knowledge dissemination and shared research. Attempts to analyze historical big data with the latest methods of deep learning, to involve many people—laymen and experts—in research via crowdsourcing and to deal with partly unknown visual material have provided a better understanding of what is possible. The article presents findings from the ongoing research project ArchiMediaL, which is at the forefront of the analysis of historical mediatizations of the built environment. It demonstrates how the combination of crowdsourcing, historical big data and deep learning simultaneously raises questions and provides solutions in the field of architectural and urban planning history. Keywords: artificial intelligence; automated image content recognition; big data; computer vision; crowdsourcing; image repositories; urban heritage Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:24-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Communicating and Visualising Urban Planning in Cold War Berlin File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3028 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3028 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 10-23 Author-Name: Christoph Bernhardt Author-Workplace-Name: Department for Historical Research, IRS–Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany Author-Name: Kathrin Meissner Author-Workplace-Name: Department for Historical Research, IRS–Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany Abstract: This article analyses the dynamics of communication, specifically with regard to the significance of visualisations in urban planning between the two competing political regimes of East and West Germany in divided Berlin (1945–1989). The article will demonstrate the ways in which planners on either side of the Iron Curtain were confronted with matters unique to their own political contexts and conditions for public communication, as well as how they faced similar challenges in fields of urban renewal and negotiating public participation. The post-war decades in Berlin were marked by strong planning dynamics: large-scale reconstruction after WWII and the ‘showcase character’ of political confrontation and competition. In this context, new strategies of communicating urban planning to the public were developed, such as large-scale development plans, public exhibitions and cross-border media campaigns. Paradigmatic shifts during the mid-1970s generated new discourses about urban renewal and historic preservation. The new focus on small-scale planning in vivid and inhabited inner-city neighbourhoods made new forms of communication and public depiction necessary. In the context of social and political change as well as growing mediatisation, planning authorities utilised aspects of urban identity and civic participation to legitimise planning activities. The article traces two small-scale planning projects for neighbourhoods in East and West Berlin and investigates the interrelation of visual communication instruments in public discourses and planning procedures during the 1980s, a period that prominently featured the new strategy of comprehensive planning. Furthermore, the article highlights the key role of micro-scale changes in the management of urban renewal along both sides of the wall and the emergence of neighbourhood civil engagement and participation. Keywords: Berlin; civic participation; communication strategy; planning history; public negotiation; small-scale planning; urban renewal; visualising planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:10-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Visual Communication in Urban Design and Planning: The Impact of Mediatisation(s) on the Construction of Urban Futures File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/3279 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i2.3279 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-9 Author-Name: Gabriela Christmann Author-Workplace-Name: Dynamics of Communication, Knowledge and Spatial Development Department, IRS–Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany / Department of Sociology, TU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Ajit Singh Author-Workplace-Name: Dynamics of Communication, Knowledge and Spatial Development Department, IRS–Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany Author-Name: Jörg Stollmann Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Architecture, TU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Christoph Bernhardt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Historical Research, IRS–Leibniz Institute for Research on Society and Space, Germany / Department of History, HU Berlin, Germany Abstract:This editorial introduces the subject matter of the thematic issue, which includes a diverse collection of contributions from authors in various disciplines including, history, architecture, planning, sociology and geography. Within the context of mediatisation processes—and the increased use of ever-expanding I&C technologies—communication has undergone profound changes. As such, this thematic issue will discuss how far (digital) media tools and their social uses in urban design and planning have impacted the visualisation of urban imaginations and how urban futures are thereby communicatively produced. Referring to an approach originating from the media and communication sciences, the authors begin with an outline of the core concepts of mediatisation and digitalisation. They suggest how the term ‘visualisation’ can be conceived and, against this background, based upon the sociological approach of communicative constructivism, a proposal is offered, which diverges from traditional methods of conceptualising visualisations: Instead, it highlights the need for a greater consideration towards the active role of creators (e.g., planners) and recipients (e.g., stakeholders) as well as the distinctive techniques of communication involved (e.g., a specific digital planning tools). The authors in this issue illustrate how communicative construction, particularly the visual construction of urban futures, can be understood, depending upon the kind of social actors as well as the means of communication involved. The editorial concludes with a summary of the main arguments and core results presented.
Keywords: digital tools; mediatisation; urban planning and design; visual communication; visualisations Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:2:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How Does ICT Expansion Drive “Smart” Urban Growth? A Case Study of Nanjing, China File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2561 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2561 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 129-139 Author-Name: Zipan Cai Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Vladimir Cvetkovic Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Jessica Page Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Sweden Abstract: In the context of accelerated urbanization, socioeconomic development, and population growth, as well as the rapid advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), urban land is rapidly expanding worldwide. Unplanned urban growth has led to the low utilization efficiency of land resources. Also, ecological and agricultural lands are continuously sacrificed for urban construction, which in the long-term may severely impact the health of citizens in cities. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms and driving forces of a city’s urban land use changes, including the influence of ICT development, is therefore crucial to the formation of optimal and feasible urban planning in the new era. Taking Nanjing as a study case, this article attempts to explore the measurable “smart” driving indicators of urban land use change and analyze the tapestry of the relationship between these and urban land use change. Different from the traditional linear regression analysis method of driving force of urban land use change, this study focuses on the interaction relationship and the underlying causal relationship among various “smart” driving factors, so it adopts a fuzzy statistical method, namely the grey relational analysis (GRA). Through the integration of literature research and known effective data, five categories of “smart” indicators have been taken as the primary driving factors: industry and economy, transportation, humanities and science, ICT systems, and environmental management. The results show that these indicators have different impacts on driving urban built-up land growth. Accordingly, optimization possibilities and recommendations for development strategies are proposed to realize a “smarter” development direction in Nanjing. This article confirms the effectiveness of GRA for studies on the driving mechanisms of urban land use change and provides a theoretical basis for the development goals of a smart city. Keywords: grey relational analysis; ICT; land use change; smart city; urban planning; urbanization Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:129-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping Platform Urbanism: Charting the Nuance of the Platform Pivot File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2545 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2545 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 116-128 Author-Name: Ashlin Lee Author-Workplace-Name: Land and Water Environmental Information Group, CSIRO, Australia Author-Name: Adrian Mackenzie Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sociology, Australian National University, Australia Author-Name: Gavin J. D. Smith Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sociology, Australian National University, Australia Author-Name: Paul Box Author-Workplace-Name: Land and Water Environmental Information Group, CSIRO, Australia Abstract: Urban planners are increasingly working with ideas around datafied cities, such as platform urbanism, to understand urban life and changes with technology. This article seeks to assist urban planners in these efforts by analysing and mapping the qualities of platform urbanism. Drawing on a dataset of approximately 100 examples that detail urban data practices, we trace some of the current tendencies that are shaping the nature and dynamics of platform urbanism. While we identify no unifying narrative or overarching pattern to our data, we interpret this as supporting Barns’ (2019) notion of a pivot towards platforms. We argue this through exploring the interoperability between data sources and domains (vertical and horizontal integration), identifying elements of how platforms intermediate urban life through their growth in different sectors and the use of geolocation, and note the different artefacts that contribute to platform urbanism. We also note a concerning dynamic where city administration becomes ‘locked in’ to specific corporate products and interests, and thereby ‘locked out’ from alternatives. We discuss this in the context of social inclusion and what this means for urban planners, including the fragility of corporate platforms and what platforms urbanism means for social relationships in the city. Keywords: data; data markets; inequality; Internet of Things; platform urbanism; smart cities; urban informatics; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:116-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: EU Smart City Lighthouse Projects between Top-Down Strategies and Local Legitimation: The Case of Hamburg File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2531 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2531 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 107-115 Author-Name: Katharina Lange Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Urban Planning and Regional Development, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany Author-Name: Jörg Knieling Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Urban Planning and Regional Development, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany Abstract: The concept of the smart city has become increasingly popular in recent years and a large number of cities globally follow smart city strategies. By awarding subsidies in the Horizon 2020 programme, the European Union (EU) has taken on an influential role in how smart city projects are conceived and implemented in European municipalities. Using the example of the smart city pilot project mySMARTLife in Hamburg, the purpose of this article is to examine the area of tension between strategically pursuing own objectives and adjustment to external provisions of the EU funding framework. In a qualitative single case study, the article analyses what implications the project mySMARTLife has on urban development practice and local governance arrangements in Hamburg. Examining current literature on smart cities from the perspective of multi-level governance and presenting the current state of research dealing with EU smart city projects, a theoretical framework is developed. The analysis reveals that, due to the EU funding framework, precise project contents are contractually defined at an early stage when local stakeholders have limited involvement in this process. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the EU smart city funding in the project mySMARTLife is more limited to the implementation of individual interventions than to a comprehensive smart city strategy. As a result, this article considers EU-funded smart city initiatives as experimental fields that enable cities to gain experiences that can be incorporated into local strategic development objectives. Keywords: EU funding; governance; Hamburg; smart city; strategic urban planning; urban transition Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:107-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Conceptualizing Testbed Planning: Urban Planning in the Intersection between Experimental and Public Sector Logics File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2528 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2528 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 96-106 Author-Name: Lina Berglund-Snodgrass Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden / K2–The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Sweden Author-Name: Dalia Mukhtar-Landgren Author-Workplace-Name: K2–The Swedish Knowledge Centre for Public Transport, Sweden / Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: Urban planning is, in many countries, increasingly becoming intertwined with local climate ambitions, investments in urban attractiveness and “smart city” innovation measures. In the intersection between these trends, urban experimentation has developed as a process where actors are granted action space to test innovations in a collaborative setting. One arena for urban experimentation is urban testbeds. Testbeds are sites of urban development, in which experimentation constitutes an integral part of planning and developing the area. This article introduces the notion of testbed planning as a way to conceptualize planning processes in delimited sites where planning is combined with processes of urban experimentation. We define testbed planning as a multi-actor, collaborative planning process in a delimited area, with the ambition to generate and disseminate learning while simultaneously developing the site. The aim of this article is to explore processes of testbed planning with regard to the role of urban planners. Using an institutional logics perspective we conceptualize planners as navigating between a public sector—and an experimental logic. The public sector logic constitutes the formal structure of “traditional” urban planning, and the experimental logic a collaborative and testing governance structure. Using examples from three Nordic municipalities, this article explores planning roles in experiments with autonomous buses in testbeds. The analysis shows that planners negotiate these logics in three different ways, combining and merging them, separating and moving between them or acting within a conflictual process where the public sector logic dominates. Keywords: experimental governance; institutional logics; urban experimentation; urban planning; testbed planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:96-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Googling the City: In Search of the Public Interest on Toronto’s ‘Smart’ Waterfront File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2520 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2520 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 84-95 Author-Name: Kevin Morgan Author-Workplace-Name: Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, UK Author-Name: Brian Webb Author-Workplace-Name: Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, UK Abstract: Toronto’s Quayside waterfront regeneration project has become an international reference point for the burgeoning debate about the scope and limits of the digitally enabled ‘smart city’ narrative. The project signals the entry of a Google affiliate into the realm of ‘smart urbanism’ in the most dramatic fashion imaginable, by allowing them to potentially realise their long-running dream for “someone to give us a city and put us in charge.” This article aims to understand this on-going ‘smart city’ experiment through an exploration of the ways in which ‘techno-centric’ narratives and proposed ‘disruptive’ urban innovations are being contested by the city’s civic society. To do this, the article traces the origins and evolution of the partnership between Waterfront Toronto and Sidewalk Labs and identifies the key issues that have exercised local critics of the plan, including the public/private balance of power, governance, and the planning process. Despite more citizen-centric efforts, there remains a need for appropriate advocates to protect and promote the wider public interest to moderate the tensions that exist between techno-centric and citizen-centric dimensions of smart cities. Keywords: Google; public interest; Quayside; Sidewalk Labs; smart city; smart urbanism; Toronto; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:84-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When Alphabet Inc. Plans Toronto’s Waterfront: New Post-Political Modes of Urban Governance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2519 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2519 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 69-83 Author-Name: Constance Carr Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg / CITY Institute, York University, Canada Author-Name: Markus Hesse Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Abstract: ‘Smart cities’ has become a hegemonic concept in urban discourses, despite substantial criticism presented by scholarly research and activism. The aim of this research was to understand what happens when one of the big digital corporations enters the field of real estate and land use development and urban planning, how existing institutions respond to this, and how modes of urban governance are affected. Alphabet Inc.’s plans for Toronto’s waterfront provided insights into these questions. Our investigations traced a complex web of place-making practices that involved all levels of government, the general public, and networks of actors throughout the private sector. Methodologically, the discourse was reconstructed with local fieldwork, interviews with key actors, participating in tours and public meetings, and secondary sources. It was found that Alphabet Inc.’s plan to build a world-class digital city contained some lessons for urban studies and urban planning practice. First, Alphabet Inc.’s plans, which unfolded amidst initiatives to expand the knowledge economy, confirmed concerns that the trajectory of neoliberal, market-driven land use and speculation along the waterfront remains unchanged. Second, digital infrastructures are potentially a Trojan Horse. Third, it was seen that municipalities and their modes of urban planning are vulnerable to the political economic manoeuvrings of large corporate power. Fourth, Alphabet Inc. operates as a post-political package driven by a new coalition of politics, where the smart city is sold as a neutral technology. The controversies surrounding the project, however, stirred a civic discourse that might signal a return of the political. Keywords: digital cities; governance; post-politics; smart cities; Toronto; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:69-83 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Planning and the Smart City: Projects, Practices and Politics File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2936 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2936 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 65-68 Author-Name: Andrew Karvonen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Planning and Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Matthew Cook Author-Workplace-Name: School of Engineering and Innovation, Open University, UK Author-Name: Håvard Haarstad Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Climate and Energy Transformation, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway / Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway Abstract: Today’s smart city agendas are the latest iteration of urban sociotechnical innovation. Their aim is to use information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve the economic and environmental performance of cities while hopefully providing a better quality of life for residents. Urban planners have a long-standing tradition of aligning technological innovation with the built environment and residents but have been only peripherally engaged in smart cities debates to date. However, this situation is beginning to change as iconic, one-of-a-kind smart projects are giving way to the ‘actually existing’ smart city and ICT interventions are emerging as ubiquitous features of twenty-first century cities. The aim of this thematic issue is to explore the various ways that smart cities are influencing and being influenced by urban planning. The articles provide empirical evidence of how urban planners are engaging with processes of smart urbanisation through projects, practices, and politics. They reveal the profound and lasting influence of digitalisation on urban planning and the multiple opportunities for urban planners to serve as champions and drivers of the smart city. Keywords: digitalisation; innovation; planners; smart cities; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:65-68 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Pattern Language Approach to Learning in Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2961 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2961 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 58-64 Author-Name: Remon Rooij Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Machiel van Dorst Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: The aim of this commentary is to present the position that a pattern language approach facilitates, even catalyzes (comparative) learning in planning for young professionals. This position builds on literature and is supported by the research work of six MSc Urbanism graduation projects, in which the students adopted a pattern language approach. Additionally, these alumni have been asked in retrospect to evaluate their pattern language experiences for their learning. The students say their pattern languages give focus, enrich the knowledge field, are flexible, and they do not prescribe what to do, or how to make a plan. Students see and appreciate the value of the simple, yet thoughtful structure of a pattern with both visual and verbal information. Additionally, they observe that this method enables the connection between disciplines, between theory and practice, and between stakeholders, and that, potentially, it is a helpful tool for all kinds of stakeholders. They refer to the method as a tool for communication, a tool for design and analysis, and a tool for learning. Keywords: design; learning in planning; pattern language; planning; urbanism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:58-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public Design of Urban Sprawl: Governments and the Extension of the Urban Fabric in Flanders and the Netherlands File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2669 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2669 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 46-57 Author-Name: Edwin Buitelaar Author-Workplace-Name: PBL—Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Netherlands / Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Hans Leinfelder Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Urban sprawl is often portrayed as a (quasi-)natural process, as inevitable and taking place behind our backs. However, we claim that it is co-produced by government: Governments not only allow sprawl to happen, but often also incentivise and stimulate it, either knowingly or unintentionally. We substantiate this claim by comparing urban development and government institutions in Flanders (Belgium) to the Netherlands, two neighbouring territories, yet very different regarding this matter. Urban development in the Netherlands is considered orderly and compact, whereas in Flanders it is considered haphazard and sprawled. Urban planning, too, could not be more different. Strong national planning and an active local land policy characterise Dutch planning, while the opposite applies to Flanders. Although these images seem largely accurate, we argue that it is very particular government institutions in both countries that (help) create and reproduce the various degrees of urban sprawl. Keywords: discourses; Flanders; government institutions; land-use planning; public design; the Netherlands; urban development; urban fabric; urban sprawl Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:46-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Building Adaptive Capacity through Learning in Project-Oriented Organisations in Infrastructure Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2523 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2523 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 33-45 Author-Name: Bert de Groot Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands / Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, The Netherlands Author-Name: Wim Leendertse Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands / Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, The Netherlands Author-Name: Jos Arts Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: Transport infrastructure networks are currently being challenged by rapidly changing contexts, such as climate change, new IT and mobility technologies, ageing infrastructure, demographic changes and growing engagement of stakeholders. These challenges call for an adaptive management approach in infrastructure planning. Apart from making the physical infrastructure more adaptive, organisational adaptive capacity is currently being discussed in both literature and practice. The literature describes learning as one of the key elements of organisational adaptive capacity. However, it remains unclear how infrastructure network agencies learn. Most of these agencies are organised in a project-oriented way. Projects can be considered as information exchange platforms of individuals that have to align their knowledge and interpretations to collectively make sense of this information to deliver a project-result. However, projects operate relatively autonomously from their parent organisation. This article aims to enhance the understanding of how projects learn from each other and how the parent organisation learns from projects and vice versa. To this end, we have conducted an in-depth case study of a typical project-oriented organisation in infrastructure planning: Rijkswaterstaat—the executive agency of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management in the Netherlands. Data was collected through documents and semi-structured interviews with members of a selection of projects of Rijkswaterstaat and other members of this organisation. We used Social Network Analysis to support the analysis of the data. Subsequently, the results were confronted with literature to understand how collective learning occurs in project-oriented organisations. Keywords: adaptive capacity; collective learning; infrastructure planning; project-oriented organisation; social network analysis Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:33-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diverging Ambitions and Instruments for Citizen Participation across Different Stages in Green Infrastructure Projects File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2613 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2613 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 22-32 Author-Name: Jannes J. Willems Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration & Sociology, Erasmus School of Behavioural and Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Astrid Molenveld Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration & Sociology, Erasmus School of Behavioural and Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands / Research Group on Politics & Public Governance, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium Author-Name: William Voorberg Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration & Sociology, Erasmus School of Behavioural and Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Geert Brinkman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration & Sociology, Erasmus School of Behavioural and Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Both theory and practice increasingly argue that creating green infrastructure in order to make cities climate-proof requires joint public service delivery across the green infrastructure’s lifecycle. Accordingly, citizen participation in each green infrastructure project stage is required, but the type of participation may differ. So far, limited research has been conducted to detangle how participation in green infrastructure projects is operationalised along the different project stages. This article, therefore, presents a comparative case study of nine European green infrastructure projects, in which we aim to determine: (1) how participatory ambitions may differ across green infrastructure project phases; and (2) which instruments are used to realise the participatory ambitions for each phase and whether these instruments differ across stages. The cases demonstrate different participation ambitions and means in the three project phases distinguished in this article (i.e., design, delivery, and maintenance). The design and maintenance stages resulted in high participation ambitions using organisational instruments (e.g., living labs, partnerships with community groups) and market-based instruments (e.g., open calls). In the delivery phase, participation ambitions decreased significantly in our cases, relying on legal instruments (e.g., statutory consultation) and communicative instruments (e.g., community events). Altogether, our exploratory study helps to define participation across the green infrastructure lifecycle: Early stages focus on creating shared commitment that legitimises the green infrastructure, while later stages are also driven by instrumental motives (lowering management costs). Although theory argues for profound participation in the delivery stage as well, our cases show the contrary. Future research can assess this discrepancy. Keywords: climate adaptation; community involvement; green infrastructure; participation; policy instruments; urban water management Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:22-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Comparative Planning Research, Learning, and Governance: The Benefits and Limitations of Learning Policy by Comparison File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2656 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2656 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-21 Author-Name: Kristof van Assche Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Canada Author-Name: Raoul Beunen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands Author-Name: Stefan Verweij Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning and Environment, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: In this article, the authors develop a perspective on the value of, and methodologies for, comparative planning research. Through comparative research, similarities and differences between planning cases and experiences can be disentangled. This opens up possibilities for learning across planning systems, and possibly even the transfer of best planning and policy practices across systems, places, or countries. Learning in governance systems is always constrained; learning in planning systems is further constrained by the characteristics of the wider governance system in which planning is embedded. Moreover, self-transformation of planning systems always takes place, not always driven by intentional learning activities of individuals and organizations, or of the system as a whole. One can strive to increase the reflexivity in planning systems though, so that the system becomes more aware of its own features, driving forces, and modes of self-transformation. This can, in turn, increase the space for intentional learning. One important source of such learning is the comparison of systems at different scales and learning from successes and failures. We place this comparative learning in the context of other forms of learning and argue that there is always space for comparative learning, despite the rigidities that characterize planning and governance. Dialectical learning is presented as the pinnacle of governance learning, into which comparative learning, as well as other forms of learning, feed. Keywords: comparative planning; governance; learning; learning methods; planning studies; policy mobilities Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:11-21 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rethinking Planning Systems: A Plea for Self-Assessment and Comparative Learning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2857 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2857 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 6-10 Author-Name: Frank J. D'Hondt Author-Workplace-Name: ISOCARP–International Society of City and Regional Planners, The Netherlands Author-Name: Kristof van Assche Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Canada Author-Name: Barend Julius Wind Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract:The authors reflect on recent experiences at UN-Habitat and other international organizations to rethink the roles of planning towards larger development goals and to reform planning systems in places most in need of them. They consider the difficulties but ultimate necessity to learn from a variety of contexts and experiences to articulate general orientations for planning and planning reform which can partly transcend context. Within the variety of planning experiences, and the experiences of lack of planning, one can discern principles which can be applied in many contexts, yet those include principles of contextualization and learning. Comparative learning underpins the attempts at finding general principles, and the local application of those principles further triggers processes of learning, including comparative learning. Local and grassroots planning capacity building is vital to locally apply and contextualize international planning guidelines.
Keywords: comparative learning; governance; international organizations; planning systems; reform Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:6-10 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Learning from Other Places and Their Plans: Comparative Learning in and for Planning Systems File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2938 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v5i1.2938 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 5 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-5 Author-Name: Kristof Van Assche Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Canada Author-Name: Raoul Beunen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University of The Netherlands, The Netherlands Author-Name: Stefan Verweij Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning and Environment, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: In this thematic issue we pursue the idea that comparative studies of planning systems are utterly useful for gaining a deeper understanding of learning processes and learning capacity in spatial planning systems. In contemporary planning systems the pressures towards learning and continuous self-transformation are high. On the one hand more and more planning is needed in terms of integration of expertise, policy, local knowledge, and response to long term environmental challenges, while on the other hand the value of planning systems is increasingly questioned and many places witness an erosion of planning institutions. The issue brings together a diversity of contributions that explore different forms of comparative learning and their value for any attempt at reorganization, adaptation and improvement of planning systems. Keywords: adaptation; comparative research; governance; planning; policy learning; policy transfer Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v5:y:2020:i:1:p:1-5