Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Integration through Collaborative Housing? Dutch Starters and Refugees Forming Self-Managing Communities in Amsterdam File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1727 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1727 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 156-165 Author-Name: Darinka Czischke Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management in the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Author-Name: Carla J. Huisman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Management in the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract: Since 2015, Europe has experienced an unprecedented influx of people fleeing countries facing political turmoil. Upon receiving asylum status, refugees in the Netherlands are currently regionally dispersed and individually housed in public housing. The municipality of Amsterdam has recently adopted an alternative approach, whereby young adult refugees and Dutch young adults are brought together in collaborative housing (Czischke, 2018). This article presents findings from a case study of the pilot project, launched in 2016, which houses over 500 young adults, half refugees and half Dutch together in temporary dwellings. The goal is to provide refugees with social and cultural tools to integrate in the host society by interacting with their peers through collective self-organisation. Compared with more traditional forms of housing refugees, integration through collaborative housing is expected to deliver results. Our study aims to examine this assumption by looking at the daily reality of collaboration and self-organisation amongst tenants in this pilot project, and interrogates how this approach may help the integration process. The analytical framework draws on Ager and Strang’s (2008) core domains of integration, which emphasises the role of social connections in the integration process. An ethnographic research design was adopted, including interviews and participant observation as data collection techniques. Preliminary findings indicate the gradual formation of social connections such as social bonds, social bridges and social links. Ultimately, we expect findings to inform better policies and practices in the field of housing and urban planning that help the integration of young refugees in European societies. Keywords: Amsterdam; collaborative housing; housing policy; refugee integration; self-organisation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:156-165 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Planning for the Integration of Refugees: The Importance of Local Factors File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1696 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1696 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 141-155 Author-Name: Shahd Seethaler-Wari Author-Workplace-Name: Socio-Cultural Diversity, Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Germany Abstract: Housing location is one of several characteristics that play a significant role in the future integration of asylum-seekers. Many of these characteristics or institutional arrangements are spatialized aspects relevant to urban planning. Drawing on experiences from fieldwork in Göttingen, a mid-sized city in the German Federal state of Lower-Saxony 2016–2018, this article demonstrates the local challenges, strategies and their resulting institutional arrangements on various aspects of asylum-seekers’ lives. It discusses the influence of those arrangements on the development of their social circles, and on their access to different resources, influencing their participation in and interaction with the social and urban life of their host cities; thereby influencing their integration processes. To do so, the article addresses local factors that are significant for urban planners to include into an integration plan. It observes the role urban planning can play in preventing aspects of segregation in the various life domains of refugees and in providing urban contexts that facilitate integration in European cities. The first assumption of this article is that integration, refugees’ attitudes towards it, and an urban context that can facilitate it start from day one of the arrival of new comers in their host city/town. The second assumption is that integration happens on the local level of the city, and more specifically on the level of the host neighborhood. Keywords: accommodation; asylum-seekers; Germany; housing; refugee; segregation; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:141-155 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Being Accommodated, Well Then? ‘Scalar Narratives’ on Urban Transformation and Asylum Seekers’ Integration in Mid-Sized Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1670 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1670 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 129-140 Author-Name: Sabine Meier Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Architecture and Arts, University of Siegen, Germany Abstract: This article deals with the interplay between the rescaling processes of cities and pathways of asylum seekers’ integration. Building on scale theory and employing a downscaled mid-sized city in the Netherlands as a unit of analysis, two research questions are answered. Firstly, what kind of urban planning strategies do urban authorities of downscaled, midsized cities develop to rescale their cities? Secondly, how are these strategies related to the imagined pathways of asylum seeker integration? Here, the term ‘scale’ does not refer to an absolute ‘spatial object’ that is able to affect social reality. Rather, scales are socially produced through negotiation processes which are contested and heterogeneous. It is argued that Dutch urban authorities and housing corporations take a normative view of ‘pathways of integration’ and standardise these in terms of space, time and financing. By these socially produced scale processes, asylum seekers’ accommodation is well-managed, keeping the residents regulated and ‘in place’. Urban authorities utilise ‘scalar narratives’ to legitimate their interactions with asylum seekers and the way in which disadvantaged neighbourhoods in mid-sized cities are transformed. Using the Dutch mid-sized city Kerkrade as the case study, it is illustrated that local opportunity structures for integration are confined by (1) urban planning strategies mainly based on residential and tourism economies, (2) the perception of successful integration via a small-scale social mix within neighbourhoods, and (3) the neglect of public representation of cultural diversity. Keywords: asylum seekers; downscaled cities; Kerkrade; mid-sized cities; multiscalar approach; pathways of integration; The Netherlands; urban transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:129-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Local Governance of Arrival in Leipzig: Housing of Asylum-Seeking Persons as a Contested Field File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1708 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1708 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 116-128 Author-Name: Franziska Werner Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany Author-Name: Annegret Haase Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany Author-Name: Nona Renner Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Science, University of Technology Dresden, Germany Author-Name: Dieter Rink Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany Author-Name: Malena Rottwinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany Author-Name: Anika Schmidt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany Abstract: The article examines how the German city of Leipzig governs the housing of asylum seekers. Leipzig was a frontrunner in organizing the decentralized accommodation of asylum seekers when adopting its accommodation concept in 2012. This concept aimed at integrating asylum-seeking persons in the regular housing market at an early stage of arrival. However, since then, the city of Leipzig faces more and more challenges in implementing the concept. This is particularly due to the increasingly tight situation on the housing market while the number of people seeking protection increased and partly due to discriminating and xenophobic attitudes on the side of house owners and managers. Therefore, we argue that the so-called refugee crisis of 2015–2016 has to be seen in close interaction with a growing general housing shortage in Leipzig like in many other large European cities. Furthermore, we understand the municipal governing of housing as a contested field regarding its entanglement of diverse federal levels and policy scales, the diversity of stakeholders involved, and its dynamic change over the last years. We analyze this contested field set against the current context of arrival and dynamic urban growth on a local level. Based on empirical qualitative research that was conducted by us in 2016, Leipzig’s local specifics will be investigated under the umbrella of our conceptual framework of Governance of Arrival. The issues of a strained housing market and the integration of asylum seekers in it do not apply only to Leipzig, but shed light on similar developments in other European Cities. Keywords: accommodation; arrival; asylum seekers; Germany; governance; housing; Leipzig; refugees Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:116-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Welcome City: Refugees in Three German Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1668 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1668 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 101-115 Author-Name: Hans Joachim Neis Author-Workplace-Name: Portland Urban Architecture Research Laboratory (PUARL), University of Oregon, USA Author-Name: Briana Meier Author-Workplace-Name: Portland Urban Architecture Research Laboratory (PUARL), University of Oregon, USA Author-Name: Tomoki Furukawazono Author-Workplace-Name: Portland Urban Architecture Research Laboratory (PUARL), University of Oregon, USA Abstract: Since late 2015, the authors have studied the refugee crisis in Europe. In this article, we analyze local factors that are significant for urban planning to include in an integration plan through case studies in three cities in Germany. We have chosen to study Germany because of the country’s touted Willkommen Kultur (welcome culture), which was prompted in large part by Chancellor Angela Merkel’s “Flüchtlinge Willkommen” (“refugees welcome”) stance. Now, three years after Chancellor Merkel’s declaration to the world, although international and national policies set many parameters for refugee integration, responses to the uncertainty of the situation are fundamentally informed by local contexts. Germany has adopted a policy of distributing refugees to communities throughout the country according to the so-called “Königstein Key”, which sets quotas for each state according to economic capacity. We have selected case study cities and a county that are at different scales and regions: Borken in Hessen (13,500 people), Kassel County (200,000), and Essen, a larger city (600,000). Here we investigate the ways in which German citizens and refugees interact and integrate, with a focus on the social-spatial aspects of refugee experiences and the impacts on urban planning policy, urban morphology, building typology, and pattern language formation. Beyond crisis, we are looking at how refugees can and will try to integrate into their host countries, cities, and neighborhoods and start a new life and how host communities respond to refugee arrival. Urban architecture projects for housing and work opportunities that help the process of integration are part of this study. Particularly, in this article, we investigate the reality on the ground of the positive Willkommen Kultur and the high expectations and implied promises that were set in 2015 by Chancellor Angela Merkel and German society. Keywords: building projects; pattern language; refugee acclimatization; urban design; urban transformation; welcome city; welcome culture Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:101-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The City as an Agent of Refugee Integration File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1646 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1646 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 91-100 Author-Name: Jeroen Doomernik Author-Workplace-Name: Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Djoeke Ardon Author-Workplace-Name: Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: In this contribution, we investigate how the role of cities in the governance of refugee integration has changed as a consequence of the Europeanization of asylum policies into a Common European Asylum System (CEAS) in conjunction with the “refugee crisis” of 2015, which this CEAS turned out to be unable to adequately cope with. We will answer this question by first giving a quick overview of scholarly thinking on the role of the city in global issues in general, and in migration issues in particular. After this we provide an exploratory analysis of the role cities presently see for themselves as cities, as well as jointly organized in European networks. Keywords: asylum; city networks; Common European Asylum System; integration; migration; refugees Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:91-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Integration to Solidarity: Insights from Civil Society Organisations in Three European Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1688 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1688 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 79-90 Author-Name: Viviana d'Auria Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Racha Daher Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Katharina Rohde Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: This article sheds light on the lack of cohesion in asylum approaches between EU member states and questions the dominance of the ‘integration’ paradigm. It argues that civil society organisations (CSOs) have, through solidarity, challenged the bias ‘integration’ involves and the exclusion it generates. To do this, it examines three case-based practices led by CSOs that operate in three European capital cities—Rome, Brussels and Berlin—and that embrace mobility in the context of front-line, transit and destination countries, respectively. With the ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015 acting as a threshold moment, the cases navigate a complex web of relationships amidst a fragmented debate about asylum, and varying national and local frameworks in Europe. Through the comparison of cases, the article argues that the political possibilities of such practices and their enduring engagements with the urban, remain limited. However, the shift in discourse from ‘stasis’ and ‘integration’ to ‘mobility’ and ‘solidarity’ that the three cases embody, represent a critique that fundamentally challenges urban planning and its role for asylum. Keywords: asylum; civil society organisations; displacement; integration; solidarity Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:79-90 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Planning the Ideal Refugee Camp? A Critical Interrogation of Recent Planning Innovations in Jordan and Germany File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1726 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1726 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 64-78 Author-Name: Ayham Dalal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International Urbanism and Design, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Amer Darweesh Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International Urbanism and Design, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Philipp Misselwitz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International Urbanism and Design, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Anna Steigemann Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International Urbanism and Design, Technical University of Berlin, Germany Abstract: With the increase of refugee movements since 2014 in Europe and the Near East, the debate of how to plan appropriate shelters and emergency accommodation has gained a new momentum. Established techno-managerial approaches have been criticised as inappropriate and the professional community of planners and architects was increasingly drawn into debates for alternative solutions. This article traces the “innovations” that promise better, more effective, and more humane emergency shelters using the examples of the “Tempohomes” in Berlin as well as the Jordanian refugee camps of Zaatari and Azraq. In both cases, planners were employed to address the ambivalent reality of protracted refugee camps and include “lessons” from failures of earlier solutions. While the article acknowledges the genuine attempt of planners to engage with the more complex needs and expectations of refugees, a careful look at the results of the planning for better camps reveals ambivalent outcomes. As camps acquire a new visual appearance, closer to housing, which mixes shelter design with social spaces and services as essential parts of the camp; these “innovations” bear the danger of paternalistic planning and aestheticisation, camouflaging control under what seems to be well-intended and sensitive planning. The article focuses on refugees’ agency expressed in critical camp studies to interrogate the planning results. While recent critical refugee studies have demanded recognition of refugees as urban actors which should be included in the co-production of the spatial reality of refugee accommodations, new planning approaches tend to result in a shrinking of spaces of self-determination and self-provisioning of refugees. Keywords: agency; asylum; control; design; innovation; migration; refugee camps; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:64-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: European Cities Planning for Asylum File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1834 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1834 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 61-63 Author-Name: Frank Eckardt Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for European Urban Studies, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Germany Abstract: Despite the high priority refugees are given in the public and political discussion, urban planning has not yet started to systematically consider the role of planning in asylum policy. Mostly, the subject of refugees’ arrival is addressed in local projects and housing without framing challenges and opportunities in the national and European context. A wider discussion on the used terminology of “integration” is missing just as much as a self-critical reflection on the orientation of planning discourses on the issue of housing only. In this editorial, our thematic issue “European Cities Planning for Asylum” is introduced and presented. Keywords: accommodation; asylum; cities; Europe; housing; refugees; segregation; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:61-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sustaining Suburbia through New Urbanism: Toward Growing, Green, and Just Suburbs? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1660 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1660 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 50-60 Author-Name: Dan Trudeau Author-Workplace-Name: Geography Department, Macalester College, USA Abstract: This article examines the governance dynamics surrounding the development of sustainable neighborhoods in United States metropolitan contexts characterized as suburban sprawl. Drawing on original case study research of three distinct applications of New Urbanism design principles, the article argues for understanding the relative power of municipal authorities to incorporate social justice imperatives into the practice of sustainable development in suburban contexts. Moreover, key to prioritizing social imperatives is the way in which development processes respond to the “suburban ideal”, which is a view of suburbs as an exclusive bourgeois utopia that constrains the ability to connect so-called sustainable development with social justice. Case study research shows how deference to the suburban ideal limits sustainable development to embracing growth and greening interests only and peripheralizing or denying social justice. The article discusses how sustainable development endeavors can address such constraints in the effort to create alternatives to suburban sprawl that integrate the pursuit of social justice with environmental protection and economic growth. Keywords: New Urbanism; social justice; suburban ideal; suburbs; sustainable development Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:50-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond the Cosmopolis: Sustaining Hyper-Diversity in the Suburbs of Peel Region, Ontario File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1700 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1700 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 38-49 Author-Name: Jennifer Dean Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Canada Author-Name: Kristen Regier Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Canada Author-Name: Asiya Patel Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Canada Author-Name: Kathi Wilson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Canada Author-Name: Effat Ghassemi Author-Workplace-Name: Newcomer Centre of Peel, Canada Abstract: Globalization has increased the flow of transnational migrants into many European and North American cities. These shifting socio-demographic patterns have resulted in the rapid development of ‘cosmopolitan’ urban centres where difference and diversity are ubiquitous (Sandercock, 2003). However, as ethnic enclaves form outside the urban core in suburban communities, there is uncertainty about whether cultural homogeneity is desirable or sustainable in a multicultural country. Indeed, planning communities for increasing diversity and difference will remain, what Leonie Sandercock (2004) calls, “one of the greatest tasks for planners of the 21st century”. Thus, this article uses the theory of hyper-diversity to illuminate how immigrants’ interactions with their local suburban community represents cultural pluralism and diversity beyond ethnicity. Specifically, this study explores differing attitudes, activities and lifestyles among diverse immigrant populations in the Region of Peel, one of the fastest growing and most culturally diverse areas in Canada. Focus groups with 60 immigrant youth and 55 immigrant adults were conducted to qualitatively capture perspectives and experiences in ethnic enclaves. The findings highlight the existence of attitudes in favor of multicultural lifestyles, activities that take newcomers beyond the borders of their enclaves, and lifestyles that require additional infrastructure to support sustainability of immigration in the suburbs. In conclusion, this article adds to the debate on cultural pluralism and ‘homogeneous’ ethnic enclaves by using the emergent concept of hyper-diversity as a way to think about the future sustainability of suburbs in an era of global migration. Keywords: belonging; hyper-diversity; immigration; inclusion; social planning; suburbs Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:38-49 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ‘Social Mix’ as ‘Sustainability Fix’? Exploring Social Sustainability in the French Suburbs File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1675 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1675 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 29-37 Author-Name: Juliet Carpenter Author-Workplace-Name: School of the Built Environment, Oxford Brookes University, UK Abstract: The French suburbs, or banlieues, have long been associated with marginalization and peripheralization, characterized by unemployment, a high proportion of ethnic minority populations and low education attainment levels. Since 2000, the ‘crisis’ of the banlieue has been addressed through a policy of ‘social mixing’ which aims to promote mixed communities in certain neighbourhoods, to dilute the ‘problematic elements’ of the suburbs. This ‘social sustainability fix’ however has had mixed results. Questions can be raised over whether a policy based on increasing a neighbourhood’s social mix is an appropriate sustainability fix for the suburbs, and whether it has actually resulted in the outcomes that were intended. Rather than encouraging social integration, it is argued here that the policy of social mixing reinforces segregation and has done little to tackle inequalities and social exclusion. We suggest that there are alternative solutions to the challenges of fostering social sustainability in the suburbs, which could be implemented in partnership with citizens and neighbourhoodbased groups (associations) that would be more effective in addressing social sustainability solutions in the future. Keywords: banlieue; French suburbs; mixed communities; neighbourhood; social exclusion; social mixing; social sustainability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:29-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Automobile Commuting in Suburban High-Rise Condominium Apartments: Examining Transitions toward Suburban Sustainability in Toronto File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1645 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1645 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 15-28 Author-Name: Markus Moos Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Canada Author-Name: Jonathan Woodside Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Canada Author-Name: Tara Vinodrai Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Canada Author-Name: Cyrus Yan Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Canada Abstract: While North American suburbs remain largely dispersed and auto-dependent, they are also increasingly heterogeneous. Although some suburbs have long been punctuated with high-rise developments, for instance rental apartments in the Canadian context, there are now a growing number of new high-rise condominium developments in suburban settings in both the US and Canada. While much is known about downtown high-rise condominium developments, there has of yet been little to no analysis of this trend in the suburbs. We offer such an analysis using Statistics Canada census data from 2016 in the Toronto metropolitan area. We focus on commuting patterns as an indicator of auto-dependence to test whether suburbs with larger shares of new high-rise condominium apartments (high-rise condo clusters) exhibit lower shares of auto commuting. The focus on auto-dependence is important because development and land use plans commonly use environmental concerns arising from heavy automobile use as a rationale for high-rise development. Our findings suggest that in Toronto suburban high-rise condo clusters offer a less auto-intensive way of living in the suburbs than traditionally has been the case in the suburban ownership market. However, this seems to be limited to particular demographic groups, such as smaller households; and suburban high-rise condos are not an evident sign of a broader transition toward suburban sustainability among the population as a whole in the Toronto case. The potential for transitions toward suburban sustainability could be enhanced with greater investments in transit infrastructure and building higher density mid-rise and ground-oriented dwellings that accommodate larger households still commonly found in low-density, auto-dependent suburbs. Keywords: automobility; condominium; high-rise development; homeownership; suburbs; sustainability; Toronto Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:15-28 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enduring Features of the North American Suburb: Built Form, Automobile Orientation, Suburban Culture and Political Mobilization File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1684 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1684 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 4-14 Author-Name: Pierre Filion Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Canada Abstract: As any social phenomenon, the evolution of suburbs can be seen as at the confluence of two contradictory sets of forces. There are first forces of change, which propel suburbs in new directions. Much of the present literature on suburbs highlights suburban transitions in the form of social and economic diversification, and of new forms of development. The article attempts to rebalance the discourse on suburbs by emphasizing forces of durability. It does not deny the importance of observed suburban transitions, but argues that there is, at the heart of North American suburbs, an enduring automobility-induced transportation dynamic, which reverberates on most aspects of suburbs. The article explores the mechanisms undergirding suburban durability by linking the suburban transportation dynamic to the self-reproductive effects of a suburban lifestyle and culture and their political manifestations. These forces impede planning attempts to transform suburbs in ways that make them more environmentally sustainable. To empirically ground its argument, the article draws on two Toronto region case studies illustrating processes assuring the persistence of the durable features of North American suburbs: the layout of large suburban multifunctional centres and the themes raised by Rob Ford during his successful 2010 mayoralty electoral campaign. Keywords: automobile dependence; land use; North America; suburb; super grid; Toronto; transportation Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:4-14 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Urban Planning and the Suburbs: Solutions for Sustainability from the Edges File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1794 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i4.1794 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-3 Author-Name: Markus Moos Author-Workplace-Name: School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Canada Abstract: This thematic issue of Urban Planning includes five articles that engage critically with the debates regarding the sustainability of suburbs. Contributions include a long-term perspective of the persistence of automobile-based planning and culture in Canada; an assessment of transportation modes among high-rise condominium apartment residents in Toronto’s outer suburbs; an evaluation of policy prescribed social-mix in France’s banlieues; a study of hyper-diversity in Peel Region in the Greater Toronto Area, which positions suburbs as centers of diversity; and an analysis of how the implementation and governance of new urbanist designs in three US communities has generally failed to achieve social objectives. The articles put into question the common approach of implementing suburban sustainability policy via urbanization and social mix. Together, the contributions point to the need for more stringent restrictions on automobile use, enhanced transit service in the suburbs, emphasis on bottom-up, community-driven policy-making, recognition of multiple dimensions of diversity, and strong political leadership to drive sustainability policy forward. Keywords: planning; solutions; suburbs; sustainability Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:4:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reconsidering ‘Desire’ and ‘Style’: A Lefebvrian Approach to Democratic Orientation in Planning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1362 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1362 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 105-111 Author-Name: Yukihiro Yamamoto Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan Abstract: In Henri Lefebvre’s theory, the space in process of social production is regarded as the very condition of accomplishing the ‘desire’ to do or to create something. This article argues that we need to understand the implications of the ‘desire’ in order to make use of his urban theory in today’s planning. Introducing this idea, in the 1960s and 1970s, Lefebvre attempted  to create our own style of living, that is, to produce the appropriated space which differed from the technocratically-planned spaces where people devote themselves into repetitively fulfilling their needs for specific objects like a laboratory rat in the experiment of looped system. For all his utopian strategies, Lefebvre made practical suggestions on turning our cities more desire-based, that is to say, more democratically designed; it would be very helpful for today’s urban planning to go back to his argument on the difference between ‘desire’ and ‘need’, or the connection between ‘desire’ and the style of living. Keywords: cybernanthrope; democratic planning; desire; difference; functionalism; Henri Lefebvre; need; orientation; style Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:105-111 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: After Planning, the Production of Radical Social Space in Barcelona: Real-Estate Financial Circuit and (De Facto) Right to the City File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1360 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1360 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 83-104 Author-Name: Pedro Jiménez-Pacheco Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Theory and History of Architecture, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain Abstract: This article is based on the premise that it is possible to apply Henri Lefebvre’s critical-theoretical apparatus to complex urban processes as a pedagogical case study. From previous knowledge of Lefebvrian thought, the article provides an overview of what Lefebvre called “the science of the use of social space”, supported by a transdisciplinary methodological plurality. The starting point is that neoliberal social space is produced, prepared, and led to the imminent urban post-neoliberalism, in the midst of this movement, a sophisticated planning system appears, with the old promise of service tradition, egalitarian ethics and pragmatic orientation. But in practice, it only reproduces the impotence of being inside a wave of localized surplus-benefits that expels human residues, avoiding any reaction. The Lefebvrian apparatus and a part of its theoretical tradition guide the research on Barcelona as a paradigm of global real-estate violence. This urban phenomenon is examined in central Barcelona, in order to rescue it from the pessimism of its own inhabitants, from the harsh perception that urban centrality no longer reproduces life. In this way, the article puts into operation an analytical tool designed to sabotage the real-estate circuit through a renewed right to the production of radical social space. Keywords: Barcelona; Henri Lefebvre; production of social space; real state circuit; rental housing; right to the city; urban analysis Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:83-104 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: On Architectural Space and Modes of Subjectivity: Producing the Material Conditions for Creative-Productive Activity File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1379 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1379 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 70-82 Author-Name: Daniel Koch Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Abstract: This article discusses extended implications of Lefebvre’s The Production of Space in the context of contemporary global neoliberalism, by focus on its presence in architectural space as lived space and spatial practice. The main discussion concerns Lefebvre’s concepts of abstract space, in relation to Felix Guattari’s three ecologies, and the Aristotelean triad of aisthesis, poiesis and techné. The focus here concerns material architectural space and its relation to modes of subjectivity, especially creative-productive versus consuming subjectivities. The argument begins by elaborating on an understanding of abstract space as present in material architectural space as pervasive processes of disassociation of materiality and labor, and proceeds to through these concepts discuss modes of subjectivity—the dependence of abstract space on subjects as consumers—and the way this relates to challenges of sustainability. It further points to the importance of architectural space considered as built material environment for creative-productive modes of subjectivity which challenge abstract space and in extension consumer society, by offering potential dispositions that set subjects in a different relation to the world. Keywords: abstract space; architectural space; Lefebvre; modes of subjectivity; three ecologies Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:70-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Critique, Creativity and the Co-Optation of the Urban: A Case of Blind Fields and Vague Spaces in Lefebvre, Copenhagen and Current Perceptions of the Urban File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1394 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1394 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 52-69 Author-Name: Jan Lilliendahl Larsen Author-Workplace-Name: Supertanker, Denmark Author-Name: Jens Brandt Author-Workplace-Name: School of Architecture, Tampere University of Technology, Finland Abstract: Even though more than four decades have passed since the writing of The Production of Space, with walls, governance regimes and financial markets coming tumbling down, cities around the globe still find themselves in—and reproduce what Lefebvre would characterize as—abstract space, a space produced by economy and bureaucracy, and reproducing dominant regimes thereof beyond the grasp of users and inhabitants of cities. In this article, it is argued that an urban perception is cancelled out in the reductive struggle between two dominant perceptions of urban change. The article unfolds in three moments: firstly, an outline of Henri Lefebvre’s critique of ‘the urban’ and ‘the production of space’ is presented in order to clarify his critique of reductive perceptions and the significance of the urban in his work; secondly, a conceptualizing narrative anchoring Lefebvre’s concepts to recent developments in Copenhagen, not least developments related to the sub-cultures, is explored — showing how different agents pursue the realization of different perceptions of urban change; thirdly, it is concluded that this development needs to be conceptualized as a reduction of the urban into a residual as well as the unfolding of a dominant contradiction between ‘critique’ and ‘creativity’. Keywords: centralities; creative cities; critique of neo-liberalism; diversion; Henri Lefebvre; reduction; the urban; transduction; urban change; vague space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:52-69 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Polyphonic Story of Urban Densification File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1340 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1340 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 40-51 Author-Name: Antti Wallin Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management, University of Tampere, Finland Author-Name: Helena Leino Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management, University of Tampere, Finland Author-Name: Ari Jokinen Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management, University of Tampere, Finland Author-Name: Markus Laine Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management, University of Tampere, Finland Author-Name: Johanna Tuomisaari Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management, University of Tampere, Finland Author-Name: Pia Bäcklund Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: Urban strategies, representing stories of possible futures, often intervene in already established local communities and therefore call for a considerate urban intervention. This article utilises the ideas of Henri Lefebvre’s socially produced space and of literature on stories involved in planning. Our empirical example tells a story of urban densification aspirations for an inner-city neighbourhood in Tampere, Finland. By combining the interviews of local people and planners with policy documents, we argue that planners’ stories pay too little attention to the place and to local stories. Planners’ abstract visions of the future and local stories building on lived experiences both draw meanings from the same place but have very different intentions. In our case, the consultation of the project started out wrong because the planners neglected a neighbourhood thick in symbolic meanings and the local stories’ power in resistance. By understanding the place as polyphonic in its foundation, planners could learn about the symbolic elements and reasons for people’s place attachment, and thus end up re-writing the place together. Urban interventions such as urban densification should connect to the place as part of its polyphonic historical continuum and acknowledge the residents’ place attachments. Keywords: Henri Lefebvre; place attachment; polyphony; spatial triad; stories; storytelling; urban densification; urban infill Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:40-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Lefebvrian Analysis of Public Spaces in Mangaung, South Africa File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1363 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1363 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 26-39 Author-Name: Ernestina S. Nkooe Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of the Free State, South Africa Abstract: Hoffman Square, Driehoek Neighbourhood Park and Old Regional Park are public spaces in Mangaung. Henri Lefebvre’s The Production of Space and Elements of Rhythmanalysis are explored in the analysis of these public spaces’ organised representations, representational uses and rhythmic spatial practices. This article found that: (1) public spaces in Mangaung are lived spaces that are regularly appropriated by inhabitants whose unpoliced social practices of vandalism and littering—along with the harsh regional climate—deteriorate the physical quality of the public spaces, secreting environmental incivility in the public spaces; (2) cyclical rhythms of night and day times have a practical impact on the spatial practices of each public space in spite of their design and location. For example, day-time entails high and rapid levels of public space uses while night-time diffuses these dynamics significantly; and (3) Mangaung’s spatial plans encourage the liberal uses of its public spaces however, it fails to enforce its by-laws to curb experienced physical decay of, and environmental incivility in, the public spaces. This increases the vulnerability of its public spaces to external shocks—emanating from nature and society—thus depriving the public spaces of an opportunity to be perceived as alternatives for urban regeneration and local economic revitalisation. Keywords: Bloemfontein; Henri Lefebvre; public space; secondary cities; Thaba Nchu Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:26-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dead Grass: Foreclosure and the Production of Space in Maricopa County, Arizona File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1352 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1352 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 16-25 Author-Name: Bethany B. Cutts Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, USA / Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University Author-Name: Michael Minn Author-Workplace-Name: Department of History, Politics, and Geography, Farmingdale State College, State University of New York, USA Abstract: A wide variety of economic, social, political and moral explanations have been given for why the foreclosure crisis of the late 2000s occurred. Yet many of the tensions provoked by the uptick in foreclosure proceedings, their resolution during the foreclosure recovery process, and the insight they provide into the function of American space remain unexplored. This article uses Lefebvre’s The Production of Space as a framework to explore the spatial and ecological contradictions of suburban development in Maricopa County (Phoenix), Arizona, USA, and the ways those contradictions were drawn into relief by the foreclosure crisis of the late 2000s. Analysis through this Lefebvrian lens uncovers symbolic meanings assigned to urban ecologies and their ruliness as a means of drawing legal devices such as nuisance laws and housing codes into a more-than-human frenzy. This article follows a growing tradition of scholarship that employs Lefebvrian insights to identify and explicate urban planning dilemmas. Keywords: Arizona; foreclosure; Henri Lefebvre; Phoenix; suburban development; The Production of Space; urban ecology Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:16-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Lefebvre’s Politics of Space: Planning the Urban as Oeuvre File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1343 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1343 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 5-15 Author-Name: Andrzej Zieleniec Author-Workplace-Name: Keele University, UK Abstract: Henri Lefebvre’s project, developed over decades of research produced a corpus of work that sought to reprioritise the fundamental role of space in the experience and practice of social life. His assertion that there is ‘politics of space’ provides a challenge to the planning and design of the built environment by emphasising the need to understand the complex of elements involved in ‘the production of space’. Lefebvre’s approach and his ‘cry and demand’ for a ‘right to the city’ reflects the fundamental focus and importance he imparts to the practices, meanings and values associated with the inhabitation and use of the social spaces of everyday life. It will be argued that planning and design theory and practice should seek to address more fully and incorporate Lefebvre’s spatial theory as a means to reinvigorate and regenerate the urban as a lived environment, as an oeuvre, as opportunity for inhabitation, festival and play and not merely as a functional habitat impelled by the needs of power and capital. Keywords: built environment; city; design; Lefebvre; oeuvre; planning; space; urban Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:5-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Henri Lefebvre, Planning’s Friend or Implacable Critic? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1578 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i3.1578 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Michael E. Leary-Owhin Author-Workplace-Name: School of Law and Social Sciences, London South Bank University, UK Abstract: This is the first issue of an academic journal, of which I am aware, to focus on Henri Lefebvre and urban planning. Urban spatial planning evolved as a concept to integrate the complex social, economic, environmental, political and land use conundrums of late 20th century society. Similarly, the spatial ideas of Henri Lefebvre encompass these issues but stress the importance of everyday life, production, culture and history. This thematic issue of Urban Planning is predicated principally on three of Lefebvre’s major works: The Production of Space (Lefebvre, 1974/1991), Critique of Everyday Life (Lefebvre, 1947/1991) and The Urban Revolution (Lefebvre, 1970/2003). Lefebvre’s ideas regarding the investigation of cities and urban society have been taken up most vigorously in the fields of geography, urban studies and latterly architecture. Despite this, it is clear that Lefebvre’s five central concepts—the production of space, abstract space, everyday life, the right to the city and planetary urbanisation—provide powerful tools for the examination of urban planning, cities and urban society in the Global North and South. Anglophone urban planning first embraced Lefebvre’s ideas in the 1980s. Surprisingly then, it is only in the last ten years or so that urban planning academia and research has witnessed a blossoming of interest in Lefebvre’s ideas. Keywords: everyday life; Henri Lefebvre; modern planning; production of space; spatial triad; urban planning; urban space Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:3:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Dilemmas of Citizen Inclusion in Urban Planning and Governance to Enable a 1.5 °C Climate Change Scenario File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1292 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1292 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 128-140 Author-Name: Eric Chu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Todd Schenk Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public and International Affairs, Virginia Tech, USA Author-Name: James Patterson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Management, Science and Technology, The Netherlands Open University, The Netherlands / Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Cities around the world are facilitating ambitious and inclusive action on climate change by adopting participatory and collaborative planning approaches. However, given the major political, spatial, and scalar interdependencies involved, the extent to which these planning tools equip cities to realise 1.5 °C climate change scenarios is unclear. This article draws upon emerging knowledge in the fields of urban planning and urban climate governance to explore complementary insights into how cities can pursue ambitious and inclusive climate action to realise 1.5 °C climate change scenarios. We observe that urban planning scholarship is often under-appreciated in urban climate governance research, while conversely, promising urban planning tools and approaches can be limited by the contested realities of urban climate governance. By thematically reviewing diverse examples of urban climate action across the globe, we identify three key categories of planning dilemmas: institutional heterogeneity, scalar mismatch, and equity and justice concerns. We argue that lessons from urban planning and urban climate governance scholarship should be integrated to better understand how cities can realise 1.5 °C climate change scenarios in practice. Keywords: climate change; collaboration; inclusion; public participation; urban climate research; urban governance; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:128-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighborhood “Choice Architecture”: A New Strategy for Lower-Emissions Urban Planning? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1296 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1296 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 113-127 Author-Name: Michael W. Mehaffy Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Future of Places, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Abstract: Recent advances in the field of behavioral economics offer intriguing insights into the ways that consumer decisions are influenced and may be influenced more deliberately to better meet community-wide and democratic goals. We demonstrate that these insights open a door to urban planners who may thereby develop strategies to alter urban-scale consumption behaviors that may significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita. We first hypothesize that it is possible, through feasible changes in neighborhood structure, to alter the “choice architecture” of neighborhoods in order to achieve meaningful GHG reductions. We then formulate a number of elements of “choice architecture” that may be applied as tools at the neighborhood scale. We examine several neighborhoods that demonstrate variations in these elements, and from known inventories, we generate a preliminary assessment of the possible magnitude of GHG reductions that may be available. Although we acknowledge many remaining challenges, we conclude that “neighborhood choice architecture” offers a promising new strategy meriting further research and development. Keywords: behavioral economics; choice architecture; climate change mitigation; greenhouse gas emissions; neighborhood planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:113-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bhutan: Can the 1.5 °C Agenda Be Integrated with Growth in Wealth and Happiness? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1250 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1250 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 94-112 Author-Name: Dorji Yangka Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Author-Name: Peter Newman Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Abstract: Bhutan is a tiny kingdom nested in the fragile ecosystem of the eastern Himalayan range, with urbanisation striding at a rapid rate. To the global community, Bhutan is known for its Gross National Happiness (GNH), which in many ways is an expression of the Sustainable Development concept. Bhutan is less known for its policy of being carbon neutral, which has been in place since the 15th session of the Conference of Parties meeting in 2009 and was reiterated in their Nationally Determined Contribution with the Paris Agreement. Bhutan achieves its carbon neutral status through its hydro power and forest cover. Like most emerging countries, Bhutan wants to increase its wealth and become a middle income country by 2020, as well as increase its GNH. This article looks at the planning options to integrate the three core national goals of GNH, economic growth (GDP) and greenhouse gas (GHG). We investigate whether Bhutan can contribute to the 1.5 °C agenda through its ‘zero carbon commitment’ as well as growing in GDP and improving GNH. Using the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning model, this article shows that carbon neutral status would be broken by 2037 or 2044 under a high GDP economic outlook, as well as a business as usual scenario. National and urban policy interventions are thus required to maintain carbon neutral status. Key areas of transport and industry are examined under two alternative scenarios and these are feasible to integrate the three goals of GHG, GDP and GNH. Power can be kept carbon neutral relatively easily through modest increases in hydro. The biggest issue is to electrify the transport system and plans are being developed to electrify both freight and passenger transport. Keywords: Bhutan; carbon neutral; economic growth; electrified transport; emission; energy policy; greenhouse gas; Gross National Happiness; LEAP model; urbanisation; wellbeing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:94-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beijing’s Peak Car Transition: Hope for Emerging Cities in the 1.5 °C Agenda File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1246 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1246 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 82-93 Author-Name: Yuan Gao Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Author-Name: Peter Newman Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Abstract: Peak car has happened in most developed cities, but for the 1.5 °C agenda the world also needs emerging cities to go through this transition. Data on Beijing shows that it has reached peak car over the past decade. Evidence is provided for peak car in Beijing from traffic supply (freeway length per capita and parking bays per private car) and traffic demand (private car ownership, automobile modal split, and Vehicle Kilometres Travelled per capita). Most importantly the data show Beijing has reduced car use absolutely whilst its GDP has continued to grow. Significant growth in electric vehicles and bikes is also happening. Beijing’s transition is explained in terms of changing government policies and emerging cultural trends, with a focus on urban fabrics theory. The implications for other emerging cities are developed out of this case study. Beijing’s on-going issues with the car and oil will remain a challenge but the first important transition is well underway. Keywords: Beijing; emerging cities; peak car; traffic demand; traffic supply; urban fabrics Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:82-93 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: WGV: An Australian Urban Precinct Case Study to Demonstrate the 1.5 °C Agenda Including Multiple SDGs File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1245 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1245 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 64-81 Author-Name: Jason Wiktorowicz Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Author-Name: Tanya Babaeff Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Author-Name: Jessica Breadsell Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Author-Name: Josh Byrne Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Author-Name: James Eggleston Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Author-Name: Peter Newman Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Abstract: The WGV project is an infill residential development in a middle suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Its urban planning innovation is in its attempt to demonstrate net zero carbon as well as other sustainability goals set by urban planning processes such as community engagement and the One Planet Living accreditation process. It is a contribution to the IPCC 1.5 °C agenda which seeks to achieve deep decarbonization while also delivering the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Solar photovoltaics and battery storage are incorporated into the development and create net zero carbon power through an innovative ‘citizen utility’ with peer-to-peer trading. The multiple sustainable development features such as water sensitive design, energy efficiency, social housing, heritage retention, landscape and community involvement, are aiming to provide inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable living and have been assessed under the SDG framework. Keywords: decarbonising; sustainable development; Sustainable Development Goals; sustainable precinct; zero carbon Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:64-81 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Slum Upgrading: Can the 1.5 °C Carbon Reduction Work with SDGs in these Settlements? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1239 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1239 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 52-63 Author-Name: Zafu Assefa Teferi Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University, Australia Author-Name: Peter Newman Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University, Australia Abstract: The need to improve slum housing is a major urban planning agenda, especially in Africa and Asia. This article addresses whether it seems feasible to do this whilst helping achieve the 1.5 °C agenda, which requires zero carbon power along with enabling the Sustainable Development Goals. Survey data from Jakarta and Addis Ababa on the metabolism and liveability of slums are used to illustrate these issues. The article shows that this is possible due to advances in community-based distributed infrastructure that enable community structures to be retained whilst improving physical conditions. The urban planning implications are investigated to enable these ‘leapfrog’ technologies and a more inclusive approach to slums that enables in situ redevelopment instead of slum clearance, and which could be assisted through climate financing. Keywords: climate financing; informal settlements; metabolism; SDGs; slum redevelopment; urban planning; zero carbon Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:52-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Carbon Footprint Planning: Quantifying Local and State Mitigation Opportunities for 700 California Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1218 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1218 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 35-51 Author-Name: Christopher M. Jones Author-Workplace-Name: Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, Energy and Resources Group, University of California - Berkeley, USA Author-Name: Stephen M. Wheeler Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Ecology, University of California - Davis, USA Author-Name: Daniel M. Kammen Author-Workplace-Name: Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory, Energy and Resources Group, University of California - Berkeley, USA / Goldman School of Public Policy, University of California - Berkeley, USA / Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California - Berkeley, USA Abstract: Consumption-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories have emerged to describe full life cycle contributions of households to climate change at country, state and increasingly city scales. Using this approach, how much carbon footprint abatement potential is within the control of local governments, and which policies hold the most potential to reduce emissions? This study quantifies the potential of local policies and programs to meet aggressive GHG reduction targets using a consumption-based, high geospatial resolution planning model for the state of California. We find that roughly 35% of all carbon footprint abatement potential statewide is from activities at least partially within the control of local governments. The study shows large variation in the size and composition of carbon footprints and abatement opportunities by ~23,000 Census block groups (i.e., neighborhood-scale within cities), 717 cities and 58 counties across the state. These data and companion online tools can help cities better understand priorities to reduce GHGs from a comprehensive, consumption-based perspective, with potential application to the full United States and internationally. Keywords: carbon footprint; climate action plans; climate change, consumption; emissions inventory; greenhouse gas Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:35-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Financing Indian Urban Rail through Land Development: Case Studies and Implications for the Accelerated Reduction in Oil Associated with 1.5 °C File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1158 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1158 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 21-34 Author-Name: Rohit Sharma Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Curtin University, Australia Abstract: Urban travel demand and oil dependence need dramatic change to achieve the 1.5 °C degree target especially with the electrification of all land-based passenger transport and the decarbonizing of electric power. In this article we investigate the transition of ‘oil-based automobile dependence’ to ‘urban rail plus renewable energy’ to cater for transport demand in Indian cities. India is perceived to be a key driver of global oil demand in coming decades due to the potential increase in car use driven by a fast growing national average income. However, it is possible that India could surprise the world by aggressively pursuing an electrified transit agenda within and between cities and associated supporting local transport with electric vehicles, together with renewable power to fuel this transport. The changes will require two innovations that this article focuses on. First, innovative financing of urban and intercity rail through land-based finances as funding and financing of such projects has been a global challenge. Second, enabling Indian cities to rapidly adopt solar energy for all its electrified transport systems over oil plus car dependence. The article suggests that Indian cities may contribute substantially to the 1.5 °C agenda as both policies appear to be working. Keywords: 1.5 °C agenda; cities; climate change; India; renewables; substantially; urban rail; urban travel Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:21-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The City of the Future File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1247 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i2.1247 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-20 Author-Name: Garry Glazebrook Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Design, Architecture and Building, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Peter Newman Author-Workplace-Name: Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute (CUSP), Australia Abstract: Limiting global warming to 1.5 °C will require rapid decarbonisation of the world’s electricity and transport systems. This must occur against a background of continuing urbanisation and the shift to the information economy. While replacement of fossil fuels in electricity generation is underway, urban transport is currently dominated by petrol and diesel-powered vehicles. The City of the Future will need to be built around a different transport and urban paradigm. This article argues that the new model will be a polycentric city linked by fast electric rail, with local access based on autonomous “community”-owned electric cars and buses supplemented by bicycles, electric bikes and scooters, with all electricity generated from renewables. Less space will be wasted on roads and parking, enabling higher accessibility yet more usable public open space. Building the cities of the future will require national governments to accelerate local initiatives through appropriate policy settings and strategic investment. The precise way in which individual cities move into the future will vary, and the article illustrates how the transformation could work for Australian cities, like Sydney, currently some of the most car dependent in the world, using new financial and city partnerships. Keywords: 1.5 °C agenda; decarbonisation; future city; information and communication technology; public space; transport Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:2:p:1-20 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Crowdsourcing Local Knowledge with PPGIS and Social Media for Urban Planning to Reveal Intangible Cultural Heritage File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1266 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i1.1266 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 1 Pages: 100-115 Author-Name: Pilvi Nummi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Finland Abstract: In participatory urban planning, understanding local stakeholders’ viewpoints is central, and, thus, gathering local knowledge has become a frequent task in planning practice. However, the built cultural heritage is usually evaluated by experts neglecting the values and opinions of citizens. In this study, a crowdsourcing model for assessing local residents’ viewpoints and values related to the built cultural heritage of Nikkilä was developed. The aim was to find out if crowdsourcing with public participation GIS and social media is a functional method for revealing local people’s values, place-based memories and experiences. In the case study, non-professional knowledge was compared with expert knowledge and valuable knowledge about the intangible aspects of the built cultural heritage was reached through place-based memories. Apart from that, social media provided visual representations of place-based experiences and a tool for building a collective memory. Based on the results, it is evident that a multi-method crowdsourcing model can be a functional model for crowdsourcing local knowledge. However, there are several challenges in analysing data and using the knowledge in urban planning. Keywords: crowdsourcing; cultural heritage; place-based memories; PPGIS; social media; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:1:p:100-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: #London2012: Towards Citizen-Contributed Urban Planning Through Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1287 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i1.1287 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 1 Pages: 75-99 Author-Name: Anna Kovacs-Gyori Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics—Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Austria Author-Name: Alina Ristea Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics—Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Austria Author-Name: Clemens Havas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics—Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Austria Author-Name: Bernd Resch Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics—Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Austria / Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, USA Author-Name: Pablo Cabrera-Barona Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Higher National Studies—IAEN, Ecuador / Latin American Social Sciences Institute—FLACSO, Ecuador Abstract: The dynamic nature of cities, understood as complex systems with a variety of concurring factors, poses significant challenges to urban analysis for supporting planning processes. This particularly applies to large urban events because their characteristics often contradict daily planning routines. Due to the availability of large amounts of data, social media offer the possibility for fine-scale spatial and temporal analysis in this context, especially regarding public emotions related to varied topics. Thus, this article proposes a combined approach for analyzing large sports events considering event days vs comparison days (before or after the event) and different user groups (residents vs visitors), as well as integrating sentiment analysis and topic extraction. Our results based on various analyses of tweets demonstrate that different spatial and temporal patterns can be identified, clearly distinguishing both residents and visitors, along with positive or negative sentiment. Furthermore, we could assign tweets to specific urban events or extract topics related to the transportation infrastructure. Although the results are potentially able to support urban planning processes of large events, the approach still shows some limitations including well-known biases in social media or shortcomings in identifying the user groups and in the topic modeling approach. Keywords: geographic information; GIS; Olympic Games; planned events; sentiment analysis; social media; spatiotemporal analysis; topic extraction Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:1:p:75-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social and Physical Characterization of Urban Contexts: Techniques and Methods for Quantification, Classification and Purposive Sampling File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1269 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i1.1269 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 1 Pages: 58-74 Author-Name: Miguel Serra Author-Workplace-Name: Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, University of Porto, Portugal Author-Name: Sophia Psarra Author-Workplace-Name: Space Syntax Laboratory, Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, UK Author-Name: Jamie O'Brien Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, UK Abstract: Robust quantitative descriptions of the social and physical characteristics of urban contexts are essential for assessing the impacts of urban environments on other, potentially dependent variables. Common methodologies used for that purpose, however, are either coarse or suffer from biasing effects. At the social level, the use of indicators encoded into pre-defined areal units, makes results prone to the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. At the physical level, the adopted morphological indicators are usually highly aggregated descriptors of urban form. Moreover, there is a lack of explicit methodologies for the purposive sampling of urban contexts with specific combinations of social and physical characteristics, which—we argue—may be more effective than probabilistic sampling, when exploring phenomena as elusive as the effects of urban contextual factors. This article presents a set of GIS-based methods for addressing these issues, based on: a) local indicators of spatial association; b) detailed quantitative morphological descriptions, coupled with unsupervised classification techniques; and c) purposive sampling strategies carried out on the data generated by the proposed context characterization methods (a and b). The methods are illustrated through the characterization of the urban contexts of the 77 state-sector secondary schools in Liverpool, but are generalizable across all categories of urban objects and are independent of the geographical context of implementation. Keywords: characterization; morphological; purposive sampling; socio-economic; urban context Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:1:p:58-74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Essential Means for Urban Computing: Specification of Web-Based Computing Platforms for Urban Planning, a Hitchhiker’s Guide File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1299 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i1.1299 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 1 Pages: 47-57 Author-Name: Pirouz Nourian Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Author-Name: Carlos Martinez-Ortiz Author-Workplace-Name: Netherlands eScience Center, The Netherlands Author-Name: Ken Arroyo Ohori Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands Abstract: This article provides an overview of the specifications of web-based computing platforms for urban data analytics and computational urban planning practice. There are currently a variety of tools and platforms that can be used in urban computing practices, including scientific computing languages, interactive web languages, data sharing platforms and still many desktop computing environments, e.g., GIS software applications. We have reviewed a list of technologies considering their potential and applicability in urban planning and urban data analytics. This review is not only based on the technical factors such as capabilities of the programming languages but also the ease of developing and sharing complex data processing workflows. The arena of web-based computing platforms is currently under rapid development and is too volatile to be predictable; therefore, in this article we focus on the specification of the requirements and potentials from an urban planning point of view rather than speculating about the fate of computing platforms or programming languages. The article presents a list of promising computing technologies, a technical specification of the essential data models and operators for geo-spatial data processing, and mathematical models for an ideal urban computing platform. Keywords: dataflow programming; decision support; planning support; spatial computing; urban computing Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:1:p:47-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: All Work and No Play? Facilitating Serious Games and Gamified Applications in Participatory Urban Planning and Governance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1261 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i1.1261 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 1 Pages: 34-46 Author-Name: Cristina Ampatzidou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning & Environment, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Author-Name: Katharina Gugerell Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning & Environment, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Author-Name: Teodora Constantinescu Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture & Arts, Hasselt University, Belgium Author-Name: Oswald Devisch Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture & Arts, Hasselt University, Belgium Author-Name: Martina Jauschneg Author-Workplace-Name: Green City Lab Vienna, Austria Author-Name: Martin Berger Author-Workplace-Name: Green City Lab Vienna, Austria Abstract: As games and gamified applications gain prominence in the academic debate on participatory practices, it is worth examining whether the application of such tools in the daily planning practice could be beneficial. This study identifies a research–practice gap in the current state of participatory urban planning practices in three European cities. Planners and policymakers acknowledge the benefits of employing such tools to illustrate complex urban issues, evoke social learning, and make participation more accessible. However, a series of impediments relating to planners’ inexperience with participatory methods, resource constraints, and sceptical adult audiences, limits the broader application of games and gamified applications within participatory urban planning practices. Games and gamified applications could become more widely employed within participatory planning processes when process facilitators become better educated and better able to judge the situations in which such tools could be implemented as part of the planning process, and if such applications are simple and useful, and if their development process is based on co-creation with the participating publics. Keywords: citizen engagement; games; gamification; participatory planning; serious games; urban governance; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:1:p:34-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Investigating the Emotional Responses of Individuals to Urban Green Space Using Twitter Data: A Critical Comparison of Three Different Methods of Sentiment Analysis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1231 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i1.1231 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 1 Pages: 21-33 Author-Name: Helen Roberts Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Bernd Resch Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, Austria / Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, USA Author-Name: Jon Sadler Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Lee Chapman Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Andreas Petutschnig Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, Austria Author-Name: Stefan Zimmer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, Austria Abstract: In urban research, Twitter data have the potential to provide additional information about urban citizens, their activities, mobility patterns and emotion. Extracting the sentiment present in tweets is increasingly recognised as a valuable approach to gathering information on the mood, opinion and emotional responses of individuals in a variety of contexts. This article evaluates the potential of deriving emotional responses of individuals while they experience and interact with urban green space. A corpus of over 10,000 tweets relating to 60 urban green spaces in Birmingham, United Kingdom was analysed for positivity, negativity and specific emotions, using manual, semi-automated and automated methods of sentiment analysis and the outputs of each method compared. Similar numbers of tweets were annotated as positive/neutral/negative by all three methods; however, inter-method consistency in tweet assignment between the methods was low. A comparison of all three methods on the same corpus of tweets, using character emojis as an additional quality control, identifies a number of limitations associated with each approach. The results presented have implications for urban planners in terms of the choices available to identify and analyse the sentiment present in tweets, and the importance of choosing the most appropriate method. Future attempts to develop more reliable and accurate algorithms of sentiment analysis are needed and should focus on semi-automated methods. Keywords: emotions; sentiment analysis; Twitter; urban green space; urban planning Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:1:p:21-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Crowdsourced Quantification and Visualization of Urban Mobility Space Inequality File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning/article/view/1209 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/up.v3i1.1209 Journal: Urban Planning Volume: 3 Year: 2018 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-20 Author-Name: Michael Szell Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Network Science, Central European University, Hungary / Center for Complex Network Research, Northeastern University, USA / Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Austria / MTA KRTK Agglomeration and Social Networks Lendület Research Group, Centre for Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary Abstract: Most cities are car-centric, allocating a privileged amount of urban space to cars at the expense of sustainable mobility like cycling. Simultaneously, privately owned vehicles are vastly underused, wasting valuable opportunities for accommodating more people in a livable urban environment by occupying spacious parking areas. Since a data-driven quantification and visualization of such urban mobility space inequality is lacking, here we explore how crowdsourced data can help to advance its understanding. In particular, we describe how the open-source online platform What the Street!? uses massive user-generated data from OpenStreetMap for the interactive exploration of city-wide mobility spaces. Using polygon packing and graph algorithms, the platform rearranges all parking and mobility spaces of cars, rails, and bicycles of a city to be directly comparable, making mobility space inequality accessible to a broad public. This crowdsourced method confirms a prevalent imbalance between modal share and space allocation in 23 cities worldwide, typically discriminating bicycles. Analyzing the guesses of the platform’s visitors about mobility space distributions, we find that this discrimination is consistently underestimated in the public opinion. Finally, we discuss a visualized scenario in which extensive parking areas are regained through fleets of shared, autonomous vehicles. We outline how such accessible visualization platforms can facilitate urban planners and policy makers to reclaim road and parking space for pushing forward sustainable transport solutions. Keywords: big data; bin packing; crowdsourcing; data visualization; mobility; OpenStreetMap; sustainable transport; transport justice; urban space inventory; volunteered geographical information Handle: RePEc:cog:urbpla:v3:y:2018:i:1:p:1-20