Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: De-Colonising Planning Education? Exploring the Geographies of Urban Planning Education Networks File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2200 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2200 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 139-151 Author-Name: Julia Wesely Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, University College London, UK Author-Name: Adriana Allen Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Development Planning Unit, University College London, UK Abstract: Urban planning as a networked field of governance can be an essential contributor for de-colonising planning education and shaping pathways to urban equality. Educating planners with the capabilities to address complex socio-economic, environmental and political processes that drive inequality requires critical engagement with multiple knowledges and urban praxes in their learning processes. However, previous research on cities of the global South has identified severe quantitative deficits, outdated pedagogies, and qualitative shortfalls in current planning education. Moreover, the political economy and pedagogic practices adopted in higher education programmes often reproduce Western-centric political imaginations of planning, which in turn reproduce urban inequality. Many educational institutions across the global South, for example, continue teaching colonial agendas and fail to recognise everyday planning practices in the way cities are built and managed. This article contributes to a better understanding of the relation between planning education and urban inequalities by critically exploring the distribution of regional and global higher education networks and their role in de-colonising planning. The analysis is based on a literature review, quantitative and qualitative data from planning and planning education networks, as well as interviews with key players within them. The article scrutinises the geography of these networks to bring to the fore issues of language, colonial legacies and the dominance of capital cities, which, among others, currently work against more plural epistemologies and praxes. Based on a better understanding of the networked field of urban planning in higher education and ongoing efforts to open up new political imaginations and methodologies, the article suggests emerging room for manoeuvre to foster planner’s capabilities to shape urban equality at scale. Keywords: de-colonising planning; global South; higher education; urban equality; urban planning education Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:139-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Playing for the Future: Using Codesign Games to Explore Alternative Sanitation Systems in London File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2338 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2338 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 126-138 Author-Name: Tse-Hui Teh Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK Abstract: Public participation is viewed as a best practice in planning, and yet most people who participate in it (planners included) often feel that it is a cynical box-ticking exercise. Citizen participation rates are usually low, implying that they may feel this way too. There are two good reasons for this feeling: On the one hand, public consultation often only occurs when it is a mandatory exercise required by government for development approval; on the other, when public consultation occurs it is after much time and effort has been invested by professionals to develop a scheme therefore change is made reluctantly or not at all. These factors create a reactionary and adversarial atmosphere during consultation. These structural limitations mean that there is no time to find alignment of interests between project developers and the public, or to develop trust and collaborations. This article explores how codesign games as a form of public participation can be done at an early stage of project development to contribute to finding alignment of interests and collaborations between project developers and different public interests. The empirical case study is focussed on the possibilities for the retrofit of sustainable sanitation systems in London. Three future sanitation systems were developed by 14 workshop participants. They demonstrate new alignments of interests, from methods of collection and treatment, to new economies of reuse and production. It also established reasons why the current water-based sanitation systems are obdurate, and the work involved in keeping the status quo. Keywords: actor-network theory; codesign games; coevolution; London; public participation; sanitation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:126-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planners between the Chairs: How Planners (Do Not) Adapt to Transformative Practices File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2237 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2237 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 111-138 Author-Name: Frank Othengrafen Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty for Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund, Germany Author-Name: Meike Levin-Keitel Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty for Spatial Planning, TU Dortmund, Germany Abstract: Even though the turn to practice is widely accepted in the field of urban planning, the practices of planners are empirically largely unexplored. Looking at the daily routines and practices of urban planners thus allows a deeper insight into what planning is, and how planning practices are related to innovation and transformation. To do so, we start from the assumption that behaviour is a constellation of practices, including certain activities, a set of choices and actions, patterns of behaviour or forms of interaction that is organised in a certain space or context by common understandings and rules. By conducting an online survey among planners in medium-sized German cities, we first identified a wide range of planning practices and activities in general. In a second step, we conducted a statistical cluster analysis resulting in six types of planners: (1) the ‘local-specific analysts,’ (2) the ‘experienced generalists,’ (3) the ‘reactive pragmatists,’ (4) the ‘project-oriented planners,’ (5) the ‘compensatory moderators,’ and (6) the ‘innovative designers.’ Each cluster has specific practices and activities, linked to characteristic value-sets, role interpretations and self-perceptions that might help explain the differences with regard to innovation and transformation. From the identified six groups or clusters of planners, only two clusters more or less consequently aim at innovation, experimentation and new approaches. One cluster is dedicated to collaborative practices whereas traditional practices predominate in three clusters at least, mainly because of legal requirements. This is the result of an increasing ‘formalisation’ of land-use planning, making planners focus on technical and formal practices, and, at the same time, lead to the reduced ‘attention’ to and implementation of conceptual approaches or ‘necessary’ transformative practices, including proactive approaches and strategic coordination with regard to sustainable urban development, but also comprising experiments, real labs or social innovations. Keywords: cluster analysis; planning practice; role of planners; transformative practices; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:111-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Community Resistance and Discretionary Strategies in Planning Sustainable Development: The Case of Colorado Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2384 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2384 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 98-110 Author-Name: William L. Swann Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Denver, USA Author-Name: Shelley McMullen Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Denver, USA / College of Architecture and Planning, University of Colorado Denver, USA Author-Name: Dan Graeve Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Denver, USA Author-Name: Serena Kim Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Denver, USA Abstract: How bureaucrats exercise administrative discretion is an enduring question in urban planning and democratic governance. Conflicts between urban planners’ professional recommendations and community stakeholders’ demands play out especially in the sustainable development context, where planners confront value conflicts between environmental, economic, and social goals. This article investigates the sources of community resistance to sustainable development and the discretionary strategies planners employ to persuade communities towards a more sustainable future. Utilizing a descriptive case study design, we examine four Colorado cities experiencing growth and community resistance to sustainable development practices. We find that while planners face community resistance from a multitude of sources, including developer pressures, NIMBYism and density concerns, and distrust of the planning profession, planners also work within their discretionary space using interdepartmental coordination, communication and outreach, data and evidence, rule changes, and neutral stewardship to encourage sustainable development. Implications for planning practice and future research are discussed. Keywords: administrative discretion; community resistance; discretionary strategies; local governance; NIMBY; sustainable development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:98-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Identities as Enabling Conditions of Sustainability Practices in Urban Planning: A Critical Realist Exploration with Planners in England File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2263 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2263 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 86-97 Author-Name: Niamh Murtagh Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, University College London, UK Author-Name: Nezhapi-Dellé Odeleye Author-Workplace-Name: School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Author-Name: Christopher Maidment Author-Workplace-Name: Real Estate & Planning, The University of Reading, UK Abstract: The case has been made in reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the crucial role of the built environment in mitigating the worst excesses of a warming global climate. Urban planners are essential actors in delivering a sustainable built environment. Alongside macro influences such as policy, practices in urban planning are influenced by underlying mechanisms at the level of the individual. Adopting a Bhaskarian critical realist approach, in this study we examined enabling conditions of sustainability practices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 planners in England with at least seven years’ experience. The analysis found evidence from the planners’ experience of tensions between the three strands of sustainability, and of practices which could be understood from theoretical perspectives of collaboration/consensus, dissensus and pursuit of specific outcomes. A professional commitment towards a better environment appeared to be a generative mechanism for sustainability practices and underlying conditions included professional identity, identity as a public sector worker, organisational and team identities, and personal commitment. Constraining conditions were found to include stakeholder and political pressure and weak policy. The findings suggest points of leverage for the professional body, local authorities and planners themselves, in order to strengthen sustainability practices and potentially lead to transformation. Keywords: built environment; climate change; critical realism; identities; professional identity; sustainability; urban planners Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:86-97 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Morphology and Qualitative Topology: Open Green Spaces in High-Rise Residential Developments File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2276 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2276 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 73-85 Author-Name: Efrat Eizenberg Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Author-Name: Orly Sasson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Author-Name: Mor Shilon Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Abstract: High-rise housing complexes (HRHCs) are a prominent trend in urban development. They generate new configurations of open green spaces, thus creating a new set of human-environment relations and a new constellation of urban landscapes. However, little attention has been devoted by the literature to these new spatial configurations and the urban experience they offer. Focusing on the spaces between buildings, this research article examines the urban morphology of these large urban developments and how they are being experienced by residents. Based on morphological analysis, we propose a set of outputs with which to discern and evaluate various characteristics of these new spaces. Namely, a typology of HRHCs complexes, three evaluation indexes, and a green/gray nolli map. Drawing on morphological analysis, the research discusses the role of green spaces of HRHCs in the experience of residents. We portray different tensions arising from the residents’ experience based on walking interviews and propose how these tensions are connected to the morphology of space. Juxtaposing the morphological and qualitative topological analyses, we focus on the way that different planning aspects of HRHCs’ open spaces might foster everyday use and function as well as attitudes and feelings. Keywords: high-rise housing; large urban developments; green open space; urban morphology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:73-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neoliberalism Meets “Gangnam Style”: Vernacular Private Sector and Large Urban Developments in Seoul File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2255 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2255 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 62-72 Author-Name: Jinhee Park Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, South Korea Abstract: Globalised neoliberalism does not unify urbanisation processes but rather varies according to local contexts. This article explores the unique neoliberalisation process in large urban developments that have contributed to Seoul becoming a global city. Not only has the formal process of privatisation been important but also the vernacular practice of the ordinary people has informally grown during the process. By establishing a matured market of the mass production and consumption of high-rise apartments since the 1970s, more than half of the housing stock is now composed of high-rise apartments in South Korea. Gangnam represents the wealthiest district shifting from rural sites to highly dense urban areas due to their large-scale high-rise developments. Not only have societal changes made way for super-high-density apartment complexes as a rational response to population and economic growth, high-rise developments have also allowed Seoul to grow its population and expand its spatial footprint. Because of the dominance of universal western knowledge, this phenomenon has not been fully understood. While neoliberalism has been broadly adopted, the actual development process in Korea is distinctive not only from the West but also the East. The article argues that ‘vernacular neoliberalism’ has evolved not just by the formality of the ideological market system but also by the informality of survival practices of Korean lives largely under the colonial period and the aftermath of the Korean War. It particularly shows how large urban developments have been widespread by integrating a vernacular private rental system called chonsei into the formal structure. Keywords: Asian cities; chonsei; housing policy; Korea; neoliberalism; Seoul; urban redevelopment Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:62-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing in the Neoliberal City: Large Urban Developments and the Role of Architecture File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2298 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2298 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 43-61 Author-Name: Merryan Majerowitz Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion IIT, Israel Author-Name: Yael Allweil Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion IIT, Israel Abstract: Large urban developments (LUDs) have been driving contemporary neoliberal urban housing development worldwide, marked by scholarly and public discourses on the transition from housing as a basic civil right to housing as investment channel and financial good. Based on interviews, documentary films, architectural drawings and planning documents, this article examines the interrelations between architectural and entrepreneurial factors shaping LUDs in the contemporary neoliberal context. Analyzing several LUDs in Israel, Denmark and Spain, this article unpacks the paradox of neoliberal housing development—namely the unfulfilled free market promise of variety and multiple choice versus the reality of replicated, uniform dwelling units in repetitive residential buildings and identical neighborhoods characterizing residential landscapes worldwide. This article explores the corresponding relationship between design elements, design processes and entrepreneurial marketing decision-making. Our study reveals the cardinal role of architectural design in characterizing, financing, licensing and marketing LUDs, labeling them as unique—rather than uniform—developments compared with ‘regular’ neighborhoods. Keywords: architectural design; housing development; large urban development; neoliberalism; urban housing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:43-61 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Large Urban Developments as Non-Planning Products: Conflicts and Threats for Spatial Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2266 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2266 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 31-42 Author-Name: Byron Ioannou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, School of Engineering, Frederick University, Cyprus Author-Name: Lora Nicolaou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, School of Engineering, Frederick University, Cyprus Author-Name: Konstantinos Serraos Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Author-Name: Georgia Spiliopoulou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Abstract: The article approaches different concepts of Large Urban Developments (LUDs) as products of the notion of a “spatial fix” (Harvey, 2001), which explains why built or natural environments can be deployed in the process of creating opportunities for new investments. Greece and Cyprus are two countries in the south of the European Union that underwent delayed urbanisation and significant land fragmentation in the form of small size private ownerships and with limited experience in comprehensive development. Greece has adopted a well-structured but complex spatial planning system, bureaucratic with limited effectiveness, adaptability or flexibility of delivery processes. On the other hand, Cyprus has a flexible but centralized system, effective in processing change but problematic in regulating quality in the built environment. Both countries recently experienced major financial crises. In the early 2010s, both governments promoted, as part of an economic recovery policy, extensive real estate development on public or privately-owned land with emphasis on LUDs as ways of addressing economic shortfalls. Inappropriately, LUDs have been primarily “conceived” as opportunities to attract foreign investments rather than a means of tackling crucial current deficiencies. New spatial planning frameworks merely add greater “flexibility” to the system in order to accelerate large private real estate investment. The article attempts to reveal, through case studies’ reviews, the impact of LUDs in countries with no infrastructure or experience in accommodating large-scale investment. It explores how the experience in Greece and Cyprus differs in terms of the relevant legislation adopted, the effectiveness in fulfilling its primary objective in attracting investment, and what are the possible social and environmental consequences on the planning acquis. Keywords: large urban developments; planning framework; spatial fix; spatial planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:31-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: LUD as an Instrument for (Sub)Metropolitanization: The 1000-District in Rishon-Lezion, Israel as a Case Study File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2256 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2256 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 18-30 Author-Name: Eran Weinberg Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Author-Name: Nir Cohen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Author-Name: Orit Rotem-Mindali Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Environment, Bar-Ilan University, Israel Abstract: Interest in the role of large urban development (LUD) projects in regeneration efforts of cities has risen in recent years. Studies of their planning process have often focused on global cities, examining challenges associated with their joint (public–private) governance structure, as well as those emanating from the need to balance local and global needs and interests. With few exceptions, the ways in which these projects fit in with metropolitan aspirations of small and medium cities were largely overlooked. In this article, we explore how a large-scale project was used by local authorities to reposition a secondary city as a sub-metropolitan center. Using the case of the 1000-District (Mitcham HaElef) in the Israeli city of Rishon-Lezion, it argues that while the project was originally designed to resolve the city’s scarce employment problem, it was gradually used to endow it with higher-order urban qualities, re-situating it as a sub-metropolitan center in the Tel-Aviv area. To support our argument, we focus on the project’s housing and employment components, including changes they were subjected to along the planning process, as well as the marketing campaign, which sought to re-present the city as a viable sub-metropolitan alternative. Drawing on qualitative methods, including personal interviews and content analysis, the article illustrates how one city’s large project is instrumentalized to attain metro-scale objectives. In so doing, it contributes to a nuanced understanding of the complexity of LUD planning, its stated objectives at various scales, and implications for actors in and beyond metropolitan jurisdictions. Keywords: Israel; large urban development; metrotalk; mixed-use planning; regeneration; secondary cities; (sub)metropolitanization Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:18-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Post-Socialist Urban Futures: Decision-Making Dynamics behind Large-Scale Urban Waterfront Development in Belgrade and Bratislava File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2261 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2261 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 6-17 Author-Name: Branislav Machala Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Charles University, Czechia Author-Name: Jorn Koelemaij Author-Workplace-Name: Geography Department, Ghent University, Belgium Abstract: This article discusses the implementation of two large-scale urban waterfront projects that are currently under construction in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) capital cities of Belgrade and Bratislava. Against the backdrop of postsocialist urban studies and recent reflections on urban or ‘world-city’ entrepreneurialism (Golubchikov, 2010), we reveal how both elite-serving projects are being shaped according to their very own structure and agency relations. Our comparative analysis unravels the power-geometry of the decision-making processes that reshape urban planning regulations of both transforming waterfronts. The path-dependent character of “multiple transformations” (Sykora & Bouzarovski, 2012) in the CEE region can, even after three decades, still be traced within the institutional environments, which have been adapting to the existing institutional architecture of global capitalism. Yet, at the same time, the dynamic globalization of this part of the world intensifies its further attractiveness for transnational private investors. As a consequence, public urban planning institutions are lagging behind private investors’ interests, which reshape the temporarily-fixed flows of capital on local waterfronts into landscapes of profits, politics and power. We argue that suchlike large urban developments, focused on promoting urban growth, accelerate the dual character of these cities. Thus, while the differences between both investigated case studies are being highlighted, we simultaneously illustrate how national and local state actors respectively paved the way for private investors, and how this corresponds to similar overarching structural conditions as well as outcomes. Keywords: Belgrade; Bratislava; large urban developments; post-socialism; state-rescaling; urban entrepreneurialism; waterfront transformations Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:6-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Large Urban Developments and the Future of Cities: The Case of Neighborhoods File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2619 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2619 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 4-5 Author-Name: Emily Talen Author-Workplace-Name: Social Sciences Division, University of Chicago, USA Abstract: The production of neighborhoods on a large or mass scale has not been successful. Procuring the neighborhood ideal requires an attention to detail that few large corporations or government agencies seem capable of instituting. Yet planned neighborhoods have definite pluses: institutionalized leadership, clearly defined social and spatial boundaries, and a sense of control. What is needed is an approach that combines the best of both worlds—a dose of planning, with plenty of flexibility and local empowerment. Keywords: incremental urban development; neighborhoods; top-down planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:4-5 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Large-Scale Urban Developments and the Future of Cities: Possible Checks and Balances File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2643 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i4.2643 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-3 Author-Name: Efrat Eizenberg Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Abstract: Urban planning deploys large-scale urban development as a preferred strategy in many places around the world. Such an approach to development transforms the urban form, generates new socio-spatial urban relations, and changes planning principles, decision-making and urban power dynamics. This editorial introduces large scale urban development as the current urban policy, discusses possible checks and balances and presents the thematic issue on "Large Urban Development and the Future of Cities." Keywords: architecture; commercial center; housing; large-scale urban development; neoliberalism; waterfront development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:4:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “HOUSING Frankfurt Wien Stockholm”: Exhibition of 1920s–1930s Housing Initiatives File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2442 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2442 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 346-355 Author-Name: Chiara Monterumisi Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire de Construction et Conservation, Faculté de L’Environnement Naturel, Architectural et Construit, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Alessandro Porotto Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire de Construction et Conservation, Faculté de L’Environnement Naturel, Architectural et Construit, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: Frankfurt, Vienna and Stockholm: three European cities which played a fundamental role in the housing policies implemented during the inter-war period. The research projects and teaching activity carried out at the EPFL in the Laboratory of Construction and Conservation focuses on this specific historic context. The experiences of these three cities with regard to housing are well documented from a historical viewpoint that, however, show many shortcomings with regards to the architectural analysis. The provided examples sum up simultaneously the social dynamics, the cultural milieu, as well as the adopted intentions and political programme. The exhibition aims at producing fresh knowledge of the three contributions to modern housing available to students, scholars, professors and architectural practitioners. The goal is to compare a selection of remarkable housing neighbourhoods through the different scales of the project, ranging from the relation with the city till the dwelling unit layout. The produced drawings and documents show the morphological and typological variety. Frankfurt, Vienna and Stockholm equally illustrate different ways of designing the collective space—that is the intermediary space in-between the communal and private – which is a crucial feature of the “living together”. Keywords: comparative study; Frankfurt; Hof; housing; Siedlung; Stockholm; typology; urban policies; Vienna Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:346-355 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reinterpreting Existenzminimum in Contemporary Affordable Housing Solutions File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2121 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2121 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 326-345 Author-Name: Sara Brysch Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: During the housing crisis of the 1920s, the German concept Existenzminimum (minimum dwelling) was developed and applied to the construction of public social housing. It was considered a design laboratory, where research, design, and experimentation would focus on a unique goal: create a space-efficient affordable housing typology, based on minimum quality standards. Empirical evidence indicates a renewed interest in alternative design solutions and minimum dwelling approaches over the last decade: examples include micro-housing solutions and collaborative housing models. This is due to the current affordable crisis and the increasing trend of urbanisation. However, little is known about the current interpretation of Existenzminimum. What does the concept entail today and how has it developed? This article investigates if and how Existenzminimum is currently applied: first, it unfolds the core design principles of the original Existenzminimum. Then, these principles are used to assess if and how existing affordable or low-cost housing approaches are current (re)interpretations of the concept. Finally, the article proposes a definition for a contemporary Existenzminimum, arguing that a better understanding and awareness of the concept can help urban planners, designers, policy-makers and citizens in developing alternative affordable housing solutions. Keywords: affordable housing; alternative design solutions; Existenzminimum; housing typology; minimum dwelling Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:326-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Does the Homogeneous City Belong to the Past? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2009 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2009 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 315-325 Author-Name: Valentin Bourdon Author-Workplace-Name: Construction and Conservation Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: As the case of Paris embodies, a whole culture of the European city has built its identity and organized the collective life of its inhabitants on the idea of homogeneity. The homogeneous city has thus significantly contributed to the collective self-representation through housing architecture. The strong degree of homogeneity of the nineteenth-century European city undoubtedly represents one of the most vivid examples of an architectural self-celebrating collective moment. This singular urban coherence is one of the few attributes of the traditional city spared by the Avant-gardes in the early twentieth century, for its ability to absorb a large number of variations without compromising the expression of continuity. A careful reading of their three main housing models—the Siedlung, the Hof and the Garden City—could confirm such a perspective, as do Existenzminimum standards. This long-standing tradition now seems to have been broken, since the homogeneous city is no longer considered as a current operating principle for urban planning. In order to understand—and perhaps overcome—the reasons for such resistance to one of the prime elements of European urban history, this article proposes to review its evolution over the last two centuries, focusing on the importance given to housing in the establishment, and the criticism and potential renegotiation of homogeneity as a malleable and latent principle. Keywords: architecture; European city; housing; urban theory; urban homogeneity Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:315-325 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Between Rationalization and Political Project: The Existenzminimum from Klein and Teige to Today File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2157 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2157 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 299-314 Author-Name: Marson Korbi Author-Workplace-Name: Department ICAR, Polytechnic of Bari, Italy Author-Name: Andrea Migotto Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: A critical reflection on the II CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne; in Frankfurt, 1929) should not limit itself to a purely historiographic reconstruction. The article discusses the II CIAM reflection on the Wohnung für das Existenzminimum (dwelling for the minimum level of existence) by means of a comparison between the official positions of participants and those of two architects, Alexander Klein and Karel Teige, who gravitated around the Frankfurt and Brussels meetings. The confrontation will unlock a double scenario. On the one hand, it will depict a multifaceted and more precise account of the discussion developed in the late 1920s on the minimum dwelling, integrating CIAM discussions with alternative theories and methods developed to face housing shortage and degraded living conditions. Investigating the impact of socio-economic conditions on household forms of life, Klein and Teige presented two paradigmatic and autonomous approaches that tackled the traditional solutions of architecture for the Existenzminimum. On the other hand, we argue that a broadened revision of the themes discussed at the end of the 1920s, namely the transformation of household compositions, the criticism of the paradigms of liberal urban development, the relation between production and forms of life as well as the position of the architect in housing production, proves to be useful for the understanding and overcoming of the fragmentation that still nowadays characterizes the reflection on domestic space. Keywords: Alexander Klein; CIAM; collective dwelling; domestic space; housing crisis; Karel Teige; minimum dwelling; rationalization; Taylorism; universal dwelling Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:299-314 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: CIAM and Its Outcomes File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2383 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2383 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 291-298 Author-Name: Eric Mumford Author-Workplace-Name: Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts, Washington University, USA Abstract: CIAM, the Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne, founded by a coalition of European architects in 1928, was an international forum for new ideas about the urban design of housing and cities in an emerging socialist context. Its most influential concepts were the Existenzminimum, the small family housing unit affordable on a minimum wage income and the focus on CIAM 2, 1929; the design of housing settlements of such units, the focus of CIAM 3, 1930; and the Functional City, the idea that entire cities should be designed or redesigned on this basis. This article briefly explains these ideas and considers some of their subsequent outcomes. Keywords: CIAM; Existenzminimum; functional city; urban housing; Zeilenbau Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:291-298 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: African Housing Renaissance: The Case of Gacuriro Valley Satellite Settlements, Kigali, Rwanda File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2210 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2210 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 265-290 Author-Name: Manlio Michieletto Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture Department, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Rwanda, Rwanda Author-Name: Olatunde Adedayo Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture Department, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Rwanda, Rwanda Author-Name: Victor Bay Mukanya Author-Workplace-Name: Architecture Department, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, University of Rwanda, Rwanda Abstract: This article traces an African Housing Renaissance through the Trabantenstadt (Satellite City) vision for Kigali embedded in the Gacuriro Valley Satellite, which is composed of two settlements (or umudugudu, in Kinyarwanda): Kigali 2020 (2001–2005) and Kigali Vision (2013–2016). While the Kigali 2020 is an integrated Trabant (Satellite) which is able to interact with the existing context and trace the future built and unbuilt developments, the Kigali Vision adopts the idea of a protected compound, morphologically connected with the older settlements, but unable to tackle and solve spatial and social issues due to its ‘defensive’ character. The particular topography of the hillside receives an ambivalent interpretation: in the first umudugudu, the slope inspires the whole project, an organic raumplan, and in the second it has been denied, having been leveled for flat houses’ foundations and consequently a flat spatial indoor distribution. Nevertheless, this article argues that despite the evident architectural differences between the two settlements, they remain in the tradition of the Neues Bauen, in which mass housing represents the physical way of accommodating different social classes, granting equal and favorable living conditions. The typological variety demonstrates the aim to inclusively target distinct segments of the population. Apartment buildings (condominiums), row houses, twin houses and single houses mixed with public facilities, schools, a church, and sports structures, make up the settlements as unique pieces of a system and, at the same time, a singular whole. Keywords: Africa; architecture; housing; renewal; satellite city; settlement Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:265-290 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Álvaro Siza’s Negotiated Code: Meaningful Communication and Citizens’ Participation in the Urban Renewal of The Hague (Netherlands) in the 1980s File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2120 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2120 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 250-264 Author-Name: Nelson Mota Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: In the 1970s, the participation of citizens in processes of urban renewal was championed by several North-European municipalities as an attempt to re-connect housing policies with their social significance. The main goal was to bring together the city and its citizens, collective interests and individual aspirations. Citizens’ participation was used as an instrument to bridge the gap between the planner/designer and the citizen/user. This article examines a case that illustrates the threats and opportunities brought about by this new paradigm in design decision-making. The article discusses the design process of the Punt en Komma housing complex, a project designed by Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza, developed between 1984 and 1988 as part of the urban renewal of the Schilderswijk district, a neighbourhood in the Dutch city of The Hague. The article is divided into two parts. The first part examines Siza’s plan for Schilderswijk’s sub-area 5 (deelgebied 5) and establishes the background against which citizens’ participation played a role in the urban renewal of the district. In the second part, the article examines Álvaro Siza’s project for the Punt en Komma housing blocks in detail, focusing particularly on the participatory design of the layout for the dwelling units. Using Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding model of communication, this article concludes by highlighting the importance of using a negotiated code to enable meaningful communication in citizens’ participation. Keywords: Álvaro Siza; architecture; citizens’ participation; housing; The Hague; urban renewal Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:250-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ‘The Towers of Terror’: A Critical Analysis of Ernő Goldfinger’s Balfron and Trellick Towers File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2118 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2118 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 223-249 Author-Name: Nicola Braghieri Author-Workplace-Name: LAPIS–Arts of Sciences Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: When J. G. Ballard published his masterpiece High-Rise in 1975, many readers in London automatically identified the apartment building that is the protagonist of the dystopian novel as the infamous Trellick Tower at Kensal Town, certainly one of the most controversial and ambiguous figures of British architecture after World War II. Designed by Ernő Goldfinger, the tower, which had recently been completed, was already considered a symbol of the brutality of contemporary architecture, to the point of gaining the nickname ‘Tower of Terror’ coined by its own inhabitants. Actually, in public opinion the nearly twin sister of the earlier Balfron Tower at Poplar embodied all the ills of urban planning and of the housing policies of the post-war reconstruction. The large size of the project, the uniformity of its facades, the presence of bulky stairwells separated from the main volume, connected by elevated bridges and brandishing the big chimneys of the heating system, the complex apartment layouts on multiple levels, and the intensive use of fair-face reinforced concrete are the factors that shape the extraordinary character of this work of architecture, examined in a relatively small quantity of critical writings, despite the building’s widespread notoriety. The Balfron Tower, commissioned in 1963, and the Trellick Tower commissioned in 1966 have become, for better or worse, icons of British public housing policy, and today they are inseparable parts of the London cityscape. Critical analysis of the original project documents reveals how the typological and constructive reflections at the end of the 1960s had reached a level of extreme sophistication and quality, also in the development of large social housing complexes created for the urban proletariat. Thanks to their outstanding constructed quality and the efficacy of their residential typologies, the towers have stood up to the destructive fury of the last few decades, even becoming Grade II* listed buildings. In recent years, they have gone through a remarkable process of social and generational turnover, coveted as investment properties and involved in processes of real estate speculation. Keywords: Balfron Tower; Brutalist architecture; Ernő Goldfinger; high-rise buildings; social housing; Trellick Tower Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:223-249 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contested Architecture: The ‘Woba’ Residential Colony in Basel, 1930 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2141 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2141 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 212-222 Author-Name: Rhea Rieben Author-Workplace-Name: Department of History, University of Basel, Switzerland Abstract: In 1930, a housing exhibition called ‘Woba’ took place in the city of Basel. Unique for Switzerland, the commercial aspect of the furniture industry was complemented by a newly constructed residential colony. In accordance with discussions held one year before at the II CIAM congress in Frankfurt a. M., the Wohnung für das Existenzminimum was brought to life. Thirteen architectural offices experimented with different spatial designs in order to develop cheap and hygienic housing for the working class. For one month, some of the houses were open to the public. In the Swiss press, a vivid and controversial debate arose. On one side, its supporters advocated for standardized and rationalized housing as an appropriate way of living for modern individuals. On the other side, conservative forces saw a communist scheme at work in this housing in the style of Neues Bauen. By analyzing contemporary press articles on the Woba, this paper shows that the question of society’s future was being negotiated through architecture and furniture. Keywords: anti-communism; Baubolschewismus; Hans Schmidt; minimal housing; modern society; Neues Bauen; social engineering; sociology of architecture; Typenmöbel; Woba Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:212-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Ideal Proposals to Serial Developments: Victor Bourgeois’s Schemes in the Light of Post-War Developments in Brussels File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2115 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2115 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 196-211 Author-Name: Gérald Ledent Author-Workplace-Name: Faculté d’Architecture, d’Ingénierie Architecturale, d’Urbanisme (LOCI), UCLouvain, Belgium Abstract: Three essential elements of modernism consolidated through war: a centralised welfare state, a serial industrial apparatus and, often, a territorial tabula rasa. Hence, for many modernist architects and urban planners, post-war Europe became the ideal ground to put their ideas to the test. However, there is a genuine discrepancy between the proposals of the first four Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) and what was massively implemented throughout Europe after 1945. To explore this divergence, Brussels proves to be an interesting case study for two main reasons. First, it hosted the third CIAM in November 1930, where Victor Bourgeois presented his views on housing and cities, in line with the ideals of the time. Second, after the war, Belgium, like many Western countries, experienced a period of euphoria, during which the modernist ideology attained a sudden and broad consensus. In the capital over the following three decades new infrastructure was built, as well as housing developments that derived, at least formally, from the CIAM ideals. This article explores the gap between the ideals and the reality of modernism through a comparison on two scales: the city and housing. Bourgeois’s Grand and Nouveau Bruxelles proposals are compared to the Manhattan Plan and Etrimo’s housing developments. Understanding the gap between the ideals of modernism and its implementation may help identify characteristics of the modernist movement but also, as Lacaton-Vassal pointed out when citing Habermas, complete the “unfinished project” (Habermas, 1984) of modernism. Keywords: Brussels; Etrimo; Groupe Structures; Manhattan Plan; modernist architecture; modernist housing; Victor Bourgeois Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:196-211 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Moving on: Is Existenzminimum Still Relevant? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2451 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2451 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 186-195 Author-Name: Bruno Marchand Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire de Théorie et Histoire 2, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: In the inter-war period, progressive architects confronted the building of mass housing with an analogy with rational and functional workplaces. At the 2nd CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne), held in Frankfurt in 1929, this was tested against the formulation of space standards for a vital minimum, in order to increase the quantity of housing and reduce construction costs. This approach presumed the search for optimal living conditions and hygiene. The analogy with the world of work is particularly striking in the case of design of kitchens, removable furniture and storage spaces to maximize the use of space. In rational—and above all minimum—housing, the size of the rooms mainly depends on the size of the furniture. In this perspective, today in Switzerland new housing projects face the same issues, caused by a housing shortage that has plagued the country in the last decades. This suggests that Existenzminimum is still current for contemporary design. Keywords: Existenzminimum; rational housing; removable furniture; Switzerland Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:186-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing-Based Urban Planning? Sir Patrick Geddes’ Modern Masterplan for Tel Aviv, 1925 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2182 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2182 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 167-185 Author-Name: Yael Allweil Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Author-Name: Noa Zemer Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Abstract: This article studies Sir Patrick Geddes’ housing-based urban planning, pointing to a less-explored aspect of his groundbreaking work, while proposing ways to rethink the history and theory of modern urban planning towards a “housing builds cities” planning agenda. Focusing on Geddes’ modern urban planning for Tel Aviv in 1925 as housing-based urbanism, this article conceives urban structure and urban housing as one single problem rather than disconnected realms of planning. Based on new findings and revised study of available sources, we look into three planning processes by which policy makers, planners, and dwellers in Tel Aviv engaged in this housing-based urban vision: (1) The city as a housing problem; (2) the city as social utility for reform and reconstruction; and (3) housing-based urbanization as self-help. We show how Geddes’ modern urban plan for Tel Aviv employed the city’s pressing housing needs for urban workers to provoke planning by way of cooperative neighborhoods based on self-help dwellings. This approach was grounded on Geddes’ survey of Tel Aviv’s early premise on housing and extends beyond Geddes’ period to the brutalist housing estates of the 1950s and 1960s. The result is a new historiographic perspective on Tel Aviv’s UNESCO-declared modern urbanism vis-à-vis housing as the cell unit for urban living. Further, insights regarding Tel Aviv’s housing-based planning are relevant beyond this city to other examples of the town planning movement. It proposes rethinking modern urban planning before the consolidation of CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) principles, namely when planned settlements were explicitly experimental and involved diverse processes, scales, methods, practices and agents. Housing—a key arena for the modernization of the discipline of architecture, as well as for the consolidation of the discipline of urban planning—is studied here as the intersection of sociopolitical, formal, aesthetic, and structural elements of the city. Keywords: city planning; Garden City; housing; modern planning; Patrick Geddes; Tel Aviv; urban theory; urban workers Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:167-185 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: CIAM Goes East: The Inception of Tehran’s Typical Housing Unit File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2172 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2172 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 154-166 Author-Name: Hamed Khosravi Author-Workplace-Name: Architectural Association, School of Architecture, London, UK Abstract: The aftermath of WWII not only marked the beginning of a new geopolitical order but also once again brought discourses of architecture and planning back to the frontline of the confrontations between the West and the Soviet blocs. Although the immediate need for post-war reconstruction left almost no time for contextual theoretical development in architectural and planning principles, the “occupied” and “liberated” territories became laboratories in which the new concepts of urban form, domestic architecture, and forms of life were tested. During 1945–1967 Tehran became one these experimental grounds in which these planning principles were tested and implemented; a battleground where the socialist and the capitalist ideologies met. The key to this urban development project was an ideologically charged repercussion of the CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) discourse, specifically on Existenzminimum (1929) and Rationelle Bebauungsweisen (1930). While the CIAM’s agenda had already found its way to Iran through one of its founding members, Gabriel Guevrekian, it became operative through the activities of the Association of Iranian Architects who were in charge of major housing developments in Tehran since 1945. Thus, CIAM guidelines were translated into building codes, regulations, and protocols that had the fundamental role in shaping the Middle East’s first modern metropolis. New housing models were developed and proposed by the Association of Iranian Architects that cut ties with the traditional typologies and proposed a radically new urban form, architecture, and forms of life. This project at large, of course, was not politically neutral. This article reviews the role of two protagonists in introducing and revisiting the CIAM discourse in shaping the post-war neighbourhoods and housing typologies in Tehran. Keywords: affordable housing; Association of Iranian Architects; CIAM; Existenzminimum; Gabriel Guevrekian; mass housing; Silvio Macetti; Société Générale de Construction en Iran; Tehran; Tudeh Party Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:154-166 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wilhelm Riphahn in Cologne (1913–1963): Urban Policies and Social Housing between Innovation and Conservation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2203 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2203 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 134-153 Author-Name: Andreina Milan Author-Workplace-Name: DA–Department of Architecture, University of Bologna, Italy Abstract: An urbanist actively involved in social housing, a prolific designer and a rigorous developer, Wilhelm Riphahn (1889–1963) fulfilled the controversial role of ‘modern architect’. An intellectual and professional who can be included among the most interesting—yet least studied—members of the German Neues Bauen, he was one of the protagonists of the exemplary neighbourhoods of Dammerstock (1929) in Karlsruhe. He designed several neighbourhoods on behalf of Gemeinnützige Wohnungsbau AG Köln. In the 1920s, his pragmatic and operative attitude enabled him to initiate a functional and aesthetic revolution in the conservative world of affordable construction, the outcomes of which went well beyond the period after World War II. From 1918 to 1938, Riphahn brought to completion social neighbourhoods that had a remarkable urban impact in the troubled political context of the Rhineland between the two wars. His tireless energy led to a profusion of work in the infrastructural reconstruction of the battered city of Cologne up to the years of the German economic boom. Riphahn left significant and vibrant construction projects, such as the Britisches Kulturinstitut (1950), the fine urban complex of the Kölner Oper (1954–1957) and the Schauspielhaus (1962). The article focuses on the Siedlungen of Cologne and compares their original compositional features and exemplary character, which continue to have an impact within the context of social housing. Keywords: Blauer Hof; Cologne; Dammerstock; Grüner Hof; social housing; urban policies; Weisse Stadt; Wilhelm Riphahn; Zollstock Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:134-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Das alte Frankfurt: Urban Neighborhood versus Housing Estate, the Rebirth of Urban Architecture File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2164 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2164 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 117-133 Author-Name: Silvia Malcovati Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Design, Politecnico di Torino, Italy / School of Architecture, Potsdam University of Applied Sciences, Germany Abstract: On the eve of the celebration of the 90th anniversary of 1929’s CIAM, the city of Frankfurt is again the center of international attention thanks to a project related to housing and the city, which represents, however, the opposite of the experience of Das neue Frankfurt. I refer to the Dom-Römer, the heart of the historical city, destroyed by bombing during WWII, replaced in the post-war period by the Technisches Rathaus, and now “rebuilt” in total adherence to the historical parcel plan as a new residential and commercial district. Regarding mass public housing, with minimal individual dwelling cells and standardized construction conceived by Ernst May, an equally public intervention is now opposed, but with a few individual houses and owned apartments for upper-middle-class customers, unique in their exceptionality, constructed with traditional techniques and finished with craftsmanship, case by case. The modernistic idea of low-density monofunctional satellite neighborhoods on the edge of the consolidated city, based on repetition of typed elements and on correct orientation of buildings in order to grant air and light, at the expenses of a clear definition of public space, is replaced today, in the core the city, by the medieval plan, with its irregular parcels and the narrow, winding dark alleys, high density and multifunctional buildings, and a strongly characterized public space. The positions are of course diametrically opposed also with respect to the roof dispute, which animated architects at the beginning of the 20th century: strictly flat roofs in the new Frankfurt of the 1920s and pitched roofs in the gabled houses of the ancient contemporary Frankfurt. From the parallel between these two experiences, so different from one another that they are almost incomparable, important elements emerge to understand the current debate on the architecture of the European city, particularly in Germany. Keywords: architectural typology; European city; Frankfurt; German architecture; housing estate; housing in the city; urban design; urban morphology; urban neighborhood Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:117-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning History of a Dutch New Town: Analysing Lelystad through Its Residential Neighbourhoods File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2132 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2132 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 102-116 Author-Name: Lidwine Spoormans Author-Workplace-Name: Heritage & Architecture Section, Architectural Engineering + Technology Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Daniel Navas-Carrillo Author-Workplace-Name: Heritage and Territorial Urban Development in Andalusia Research Group, Department of Urbanism and Regional Planning, University of Seville, Spain Author-Name: Hielkje Zijlstra Author-Workplace-Name: Heritage & Architecture Section, Architectural Engineering + Technology Department, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Teresa Pérez-Cano Author-Workplace-Name: Heritage and Territorial Urban Development in Andalusia Research Group, Department of Urbanism and Regional Planning, University of Seville, Spain Abstract: This article seeks to analyse the reciprocal influence between the post-war urban planning policies and the development of residential neighbourhoods in Lelystad between 1965 and 1990. This city has been designed ‘from scratch’ as the urban centre of the IJsselmeer Polders, the largest land reclamation project of the Netherlands. Lelystad’s neighbourhood development will be described and contextualised in the Dutch New Towns planning policy (1960–1985), which intended to avoid increasing congestion in the most densely populated area in the Netherlands: the Randstad. Lelystad is seen as a significant case. This New Town exemplifies the evolution in urban planning in The Netherlands in the second half of the twentieth century. Cornelis van Eesteren, who had presided over the CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) from 1930 to 1947, was responsible for the urban design in 1964, based on the principles of the Modern city and the functionalist design of residential neighbourhoods. However, Van Eesteren was dismissed, and his plan was modified. The successive urban plans, elaborated by the IJsselmeer Polders Development Authority (a public body for the development of the polders), adopted a technical and practical approach, and later moved to functionally integrated neighbourhoods, based on more organic ‘Woonerf’ theories. The research investigates the relationship between the general and the particular by studying the socioeconomic and political context that conditioned the Dutch New Towns and the specific urban and architectural characteristics of a selection of residential ensembles in Lelystad’s neighbourhoods. Furthermore, the research seeks to illustrate the relevance and the influence of both urban planning policies and the effective design of residential configurations. Keywords: CIAM; Cornelis van Eesteren; Groeikernen; housing ensembles; New Towns; residential configurations; urban design; urban planning; urban theories Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:102-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Legacy of CIAM in the Netherlands: Continuity and Innovation in Dutch Housing Design File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2123 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2123 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 90-101 Author-Name: Susanne Komossa Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture & the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Martin Aarts Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Design, Rotterdam Academy of Architecture, The Netherlands: Abstract: This article discusses how CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) influenced Dutch housing and urban planning. It starts by looking at programs and policies of the 1920s and 1930s Dutch housing design, and the way in which the new ideas of CIAM were there incorporated. In this history, the design of the AUP (Algemeen Uitbreidingsplan Amsterdam, or the General Extension Plan) is crucial, marking the transition into a new spatial model for large scale housing areas. CIAM thinking and its successor, TEAM X, strongly influenced the idea of the social-cultural city before and directly after WWII. This becomes evident in the urban extensions of Amsterdam and Rotterdam. This practice influenced urban planning and housing design and culminated during the 1970s in the design of the Bijlmermeer. Though legendary and still detectable in the urban developments of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, CIAM thinking came forward as both visionary and problematic. This article will trace the CIAM history in these two cities to depict concepts of innovation, but also continuities in modern housing design and planning practices by focusing on spatial models, typo-morphological transformations, and ideals vis- à-vis the urban public realm. In addition to relevant writings, typo-morphological maps, drawings and street photography also serve as tools of analysis and interpretation. The article will conclude with some future perspectives regarding the relationship between the CIAM legacy and contemporary urban issues. Keywords: CIAM; historical perspective; housing design; integrated city; Rotterdam; TEAM X; urban densification; urban legacy Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:90-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Modern Project: A Research Hypothesis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2485 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2485 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 83-89 Author-Name: Paola Viganò Author-Workplace-Name: Lab-U, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland / Dipartimento di Culture del progetto, University IUAV di Venezia, Italy Abstract: The project of the industrial modern city comprises many heterogeneous paths and stories, in particular those regarding the CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne) Functional City. They all come together in a discourse that links the architectural form to positive urban and social transformations. Such a discourse was interpreted from two different perspectives: The first hypothesized the need for political change starting from the collectivization of land ownership as stressed in the declaration of CIAM at La Sarraz in 1928, whereas the second theorised the capacity of new architecture to improve living conditions irrespective of the political context as supported by Le Corbusier. Starting from these premises, the present commentary proposes a fresh perspective on the functional city project, where the research on the minimization of effort contributed to a different definition of work from the Marxist one and in the modern sense. Therefore, the design and the space of the Existenzminimum blatantly contributes to the construction of a new routine, inspired by minimum effort, with the creation of a new effort–relaxation–rest rhythm and repetition. Keywords: economic efficiency; Existenzminimum; minimum working effort; Siedlungen; Trabantenprinzip; Ville Contemporaine; Ville Radieuse Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:83-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: New Perspectives on the II CIAM onwards: How Does Housing Build Cities? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2430 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2430 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 76-82 Author-Name: Alessandro Porotto Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire de Construction et Conservation, Faculté de L’Environnement Naturel, Architectural et Construit, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Chiara Monterumisi Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire de Construction et Conservation, Faculté de L’Environnement Naturel, Architectural et Construit, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: Far from nostalgically celebrate the 90th anniversary of the second CIAM, which indeed opened in October 1929 in Frankfurt, the present issue is intended as collective work, a springboard which aims to widen the debate over housing experiences beyond geographical and temporal frameworks. The focus of that event, the Existenzminimum, has often been cited as representing a fundamental contribution to the rational design of the modern dwelling. But the debates during that event went beyond the definition of this concept, because demonstrated, on the one hand, how the responsibility of architects would imply the resolution of multiple technical aspects, starting from the typological concern stretching towards the town planning aspects, and on the other hand, the calling to develop a multifaceted intellectual vision of society. Though the title selected for the present issue, namely ‘Housing Builds Cities’, denotes the different scales of the project, the aim is to achieve a something more. First and foremost, the objective is not strictly confined to a historical understanding of facts around the 1929 congress. Today a critically objective approach is useful to examine past contributions and, if applicable, their actualization. Secondly, this special issue intends to address the CIAMs’ theoretical and architectural legacy. The hypothesis on their interpretation suggests that these are still topical issues today. The issue comprises fourteen articles which investigate, through different applied methodologies, the years from the first steps of the CIAMs to the 1929 aftermath, analyze the post-war production and explore many case-studies, of which some are also geographically far from a Euro-centric vision as well as contemporary realities. Keywords: CIAM; city; dwelling typology; Existenzminimum; housing; morphology; social responsibility; urban policy Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:76-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Circular Economy Concept in Design Education: Enhancing Understanding and Innovation by Means of Situated Learning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2147 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2147 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 63-75 Author-Name: Alexander Wandl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Verena Balz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Lei Qu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Cecilia Furlan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Gustavo Arciniegas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands / Geo-Col GIS and Collaborative Planning–REPAiR Project, The Netherlands Author-Name: Ulf Hackauf Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: The concept of circular economy (CE) is high on the agenda of many planning agencies in European countries. It has also become a prominent issue in European academic education institutions. It is expected that spatial planning and design can support and add the spatial quality dimension of such a transition towards CE. However, incorporating the concept of CE in an integrative manner in urban design and planning courses is challenging because of its metabolic and complex nature. This article presents the first results of integrating design-teaching activities at a faculty of architecture with an H2020-financed research project. The integration of research and design education provided the students with a situated and indeed transdisciplinary learning environment. Students understood that they needed to address challenges from a systemic perspective rather early in the design process, meaning to understand what the relations between different subsystems and their spatial structures are. Furthermore, the experiment provided evidence that the eco-innovative solutions developed by the students are seen as an effective option to achieve objectives for a transition towards CE by stakeholders. Keywords: Amsterdam Metropolitan Area; circular economy; design education; situated learning; urban design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:63-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transferring Circular Economy Solutions across Differentiated Territories: Understanding and Overcoming the Barriers for Knowledge Transfer File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2162 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2162 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 52-62 Author-Name: Marcin Dąbrowski Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Viktor Varjú Author-Workplace-Name: MTA KRTK, Institute for Regional Studies, Hungary Author-Name: Libera Amenta Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Abstract: “Learning from abroad” is a widely recognised and used means to innovate and improve strategies and policies implemented by regions and cities. However, literature on knowledge transfer and related concepts, such as policy transfer, policy mobility or lesson-drawing, highlights the limitations of this process, especially when it entails the simple transfer of (best) practices from “place A” to “place B”. Such a transfer may lead to suboptimal solutions particularly when the imported practices concern complex phenomena, involving networks of multiple actors and relying on place-specific dynamics. Departing from this critique, the article sheds light on the process of knowledge transfer in the field of circular economy, taking place between the two metropolitan regions of Amsterdam and Naples. This process is guided by an innovative methodology based on a network of (peri-urban) living labs generating eco-innovative solutions for using material waste and wastescapes as a resource in peri-urban areas. Using participant observation in knowledge transfer workshops, stakeholder interviews and surveys, it investigates how the process of co-creation of knowledge in the relational space of the networked living labs takes place thanks to the participation of stakeholders from both regions. This in turn allows for drawing conclusions on what barriers are encountered in such knowledge transfer, what makes solutions transferable across different contexts, and, finally, how the solutions are adapted as they travel from one place to another. Keywords: Amsterdam; circular economy; eco-innovative solutions; knowledge transfer; living labs; Naples; policy mobility; policy transfer; policy translation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:52-62 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Geodesign Decision Support Environment for Integrating Management of Resource Flows in Spatial Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2173 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2173 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 32-51 Author-Name: Gustavo Arciniegas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands / Geo-Col GIS and Collaborative Planning–REPAiR Project, The Netherlands Author-Name: Rusné Šileryté Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Marcin Dąbrowski Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Alexander Wandl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Balázs Dukai Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Max Bohnet Author-Workplace-Name: Gertz Gutsche Rümenapp–Urban Planning and Mobility, Germany Author-Name: Jens-Martin Gutsche Author-Workplace-Name: Gertz Gutsche Rümenapp–Urban Planning and Mobility, Germany Abstract: Improving waste and resource management entails working on interrelations between different material flows, territories and groups of actors. This calls for new decision support tools for translating the complex information on flows into accessible knowledge usable by stakeholders in the spatial planning process. This article describes an open source tool based on the geodesign approach, which links the co-creation of design proposals together with stakeholders, impact simulations informed by geographic contexts, systems thinking, and digital technology—the Geodesign Decision Support Environment. Though already used for strategic spatial planning, the potential of geodesign for waste management and recycling is yet to be explored. This article draws on empirical evidence from the pioneering application of the tool to promote spatially explicit circular economy strategies in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. Keywords: Amsterdam; circular economy; decision support tools; geodesign; recycling; urban living labs; waste management Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:32-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Regions Shifting to Circular Economy: Understanding Challenges for New Ways of Governance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2158 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2158 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 19-31 Author-Name: Andreas Obersteg Author-Workplace-Name: HafenCity, University Hamburg, Germany Author-Name: Alessandro Arlati Author-Workplace-Name: HafenCity, University Hamburg, Germany Author-Name: Arianne Acke Author-Workplace-Name: OVAM—Public Waste Agency of Flanders, Belgium Author-Name: Gilda Berruti Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Author-Name: Konrad Czapiewski Author-Workplace-Name: IGPZ PAN—Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Poland Author-Name: Marcin Dąbrowski Author-Workplace-Name: Departments of Urbanism and Management in the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Erwin Heurkens Author-Workplace-Name: Departments of Urbanism and Management in the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Cecília Mezei Author-Workplace-Name: MTA KRTK—Institute for Regional Studies, Hungaryu Author-Name: Maria Federica Palestino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Author-Name: Viktor Varjú Author-Workplace-Name: MTA KRTK—Institute for Regional Studies, Hungary Author-Name: Marcin Wójcik Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Łódź, Poland Author-Name: Jörg Knieling Author-Workplace-Name: HafenCity, University Hamburg, Germany Abstract: Urban areas account for around 50% of global solid waste generation. In the last decade, the European Union has supported numerous initiatives aiming at reducing waste generation by promoting shifts towards Circular Economy (CE) approaches. Governing this process has become imperative. This article focuses on the results of a governance analysis of six urban regions in Europe involved in the Horizon 2020 project REPAiR. By means of semi-structured interviews, document analysis and workshops with local stakeholders, for each urban area a list of governance challenges which hinder the necessary shift to circularity was drafted. In order to compare the six cases, the various challenges have been categorized using the PESTEL-O method. Results highlight a significant variation in policy contexts and the need for these to evolve by adapting stakeholders’ and policy-makers’ engagement and diffusing knowledge on CE. Common challenges among the six regions include a lack of an integrated guiding framework (both political and legal), limited awareness among citizens, and technological barriers. All these elements call for a multi-faceted governance approach able to embrace the complexity of the process and comprehensively address the various challenges to completing the shift towards circularity in cities. Keywords: challenges; circular economy; governance; peri-urban areas; urban region Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:19-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Managing the Transition towards Circular Metabolism: Living Labs as a Co-Creation Approach File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2170 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2170 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 5-18 Author-Name: Libera Amenta Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands / Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Author-Name: Anna Attademo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Author-Name: Hilde Remøy Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management in the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Gilda Berruti Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Author-Name: Maria Cerreta Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Author-Name: Enrico Formato Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Author-Name: Maria Federica Palestino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Author-Name: Michelangelo Russo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Abstract: Resource consumption and related waste production are still rapidly increasing all over the world, leading to social and environmental challenges and to the production of the so-called ‘wastescapes’. Peri-urban areas—in-between urban and rural territories—are particularly vulnerable and prone to develop into wastescapes because they are generally characterised by mixed functions and/or monofunctional settlements, as well as by fragmentation in a low-density territory that is often crossed by large infrastructure networks. Moreover, peri-urban areas are generally the selected locations for the development of plants for waste management. In this way, they are crossed by waste flows of a different nature, in a landscape of operational infrastructures and wasted landscapes. Implementing Circular Economy (CE) principles, interpreting waste and wastescapes as resources, is a way to significantly reduce raw material and (soil) resource consumption, improving cities’ metabolism. A circular approach can positively affect the spatial, social and environmental performances of peri-urban areas. However, the transition towards a CE presents many challenges. This article outlines an approach to address these challenges, presenting a co-creation process among researchers, experts and stakeholders within Living Labs (LLs) processes. LLs are physical and virtual spaces, aiming at the co-creation of site-specific eco-innovative solutions (EIS) and strategies. In the LLs, public–private–people partnerships are developed by applying an iterative methodology consisting of five phases: Co-Exploring, Co-Design, Co-Production, Co-Decision, and Co-Governance. This article presents a case study approach, analysing the co-creation methodology applied in two peri-urban living labs, located in the Metropolitan Areas of Naples (Italy) and Amsterdam (The Netherlands), within REPAiR Horizon2020 research project. Keywords: circular economy; circular metabolism; circular waste management; co-creation; co-governance; living labs; peri-urban living labs; resource scarcity; waste management; wastescapes Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:5-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Facilitating Circular Economy in Urban Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2484 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i3.2484 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Hilde Remøy Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management in the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Alexander Wandl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Denis Ceric Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland Author-Name: Arjan van Timmeren Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: A shift towards a more Circular Economy is crucial to achieve a more sustainable and inclusive built environment that meets future demands. Circular Economy is a promising concept for industry and society. If implemented well, Circular Economy can deliver environmental benefits and economic advantages for which innovation is essential. To achieve a resource-efficient built environment the Circular Economy should be developed and implemented systemically and on a large scale, going beyond cities. To realise this, local authorities, citizens, and other stakeholders need a collaborative and science-informed decision environment that allows for developing different waste and resource management options, and assessing their impacts on the environment, resilience, spatial quality and quality of life. The articles in this special issue all discuss different aspects of research to deliver solutions and strategies for a circular economy in urban planning throughout Europe, focusing on peri-urban locations. The first rticle introduces Living Labs as a methodology to co-create circular solutions and strategies with local stakeholders. The second article focuses on governance for the shift towards a Circular Economy, unravelling hindrances and revealing objectives, whereas the third article develops a means to transfer circular strategies and solutions from one location to another. The fourth article presents an open-source tool based on the geodesign approach which links the co-creation of design proposals to impact simulations informed by geographic contexts, systems thinking, and digital technology—the Geodesign Decision Support Environment. Finally, the fifth article presents the first results of incorporating the concept of Circular Economy in an integrative manner in urban design and planning courses. Keywords: circular economy; circular metabolism; geo decision support environment; knowledge transfer; new ways of governance; peri-urban living labs; resource management; urban metabolism; waste management; wastescapes Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:3:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Theory of Place in Public Space File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1978 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1978 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 249-259 Author-Name: Mark Del Aguila Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, University of South Australia, Australia Author-Name: Ensiyeh Ghavampour Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Entrepreneur, New Zealand Author-Name: Brenda Vale Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Abstract: Place as a theory fails to clearly articulate linkages between meaning and physical settings for chosen activities in public space. In addressing these issues, the meaning of user behaviour in public space is described by affective and cognitive images of the physical setting; a theoretical conceptualisation of individual experiences which include overlapping social, cultural, and educational contexts. The results of a survey of 160 users across four public spaces found that affect framed cognitive evaluations of design elements for anticipated behaviour. A two-stage process suggesting place-making in design need to shift emphases from articulating preferences to enabling interpretation and opportunity. Within this theoretical framework, the argument is presented that a focus on aligning design with public expectation at a point in time will lead to temporal popularity of location, to popular places that will be presented for redevelopment at some future point in time when their popularity declines. Keywords: affect; behaviour; cognition; facet theory; place-making; public space; theory of place Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:249-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Strengthening Community Sense of Place through Placemaking File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2004 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2004 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 237-248 Author-Name: Peter J. Ellery Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Jane Ellery Author-Workplace-Name: College of Health, Ball State University, USA Abstract: The concept of community involvement and the effect that the act of “making” has on the community itself is a key consideration in the placemaking discussion (Project for Public Spaces, 2015a; Silberberg, Lorah, Disbrow, & Muessig, 2013). From a historical perspective, community development has been placed in the hands of individuals who are considered experts in the creative process. This approach often results in targeted criticism of the proposed development by the host community and a lack of trust in the motives and priorities of the professionals involved (Nikitin, 2012) and diminishes community involvement in the development of public space, a practice that empowers communities and fosters a sense of place among community members. This article discusses the theoretical foundations of community participation and the value of coproduction in the planning and design process, explores the role of placemaking as a strategy for developing a host community’s sense of place, and proposes a continuum of placemaking strategies based on Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation to increase the likelihood that a sense of place within the host community will be developed as an outcome of the planning and design process. This continuum is designed to help planning and design professionals better understand how they might include the community in a co-produced process and to highlight the degree to which a placemaking approach to community planning and design promotes a sense of place as an outcome of the process. Keywords: community-centred design; community development; community participation; placemaking Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:237-248 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementing the New Urban Agenda in Rwanda: Nation-Wide Public Space Initiatives File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2005 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2005 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 223-236 Author-Name: Ilija Gubic Author-Workplace-Name: Global Green Growth Institute, Rwanda Author-Name: Oana Baloi Author-Workplace-Name: Global Green Growth Institute, Rwanda Abstract: Rwanda, with its population of 12,600,000, growing 2.8% yearly, and significant investments in infrastructure and construction in its capital Kigali and six secondary cities identified as economic poles of growth, aims to achieve a 35% urbanisation rate by 2024. Kigali and Rwanda’s secondary cities are currently revising their master plans in response to the pressure of rapid urban growth in infrastructure and services. To address the lack of public spaces in its cities, the Ministry of Infrastructure, the Rwanda Housing Authority, local authorities, the Global Green Growth Institute, and other stakeholders have committed to deliver a range of activities in this area. Their commitments include the assessment of public spaces, which will be used as a baseline for the purpose of reporting on the Sustainable Development Goals public space indicators (11.7) and further revision of the master plans of Rwanda’s secondary cities. This article firstly builds on the existing knowledge and understanding of public spaces in Rwanda’s planning documents, followed by an examination of how multiple actors in Rwanda interact in order to promote a nation-wide public space agenda. The main findings indicate emerging forms of innovative collaboration and partnerships for public spaces involving all levels of the Rwandan government, development partners, the civil society sector, and other stakeholders. The article concludes that, as planning documents and strategies on public spaces are in place and in line with the recommendations of the New Urban Agenda, given the limited budget for its development, Rwanda needs access to innovative funding sources in order to effectively implement public space initiatives across the country. Keywords: climate change; master plan; New Urban Agenda; public space; Rwanda; secondary city; Sustainable Development Goals; urban design; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:223-236 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Maximising the Degree of User Choice. A Simple Tool to Measure Current Levels of Quality of Life in Urban Environments File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2006 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2006 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 207-222 Author-Name: Ioanna-Anna Papachristou Author-Workplace-Name: Sustainability Measurement and Modeling Lab, BarcelonaTech—ESEIAAT, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain Author-Name: Marti Rosas-Casals Author-Workplace-Name: Sustainability Measurement and Modeling Lab, BarcelonaTech—ESEIAAT, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain Abstract: In this article, we present a simple methodology based on Max-Neef, Elizalde and Hopenhayn (1991) “human scale development” paradigm to measure current levels of Quality of Life (QoL) for urban environments. In this procedure, fundamental human needs form the study domains. We assess their fulfilment with a set of questions reflecting the subjective dimension of QoL. We sort questions into needs after two consecutive processes: a qualitative one involving local communities and/or expert groups, and a quantitative one involving the definition of weights for each question and per need. Complementarily, we add objective indicators to reflect the objective dimension of QoL. This way, we make possible a comparison between the two dimensions and a definition and computation of an integrative QoL. We argue that this method can be used to define more holistic urban quality indexes to improve decision making processes, policies and plans. It can also be seen as a tool to enhance bottom-up approaches and processes of urban analysis to create more liveable places for the dwellers. Keywords: human scale development; integration; need satisfaction; quality of life; urban environments Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:207-222 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Revisiting the “Model of Place”: A Comparative Study of Placemaking and Sustainability File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2015 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2015 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 196-206 Author-Name: Ensiyeh Ghavampour Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Entrepreneur, New Zealand Author-Name: Brenda Vale Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Abstract: The literature on sustainability policies and placemaking strategies reveals the inadequacy of both concepts to address current urban issues suggesting the need for new approaches. Sustainability researchers and policy makers are seeking an integrated approach to sustainability within which placemaking is a powerful tool in achieving sustainability goals. However, despite this rising awareness of place and its value, there is growing concern that the value of place and its urban meaning is declining. Placemaking appears to have changed from being an authentic everyday practice to a professional responsibility, and the understanding of the intangible character of place is mainly lost in the modern making of places. The emphasis of designers on physical design attributes assumes a fragile model of causality, underestimating the other necessary components for placemaking—behaviour and meaning. Comparing models of sustainability and place, this article suggests that there is need for a shift from the current model of placemaking towards a strong model of progress and balance in creating quality places. The article also describes the implications of the new model for design practice and how it could be used with the goal of achieving both placemaking and sustainability visions. Keywords: community building; model of place; place; placemaking; sense of place; sustainability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:196-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Walking the First/Last Mile to/from Transit: Placemaking a Key Determinant File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2017 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2017 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 183-195 Author-Name: Chidambara Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Physical Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, India Abstract: Sustainable mobility concerns have seen cities introducing mass transit systems, but travel choice factors such as accessibility, convenience, comfort and safety cannot be addressed through a transit system alone. A trip made on a transit system requires commuters to utilise more than one mode of transport. Walking is generally the most common transport mode to access and egress transit stops. While there is evidence on the pedestrian environment influencing transit ridership, only a few studies have explored how it affects the share of people who walk to/from transits, especially in the context of the developing world. This article postulates that the pedestrian environment influences users’ decision to walk the last mile, substantiating it with the findings of a study of transit users across the metro stations of Delhi, India. A pedestrian environment index is developed by including elements of the built form and activities adjacent to the network of streets, in addition to the pedestrian infrastructure quality. Interestingly, the route environment is found to have a significant and much higher correlation with walk share in contrast to pedestrian infrastructure availability. Within the route environment, the sub-indicator that impacts walk share the most is placemaking. It highlights the significance of planning for an enhanced pedestrian environment in a larger context of the catchment area, in contrast to the current myopic approach of station-centric pedestrian infrastructure provisioning. Keywords: last mile connectivity; non-motorised transport; pedestrian environment; placemaking; sustainable mobility; walkability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:183-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reconstituting the Urban Commons: Public Space, Social Capital and the Project of Urbanism File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2018 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2018 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 169-182 Author-Name: David Brain Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Social Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, USA / Centre for the Future of Places, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Abstract: This article outlines a framework for connecting design-oriented research on accommodating and encouraging social interaction in public space with investigation of broader questions regarding civic engagement, social justice and democratic governance. How can we define the “kind of problem a city is” (Jacobs, 1961), simultaneously attending to the social processes at stake in urban places, the spatial ordering of urban form and the construction of the forms of agency that enable us to make better places on purpose? How can empirical research be connected more systematically to theories of democratic governance, with clear implications for urban design, urban and regional planning as professional practice? This framework connects three distinct theoretical moves: (1) understanding the sociological implications of public space as an urban commons, (2) connecting the making of public space to research on social capital and collective efficacy, and (3) understanding recent tendencies in the discipline of urban design in terms of the social construction of a “program of action” (Latour, 1992) at the heart of the professional practices relevant to the built environment. Keywords: design-oriented research; urban commons; public space; social capital Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:169-182 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Women’s Safety and Public Spaces: Lessons from the Sabarmati Riverfront, India File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2049 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2049 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 154-168 Author-Name: Darshini Mahadevia Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, India Author-Name: Saumya Lathia Author-Workplace-Name: Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, USA Abstract: The Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 11, as well as the New Urban Agenda, emphasize gender equity and safe, resilient, and inclusive cities. The ‘safe cities’ idea for women includes their equal right to the city and public places within it, which includes their right to be mobile in the city at any time of the day, as well as their right to loiter in public spaces without any threats of harassment or sexual violence. These issues have gained importance in urban planning and design in contemporary India. This article is an assessment of how safe Ahmedabad city’s largest public space, the Sabarmati Riverfront, is for women. Ahmedabad, a city in western India, has long carried an image of a safe city for women. The Sabarmati Riverfront is over 22 km in length, 11 km on both sides of the river. This assessment is made through mapping of space use disaggregated by sex and age at four different time points throughout the day and of 100 women’s accounts of the experience of harassment on using the space. The article concludes with specific recommendations on proposed activities and space design along the riverfront to make these spaces safe for women throughout the day. Keywords: gender; harassment; India; public space; riverfront; safety; women Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:154-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Streets as Public Spaces: Lessons from Street Vending in Ahmedabad, India File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2058 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2058 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 138-153 Author-Name: Prithvi Deore Author-Workplace-Name: Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, USA Author-Name: Saumya Lathia Author-Workplace-Name: Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, USA Abstract: Public spaces go beyond the typical definition of being an open space. They reflect the diversity and vibrancy of the urban fabric and hold the power to create memories. Among all public spaces, streets emerge as the most public. Streets are engines of economic activities, social hubs, and platforms for civic engagement. They break socio-economic divides and foster social cohesion. Planning, designing, and managing better public spaces have become important global discussions. Sustainable Development Goals (8 and 11) and the New Urban Agenda emphasize the significance of inclusive and sustainable economy and safe, accessible and quality public spaces for all. The proposed article uses the case of street vending to understand the manifestation of these goals in an Indian context by assessing street vendors’ role in Ahmedabad’s urban fabric through extensive spatial analysis of 4,000 vendors at four different time points of the day, perception studies of their clientele disaggregated by gender, income and age, and their relationship with surrounding land-use and street hierarchy. It showcases how street vendors make the streets more vibrant by increasing activities, safer through ensuring inflow of people, and inclusive in its true sense by allowing people from different backgrounds to participate in the exchange of goods and services. It further argues that street vendors are vital elements of more equitable and exciting streets and public space. Keywords: equity; India; public spaces; safety; streets; street vending Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:138-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Public Space in the New Urban Agenda: Research into Implementation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2293 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2293 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 134-137 Author-Name: Michael W. Mehaffy Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Future of Places, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Tigran Haas Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Future of Places, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Peter Elmlund Author-Workplace-Name: Urban City Research, Ax:son Johnson Foundation, Sweden Abstract: The New Urban Agenda is a landmark international framework for urbanisation for the next two decades, adopted by acclamation by all 193 countries of the United Nations. Nonetheless, implementation remains an enormous challenge, as does the related need for research evidence to inform practice. This thematic issue brings together research from a number of participants of the Future of Places conference series, contributin new research to inform the development and implementation of the New Urban Agenda, and with a focus on the fundamental topic of public space creation and improvement. Keywords: evidence-based design; Future of Places; New Urban Agenda; public space; research into practice Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:134-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Development of ‘Age Appropriate’ Living Environments: Analysis of Two Case Studies from a Social Work Perspective File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2060 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2060 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 123-133 Author-Name: Carlo Fabian Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Planning, Organisational Change and Urban Development, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland Author-Name: Sandra Janett Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Planning, Organisational Change and Urban Development, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland Author-Name: Tobias Bischoff Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Planning, Organisational Change and Urban Development, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland Author-Name: Riccardo Pardini Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Planning, Organisational Change and Urban Development, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland Author-Name: Johanna Leitner Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Planning, Organisational Change and Urban Development, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland Author-Name: Carlo Knöpfel Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Planning, Organisational Change and Urban Development, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland Abstract: As the growing number of older people, particularly in urban areas, and changing lifestyles are increasing the importance of continuing to live in the community (ageing in place), studies show that age-related planning of living environments is often shaped by stereotypes, and that the needs of present and future older people are not sufficiently taken into account. In this context, two case studies based on Henri Lefebvre’s theory presented in his book The Production of Space investigate how ‘age-appropriate’ living environments are conceived, practiced and lived, and to what extent age-related stereotypes affect these processes. The two cases examined are an intergenerational project to promote physical activity and the development of a new city square. For both cases, interviews and walkthroughs were conducted with experts from various planning disciplines, as well as with current and future older people. The findings show that in planning practice the notions of old age and older people often remain diffuse and, at the same time, older people are often seen as a homogeneous and fragile group. The results indicate that the importance given to neighbourhood in old age can vary greatly. For social work, this implies that older people should be even more involved in the design of their living environments, through participatory processes, in order to better meet the heterogeneity of their needs. Keywords: ageing; neighbourhood; old age; participation; social work; stereotypes; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:123-133 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Benches as Materialisations of (Active) Ageing in Public Space: First Steps towards a Praxeology of Space File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2012 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2012 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 106-122 Author-Name: Thibauld Moulaert Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire Pacte, CNRS UMR 5194/Université Grenoble Alpes, France Author-Name: Anna Wanka Author-Workplace-Name: Research Training Group “Doing Transitions”, Department for Social Pedagogy and Adult Education, Goethe University Frankfurt on the Main, Germany Abstract: In its promotion of “active ageing” through Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (AFCC) and the Global Network on AgeFriendly Cities and Communities (GNAFCC), the World Health Organization has developed a vision of ageing that links socio-spatial environments to personal lifestyles and community support. Approaching age-friendly environments from a “doing” perspective shifts our focus from such ideals to social practices, materialisations, and representations produced. Regularly referred to in AFCC discourse, public benches offer a great illustration for such materialisations. This article asks: what do benches tell us about the way ageing is framed and shaped in the AFCC discourse? How do benches themselves exhibit agency in it? Theoretically based on Lefebvrian social theory and critical gerontology, our reflexive article explores promotional/policy documents supporting AFCC worldwide, “good practices” shared by GNAFCC, and a series of European field observations around AFCC and benches and, finally, personal observations of ageing in public space around benches. Drawing on the Lefebvrian differentiation between representational benches, representations of benches, and social practices of benches, we show how benches can be considered as a socio-technical “assemblage” able to: 1) forge ambivalent representations and solutions for “active ageing” in public space, 2) illustrate, beyond the symbolic of space, the symbolic difficulties of “real” participative and multi-stakeholders governance promoted through “age-friendliness”, and 3) explore everyday life practices of “spatial expulsion” of “ageing in public space” for older adults. In conclusion, we suggest a major shift for the AFCC program by finding inspiration in African practices of “ageing in public space”. Keywords: active ageing; age-friendly cities; critical gerontology; community life; environmental gerontology; public space; praxeology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:106-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring the Experienced Impact of Studentification on Ageing-in-Place File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1947 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1947 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 96-105 Author-Name: Debbie Lager Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Studies, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands / Department of Cultural Geography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Author-Name: Bettina van Hoven Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: In this qualitative study we explore the experienced impact of studentification on ageing-in-place (i.e., ageing in one’s own home and neighbourhood for as long as possible). Studentification, which refers to concentrations of students in residential neighbourhoods, has been associated with deteriorating community cohesion by several authors. This can negatively affect existing neighbourhood support structures. In examining this topic, we draw on in-depth interviews with 23 independently living older adults (65+) which were conducted in a studentified urban neighbourhood in the Netherlands. Our results show how the influx of students in the neighbourhood negatively affected older adults’ feelings of residential comfort. In spite of this, none of the participants expressed the desire to move; they experienced a sense of familiarity and valued the proximity of shops, public transport and health services, which allowed them to live independently. To retain a sense of residential mastery, our participants dealt with negative impacts of studentification, at least in part, by drawing on accommodative coping strategies that weigh in broader experiences of physical and social neighbourhood change. In doing so, they rationalised and reassessed their negative experiences resulting from studentification. We discuss the implications of our findings for the development of age-friendly neighbourhoods. Keywords: ageing-in-place; age-friendly neighbourhoods; qualitative research; studentification; The Netherlands; urban ageing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:96-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Assessing Liveable Cities for Older People in an Urban District in Turkey Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1943 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1943 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 83-95 Author-Name: Ercüment Aksoy Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geographical Information System, Akdeniz University, Turkey Author-Name: Nilufer Korkmaz-Yaylagul Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gerontology, Akdeniz University, Turkey Abstract: The key concepts availability and accessibility have been taken into consideration in urban studies as well as the health and social aspects of ageing. These terms are in close relation with the “active ageing”, “age-friendly city” and “liveable city” concepts. These concepts were created by the UN, the World Health Organization, and other institutions aiming to increase the quality of life of older individuals and to regulate their living environments in an optimal way for an active and independent life. Improving accessibility and availability of facilities for older people in urban areas is crucial to ensure that older people are able to meet their own needs as well as prevent their exclusion from society. The planning of cities that prevents the social exclusion of older people and provides an independent way of living is the main objective of the concept of liveable cities. From this point of view, this study aims to evaluate the existing opportunities in an urban area in the context of liveability. Out of the multi-criteria decision-making models, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographic information systems (GIS) were therefore used in this research. Three main districts of Kepez, with the highest population of older individuals, have been chosen. According to the findings of the study, the weight of health services has the highest score compared to other criteria. The liveability scores and grading of the districts were obtained using the AHP matrix. In the study, it was concluded that a multi-criteria analysis could be carried out with quantitative data. The real land use and the close environment of the research area should also be considered in the evaluation process. Keywords: accessibility; analytic hierarchy process; liveable city; old age; social exclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:83-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Current Uptake of Technology Related to the Built Environment to Support Older Adults to Live Independently in Their Community File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1919 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1919 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 70-82 Author-Name: Julie Futcher Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Generation, UK Author-Name: Federica Pascale Author-Workplace-Name: School of Engineering & the Built Environment, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Author-Name: Alison Pooley Author-Workplace-Name: School of Engineering & the Built Environment, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Author-Name: Sally-Anne Francis Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Abstract: Current forecasts predict that, in line with increasing global populations and extended life expectancy, older adults will dominate the population structure. To accommodate this demographic shift, governmental policies point to ‘ageing in place’ as key. This article outlines research findings of an initial investigation into the uptake of technology to support ‘ageing in place’. The study sets out to identify both incentives and barriers to the uptake under four key activity criteria— medical, monitoring, mobility and social—at three built environment scales—home, street and neighbourhood, for urban, semi-urban and rural locations—to support older adults to live independently in their community. Results show that whilst there are significant and justified concerns over the limitations of physical conditions to support ‘ageing in place’, most physical conditions along with age are not barriers to the uptake of technology, as uptake is high regardless of circumstances. However, the study revealed that uptake is dependent on level of training, if shown to lead to increasing independence, includes a level of ‘enjoyment of use’, and does not replace existing physical relationships. The study also identified that there is limited research around the use of technology for either mobility or social activities outside the home; rather, research focus is concerned with medical monitoring in the home. Finally, research overlooks the role of geographic demographics to support ‘ageing in place’. The results of this research can provide useful guidelines co-created with older adults for the development of new policies to ‘ageing in place’. Keywords: ageing in place; geographic demography; independent living; older adults; technology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:70-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Why Do(n’t) People Move When They Get Older? Estimating the Willingness to Relocate in Diverse Ageing Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1901 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1901 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 53-69 Author-Name: Hannah C. Haacke Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Friederike Enßle Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Dagmar Haase Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Ilse Helbrecht Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Tobia Lakes Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany / IRI THESys, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany Abstract: Two of the dominant processes shaping today’s European cities are the ageing and diversification of the population. Given that the range of action usually decreases in later life, the living environment around the place of residence plays an important role in the social integration of the older generation. Hence, spatial patterns of residence indicate the extent of opportunities for the older population to engage in urban life and, therefore, need to be addressed by urban planning and policy. The aim of this article is to study the interrelation between diversity in later life—in terms of migrant history, gender, social class, and age—as well as planned and actual (past) movements of elders. We have chosen Berlin as a case study and draw from a quantitative survey with elders (age 60+) from diverse backgrounds (N = 427). Our results from descriptive analysis and statistical hypothesis tests show that age impacts people’s past and planned movement; we observe a peak in the decisions to move at the age of 65–75 and a drop in the inclination to move among people over 80. None of the other factors is similarly influential, but we observe appreciable tendencies regarding the impact of gender and social class on planned movements. Our study suggests that variables other than classic socio-demographic data, such as apartment size, rent, social networks, and health, and their interrelations may offer a promising starting point for achieving a full picture of older people’s movement behaviour. Keywords: ageing cities; Berlin; diversity; elders; moving behaviour; survey; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:53-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding Belonging and Community Connection for Seniors Living in the Suburbs File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1896 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1896 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 43-52 Author-Name: Sonya L. Jakubec Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Health, Community and Education, Mount Royal University, Canada Author-Name: Marg Olfert Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Health, Community and Education, Mount Royal University, Canada Author-Name: Liza L. S. Choi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Health, Community and Education, Mount Royal University, Canada Author-Name: Nicole Dawe Author-Workplace-Name: Vivo for Healthier Generations, Canada Author-Name: Dwayne Sheehan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Health, Community and Education, Mount Royal University, Canada Abstract: While much has been explored about notions of both place and belonging in regard to community health of various populations, little is known of the phenomena specific to suburban dwelling seniors. More and more seniors are living in suburban neighborhoods, communities that do not tend well to the belonging needs of this population. This qualitative study sought the perspectives of suburban dwelling seniors about the role of belonging and community connection to their health and wellbeing. Informed by strengths-based approaches to community development and health, the study engaged people from three community groups of older adults in a Canadian suburb (a seniors’ recreational/social group, and two cultural groups) in group interviews concerning the topic. Discoveries included an understanding of belonging as both personal and social, and identification of facilitators and barriers to belonging at personal and systemic levels. Belonging was experienced through connection, contribution and cooperation. These findings are important to shape community engagement with seniors and to inform decision-making and program developments in areas of recreation, leisure, health services, community policing, city planning and other services. Keywords: community belonging; health; seniors; suburban; wellbeing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:43-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Overcoming Barriers to Livability for All Ages: Inclusivity Is the Key File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1892 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1892 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 31-42 Author-Name: Xue Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Regional Science, Cornell University, USA Author-Name: Mildred E. Warner Author-Workplace-Name: City and Regional Planning, Cornell University, USA Author-Name: Stephanie Firestone Author-Workplace-Name: Policy, Research, and International–PRI, AARP, USA Abstract: The rapid pace of population aging in cities around the world demands that planners design communities that are livable for people of all ages and abilities. In 2017, to assess progress toward this end, AARP and the International Division of the American Planning Association conducted a global survey of planners on their efforts to incorporate a livable-communityfor-all-ages approach into their work. The survey of 559 planners measured motivators, barriers, strategies for engagement and practices facilitating planners’ work on livable communities for all ages (LCA). Using the international survey, we analyze factors driving local governments’ actions to advance LCA, and factors driving outcomes incorporating a livablecommunity-for-all-ages approach in planning practices. We show how these differ between the US and non-US respondents, including how US suburbs and rural areas lag in actions toward LCA. Regression results show that local motivations such as awareness of substantial growth in older populations is a primary factor motivating local governments to take more actions. While physical design is a critical part of the solution, we find that facilitating practices and community engagement in the process are key to advancing planning for age-friendly communities. Additionally, communities that practice more traditional approaches to planning and have limited resources actually exhibit a higher level of LCA outcomes. This suggests that focusing on community engagement and facilitating practices could be a promising approach to incorporating an all age lens in planning practices. Keywords: age-friendly community; aging; government; inclusive engagement; livability; planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:31-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ageing in Suburban Neighbourhoods: Planning, Densities and Place Assessment File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1863 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1863 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 18-30 Author-Name: Byron Ioannou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, School of Engineering, Frederick University, Cyprus Abstract: The article examines the environmental qualities perceived by ageing populations in suburban low-density and car-oriented neighbourhoods in comparison to more dense and central areas. The study focuses on Nicosia, Cyprus, a city that suffers from extended sprawl and car dependency in almost every urban district. The aim of the article is to investigate how older adults perceive and evaluate their place of residence and if this assessment relates to the suburban or the city centre profile of their neighbourhoods. For this reason, the study takes five residential districts, two central and three suburban areas, as case studies. Each of the selected residential districts performs differently in terms of percentage of the population over the age of 65; scale and street layout; adequacy in supporting land uses; building density; distance from the city centre and public space availability and condition. The almost exclusive use of private cars, as the main transportation mode is a common feature of all older adults interviewed in these areas. The older adults’ perceptions of place are assessed through the Place Standard (PS), a simple recently awarded framework which structures conversations about place in regard to its physical elements as well as its social composition. PS is used as an interview tool, which allows the mapping/visualization of qualitative data. Qualitative in-depth interviews conclude to an evaluation of fourteen aspects that outline a residential district profile from mobility to green and urban image attractiveness, and from facilities to social contact and safety, covering almost every aspect of daily life. The article concludes that the neighbourhood assessment from older residents varies depending on the nature of the suburban neighbourhood. Density, layout and distance from the city centre matter according to the participants’ evaluation and there is a clear preference towards suburban low-density areas. Keywords: ageing; place standard; liveable neighbourhood; suburban development; urban densities; urban sprawl Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:18-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Attractiveness of a City-Centre Shopping Environment: Older Consumers’ Perspective File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1831 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.1831 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 5-17 Author-Name: Anna-Maija Kohijoki Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Marketing and International Business, Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland Author-Name: Katri Koistinen Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Consumer Society Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: Older consumers represent an increasingly significant customer segment for city-centre retailers. However, many intraurban centres are struggling to maintain an attractive shopping environment. This article focuses on older consumers’ (Finns, aged 64+) perceptions of the city centre with an emphasis on design and ambient elements in the external shopping environment. Using the focus-group research method, the aim is to identify what kind of elements these are and how they constitute an attractive city-centre shopping environment for older consumers. Findings from a qualitative content analysis show that an attractive city-centre shopping environment provides convenience and safety when moving around and running errands, functional and aesthetic lighting to cope with shopping, proper furnishings regarding places to rest, harmonious building architecture integrated with refreshing urban nature, and the cleanliness of the streetscape. Findings indicate that a city-centre shopping environment offers more to older consumers than a context of satisfying consumption needs. City shopping gives a reason to go outdoors and maintain social contacts. The study has implications for creating an age-friendly city centre, the shopping environment which supports older consumers’ active and independent lives. Keywords: attractive city; city centre; external shopping environment; older consumer; perception Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:5-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Fragile Body in the Functional City: An Editorial File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/2185 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i2.2185 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Matthias Drilling Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Switzerland Author-Name: Fabian Neuhaus Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, University of Calgary, Canada Abstract: Changing circumstances force planning to re-define its role as a driving function shaping our cities today. One of the significant challenges to the century-old tradition of planning comes from the ageing population. The demand to age in place and its associated conditions particularly require renewed attention. This is, however, not an isolated and partisan topic, but speaks to the changing circumstances and highlights the dramatic shortcoming of a performance-oriented and segregationof-function-driven approach; one that is remnant of the early days of the planning discipline, but is still very much alive today. What has the discussion around ageing and the city brought up, and where are we headed? Two significant aspects are the body and moving away from a performance-oriented interpretation thereof, as well as a rethinking of participation not just as an information exercise, but as a co-design practice. Keywords: agency; ageing; ageing in place; planning; social work; urban design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:2:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Governing the City of Flows: How Urban Metabolism Approaches May Strengthen Accountability in Strategic Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1750 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1750 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 187-199 Author-Name: Cathrin Zengerling Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Footprints Research Group, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany Abstract: The article aims to provide an initial insight into if and how urban metabolism perspectives and approaches may strengthen accountability in urban environmental strategic planning. It argues that many of the challenges in governing urban environmental flows successfully result from accountability gaps in strategic planning. The aim of the research is to test the assumption that urban metabolism perspectives and approaches strengthen accountability in urban environmental strategic planning. Applying a four-pillar accountability analysis to the strategic climate and resource plans of New York and Zurich, two cities which put environmental sustainability high on their political agenda, the study traces the role of urban metabolism perspectives and approaches and discusses the benefits these may have for accountable strategic planning with a focus on carbon and material flows. The interim results show on the one hand that implicit urban metabolism approaches are vital for both cities’ strategic planning and that they contribute to strengthened accountability in all four pillars of the analysis: responsibility, transparency, assessment and participation. On the other hand, the analysis highlights further potential benefits of urban metabolism perspectives and approaches in urban strategic climate and resource planning. Keywords: accountability; carbon flows; material flows; strategic planning; sustainable cities; urban governance; urban metabolism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:187-199 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning for a Prosumer Future: The Case of Central Park, Sydney File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1746 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1746 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 172-186 Author-Name: Lisa McLean Author-Workplace-Name: Open Cities Alliance, Australia Author-Name: Rob Roggema Author-Workplace-Name: Office for Adaptive Planning and Design, Cittaideale, The Netherlands / Knowledge Centre NoorderRuimte, Hanze University Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: Rapid convergence of utility and mobility solutions enabled by data and the Internet of Things is future-proofing economies around the world, delivering liveability, sustainability and resilience, and importantly decreases pressure on utility bills and infrastructure costs. Australians cannot miss out on the many benefits brought to families and businesses by the digitisation of infrastructure and services are bringing—not just reduced household bills but also the ability to generate income as prosumers, not consumers. Localised sustainable Next-Gen infrastructure and services are growing from within communities, creating a new class of consumer—the prosumer: where customers are more than consumers but also producers. Prosumers have the ability to generate free energy from the sun at home or office and sell the excess, recycle water and waste reaping the financial benefit, avoid the second largest household expense of a car by sharing mobility, and access shared data networks to plug in and play at little cost. Planning frameworks play a critical role in enabling a new utility prosumer future in Australia and reform of planning gateway processes is essential. This article highlights Sydney’s Central Park as a best practice urban infill development showcasing how the flows of water and energy are organised to provide enhanced sustainability, liveability and resilience for the local and neighbouring communities. Central Park proves the benefits of taking a precinct approach to utility and mobility services. It shows how these benefits can grow and be exported to neighbouring buildings and existing communities, in this case University of Technology driving inclusion and affordability. Central Park also demonstrates the opportunities to drive deeper socio/environmental benefits by enabling prosumer services through low-cost access to utility services and circular resource flows. Importantly, this article demonstrates that Central Park’s phenomenal sustainability benefits can be replicated at scale in land release communities, but planning reform is required. Keywords: Next-Gen infrastructure; prosumers; sustainability; Sydney; urban infill; utility convergence; water-energy nexus Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:172-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Incorporating Metabolic Thinking into Regional Planning: The Case of the Sierra Calderona Strategic Plan File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1549 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1549 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 152-171 Author-Name: Juanjo Galan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, Aalto University, Finland Author-Name: Daniela Perrotti Author-Workplace-Name: Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium Abstract: The metabolic study of the southeastern part of the Calderona Mountain Range (Sierra Calderona) was developed over an area of 200 square kilometers. Due to its location on the outskirt of the Metropolitan Area of Valencia (Spain), the Calderona Mountain Range presents most of the metabolic challenges and potentials that characterize peri-urban areas. The main goal of the study was to increase the sustainability levels of the region by optimizing the flows of materials and energy, as well as flows related to the transport of people within and in/outside the region. The following article includes a methodological introduction to regional and urban metabolic studies. Secondly, it presents the specific application of those principles in the Sierra Calderona case and the qualitative and quantitative results of the assessed regional flows. Moreover, the use of Metabolic Functional Areas (FMAs) is proposed to better integrate metabolic studies with land-use and spatial planning. In its second section, the article also presents the potential for shifting toward an optimized metabolism of the studied area, as well as a set of strategies and actions for their achievement. Finally, in the conclusions, we present a critical reflection on the methods, data, exportability and scalability of the results produced in the Sierra Calderona Case. Due to its regional character, the metabolic performance of the Sierra Calderona is connected to a wide range of land uses, productive functions and stakeholders. That is the reason why the formulated strategies and actions are deeply interlinked with different sectors and why they were supported by the results of an open participatory process. However, and in spite of its regional scope, the urban systems of the Sierra Calderona proved to be an essential lever for improving the regional and local sustainability, due to their varied morphological structures, distinctive ways of functioning, and different types of interaction with the surroundings. Keywords: ecological footprint; material and energy flow analysis; regional metabolism; spatial metabolic studies; sustainable metabolism; sustainable planning; urban metabolism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:152-171 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping the Flow of Forest Migration through the City under Climate Change File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1753 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1753 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 139-151 Author-Name: Qiyao Han Author-Workplace-Name: School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Author-Name: Greg Keeffe Author-Workplace-Name: School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Abstract: Rapid climate change will create extreme problems for the biota of the planet. Much of it will have to migrate towards the poles at a rate far beyond normal speeds. In this context, the concept of assisted migration has been proposed to facilitate the migration of trees. Yet current practices of assisted migration focus on “where tree species should be in the future” and thus have many uncertainties. We suggest that more attention should be paid on the flow of forest migration. Therefore, this study develops a three-step methodology for mapping the flow of forest migration under climate change. Since the migration of trees depends on the activities of their seed dispersal agents, the accessibility of landscapes for dispersal agents is mainly considered in this study. The developed method combines a least-cost path model, a graph-based approach, and a circuit theory-based model. The least-cost path model is applied to map the movement of dispersal agents, based on which graph-based indices are used to evaluate the accessibility of landscapes for dispersal agents, which in turn is used as the basis for circuit theory-based modelling to map the flow of forest migration. The proposed method is demonstrated by a case study in the Greater Manchester area, UK. The resulting maps identify areas with high probability of climate-driven migration of trees. Keywords: climate change; forest migration; urban landscape; seed dispersal Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:139-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Developing a Design-Led Approach for the Food-Energy-Water Nexus in Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1739 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1739 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 123-138 Author-Name: Wanglin Yan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Japan / Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Japan Author-Name: Rob Roggema Author-Workplace-Name: Office for Adaptive Planning and Design, Cittaideale, The Netherlands / Knowledge Centre NoorderRuimte, Hanze University Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: Urban communities are particularly vulnerable to the future demand for food, energy and water, and this vulnerability is further exacerbated by the onset of climate change at local. Solutions need to be found in urban spaces. This article based around urban design practice sees urban agriculture as a key facilitator of nexus thinking, needing water and energy to be productive. Working directly with Urban Living Labs, the project team will co-design new food futures through the moveable nexus, a participatory design support platform to mobilize natural and social resources by integrating multi-disciplinary knowledge and technology. The moveable nexus is co-developed incrementally through a series of design workshops moving around living labs with the engagement of stakeholders. The methodology and the platform will be shared outside the teams so that the knowledge can be mobilized locally and globally. Keywords: energy; food; moveable nexus; nexus thinking; participatory design; urban design; water Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:123-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Design for Disruption: Creating Anti-Fragile Urban Delta Landscapes File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1469 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1469 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 113-122 Author-Name: Rob Roggema Author-Workplace-Name: Office for Adaptive Planning and Design, Cittaideale, The Netherlands / Knowledge Centre NoorderRuimte, Hanze University Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: In this article three different responses are taken as the starting point how different types of disruption could be dealt with. These responses—repair, bounce back and grow stronger—are combined with three disruptions (sea level rise, storm surge and heavy rainfall), and then tested in three case studies. The result of the investigation is that anti-fragility (grow stronger) is a preferential approach to create delta landscapes that become stronger under influence of a disruption. Anti-fragility is for this research subdivided in three main characteristics, abundance of networks, adaptivity and counterintuitivity, which are used to analyse the three case study propositions. The type of response, type of disruption, characteristic of anti-fragility and the qualities of the case study area itself determine the design proposition and the outcome. In all cases this approach has led to a stronger and safer landscape. The concept of anti-fragility impacts on the period before a disruption, during and also after the disruptive impact. This gives it a better point of departure in dealing with uncertain or unprecedented hazards and disruptions. Keywords: anti-fragility; delta landscape; disruption; intervention; coast; resilience Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:113-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: City of Flows: The Need for Design-Led Research to Urban Metabolism File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1988 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1988 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 106-112 Author-Name: Rob Roggema Author-Workplace-Name: Office for Adaptive Planning and Design, Cittaideale, The Netherlands / Knowledge Centre NoorderRuimte, Hanze University Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: The design of cities has long ignored the flows that shape the city. Water has been the most visible one, but energy and materials were invisible and/or taken for granted. A little over 50 years ago, Abel Wolman was the first to illuminate the role of water flows in the urban fabric. It has long been a search for quantitative data while the flows were mostly seen as separated entities. The fact they invisibly formed the way the city appears has been neglected for many years. In this thematic issue the “city of flows” is seen as a design task. It aims to bring to the fore the role flows can play to be consciously used to make spatial decisions in how and where certain uses and infrastructure is located. Efficient and sustainable. Keywords: energy; food; food-energy-water nexus; nexus thinking; urban flows; urban metabolism; urban planning; water Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:106-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Place Innovative Synergies for City Center Attractiveness: A Matter of Experiencing Retail and Retailing Experiences File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1640 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1640 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 91-105 Author-Name: Malin Lindberg Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Kristina Johansson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Author-Name: Helena Karlberg Author-Workplace-Name: Piteå Science Park, Sweden Author-Name: Johanna Balogh Author-Workplace-Name: Piteå Science Park, Sweden Abstract: By investigating the occurrence of place innovative synergies between retail and tourism in a small-sized Swedish city, this article advances knowledge on how city center attractiveness can be enforced in a rural context with competing online shopping and suburban/out-of-town shopping centers. Previous studies of city center attractiveness, place innovation, and social innovation help distinguish innovative intertwinement of correlated trends of experiencing retail and retailing experiences, augmenting customer experiences through place-based characteristics. Interviews, workshops, and participatory observations with entrepreneurs, business promoters, and municipality representatives reveal three dimensions of place innovative synergies in city center attractiveness: 1) innovative variance in city center retail and tourism, 2) innovative interwovenness between the city center identity and its configuration, content, and communication, and 3) innovative interaction between retailers and tourism entrepreneurs in city center events. A key question is whether synergies in temporal events and everyday commerce are sufficiently combined, in order to engender encompassing renewal. Keywords: attractiveness; city center; city identity; innovation; retail; Sweden; synergy; tourism Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:91-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Cultural Initiatives and Local Development: A Basis for Inclusive Neighborhood Revitalization File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1658 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1658 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 78-90 Author-Name: Juan-Luis Klein Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada Author-Name: Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay Author-Workplace-Name: Ecole des Sciences de l’Administration, Université TÉLUQ, Canada Author-Name: Laurent Sauvage Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Program in Urban Studies, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada Author-Name: Leila Ghaffari Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Program in Urban Studies, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada Author-Name: Wilfredo Angulo Author-Workplace-Name: PhD Program in Urban Studies, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada Abstract: This article focuses on cultural and creative activities and the development of local communities. Several studies on North America, Europe and Latin America have shown that this type of activity may have a positive impact on the local economy and living environments, and in particular on the sense of territorial belonging and on relations between citizens. In this text, we propose a reading of the impact of neighborhood cultural initiatives in the context of local socio-economic development based on a set of indicators of the local cultural vitality of a neighborhood. The empirical research was carried out in Montreal, namely on two boroughs: Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie and Sud-Ouest. Keywords: city; culture; local community; local development; Montreal; neighborhood Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:78-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aesthetic Preference as Starting Point for Citizen Dialogues on Urban Design: Stories from Hammarkullen, Gothenburg File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1648 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1648 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 67-77 Author-Name: Brita Fladvad Nielsen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Planning, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Author-Name: Ruth Woods Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Interdisciplinary Studies of Culture, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Author-Name: Wenche Lerme Author-Workplace-Name: City of Gothenburg, Angered City District Administration, Sweden Abstract: This article sets out to describe the role of aesthetics in citizen dialogues during the upgrading of a local swimming pool in Hammarkullen, Gothenburg. The swimming pool became an important project because of its role in a larger neighbourhood renovation project that allowed the municipality to focus on citizen engagement and inclusion. The engagement process showed the importance of the local swimming pool for a marginalized group of women of Somali origin, and a decision was made to keep the swimming pool instead of demolishing it. This led to collaboration between project coordinators, the Public Art Agency, an artist and an architect. Individual qualitative interviews focusing on storytelling were undertaken with key stakeholders. The findings show that aesthetic quality mediated the communicative processes between project coordinators and citizens. Art in public space is more than just aesthetics or something to look at; art provokes a wide variety of responses and artists use a variety of means to engage with their public and creating dialogue. Yet the project managers failed to consider the creative process of the architect and her perspective on aesthetic quality and building functionality. Stakeholders take different stances to whether aesthetic quality can be a way of grounding, communicating and evolving, or whether it is a matter of beauty where the artist or architect takes the lead. While the project coordinators affirm sameness, different understandings of aesthetic quality actively negotiate social differences. Inability to consider creative practices’ work processes in relation to citizen dialogue can result in conflicts between art, architecture and governance during the transformation of a neighbourhood. Keywords: aesthetics; architecture; citizen involvement; creativity; public art; storytelling; swimming pool; urban design; urban upgrading Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:67-77 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Social Sustainable City: How to Involve Children in Designing and Planning for Urban Childhoods? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1719 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1719 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 53-66 Author-Name: Gro Sandkjaer Hanssen Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Oslo Metropolitan University–OsloMet, Norway Abstract: In many countries, cities are expected to stimulate compact city development by the government, while at the same time develop healthier and more social sustainable cities. In Norway, national policy and planning regulation aim at stimulating a development that ensures active urban childhoods. In order to ensure this, the Planning and Building Act ensure particular participation rights for children and youth in the planning process. In this article, we will present how these rights are understood and implemented in practice. Then we will discuss how local government can enable children to participate in a meaningful way and where their input actually contributes to the plans and urban design being developed. This last discussion will be elaborated by studying a case about the Children Track Methodology. Keywords: childhood experience; children; Children Track Methodology; participation rights; planning; urban design Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:53-66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enhancing Urban Encounters: The Transformative Powers of Creative Integration Initiatives File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1713 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1713 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 44-52 Author-Name: Anniken Førde Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway Abstract: Sustainable cites require the capacity to live with difference. In a world of increased mobility and migration, our cities become more and more diversified. While national discourses on diversity are often problem-focused, social initiatives are emerging in diverse cities addressing the positive potential of the city as a cross-cultural meeting place. In Norway, such initiatives have increased in number since “the refugee crisis” in 2015, and we see creative approaches arising from civil society, the voluntary sector, private companies, and local governments aiming to facilitate encounters with difference. This article explores innovative integration initiatives in cities in the north, emphasizing how difference might be negotiated, engendering new forms of engagement and responsibility. Cities are seen as sites of experiments, where new relations across difference are developed. Framing encounters as emergent, transitory, fragile, yet hopeful, we discuss the transformative powers of such initiatives for planning in diverse cities. Keywords: collective learning; cross-cultural dialogues; encounter; Forum Theatre; integration; planning diversity; social initiatives; social innovation; situational understanding Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:44-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Innovation as a Driver of Urban Transformation? The Case of Planning Approaches in the Dominican Republic File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1740 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1740 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 31-43 Author-Name: Abdelillah Hamdouch Author-Workplace-Name: Research Laboratory on Cities, Territories, Environment and Societies, University of Tours, France Author-Name: Andiel Galvan Author-Workplace-Name: Research Laboratory on Cities, Territories, Environment and Societies, University of Tours, France Abstract: This article assesses the role of social innovation (SI) as a driver of urban transformation through the case-based analysis of an ambitious social housing urban project in the Dominican Republic, specifically in the emblematic slum La Barquita, in the heart of northern Santo Domingo. This project was led by a dedicated public body, URBE, which is in charge of the coordination of several institutions and the management of the community participation. Since La Nueva Barquita integrates dimensions regarding the satisfaction of human needs, change in social relations, and increase of citizens’ sociopolitical capabilities, it may be considered a socially innovative initiative in the territorial development discussion. The article builds first on the literature on SI by drawing attention on governance and institutional structures in specific urban contexts. Based on a series of semi-direct interviews, it then focuses on the analysis of key moments regarding the definition, implementation and evaluation of the institutional dimension of the project from its launching in 2013. Keywords: governance; institutions; planning approaches; social innovation; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:31-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Towards a Situational Understanding of Collective Learning: A Reflexive Framework File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1673 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1673 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 19-30 Author-Name: Seppe De Blust Author-Workplace-Name: Research Unit Planning and Development, Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Oswald Devisch Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture & Art, University of Hasselt, Belgium Author-Name: Jan Schreurs Author-Workplace-Name: Research Unit Planning and Development, Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Based on an in-depth study of how socially innovative processes are collectively reinforced within two cases, this article builds a reflexive framework that conceptualizes socially innovative processes as situated trajectories of collective learning. The framework starts from three theories in the field of pedagogy and organisational studies that try to contextualise and operationalise how internal processes of learning, supportive relationships and external demands interrelate withinprocesses of collective learning. In line with the reflexive character of social innovation research, the article presents the framework as a means to give concrete answer on how socially innovative processes can be supported and how the dynamic character of their collective learning trajectories can be managed. The conclusion of this article further reflects on the importance of a situational and multi-layered understanding of collective learning for creating institutional support for socially innovative processes in planning and presents reflexive questions that can help external actors as planning practitioners to position themselves within this often messy and complex reality. Keywords: collective learning; reflexivity; situational understanding; socially innovative planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:19-30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Innovative Forms of Citizen Participation at the Fringe of the Formal Planning System File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1680 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1680 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 7-18 Author-Name: Torill Nyseth Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Uit, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway Author-Name: Torill Ringholm Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Uit, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway Author-Name: Annika Agger Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Denmark Abstract: In the Nordic countries, we are witnessing a proliferation of novel and more experimental ways of citizen and authority interaction within the field of urban planning and governance. These formats are seen in urban regeneration projects and planning experiments that endorse more inclusive interactions between public authorities and local actors than in the traditional formal hearings. The intention of this article is to explore the potential of these forms of participation in contributing to social innovation particularly related to including citizens that are difficult to reach, and in creating new arenas for interaction and collaboration. Theoretically, the article is inspired by the concepts of social innovation, planning as experimentation (Hillier, 2007; Nyseth, Pløger, & Holm, 2010), and co-creation (Voorberg, Bekkers, & Tummers, 2013). Empirically, the article draws on three different cases from Norway and Denmark which entailed some novel ways of involving local citizens in urban planning. Finally, the article discusses how formal planning procedures can gain inspiration from such initiatives. Keywords: citizen participation; co-production; experimental planning; social innovation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:7-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Transformative Power of Social Innovation in Urban Planning and Local Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1950 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v4i1.1950 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 4 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-6 Author-Name: Torill Nyseth Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Uit, The Arctic University of Norway, Norway Author-Name: Abdelillah Hamdouch Author-Workplace-Name: Research Laboratory on Cities, Territories, Environment and Societies, University of Tours, France Abstract: This issue discusses the concept of social innovation (SI) as a potentially transformative factor in urban planning and local development. SI represents an alternative to economic and technology-oriented approaches to urban development, such as that of ‘smart cities’, ‘creative cities’, etc. This is thanks to the emphasis SI puts on human agency and the empowerment of local communities and citizens to be actively involved in transforming their urban environments. Urban planning could benefit greatly from devoting more attention to SI when addressing the diverse urban problems of today, such as social exclusion, urban segregation, citizen participation and integration, or environmental protection, many of them addressed in the articles gathered in this volume. Keywords: experimentation; planning; social innovation; transformation; urban development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v4:y:2019:i:1:p:1-6