This thematic issue explores the applications of artificial intelligence‐based technologies and their potential for producing discriminatory and biased outcomes based on ethnicity, religion, and gender. This thematic issue adds to the ongoing debate with theoretical and empirical studies and a commentary that examine the topic from various perspectives. This editorial discusses the key themes highlighted in the studies and presents the findings of the different contributions to this collection.
Keywords: algorithms; artificial intelligence; automated decision‐making systems; bias; discrimination Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8942 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How to Include Artificial Bodies as Citizens File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8337 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8337 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8337 Author-Name: Pramod K. Nayar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of English, University of Hyderabad, India Abstract: This essay ponders on the thorny issue of including artificial beings under the category of “citizen.” The increasing humanization of the artificial being, it suggests, prevents us from seeing and treating the machine as a being. But if the humanoid robot performs all the functions of a human being, and acquires cultural traits such as emotional intelligence, rational thinking, or altruism, then on what grounds do we deny it the same status as a human person? Conversely, as more and more humans are cyborged, through transplants, implants, and prostheses, resulting in an erasure of their “core” humanity, then what is the difference between such a cyborged human with human rights and an artificial being? Keywords: artificial beings; citizenship; humanoid robots; moral standing; personhood Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8337 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Global Disappearance of Decent Work? Precarity, Exploitation, and Work‐Based Harms in the Neoliberal Era File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8755 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8755 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8755 Author-Name: Adam Formby Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lincoln, UK Author-Name: Mustapha Sheikh Author-Workplace-Name: School of Languages, Cultures and Societies, University of Leeds, UK Author-Name: Bob Jeffery Author-Workplace-Name: Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK Abstract: This thematic issue offers an international perspective on precarious work and the social harms generated by such work. In the following introduction, we contextualise these trends in relation to entrenched neoliberal policy, rising contractual insecurity, the proliferation of borders, and other forms of institutional discrimination and inequality. We distinguish between formal contractual insecurity and the subjective experiences of precarity, interrogate the types of harms that accompany precarious work, and set out a social justice perspective for an engaged critique of precarious work. The collection is truly global in its scope, encompassing case studies from Bangladesh, China, Czechia, Ecuador, Finland, Italy, India, Jordan, Latvia, and Spain. These case studies draw out the diverse contexts for rising precarity, ranging from post‐soviet, post‐socialist, and neoliberal transitions to post‐colonial and neocolonial contexts, examining how precarity is shaped by and interacts with divisions of ethnicity, migration status, gender, sexuality, and class. This thematic issue arises out of the work of the (In)Justice International Collective and is dedicated to the organization’s founder, Dr. Simon Prideaux, who passed away in 2023. Keywords: contractual insecurity; globalisation; multiplication of labour; neoliberalism; precarious work; precarity; social harms Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8755 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to Labour and “Differential Inclusion” for Young Venezuelan Migrants in Ecuador File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7762 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7762 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7762 Author-Name: Daniela Célleri Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany / Department of International Relations, National Institute for Higher Studies (IAEN), Ecuador Abstract: Young migrants and refugees provide important inputs concerning production and social reproduction mechanisms (care work) that reproduce unequal but highly profitable patterns of accumulation around the world. The expansion of globalisation and neoliberalism has deepened such social dynamics, leading to a “multiplication of labour.” The diversification and heterogenization of migrant labour within neoliberal frameworks raise ethical and human rights concerns, including issues related to fair wages, working conditions, and access to social protections. After a neoliberal era in Latin America, the emergence of post‐development politics in the region led to increased efforts to address the needs of these populations. This article seeks to contribute to debates about “differential inclusion” in South–South migration and access to labour and social protection by analysing a specific case study of young Venezuelans, a recently growing phenomenon that has a great impact on the region. Ecuador is noteworthy because it hosts one of the largest populations of Venezuelan migrants and refugees and has adopted a human rights perspective in conjunction with public investments in social policy, health, and education. Despite efforts to legalize the work status of Venezuelan migrants, a more restrictive policy began to be implemented in 2019 that limited their access to formal labour and social protection. Within these complex dynamics of differential inclusion, instead of seeing these young migrants and refugees as victims, we analyse their resilience strategies of accessing social provisions while coping with informality and irregular status, as well as conditions of multiplication of labour. Using four real‐life stories as examples taken from a larger ethnographic study, we illustrate how dynamics of differential inclusion intersect with the gender, age, and legal status of young Venezuelans in Ecuador. The case studies are complemented with structural explanations from 6,000 household surveys collected between 2017 and 2020. Keywords: displacement; human mobility; inclusion policy; labour insertion; South–South migration; Venezuela; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7762 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Precarity of Place in the Global South: The Case of Tea Garden Workers in Assam File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7776 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7776 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7776 Author-Name: Rajesh Kalarivayil Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Tezpur University, India Author-Name: Balaka Chattaraj Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Tezpur University, India Author-Name: Smitha Sasidharan Nair Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health and Mental Health, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India Abstract:Tea plantations in South Asia were notorious for the slavery-like working conditions during the colonial period. Although the factors such as the colonial state and closed economy among others that enabled the slavery-like work conditions have changed, the ‘un-free’ conditions of work still determine the social production of the tea garden labourers. The unfree conditions of tea garden labour have been the subject of many research projects. However, attempts to examine tea garden and its labouring people through the lens of precarity is limited. Drawing from in-depth interviews with tea garden workers this paper uses the concept of precarity of place and space to examine the experience of precarity of tea garden workers in Assam.
Keywords: Assam; Global South; India; Place and space precarity; Precarity; Tea gardens. Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7776 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Negotiating the Progressive Paradox: Middle‐Class Parents in Majority–Minority Primary Schools in Amsterdam File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8064 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8064 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8064 Author-Name: Josje Schut Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Maurice Crul Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Across Western Europe, progressive issues take centre stage within integration debates and discourse. This article addresses the paradox middle‐class progressives get caught up in when arguing for openness towards diversity, while also expecting adaptation to the progressive “modern” norm on sexuality, especially from Muslim Others. Going beyond existing literature, this article demonstrates the understudied manifestations of this paradox in everyday life, within a diverse majority–minority primary school context in Amsterdam. Taking sex education as a case, the authors reveal three different approaches—confrontational, continued discussion, and compromise—with which middle‐class parents without a migration background negotiate difference, each emphasizing different aspects of the paradox. The results show how, despite being a local numerical minority, progressive parents still enact their power position at large arguing for (gradual) adaptation to “modernity.” However, some parents provide solutions to difference that move away from consensus and envision a future that allows for multiple norms to exist. Keywords: integration; majority–minority; sex education; time politics Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8064 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Integration Into Diversity Paradox: Positive Attitudes Towards Diversity While Self‐Segregating in Practice File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8226 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8226 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8226 Author-Name: Maurice Crul Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Lisa-Marie Kraus Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Frans Lelie Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: More and more people without a migration background are living in neighborhoods in large Western European cities where they form a numerical minority. This raises a new research question: Are they integrated in such diverse city contexts or do they live a segregated life? We developed the integration into diversity (ID) matrix to distinguish nine “integration into diversity positions” based on people’s positive or negative attitudes towards diversity together with the ethnic composition of their friendship groups. Using the data from the recent Becoming a Minority (BaM) project we found ID positions that are each other’s opposites, a number of positions that are in‐between, and two seemingly paradoxical positions. In this article, we will concentrate on one of these paradoxical positions: people who display positive attitudes towards diversity but do not have a mixed friendship group. This is one of the largest groups in our sample. Apparently, mixing does not happen by itself. Through quantitative and qualitative data, we explore how this ID paradox can be resolved. We found that for interethnic contact to take place among this group, there needs to be a structured activity in place. This can be a mixed social activity, a mixed sports team, the mixed school of their children, or a mixed working place. What these all have in common is that the mixing is organized and the expectations and rules of engagement are clear. Keywords: belonging; European cities; integration into diversity; majority–minority; segregation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8226 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Defining Swedishness: When Swedes Without a Migration Background Are a Local Numerical Minority File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8139 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8139 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8139 Author-Name: Marina Lazëri Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Elif Keskiner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Maurice Crul Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: In this study, we examine how people without a migration background living in majority–minority neighbourhoods in Malmö, Sweden, define national identity in daily life. This setting provides a look into the intersection between the dominant position these people occupy in the Swedish national context and the confrontation with ethnic diversity as a result of becoming a local numerical minority. We address articulations of what being Swedish means in interviews with 22 Swedes without a migration background. We find that people mostly reproduce the national identity discourse that is nationally dominant. Most people explicitly articulate an achievable national identity, presenting Swedishness as accessible to everyone, in line with how Swedish integration policy is framed, and the current dominant political discourse. However, when talking about Swedishness as an identity and an attribute, the Swedishness of Swedes without a migration background is taken for granted, which indicates that despite changing local hierarchies, the establishment of the Swede without a migration background as the dominant Swede remains unchallenged. Swedishness might be achievable, but only because the dominant Swede defines it as such. Nonetheless, some respondents engage critically and reflectively with their own position of power as the nationally dominant group. This discourse is mostly expressed by raising the issue of white privilege and acknowledging it as a hindrance to the social positioning of people with a migration background in Swedish society. This reflexivity might be a result of confrontation with diversity and becoming a minority. Keywords: inclusivity; majority–minority; Swedish national identity; whiteness Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Being an Ethnic Minority: Belonging Uncertainty of People Without a Migration Background File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8088 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8088 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8088 Author-Name: Lisa-Marie Kraus Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Elif Keskiner Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Maurice Crul Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: We delve into the implications of the national ethnic majority being a minority in local settings by examining their daily experiences when they find themselves outnumbered by other ethnic groups in their neighbourhood. Drawing on the theory of “belonging uncertainty,” this article explores the variety of ways in which people without a migration background cope with such situations. Belonging uncertainty is the feeling that “people like me do not belong here.” Based on in‐depth interviews (n = 20) conducted in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods in Vienna, we argue that the experience of belonging uncertainty results in two different coping strategies: avoidance of spaces numerically dominated by another ethnic group or learning to overcome belonging uncertainty. Some people without a migration background often perceive spaces where another ethnicity is the numerical majority as exclusionary, even if they are not explicitly excluded, and accordingly, they avoid such contexts. Others develop strategies that allow them to establish a feeling of belonging in spaces where they initially experienced belonging uncertainty. As such, some individuals overcome the feeling of belonging uncertainty. Keywords: belonging uncertainty; ethnic diversity; inter‐ethnic contact; majority–minority; reflexivity; Vienna Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8088 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Algorithmic Discrimination From the Perspective of Human Dignity File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7160 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7160 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7160 Author-Name: Carsten Orwat Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Abstract: Applications of artificial intelligence, algorithmic differentiation, and automated decision‐making systems aim to improve the efficiency of decision‐making for differentiating persons. However, they may also pose new risks to fundamental rights, including the risk of discrimination and potential violations of human dignity. Anti‐discrimination law is not only based on the principles of justice and equal treatment but also aims to ensure the free development of one’s personality and the protection of human dignity. This article examines developments in AI and algorithmic differentiation from the perspective of human dignity. Problems addressed include the expansion of the reach of algorithmic decisions, the potential for serious, systematic, or structural discrimination, the phenomenon of statistical discrimination and the treatment of persons not as individuals, deficits in the regulation of automated decisions and informed consent, the creation and use of comprehensive and personality‐constituting personal and group profiles, and the increase in structural dominance. Keywords: algorithmic discrimination; artificial intelligence; automated decision‐making; development of personality; generalisation; human dignity; informed consent; profiling; statistical discrimination Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7160 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migrants’ Inclusion in Rural Communities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8407 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8407 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8407 Author-Name: Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Iceland Author-Name: Pamela Innes Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, USA Author-Name: Anna Wojtyńska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Iceland Abstract: This thematic issue examines migrants’ inclusion in rural communities, contributing to a deeper understanding of the complex realities informing migrant experiences and processes of inclusion and exclusion in rural localities. The studies presented apply different theoretical approaches, all using various qualitative methods, to shed light on daily life experiences and views in rural locations. This editorial discusses the questions raised in the studies and outlines the main arguments of the different contributions assembled in this thematic issue. Keywords: exclusion; inclusion; migration; rural areas; social encounters Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8407 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Role of Leisure Practices and Local Identity in Migrants’ Inclusion in Two Rural Norwegian Municipalities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7805 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7805 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7805 Author-Name: Brit Lynnebakke Author-Workplace-Name: Nordic Institute for Studies of Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU), Norway / Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NIBR), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Abstract: This article discusses the role of local identity and local leisure practices in migrants’ inclusion processes in two rural Norwegian localities. The discussed study was conducted in municipalities that had experienced increased international migration following the EU expansion in 2004 and had a long history of internal in‐migration. In the study, individuals’ social inclusion and belonging processes are treated as inseparable from a locality’s dominant local narratives, practices, and norms—drawing on theories on inclusion/exclusion processes in places. Based on findings from semi‐structured interviews with local natives, internal migrants, and international migrants, the study found that different leisure practices were central to local identity in the two localities, which had implications for what was expected of migrants in order for them to be accepted locally. These findings align with what is commonly conceived as outdated community study research findings. The findings indicate the continued relevance of the local for people’s identification and migrants’ inclusion processes and support a need for closer theoretical and methodological integration of internal and international migration research. Another central finding was that in one of the localities, national narratives about civic engagement were evoked by some majority Norwegians as additional arguments for the importance of migrants’ involvement in local leisure activities. These interviewees’ main concern appeared to be ensuring local—rather than national—cultural continuity and cohesion. Finally, the different inclusion grammars in the two localities illustrate that inclusion processes in one locality should not by default be seen as representative of what is transpiring in a nation‐state. Keywords: community studies; domestic migration; inclusion; international migration; local identity; national identity; place theories; social spatialisation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7805 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “There’s No Connection Plugging Me Into This System”: Citizenship as Non‐Participation and Voicelessness File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7889 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7889 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7889 Author-Name: Erika Anne Hayfield Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of History and Social Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Faroe Islands Abstract: The small and remote island community, the Faroe Islands, has experienced a vast increase in immigration recently. In the space of a decade, immigration has risen from 1.5% of the population to 5.5%. The island community, previously ethnically and culturally homogenous, is now facing growing diversity. The Faroese context is characterised by its small size and a micro‐administration that is ill‐equipped for the complexities of immigration. Previous research has found that underlying the Faroese language and identity is a pervasive ideology of who is considered to “authentically belong.” Furthermore, the small population is strongly connected through multiple relations, and navigating formal and informal life depends on social/family networks. In this small island community context, this article examines immigrant citizenship experiences, drawing on qualitative data collated between 2016 and 2023. Citizenship is here understood as everyday relational and spatial experiences at various levels of society. From the analysis, two central values of citizenship emerged as key to entangled citizenship experiences: (non)participation and (mis)recognition. The analysis finds that Faroese society, both formally and informally, is highly inaccessible to immigrants, rendering them voiceless and marginalised. Furthermore, immigrants experience misrecognition for the resources they bring and find themselves on the margins of the labour market and society in general. Keywords: citizenship; immigration; island community; participation; recognition Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7889 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Invisibility and (Dis)Integration: Examining the Meaning of Migrant Inclusion in Everyday Lived Experience in Rural Areas File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7771 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7771 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7771 Author-Name: Leila Giannetto Author-Workplace-Name: Migration Policy Centre, European University Institute, Italy Author-Name: Shirley van der Maarel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Manchester, UK Abstract: The settlement of migrants in rural areas that are facing population decline has gained increased attention in recent years as an economic, social, and political issue, as well as an opportunity for development for local communities. Studies have primarily focused on investigating whether and how migrants are integrated and included within these areas. This article adopts a fresh perspective by examining how the meaning of “integration” and “inclusion” is given shape by residents and migrant workers themselves. Our research centres on a small rural town in Sardinia, where individuals from Romania and West Africa have relocated to fill job positions traditionally held by Italians. Based on participant observation and in‐depth interviews, we examine the everyday experiences of residents and migrants to develop an understanding of the lived realities of integration and inclusion. In doing so, the article calls into question the perceived value of these processes for the very individuals that are supposed to benefit from them. Keywords: depopulation; exclusion; inclusion; integration; invisibility; lived experience; migrant workers; refugees; rural and remote areas; small towns Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7771 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intersectionality in Artificial Intelligence: Framing Concerns and Recommendations for Action File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7543 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7543 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7543 Author-Name: Inga Ulnicane Author-Workplace-Name: University of Birmingham, UK Abstract: While artificial intelligence (AI) is often presented as a neutral tool, growing evidence suggests that it exacerbates gender, racial, and other biases leading to discrimination and marginalization. This study analyzes the emerging agenda on intersectionality in AI. It examines four high‐profile reports dedicated to this topic to interrogate how they frame problems and outline recommendations to address inequalities. These four reports play an important role in putting problematic intersectionality issues on the political agenda of AI, which is typically dominated by questions about AI’s potential social and economic benefits. The documents highlight the systemic nature of problems that operate like a negative feedback loop or vicious cycle with the diversity crisis in the AI workforce leading to the development of biased AI tools when a largely homogenous group of white male developers and tech founders build their own biases into AI systems. Typical examples include gender and racial biases embedded into voice assistants, humanoid robots, and hiring tools. The reports frame the diversity situation in AI as alarming, highlight that previous diversity initiatives have not worked, emphasize urgency, and call for a holistic approach that focuses not just on numbers but rather on culture, power, and opportunities to exert influence. While dedicated reports on intersectionality in AI provide a lot of depth, detail, and nuance on the topic, in the patriarchal system they are in danger of being pigeonholed as issues of relevance mainly for women and minorities rather than part of the core agenda. Keywords: artificial intelligence; data; diversity; feminism; framing; gender; intersectionality; politics; power; technology Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7543 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Artificial Recruiter: Risks of Discrimination in Employers’ Use of AI and Automated Decision‐Making File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7471 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7471 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7471 Author-Name: Stefan Larsson Author-Workplace-Name: Department for Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden Author-Name: James Merricks White Author-Workplace-Name: Department for Technology and Society, Lund University, Sweden Author-Name: Claire Ingram Bogusz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Informatics and Media, Uppsala University, Sweden Abstract: Extant literature points to how the risk of discrimination is intrinsic to AI systems owing to the dependence on training data and the difficulty of post hoc algorithmic auditing. Transparency and auditability limitations are problematic both for companies’ prevention efforts and for government oversight, both in terms of how artificial intelligence (AI) systems function and how large‐scale digital platforms support recruitment processes. This article explores the risks and users’ understandings of discrimination when using AI and automated decision‐making (ADM) in worker recruitment. We rely on data in the form of 110 completed questionnaires with representatives from 10 of the 50 largest recruitment agencies in Sweden and representatives from 100 Swedish companies with more than 100 employees (“major employers”). In this study, we made use of an open definition of AI to accommodate differences in knowledge and opinion around how AI and ADM are understood by the respondents. The study shows a significant difference between direct and indirect AI and ADM use, which has implications for recruiters’ awareness of the potential for bias or discrimination in recruitment. All of those surveyed made use of large digital platforms like Facebook and LinkedIn for their recruitment, leading to concerns around transparency and accountability—not least because most respondents did not explicitly consider this to be AI or ADM use. We discuss the implications of direct and indirect use in recruitment in Sweden, primarily in terms of transparency and the allocation of accountability for bias and discrimination during recruitment processes. Keywords: ADM and risks of discrimination; AI and accountability; AI and risks of discrimination; AI and transparency; artificial intelligence; automated decision‐making; discrimination in recruitment; indirect AI use; platforms and discrimination Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7471 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hyper‐Precarious Lives: Understanding Migration, Global Supply Chain, and Gender Dynamics in Bangladesh File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7784 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7784 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7784 Author-Name: Hosna J. Shewly Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Ellen Bal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Runa Laila Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Consultant Abstract: This article examines the lived experiences of precarity in Bangladesh’s ready‐made garments (RMG) industry, focusing on female migrant workers employed in Dhaka and surrounding industrial areas. Over the past three decades, the growth of the RMG sector has attracted economically disadvantaged rural women, distancing them from their traditional domestic and agricultural roles. This sector predominantly employs young women due to their perceived flexibility, low wages, and limited union involvement. Additionally, their status as “unskilled” workers in the lowest echelons of a gender‐stratified labour market, along with the influence of socio‐cultural power dynamics, constrains their capacity to negotiate their positions effectively. Drawing on in‐depth ethnographic research conducted in Dhaka and Gazipur, this article unravels the intricate interplay between insecure labour conditions, the impact of the global supply chain, and gender dynamics. It underscores the pivotal significance of socio‐cultural power dynamics in understanding the vulnerability experienced by female migrant labourers. We assert that a comprehensive understanding of precarious work requires recognising the inherent link between precarious employment and precarious life within the broader context of socio‐cultural power dynamics, gender norms, and societal relations. Keywords: expendable labour; gender inequality; global supply chain; health; intersectionality; ready‐made‐garment industry; well‐being; young female migrant Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7784 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unregulated Flexibility and the Multiplication of Labour: Work in the Chinese Platform Economy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7719 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7719 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7719 Author-Name: Jing Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR) Author-Name: Quan Meng Author-Workplace-Name: School of Labour Relations and Human Resources, China University of Labour Relations, China Abstract: The global labour market is witnessing an increase in non‐standard employment, and China is no exception, albeit with distinct socio‐political dynamics. This research explores the variation of employment relations in China’s platform economy and discusses how the various types of precarious employment are generated and developed in post‐socialist China. Based on interviews with platform company managers and platform food delivery workers in China, this study draws a broader picture of platform work, considering the complex layers of labour practices at the level of platform companies and platform work. The research discusses the various labour arrangements in the ZZ food delivery platform and finds that variation serves to intensify and diversify managerial practices in platform work; at the same time, traditional types of work in platform companies are also undergoing transitions and the boundary between internal and external organisations is increasingly blurred and fluid. Labour relations in the platform economy are characterised by multiplication, and this multiplication is facilitated by the post‐socialist Chinese labour market’s general trend towards precariousness and the state’s tolerant approach to various non‐standard employment types in the era of “the new normal.” Keywords: China; labour relations; multiplication of labour; platform economy; platform work; precarious work Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7719 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socio‐Legal Production of the Tourist‐Seasonal Labourer for the Finnish Berry Industry File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7845 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7845 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7845 Author-Name: Minna Seikkula Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland Abstract: The article investigates the phenomenon of precarious labour within the Finnish wild berry industry, focusing on the socio‐legal dimensions that enable short‐term “just‐in‐time” migration, primarily from Thailand, for the berry season. Since the initial 2005 recruitment of Thai citizens to engage in forest berry picking for the Finnish berry industry, the industry has become heavily reliant on migrant labour. At the same time, the pickers’ situation exemplifies a case of unregulated labour, as pickers are categorised as a group outside of labour laws in Finland. By asking how this “non‐work”—berry picking without labour rights—has repeatedly been justified on a policy level, the article provides a case study that unpacks the creation of a racialised migrant labour force through a statecraft of differential inclusion, in an arrangement regarded to advance rural economies. Empirically, the article draws on an analysis of policy documents through which a particular kind of temporary migration corridor is administered. Keywords: deregulated labour; differential inclusion; Finland; seasonal migration; unregulated labour; wild berry industry Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7845 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring Perceptions of Advantage and Attitudes Towards Redistribution in South Africa File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7607 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7607 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7607 Author-Name: Justine Burns Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa Author-Name: Lucas Leopold Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Daniel Hartford Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa Author-Name: Lindokuhle Njozela Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa Author-Name: Arnim Langer Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Tackling inequalities and poverty in South Africa has proven extremely difficult and contentious. Indeed, redistribution policies are often widely criticized both by people who argue that these policies are not far‐reaching and comprehensive enough and by those who argue they are not justified, too large‐scale and/or ineffective, and should be scaled back. While public support amongst relatively advantaged South Africans is crucial for these redistribution policies to be enacted and maintained, interestingly, we know very little about how respective groups of “advantaged” South Africans from different ethnic groups view wealth transfers and other redistribution measures aimed at reducing the prevailing inequalities in South Africa. Drawing on a series of focus group discussions, we gain insights into perceptions of advantage and attitudes towards redistribution amongst groups of black and white “advantaged” South Africans respectively. We find that both black and white “advantaged” South Africans are reluctant to part with some of their wealth in the interests of greater economic equality, citing state corruption and extended network obligations as justification. In addition, there is a shared tendency to understate their economic advantage by identifying firmly as the middle class, thereby abrogating responsibility to the super‐wealthy whilst simultaneously expressing paternalistic views towards the poor. Keywords: economic advantage; elites; inequality; redistribution; South Africa Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7607 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who Wants To Share? Attitudes Towards Horizontal Redistribution Across the Globe File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8387 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8387 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8387 Author-Name: Frances Stewart Author-Workplace-Name: Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, UK Author-Name: Arnim Langer Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Line Kuppens Author-Workplace-Name: Governance and Inclusive Development, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: While recent literature has extensively addressed inequalities between households or individuals, known as “vertical inequalities,” there remains a dearth of research on socio‐economic disparities among culturally defined groups, termed “horizontal inequalities” (HIs). In diverse societies, addressing such group disparities is imperative to promote economic efficiency, political stability, and social cohesion. This thematic issue investigates the level of public support for HI‐correcting policies across nine contexts: Brazil, South Africa, Nigeria, Malaysia, Kenya, Western Balkans, India, the United States, and Northern Ireland. The articles within this issue collectively identify and analyze crucial factors at the individual, group, and national levels. In this editorial, we summarize major findings, reflecting on the salience of group identity across majority and minority contexts, the role of perceptions vs more objective measures of inequality and its causes, and the significance of shifting political climates and societal discourses. Keywords: affirmative action; attitudes; ethnicity; horizontal inequalities; race; redistribution Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8387 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Power of the Powerless: Constructions of Self‐Employment in Czechia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7820 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7820 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7820 Author-Name: Ivana Lukeš Rybanská Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Business Administration, Prague University of Economics and Business, Czechia Author-Name: Karel Čada Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Business Administration, Prague University of Economics and Business, Czechia Abstract: This article examines the construction of self‐employment in public policy debates, focusing on how political actors define self‐employment and on the moral implications of these categorisations. Employing critical discourse analysis and the social construction of a target population, the authors examine verbatim transcripts of parliamentary debates in the Czech parliament between 2021 and 2023. These debates reveal how legislators perceive the value of self‐employment as a part of the economy. The study explores the underpinnings of such public policy debates, as well as the moral consequences of categorising self‐employment. We argue that by foregrounding some morally loaded argumentations and, in particular, discursive constructions, politicians (as both discursive and policy actors) make some parts of the experience of self‐employment invisible and neglected by policy; as a result, this contributes to the precarity of the self‐employed. Keywords: critical discourse analysis; neoliberal entrepreneurship ideal; self‐employment; social construction of target population Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7820 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding Students’ Attitudes Towards Affirmative Action Policy in Higher Education in India File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7601 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7601 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7601 Author-Name: Nidhi S. Sabharwal Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Policy Research in Higher Education, National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration, India Abstract: To mitigate the severe educational horizontal inequalities in India, affirmative action (AA) measures in higher education (HE) have been implemented for socially excluded groups, such as the Scheduled Castes (former “untouchables”), the scheduled tribes (whose status resembles indigenous groups in other countries), and other classes lower in the caste hierarchy. Despite the introduction of AA measures, societal attitudes generally remain resistant to caste‐based reservation policies. Interestingly, very few studies in India have examined AA support among the most directly affected group of people when it comes to AA measures in HE—college students. The current article aims to fill this gap. It asks: Which factors (such as students’ background characteristics, pre‐college credentials, experience in college, and caste‐based beliefs) underlie college students’ attitudes (support or resistance) towards AA? This study builds on a large‐scale survey conducted among 3200 students studying in 12 public higher education institutions across six provinces in India. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that students’ attitudes towards AA are shaped and influenced by their social identity and educational experiences in college. It is also noteworthy that caste‐based biases and prejudices affect students’ attitudes particularly and may explain opposition to AA. Keywords: caste; higher education; India; quota system; reservation policy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7601 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Bosnian House: Trajectories of (Non‐)Return Among Bosnian Roma in a Roman Shanty File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7819 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7819 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7819 Author-Name: Marco Solimene Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Iceland Abstract: This article draws on materials collected during ethnographic fieldwork among Bosnian Roma refugees who reconstructed homes in an urban shanty at the periphery of Rome (Italy). In the last two decades, many of these Roma started building or refurbishing houses in villages in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, close to the Serbian Republic (where their former home village is now situated). The construction, refurbishing, and maintenance of these houses played (and still play) a role in the local economy; they also changed the local landscape and became the mark of a new but intermittent presence in post‐Dayton Bosnia. The houses and the transnational practices connected to them have become tokens of economic success and aspirations that revolve around both the Bosnian context and the Roman one. They also express nostalgic attachments to a lost homeland radically transformed by war, foreign interventions, and the advent of the market economy and eventually turned into an unfamiliar place. This article builds on the literature on transnational migration and material culture and explores the ambivalence and complexity of transnational trajectories that stretch between an urban context in the EU and a rural one in non‐EU and reveals complex scenarios of identity, movements, and unlikely returns. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bosnian Roma; house‐making; nomad camps; refugees; returns; Rome Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7819 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Relations Among Diverse Rural Residents in the Scottish Highlands File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7620 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7620 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7620 Author-Name: Emilia Pietka-Nykaza Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, UK Abstract: This article focuses on the development and the limitations of convivial, instrumental, and intimate family relations among diverse rural residents in the Inner Moray Firth area of the Scottish Highlands. Drawing on 22 semi‐structured interviews with international migrants (EU nationals), internal migrants (UK nationals), and participants who were born there and never left, this article identifies and critically discusses how different types of social relations develop, or not, within and between these groups of rural residents. This article indicates that while all participants experienced convivial relations, these encounters did not always transfer into close, meaningful relations. The instrumental and meaningful relations, however, were more ambivalent in practice and related to internal divisions within rural communities defined along the lines of who is perceived to be “local” or “not local.” The instrumental ties were developed among participants with common interests, similar life stages, and experiences and varied in terms of ethnic and national composition. Similarly, while family ties were crucial for a sense of belonging, their ethnic and national composition differed. By illustrating the complex composition of convivial, instrumental, and family ties in rural Highlands, this article highlights that meaningful social relations supporting social integration should not be understood via social encounters with “local” residents only, but also intimate and instrumental social relations within and between migrant populations. Keywords: conviviality; migration; rural settlement; social integration; social relations Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7620 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Accomplices to Social Exclusion? Analyzing Institutional Processes of Silencing File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8318 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8318 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8318 Author-Name: Emily Mitchell-Bajic Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Learning and Teaching, Arden University, UK Author-Name: Ulrike M. Vieten Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Abstract: The editorial notes contextualize the theme of “silencing” and processes of un‐silencing before briefly outlining the central arguments of the different contributions assembled in this thematic issue. Keywords: archaeology of silence; by‐standers; mobilisation of power; social exclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8318 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Unpacking Silencing to Make Black Lives Matter: Ethnographies of Racism in Public Space File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7841 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7841 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7841 Author-Name: Claudia Wilopo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Studies, University of Basel, Switzerland / Department of Anthropology, San Francisco State University, USA Author-Name: Claske Dijkema Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland / Institute for Social and Cultural Diversity, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland Abstract: This article focuses on the debates surrounding decolonisation and antiracism in the wake of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests in Switzerland. They sparked new discussions within Swiss institutions, particularly city governments, about racism, colonialism, and physical changes to the material environment for which activists have advocated. Based on an empirical example in Zurich, the article examines the dynamics of (un)silencing when city governments respond to demands by local antiracist groups who ask for the removal of racist street names in public spaces. We draw on postcolonial and subaltern studies to examine practices of silencing and being heard, combining it with Rancière’s understanding of depoliticisation. The empirical case study shows that the actions and voices of people directly affected by racism were key in advocating for institutional change as well as addressing colonial remnants in urban spaces. This case shows how the demands of social movements can amplify marginalised voices and how they can also lead to new forms of silencing. This article explores the complexity of silencing practices that disregard the plurality of voices, and political movements focusing on the depoliticising of interpretations of antiracism in public debates while simultaneously neglecting the diversity of voices affected by racism. It contributes to debates on how racism is voiced and silenced in progressive and liberal urban institutions. Keywords: antiracism; cities; city governments; coloniality; colonialism; public space; racism; silencing; social movement; Switzerland Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7841 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fighting for Space Within the Cis‐ and Heteronormative Public Sphere: An Analysis of Budapest Pride File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7808 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7808 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7808 Author-Name: Alexandra Sipos Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sociology, HUN‐REN Centre for Social Sciences, Hungary Author-Name: Márton Bagyura Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Mental Health, Semmelweis University, Hungary Abstract: The article presents the urban space use of the LGBTQI+ community in a post‐socialist and illiberal country, Hungary, by focusing on the historical development of Pride marches within the capital. Examining these events’ routes, current regulations, and resistance related to Pride, the article observes acts of silencing and the disruption of silencing concerning the LGBTQI+ community. First, we rely on sexual and intimate citizenship studies (e.g., Plummer, 2003; Richardson, 2017) to highlight the public/private divide and related (in)visibility and human rights issues associated with the LGBTQI+ community within a cis‐ and heteronormative environment. Second, queer geography and the geography of sexualities are used to better understand the cis‐ and heteronormative environment within which sexual and gender minorities exist and operate. Regarding the Hungarian context, we assume that “a gradual extension of public space use” is present concerning the public events of the LGBTQI+ community in Hungary (Takács, 2014, p. 202). The article analyzes three aspects concerning the Pride parades held in Budapest through the 3R analytical lens and connected silencing and the disruption of silencing: the spatial routes of the Budapest Pride, related regulations, and the resistance to and of LGBTQI+ visibility in an urban setting. First, through maps, we visualize the routes of the Budapest Pride parades from 1997 to 2022 to understand how the visibility of LGBTQI+ and allies is constricted and regulated in the spatial dimension. Second, following the regulatory approach of the Budapest Pride organization, we focus on how the police ensure these events’ and attendees’ safety and whether cordons—physical symbols of division between participants, police, and bystanders or protesters—are necessary. The third aspect elucidates the resistance against and toward the visibility of LGBTQI+ people in the urban setting. Keywords: Budapest Pride; Hungary; LGBTQI+; Pride march; queer space; visibility Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7808 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenging Silencing in Stigmatized Neighborhoods Through Collaborative Knowledge Production File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7706 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7706 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7706 Author-Name: Claske Dijkema Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland / Institute for Social and Cultural Diversity, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland Abstract: Researchers are always potential traitors when they represent what they see or hear. This is of particular concern in the case of people in subaltern positions, who lack the power to challenge possible misrepresentations. This article deals with an old dilemma in critical social science: How to use language when research objects are silenced through dynamics of domination? Is it possible for research to create space for marginalized people to speak for themselves? This was one of the questions of the Université Populaire, a group initiative by actors in a marginalized social housing neighborhood in Grenoble. The community‐based people’s education initiative was created in a double context of violence and silence. As a result of incidents of violence, media coverage participates in depicting the neighborhood as a place of danger and otherness, which impedes voices from the neighborhood from being heard. The initiative of the Université Populaire made space for speech in this marginalized and racialized area of Grenoble dealing with the consequences of terrorist violence in France. It is an initiative the author has been involved in since its inception in 2015. This article explains how the author sought ways to reduce power asymmetry in research relationships, why she steered away from using interviews for data collection and organized public debates instead, and how this made space for speech. Keywords: collaborative knowledge production; France; marginalized neighborhoods; postcolonial studies; spaces of speech; subaltern studies; territorial stigmatization Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7706 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Agency in Silence: The Case of Unaccompanied Eritrean Refugee Minors in the Netherlands File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7704 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7704 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7704 Author-Name: Nebil Kusmallah Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Halleh Ghorashi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Following the so‐called refugee crisis, unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) from Eritrea were portrayed negatively in Europe. Although such portrayals are often amplified by media and policy discourses, the main reasons for this negative view were a lack of understanding of URMs’ subjectivities, the institutional silencing process they face in their everyday lives, and the ways they show agency in such precarity. This article addresses institutional silencing practices that Eritrean URMs encounter and the various ways they engage with them. Using data gathered during 2016–2018 from Eritrean URMs in the Netherlands, we explore how participants navigate the exclusionary processes they encounter in relation to institutions, such as refugee reception centres, refugee protection organizations, immigration authorities, and schools. Inspired by Sherry Ortner’s and Saba Mahmood’s work, we show the importance of less dominant forms of agency (delayed or docile forms) in how URMs engage with the power of institutional silencing practices. We then show the (often unseen) agency of these young people as the desire of the “less powerful” or “less resourceful” to “play their own serious games even as more powerful parties seek to devalue and even destroy them” (Ortner, 2006, p. 147). Keywords: agency; Eritrea; institutional silencing; the Netherlands; unaccompanied refugee minors Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7704 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diversity in White: An Autoethnographic Case Study of Experienced Diversity and (Un‐)Silencing File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7780 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7780 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7780 Author-Name: Faime Alpagu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Germanic Languages, Columbia University, USA Abstract: Drawing on Sara Ahmed’s observation that the one who files a complaint ultimately becomes perceived as the problem, this article exposes the processes of silencing that occur within academia—particularly regarding issues of diversity, racism, and equality, while also exploring how un‐silencing can occur in such a context. Despite committing to diversity and equality, academic institutions and their decision‐making mechanisms are still largely led by white middle‐class individuals with little understanding of intersectional inequalities, thus (re)producing mechanisms that silence those who experience discrimination and inequality. I apply methods such as autoethnography and interpretive textual analysis to challenge dominant (diversity) narratives that perpetuate silencing. Based on memory notes and (in)formal correspondence, the article describes the long process of silencing after an initial experience of discrimination to reveal common institutional patterns and how complainants feel trapped in a labyrinth and consequently forced to “give up.” Keywords: complaint; discrimination; diversity; dynamics of exclusion; intersectionality; juxtaposing narratives; racism; (un)silencing; white feminism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7780 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Systemic Silencing Mechanisms in Autism/Autistic Advocacy in Ontario, Canada File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7747 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7747 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7747 Author-Name: Cheuk Ming Tsang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public and International Affairs, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR) Abstract: This article reveals how systemic ableism operates within grassroots organizations in Ontario, formulating a normative standard for being an autistic person. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 50 participants in the years 2021 and 2022, triangulated with document analysis from 2018 and 2022. The study participants consisted of autistic adults, parents, disability advocates, organizers of grassroots organizations, social workers, policy insiders, and academics. The findings show that most autistic adults are pressured to choose sides, either to join autism advocacy that is parent‐led or expert‐led or to become self‐advocates in autistic advocacy. This article offers an original finding that the value policy of pro/anti‐ABA of two grassroots organizations in the field of autism/autistic advocacy contributes to identity politics. Ableism operates through Pierre Bourdieu’s symbolic power, excluding autistic adults who do not fit into these two main categories of advocacy. Social oppression becomes multi‐directional as identity politics takes the stage and diverts from the original goals of social inclusion in advocacy. The concept of a grey area is introduced in theory building, to trouble the essentialist categories of autism/autistic advocacy and invite readers to commit to disability solidarity by moving beyond the dichotomy of sameness and difference. Keywords: ableism; autism; disability politics; grassroots advocacy; identity politics Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7747 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Becoming Active Agents Through Practices of Volunteering: Immigrants’ Experiences in Rural Germany File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7677 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7677 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7677 Author-Name: Tobias Weidinger Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Germany Author-Name: David Spenger Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Germany Author-Name: Stefan Kordel Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Germany Abstract: Volunteering is an important way to include immigrants at a local scale, especially in small towns and municipalities with limited arrival infrastructure. With the recent increase in immigrants, including in rural areas, volunteering practices for this target group have been much discussed, albeit with an emphasis on immigrants as vulnerable beneficiaries. There are few studies that focus on immigrants’ volunteering practices, or their function for the individual and receiving community, while empirical evidence for rural areas is explicitly lacking. In this article, we address immigrants as active agents with recourse to the concept of agency and unravel, firstly, the meanings they attribute to volunteering and reasons for their mobilisation; secondly, their access to volunteering in the German countryside; and thirdly their reflecting, practising, and sharing of agency through volunteering with an impact on themselves and their rural communities. Drawing on a qualitative, biographical‐narrative study of 72 immigrants in rural Germany, we show how cultures of volunteering—or how it is practised in different contexts—inform immigrants’ current activities, ranging from leisure practices to neighbourly help and supporting the inclusion of new arrivals. We illustrate the importance of opportunity structures and social networks for accessing volunteering and reveal individual and altruistic reasons for doing it, such as facilitating language acquisition and enhancing one’s participation, showing solidarity with immigrants, or gratitude towards the receiving society, often coinciding with expected outcomes. Volunteering allows immigrants to “perform agency” and fosters both belonging and responsibility taking for the dwelling place. Keywords: civic engagement; cultures of volunteering; Germany; migration; rural areas; solidarity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7677 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inclusion or Exclusion? The Spatial Habitus of Rural Gentrifiers File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7787 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7787 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7787 Author-Name: Kyra Tomay Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary Author-Name: Viktor Berger Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Pécs, Hungary Abstract: Several rural areas all over the world have experienced the inflow of the urban better‐off. This rural gentrification takes various temporary and permanent forms, i.e., lifestyle migration, second‐home ownership, or short‐term visitors. Scholarly interest in rural gentrification is evidenced by the growing body of literature. Based on 105 semi‐structured in‐depth interviews conducted in two rural areas in Hungary, this article aims to explore the perceptions, motivations, preferences, and lived experiences of rural newcomers, their position within the community, as well as processes of inclusion and exclusion. We rely on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus and argue that it includes distinct spatial dispositions forming a “spatial habitus.” The interviews show that the middle‐class rural gentrifiers’ (spatial) habitus is entangled with their cultural capital and represents a mixture of urban and “ruralising” dispositions. Their spatial practices are interpreted as the result of middle‐class (spatial) habitus and middle‐class symbolic distinction. At the same time, middle‐class rural gentrifiers are active local agents who defy common notions of newcomers having to integrate into their communities of choice. Keywords: Bourdieu; gentrification; Hungary; rural gentrification; spatial dispositions; spatial habitus Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7787 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Group Self‐Interest vs. Equity: Explaining Support for Horizontal Redistribution in (Former) Competitive Clientelist States File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7687 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7687 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7687 Author-Name: Line Kuppens Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty for Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Lucas Leopold Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Arnim Langer Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Extant literature links intergroup disparities, or horizontal inequalities, in Sub‐Saharan Africa to the unequal representation of ethnic groups in central power, who accumulate wealth at the expense of politically marginalized groups. Over time, these politically‐induced inequalities have trapped some ethnic groups in positions of relative disadvantage. Group‐based, or horizontal, redistribution can help redress these inequalities yet require popular support if they are not to contribute to intergroup tensions. In this article, we examine how people’s experiences of political exclusion, on the one hand, and their attributional beliefs about the causes of political exclusion, on the other, condition support for government policies aimed at eradicating economic inequalities between different ethnic groups. We argue that people are more likely to be supportive of horizontal redistribution either when (H1a) they belong to ethnic groups that have not had access to central power, and/or (H1b) feel that their ethnic group is politically marginalized (and thus stands to gain); or when (H2) they attribute the political exclusion of the politically marginalized group(s) that stand(s) to benefit from these policies to the legacies of colonialism and clientelism (thus seeking to foster equity). To test our hypotheses, we examine these issues in the context of Kenya, a society with politically salient ethnic cleavages and a history of clientelism. Based on a unique online survey involving 2,286 Kenyans, we show that, notwithstanding group self‐interest being at play, there is strong support for horizontal redistribution across groups. Keywords: clientelism; ethnic favoritism; horizontal inequality; horizontal redistribution; Kenya Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7687 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differentiated Borders of Belonging and Exclusion: European Migrants in Rural Areas in Iceland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7756 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7756 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7756 Author-Name: Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Iceland Author-Name: Anna Wojtyńska Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Iceland Author-Name: Pamela Innes Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, USA Abstract: This article addresses questions of difference, positionality, and belonging from the perspectives of international migrants living and working in rural communities in Iceland. With the recent integration of rural areas into the global economy, small villages and towns have undergone rapid social transformation. The development of new industries and growing tourism in these localities has attracted many international migrants. The share of migrants in the local populations oscillates between 10% to 50%, depending on the town, with the majority coming from Europe. Commonly, they make up the greater part of workers in service jobs and manual labour in rural towns and villages. This article builds on data from ethnographic field research over 15 months in five parts of Iceland located outside of the capital region. Based on the analysis of interviews with migrants, we examine different perceptions of affinity and belonging and explore their experiences of inclusion and exclusion. To what extent do migrants see themselves as part of local communities? How do they narrate their social positions in those places? The discussion highlights how social stratification and hierarchy affect migrants’ experiences of inclusion as commonly displayed in the interviews. Furthermore, we elaborate on how notions of relatedness and otherness reflect inherited ideas of Europe and contemporary divergent geopolitical positions. Keywords: diversity; exclusion; hierarchy; Iceland; inclusion; European labour migrants; rural areas Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7756 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sociological Types of Precarity Among Gig Workers: Lived Experiences of Food Delivery Workers in Riga File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7696 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7696 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7696 Author-Name: Iveta Ķešāne Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Arts and Cultural Studies, Latvian Academy of Culture, Latvia Author-Name: Maija Spuriņa Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Arts and Cultural Studies, Latvian Academy of Culture, Latvia Abstract: In this article, we examine the lived experiences of precariousness in gig work, a growing sector of the modern labor market, through the case of Latvia, a former Soviet republic that has experienced radical neo‐liberalization over the last 30 years. Many studies, mainly focusing on the Global North, have demonstrated precarious aspects of gig work—its short‐term engagements, the lack of legal protection and social benefits, and algorithmic management as an autonomy‐limiting control mechanism. Given the precarious nature of gig work, we examine why people engage in it. Building on literature that distinguishes precarity as a condition and precariousness as a subjective experience, we analyze reasons for engaging in gig work in Latvia. We identify five types of gig workers based on 56 in‐depth interviews with food delivery gig workers in Riga, the capital of Latvia. We analyze differences in our respondents’ motivations for choosing this work, their position, and historical mobility in the social structure. Based on this analysis, we find three factors that serve as a basis for a typology of food delivery workers in Riga: gig workers’ view of gig work as a temporary vs. a long‐term engagement, the breadth of perceived opportunities available, and their emotional satisfaction with the job. We discuss how these findings compare with other studies on gig work and gig workers’ subjective experiences. Keywords: Eastern Europe; gig economy; gig work; Latvia; neoliberalism; platforms; precariousness; precarity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7696 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Remedying Horizontal Inequality: The Changing Impact of Reform in Northern Ireland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7595 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7595 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7595 Author-Name: Jennifer Todd Author-Workplace-Name: Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland Abstract: Northern Ireland is a case that lets us explore how people respond when deep‐set horizontal inequality is substantively reduced. This article focusses on the reform of horizontal inequality in the cultural sphere and argues that it is likely to be contentious because units and measures are directly related to conflicting constructs of group identity, meaning, and value, and intertwined with conflict over state legitimacy. Northern Ireland shows when and how this becomes politically problematic. The article traces an uneven but largely successful process of economic and political reform, followed by a reversal in the second decade of the 21st century, when unionist unease with cultural equality was reframed into political opposition which at times threatened the stability of the settlement itself. The backlash came when it did because of a confluence of processes: a particularly inappropriate presentation of cultural equality, at a time when the momentum of the peace process was coming to an end, and other opportunities, in particular for the Protestant working class, were closing. The case suggests the need to develop a conception of cultural (in)equality that is attuned to the asymmetric and contested constructions of “groupness” well before backlash occurs. Keywords: backlash; cultural inequality; group asymmetry; Northern Ireland Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7595 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immigrants’ Experiences of Settling in a Rural Community in Norway: Inclusion and Exclusion Through “Being Seen” File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7777 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7777 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7777 Author-Name: Turid Sætermo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Interdisciplinary Studies of Culture, NTNU, Norway Author-Name: Angelina Penner Gjertsen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Interdisciplinary Studies of Culture, NTNU, Norway Author-Name: Guro Korsnes Kristensen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Interdisciplinary Studies of Culture, NTNU, Norway Abstract: This article sets out from two dominant and contradictive narratives about immigrant integration in rural areas in Norway. The first holds that rural areas are “better at integration” as relations in these communities are more tight‐knit and personal. The other holds that integration in rural areas is more difficult due to the homogeneity and closed‐mindedness of rural communities. Based on ethnographic in‐depth interviews with individuals with different immigration backgrounds living in a rural coastal community, the article explores their perceptions of rural integration and their experiences of inclusion and exclusion in the local community. By using the notion of “being seen” as an analytical lens, the article shows that both narratives of rural integration are engaged and that experiences of inclusion and exclusion are interwoven and complex. On the one hand, “being seen” points to more personalised relations and support; on the other, it points to concerns by immigrants that they are seen by locals as “others.” The lens of visibility and “being seen” allows for a more nuanced understanding of immigrants’ experiences with settling in and finding their place in rural areas, and strengthens the argument for studying rural areas as a particular context for inclusion. Keywords: hypervisibility; inclusion; integration; Norway; rurality; visibility Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7777 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Horizontal Redistribution and Roma Inclusion in the Western Balkans: The “Exclusion Amid Inclusion” Dilemma File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7608 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7608 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7608 Author-Name: Aleksandra Zdeb Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Security and Information Technology, University of the National Education Commission, Poland Author-Name: Peter Vermeersch Author-Workplace-Name: Leuven International and European Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Many Roma across Europe continue to face a range of social problems, including ethnic discrimination, marginalisation, residential segregation, socio‐economic inequality, and extremist violence. The lack of effective policies to address these issues has reinforced a climate of hatred against Roma, further isolating many of them. It has also affected their position in the political arena, where Roma remain severely underrepresented. In this article, we analyse the situation of Roma in three Western Balkan countries and the policies developed to support them. We discuss the institutional structures for managing and improving the socio‐economic conditions of identity‐based communities and examine the position of the Roma within these institutional contexts. We also explore attitudes towards Roma‐related policies and how Roma citizens themselves in these three countries perceive their position. Keywords: horizontal redistribution; identity‐based communities; inclusion dilemma; Roma; Western Balkans Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7608 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who Deserves To Be Supported? Analysing Attitudes Towards Horizontal Redistribution in Nigeria File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7603 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7603 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7603 Author-Name: Arnim Langer Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Lucas Leopold Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Peace and Development, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Bart Meuleman Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Despite the widespread recognition of the risk that group‐based inequalities, or so‐called horizontal inequalities (HIs), pose for the political stability and social cohesion of multi‐ethnic societies, extremely little research has been conducted on how people perceive these inequalities and how these perceptions, in turn, are associated with people’s attitudes towards group‐based or horizontal redistribution. In this article, we systematically analyse how people’s perceptions of prevailing socio‐economic HIs shape their attitudes towards horizontal redistribution in Nigeria, a country confronted with sharp and persistent inequalities between different ethnic groups. We develop a set of hypotheses for explaining differences in support for horizontal redistribution policies and test these hypotheses empirically with the help of a unique survey panel of about 2300 Nigerians. Keywords: fairness; horizontal inequality; horizontal redistribution; Nigeria; redistributive attitudes Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7603 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contextualized Rights as Effective Rights to All: The Case of Affirmative Action in Brazil File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7597 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7597 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7597 Author-Name: Daniela Ikawa Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for the Study of Human Rights, Columbia University, USA Abstract: This article explores how two main narratives about slavery may lead to varying perspectives on social rights. Some collective narratives endorse a superficial idea of equality of rights, neglecting factors such as race and ethnicity, while others reject this apparent universalistic view, promoting more effective, de facto equality. The latter narrative supports horizontal redistribution, strongly contrasting with the former. Using Brazil’s affirmative action programs for Black students as a case study, this article will address two prevalent national narratives about the slavery of Black Africans and persons of Black African descent. Only one of those narratives could lead to what I would identify as a “contextualized theory of rights,” ensuring horizontal equality amidst a backdrop of brutal slavery and structural racism. This narrative offers a plurally faceted, dialogical approach to rights that can respond to the needs of differently situated individuals. The article will explore the evolution of such a collective narrative in Brazil’s race relations. Keywords: affirmative action; education; narrative; racial discrimination; structural racism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7597 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intergenerational Social Exclusion, Silences, and the Transformation of Agency: An Oral History Approach File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7781 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7781 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7781 Author-Name: Anna-Maria Isola Author-Workplace-Name: Social Work, University of Turku, Finland Abstract: This oral history article, inspired by research conducted among minorities, explores the interrelations between intergenerational disadvantage, experience of social exclusion, and silence within family histories. During the fieldwork, 13 study participants shared their transgenerational family stories that shed light on intergenerational disadvantage, including substance abuse, trauma, violence, emotional coldness, neuropsychiatric characteristics, and mental health concerns. Study participants had experienced active and passive social exclusion, such as discrimination within service systems, exclusion from the job market, bullying, and discriminatory attitudes. They also believed that their previous generations had experienced social exclusion. This study shows that silence is often a result of the social exclusion experienced by people who deviate from the assumed norm and suffer from disadvantage. To protect themselves from social exclusion, people remain silent. Silence deepens social inequalities by keeping people in weak positions apart and preventing them from acting together to redress power dynamics. Today, however, there are more opportunities than in the past to work on silence and social exclusion, making it possible for these people to shift their positions from being others to being closer to the sources of power. Keywords: agency positions; intergenerational disadvantages; oral history; silence; stories of occlusion; transgenerational family stories Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7781 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Group‐Based Redistribution in Malaysia: Polarization, Incoherence, Stasis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7594 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7594 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7594 Author-Name: Hwok-Aun Lee Author-Workplace-Name: ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore Abstract: Group‐based redistribution is extensive and embedded in Malaysia, and has comprehensively transformed the country since the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1971. The NEP established a “two‐pronged” framework of poverty reduction irrespective of race and social restructuring to redress racial inequalities primarily through preferential programmes targeting the disadvantaged Bumiputera majority. The debate surrounding the NEP has under‐appreciated its strengths and augmented its omissions and misconceptions, which in turn have shaped policy discourses and attitudes in two ways. First, there is marked polarization, largely along ethnic lines, with the majority group overwhelmingly predisposed in favour of Bumiputera policy and minority groups generally wary of its continuation. The polarization unduly reduces the debate to monolithic pro‐NEP vs anti‐NEP dispositions, and constricts the solutions to a false binary question of continuing vs terminating the NEP. Second, a broad but incoherent consensus has consolidated around the notion that “need‐based” policies should comprehensively replace “race‐based” policies. While “need‐based” policies are widely embraced, they emphatically do not constitute a substitute for “race‐based” policies, or group‐based redistribution more generally. Surveys have captured the ethnic polarization surrounding “Malay privileges,” but also show that Malaysians unanimously support universal basic assistance. A systematic policy reformulation with universal basic needs and group‐based interventions as enduring and distinct domains might hold out possibilities for new and constructive compromise. Keywords: affirmative action; inequality; Malaysia; race and ethnicity; redistribution Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7594 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migrant Agricultural Workers’ Experiences of Support in Three Migrant‐Intensive Communities in Canada File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7785 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7785 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7785 Author-Name: Glynis George Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Windsor, Canada Author-Name: Kristin Lozanski Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, King’s University College at Western University, Canada Author-Name: Stephanie Mayell Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Canada Author-Name: Susana Caxaj Author-Workplace-Name: Arthur Labatt Family School of Nursing, Western University, Canada Abstract: Canada has intensified its reliance on temporary foreign workers, including migrant agricultural workers (MAWs) who have contributed to its agriculture sector, rural economies, and food security for decades. These workers live and work in rural communities across Canada for up to two years. Thousands of MAWs engage in recurring cyclical migration, often returning to the same rural communities in Canada for decades, while others are undocumented. Yet MAWs do not have access to the supports and services provided for immigrant newcomers and pathways for permanent residence. The exclusion of these workers from such entitlements, including labour mobility, reinforces their precarity, inhibits their sense of belonging, and reflects the stratification built into Canada’s migration regime. This article draws on interviews with 98 MAWs in three migrant‐intensive regions in southwestern Ontario to examine how workers construct and describe support in relation to co‐workers, employers, residents, and community organizations. Drawing on conceptualizations of support as an important vehicle for social connection and inclusion that comprises social and citizenship belonging, we document how the strategies MAWs employ to forge connections are enabled or undermined by Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program, community dynamics, and the broader forces of racialization, gender, and exclusion. This article contributes to the limited scholarship on the support landscape for MAWs, whose experiences foreground the contested nature of belonging and inclusion among migrant populations across smaller cities and rural areas. Keywords: belonging; Canada; migrant agricultural workers; Ontario; rural communities; support Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7785 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: An Intersectional Analysis of Precarity and Exploitation: Women and LGBTQIA+ Workers in Substate Neoliberal Systems File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7744 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7744 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7744 Author-Name: Alexandra Tomaselli Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Minority Rights & Gender Dynamics, Eurac Research, Italy Abstract: The intersection of gender and ethnicity or race lies at the root of structural discrimination and racist practices for accessing the labor market and in the workplace. This discrimination is particularly evident for women and LGBTQIA+ individuals who either belong to ethnic minorities or are migrants. However, numerous other social drivers (e.g., age, class, origins) and external factors (e.g., prejudices, gender‐based violence) further hinder their participation in the work domain and their attainment of fair labor conditions. This article explores how gender, ethnicity, and race intersect and operate with other conditions and factors to perpetuate the precarity and exploitation of women and LGBTQIA+ individuals who find themselves at the nexus of varied intersectional axes. The discussion centers around two neoliberal substate units in the Global North (South Tyrol, in Italy, and Catalonia, Spain) that register low unemployment rates and high rates of migration and that are home to historical, linguistic, and ethnic minorities. This empirical article provides for an informed debate on the lived experience of precarity and exploitation of women and LGBTQIA+ workers, and an analysis of how neoliberal substate units’ labor and gender policies could be reformed. Keywords: Catalonia; ethnicity; exploitation; gender; intersectionality; LGBTQIA+; precarity; race; social drivers; South Tyrol Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7744 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “The Brains Are Frozen”: Precarious Subjectivities in the Humanitarian Aid Sector in Jordan File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7658 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7658 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7658 Author-Name: Brigit Ronde Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Abstract: Under the influence of neoliberal policies and marketisation dynamics, the humanitarian sector’s labour conditions become increasingly insecure. Based on one year of fieldwork in Amman, Jordan, and interviews with 39 aid professionals, this article explores the experiences of these insecure and precarious labour conditions of national and international aid workers in Jordan. Precarity in the humanitarian field is often discussed concerning aid recipients, such as refugees. It is, however, understudied in connection to aid professionals and those providing aid and care, and there is a wider lack of research on university‐educated professionals’ experiences of precarity. In line with feminist and decolonial scholars, I understand labour as closely interconnected with other spheres of life and look at precarity through an emotional lens. I explore aid professionals’ emotions around their work conditions to come to a deeper understanding of precarious work and the difficulties of living in precarity. By taking emotions seriously, I show that they are an important yet understudied site of analysis to unravel what generates precarity for aid workers and precarity’s effects on aid workers’ lives and work. I argue that the structural conditions of their work produce precarious subjectivities, which are expressed in feelings such as frozenness, fatigue, and unsafety. Keywords: aid professionals; emotions; humanitarian aid; Jordan; labour conditions; precarity; subjectivity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7658 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Matter of Solidarity: Racial Redistribution and the Economic Limits of Racial Sympathy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7604 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7604 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7604 Author-Name: Tarah Williams Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Allegheny College, USA Author-Name: Andrew J. Bloeser Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Allegheny College, USA Abstract: The goal of horizontal redistribution is to provide economic resources to groups that have experienced discrimination and exploitation. In the United States, horizontal redistribution based on race remains controversial, particularly among white Americans. Not surprisingly, many white Americans oppose racial redistribution policies in some cases because of resentments they have toward racial outgroups. But this is not the only way that racial attitudes shape policy support. Chudy (2021) demonstrates that racial sympathy, or white distress over the misfortune of racial outgroups, can increase support for racially redistributive policies. However, supporting horizontal redistribution may be easier for individuals who are more economically secure, even when they are racially sympathetic. In this study, we explore whether the influence of racial sympathy is conditional on economic position. We expect that the influence of racial sympathy will be strongest among individuals who have higher incomes, as they are less concerned with competition over resources. Using the 2013 CCES, we use a newly developed measure of racial sympathy (Chudy, 2021) to study white Americans’ support for policies designed to provide resources to black Americans. Consistent with expectations, we find that whites with higher levels of racial sympathy have higher levels of support for such policies, but that this pattern is stronger among whites who are more affluent. For white Americans of lesser means, the relationship between racial sympathy and support for racial redistribution is weaker, likely because of concerns for their own relative economic status. Keywords: American politics; economic position; group position theory; horizontal redistribution; racial sympathy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7604 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Breaking the Silence About Compulsory Social Measures in Switzerland: Consequences for Survivor Families File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7691 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7691 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7691 Author-Name: Nadine Gautschi Author-Workplace-Name: Social Work, Bern University of Applied Science, Switzerland Author-Name: Andrea Abraham Author-Workplace-Name: Social Work, Bern University of Applied Science, Switzerland Abstract: So‐called compulsory social measures (CSM) represent a dark chapter in Swiss history. Hundreds of thousands of children and adolescents from families affected by poverty were placed in foster families and homes, or used as labourers on farms. These decisions could hardly be appealed. Many minors suffered traumatic violence in out‐of‐home placements. In 1981 the relevant laws were redrafted and the practice of CSM was officially stopped. Nevertheless, CSM were considered taboo for decades in Swiss politics and society. Often survivors even concealed their experiences from their own partners and children. It was not until 2013 that a major political and social reappraisal began. Against this background, we analyse how the state breaking its silence on the issue, through the initiating of public reappraisal, changed the way families deal with their parents’ history regarding CSM. To this end, six biographical interviews with adult descendants of survivors were analysed using grounded theory methodology. The results show that the public reappraisal triggered processes of revealing secrets from parental history in families, which also enabled emotional rapprochement between family members. However, it also opened up new areas of family tension and found expression in new constellations of silence. Overall Switzerland’s state action had ambivalent consequences for survivor families. Keywords: institutional silence; out‐of‐home placement; public reappraisal; qualitative analysis; welfare and coercion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7691 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: China and Climate Change: Just Transition and Social Inclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8050 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8050 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8050 Author-Name: Lichao Yang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sociology, Beijing Normal University, China / School of Sociology, Oxford University, UK Author-Name: Robert Walker Author-Workplace-Name: Beijing Normal University, China Abstract: China aims to transition from a carbon‐intensive economy to carbon neutrality before 2060. Although climate change policies commenced in 2007, this goal remains extremely challenging. Reporting on China’s progress, the articles in this issue refer to three concepts. Ecological civilization is a political construct framing China’s policy response to climate change and environmental degradation; its “thin” version refers to sustainable development and modernisation, but it also describes a higher form of civilization to replace industrial society. Environmental authoritarianism describes a top‐down system of governance or policy implementation that engages in minimal public participation; several of the articles report China’s green policies to be of this type. Just transition is a multifaceted evaluative concept employed in most of the articles to comment on the process or outcome of China’s climate change policies. The policy context is explained, before reviewing results from authors’ application of these concepts and offering a summary conclusion. Keywords: China; climate change; ecological civilization; environmental authoritarianism; just transition Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8050 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Education for a Sustainable Development to Ecological Civilization in China: A Just Transition? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7421 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7421 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7421 Author-Name: Ronghui (Kevin) Zhou Author-Workplace-Name: Institution of Advanced Studies, University of Warwick, UK Abstract: This article uses just transition to understand the education for sustainable development (ESD) transition in China. The latter has shifted from an internationally recognized response to support sustainable development to an “ecological civilization,” that is, a policy agenda combining domestic environmental and political interests. Using a climate justice framework, this article interprets the ESD transition on three levels: stakeholder engagement, education scope, and environmental governance. The findings reveal that (a) the concept of ecological civilization is heavily political, (b) its scope is limited to environmental sustainability, and (c) stakeholders from the education sector who participated in the new agenda as policy recipients are underrepresented in decision‐making processes. Most importantly, despite the heavy political endorsement of the agenda, many previous challenges associated with ESD, such as lack of policy support, inadequate professional training, and exam pressures, continue at the institutional level. This article recommends establishing an overarching ESD or ecological civilization framework in the education sector to sustain the growing attention given to ecological civilization in the Chinese education sector and calls for further research on the roles of education in just transition in the global context. Keywords: China; ecological civilization; education for sustainable development; environmental governance; just transition Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7421 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Start Matters: A Comparative Analysis of Climate Equity Among UNFCCC Country Parties and Country Groups File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7540 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7540 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7540 Author-Name: Zhe Liu Author-Workplace-Name: Research Data and Impact, World Resources Institute, China Author-Name: Ying Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Economics, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Abstract: Incorrect indicators and starting years for emission cumulation can lead to confusion regarding the concepts of climate equity and climate responsibility. This article examines the variations in the results obtained by using different indicators and starting years to calculate climate equity and climate responsibilities among country parties and country groups of the UNFCCC. The article utilizes historical greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data from 193 countries spanning the period 1850 to 2021. The data is aggregated from various sources including EDGAR, Climate Watch, and Global Carbon Budget (GCB). The article calculates cumulative GHG emissions and cumulative GHG emissions per capita, with starting years 1850, 1970, and 1990. By highlighting differences in various indicators, the article aims to provide a better understanding of climate responsibilities, climate beneficiaries, and climate equity. The results demonstrate that cumulative emissions and cumulative emissions per capita are scientific indicators that reveal a country’s level of climate responsibility and climate equity. Negotiators can achieve consensus more easily in the complex system if they have a comprehensive and scientific understanding of climate equity. It is suggested that country groups under the UNFCCC use scientific indicators and methodologies to reveal climate responsibilities and climate equity. Keywords: climate equity; climate governance; cumulative GHG emissions; cumulative GHG emissions per capita; UNFCCC Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7540 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Silent Processes in Higher Education: Examining Ableism Through an Ability‐Critical Lens File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7752 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7752 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7752 Author-Name: Nico Leonhardt Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Leipzig University, Germany Abstract: Universities are regarded as critical institutions that shape society, which on the one hand have a great influence on (successful) social processes, but on the other, are traditionally very privileged and exclusive places of education. Despite various demands to open up to plural perspectives, they are still strongly characterized by powerful, meritocratic, and discriminatory structures, cultures, and orders. (Social) inclusion efforts are always linked to the need to analyze processes of exclusion. This article therefore examines the question: Which ableist practices and culture of silence are revealed in the context of higher education and how can these be linked to the findings of postcolonial studies on the topic of silence? On the one hand, established perspectives (lecturers and students), but above all the perspectives of marginalized and unheard (groups of) people (lecturers with (learning) disabilities) are involved. The results from two group discussions (N = 9) with perspectives from these three different positions are presented to work out implicit and explicit processes of silence. The (power) theoretical reference is the concept of ableism, which is linked with (postcolonial) perspectives on the ideas of “silence” according to Brunner (2017a). This article emphasizes that, in addition to formal access restrictions to university education, there are also implicit barriers oriented towards non‐transparent ableist expectations of ability, which in turn (re‐)produce processes of silence. The case study concerns one German university and shows that formal access to higher education is only one aspect of reducing ableism; above all, it is the creation of transparent structures with regard to set ability expectations, critical‐reflective spaces, and a culture of “unlearning” biographically characterized ableist notions of normality. This article therefore focuses on the connection between ableist experiences and the findings of postcolonial discourses of silencing. Keywords: academic ableism; exclusion; inclusive university development; silencing Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7752 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policy Silences and Poverty in Ireland: An Argument for Inclusive Approaches File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7737 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7737 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7737 Author-Name: Joe Whelan Author-Workplace-Name: Social Work and Social Policy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Abstract: Policy documents shape and inform policy but they are not neutral objects. Policy documents can also silence through the exclusion and omission of discrete knowledges transmitted through testimony and lived experience. Even where steps are taken to ensure inclusion, policies can be underpinned by a policy making process that also potentially omits and silences through a narrow conception of how to include the voices of those directly affected by policy in the policy making process. This article will address the phenomenon of “policy silences” in the following ways: Firstly, by taking inspiration from Bacchi’s (2009) policy analysis framework—which asks of policy documents “what is the problem represented to be?” (the WPR approach)—and focusing on question no. 4 of the WPR framework—which asks, in part, “where are the silences?”—the Irish policy document Roadmap for Social Inclusion 2020‐2025 will be briefly reviewed. Following this, the approach taken in a creative, arts‐based, participatory research project which included, mapping, photography and walking interviews as a means of exploring the lived experiences and hidden geographies of poverty will be presented as a way of demonstrating inclusive research practice and as a means of tacitly problematizing and further critiquing an anaemic understanding of inclusion which potentially creates “policy silences.” Finally, an argument for forms of inclusion that go beyond current practices to include, in creative ways, the voices of those directly affected by policy in the policy making process will be put forth. Keywords: Ireland; policy; policy silences; poverty; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7737 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Just Transition for China’s Coal Regions Towards Carbon Neutrality Targets File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7494 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7494 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7494 Author-Name: Ying Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Economics, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Author-Name: Dan Miao Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, China Author-Name: Xiangding Hou Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong (SAR) Author-Name: Mingjie Jia Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, China Abstract: China has pledged to peak its carbon emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. A crucial aspect of this commitment involves transitioning from coal‐dependent activities primarily concentrated in certain regions pivotal to local economies, employment, and livelihoods. High‐quality development necessitates identifying just transition strategies for these coal‐intensive regions, ensuring inclusive benefits from the energy transition. These regions exhibit disparities in economic and industrial growth, with many low‐income mining communities and inadequate public services. This calls for comprehensive policy interventions in economic, energy, societal, and environmental domains. This study aims to delineate just transition strategies for China’s coal regions, considering their unique challenges and circumstances. Initially, this article reviews the evolution of “just transition” as a concept and its policy implications. Subsequently, it explores China’s approach to achieving carbon neutrality through the lens of just transition, delving into the local economy’s reliance on coal‐related industries and the impact on employment. Following a clear delineation of the vision for just transition in China, the analysis focuses on identifying principles and pathways for transition. The goal is to propose nuanced and effective policies to ensure just outcomes in the context of China’s energy transition. Keywords: carbon neutrality; China; climate change; coal regions; just transition; social justice Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7494 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hidden Dimensions of Injustice in the Green Transition of China’s Coal Mining Industry File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7588 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7588 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7588 Author-Name: Guanli Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sociology, Beijing Normal University, China Author-Name: Bingyi Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, China Abstract: The social impact of China’s policy of phasing out excess coal production since the 2010s is examined through the lens of “just transition.” Qualitative fieldwork undertaken in Liupanshui, Guizhou province, focussed on seven mines, among which three were decommissioned. Against the backdrop of top‐down policy imperatives aimed at rapidly reducing coal production capacity, more powerful stakeholders took action to safeguard their own perceived interests, thereby transferring the costs of transition to the least powerful actors while exacerbating existing injustices. At the same time, Confucian traditions and modern civic education in China—which prioritise endurance and compliance—limited individual voice and agency. By adopting just transition as a policy tool, China could avoid errors made by countries that transitioned earlier. Keywords: China; coal mining industry; green transition; just transition; social injustice Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7588 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Local Government-Led Climate Governance and Social Inclusion: The Case Study of J County in China File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7458 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7458 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7458 Author-Name: Chunhua Yan Author-Workplace-Name: College of International Education and Social Development, Zhejiang Normal University, China Author-Name: Yajuan Luo Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Administration, Hohai University, China Abstract: Social inclusion in climate governance is related to social justice and inclusive climate justice explicitly aims to open up climate policy and politics to a broader range of actors and voices, especially those most exposed to climate‐related injustice. This article employs qualitative research methods to comprehensively examine the issue of social inclusion in the context of local government‐led climate governance in J County, Zhejiang province, China. The study finds that the climate governance in J County demonstrates a certain degree of social inclusion in terms of participation by local farmers and benefit distribution. However, this social inclusion has a hidden fragility: It is limited and unstable. The limited social inclusion is manifested in the fact that, throughout the entire process, bamboo farmers were unable to participate due to their lack of a comprehensive understanding of the climate governance action plan, and the distribution of climate governance benefits is characterised by a lack of transparency in the design process and uncertainty regarding potential benefits. The unstable social inclusion is manifested in the great differences in the environmental governance actions of J County in different periods, especially regarding public participation and benefit distribution. Fundamentally, this is mainly due to the significant influence of China’s unique top‐down performance evaluation system on local government‐led climate governance actions in J County. Social inclusion in local government‐led environmental governance may again be marginalised if the top‐down performance evaluation indicators faced by local governments change in the future. Keywords: climate governance; local government‐led; performance assessment; social inclusion; forest farmers Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7458 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Power Games and Wage Negotiations in China's New Energy Vehicle Industry File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7454 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7454 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7454 Author-Name: Wenjuan Jia Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Shanghai University, China Author-Name: Siyu You Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Shanghai University, China Abstract: China has launched a comprehensive low‐carbon transition strategy at the same time as the concept of just transition is receiving extensive international attention from the academic community. A just transition needs to embrace the interests of workers in the new energy industry as well as those of miners and others facing job losses in traditional industries. Accordingly, this article focuses on how programmers at a new energy vehicle company in Shanghai negotiate wages with their employers. Employers trying to curtail the salaries of programmers find fault with their biographies, qualifications, and experiences to undermine their confidence and create an incentive‐driven competitive work environment. Programmers, in turn, try to improve their bargaining power by demonstrating their professional competence, job hopping, and informally investigating conditions at employing enterprises to take advantage of the competitive relationship between them. The interests of programmers in China’s new energy vehicle industry are found to differ from those of Chinese state‐owned enterprise workers and migrant workers. Although individual negotiations can improve the wage levels of specific programmers in the short run, they are not conducive to the emergence of labor solidarity. Moreover, they exacerbate income inequality among workers and fail to bring justice to workers in the new energy industry. Keywords: China; job hopping; just transition; labor relations; new energy vehicle industry; wage negotiations Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7454 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Exclusion in the Development of Photovoltaics: The Perspective of Fishers in the HU Township File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7467 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7467 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7467 Author-Name: Yijun Liu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Administration, Hohai University, China Author-Name: AJiang Chen Author-Workplace-Name: Research Center for Environment and Society, Hohai University, China Author-Name: Zhuxiang Liu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Administration, Hohai University, China Abstract: This article critically examines the consequences of the application of a photovoltaic (PV) project on the social exclusion of local fishers, through an environmental justice lens. The project was undertaken to develop a mechanism to increase local government revenue while mitigating climate change. However, the findings reveal that the entry of the PV industry displaced traditional fishery production, causing damage to the livelihood of local fishers and encroaching on their living space. At the same time, the authorities did not pay special attention to the interests of fishers in the distribution of PV revenue. These findings draw attention to the need to address the social exclusion of fishers and take decisive steps to institutionalize more structured and transparent co‐creation processes to ensure that the voices of marginalized groups are heard and effectively considered in the process. The research this article draws on is qualitative, comprised of data gathered through document analysis, as well as in‐depth interviews with the fishers, representatives of the local government, and the PV companies. Keywords: environment justice; fishers’ livelihood; industrial expansion; photovoltaics; social exclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7467 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Small Sacrifice for the Greater Good”: Decoding Just Transition in a Chinese Peripheral Region File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7549 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7549 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7549 Author-Name: Xiaohui Hu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, China / International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, China Author-Name: Wu Tang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, China Author-Name: Xuliang Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Regional Coordination Development Research Center, Zhejiang University, China Author-Name: Dongzheng Jie Author-Workplace-Name: Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center, China / Center for Zhejiang Urban Governance Studies, China Abstract: The notion of just transition is important and debated in discussions about climate change and low‐carbon shifts. This study aims to refocus on just transition from a spatial perspective. We investigate perceptions in Chun’an, Zhejiang, to redefine just transition beyond Western ideas. Our case offers one key yet under‐explored dimension in the interpretation of justice: spatial scale. First, the green transition of Chun’an can be regarded both as a sacrifice of economy from a local perspective (Chun’an county) and as a valuable social contribution from a broader regional perspective (Hangzhou city area). Second, the multi‐scalar interaction of the transition process shapes the perceptions of justice. It is represented by the growing local tensions between developmentalism and environmentalism. Such a process is aimed at generating a wider scale of well‐being, contributing to a process of/for justice. We argue just transition is about a spatially sensitive process towards (rather than of) justice. In China, realizing transition is the way towards justice, and justice itself is transition in the long run. Keywords: China; Chinese periphery; just transition; multi‐scalarity; perceptions; transition practices Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7549 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventative Social Care and Community Development in Wales: “New” Legislation, “Old” Tensions? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7448 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7448 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7448 Author-Name: Simon Read Author-Workplace-Name: School of Health and Social Care, Swansea University, UK Author-Name: Fiona Verity Author-Workplace-Name: School of Health and Social Care, Swansea University, UK Author-Name: Mark Llewellyn Author-Workplace-Name: Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care, University of South Wales, UK Author-Name: Gideon Calder Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Swansea University, UK Author-Name: Jonathan Richards Author-Workplace-Name: Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care, University of South Wales, UK Abstract: Prevention is becoming ever more central in UK care policy for older people, though precisely what this entails, and how it works most effectively in social care and support, remains ambiguous. Set against the “newness” of recent social care legislation in Wales, this article explores the perspectives of professionals on prevention and community development, particularly for older people. This draws on qualitative data collected from 11 Welsh local authorities, four NHS Wales health boards, and eight regional third-sector organisations, incorporating 64 interviews with directors, executives, and senior managers. Recent research has highlighted concerns over the slipperiness of prevention as a concept, resulting in multiple interpretations and activities operating under its banner. Consistent with this, our data suggested a kaleidoscopic picture of variously named community-based initiatives working to support the intricate web of connections that sustain older people, as well as provide practical or material help. Similarly, professionals highlighted varied agendas of community resilience, individual independence, and reducing the need for state-funded health and social care, as well as a range of viewpoints on the roles of the state, private sector, and the third sector. Analysis revealed fragments of familiar themes in community development; positive hopes for community initiatives, tensions between the mixed agendas of state-instigated activities, and the practical challenges arising from systems imbued with neo-liberal ideas. Realising the promise of prevention will require deft steering through these challenges. Keywords: ageing; community development; independence; older people; social care and support; social policy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7448 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dancing With Care: Promoting Social Inclusion Among Older Women in China Through a Novel Preventative Care Model File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7463 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7463 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7463 Author-Name: Chun Xia Author-Workplace-Name: School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, China Author-Name: Jia Xu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Marxism, Anhui Normal University, China Author-Name: Jianzeng An Author-Workplace-Name: School of Marxism, Anhui Normal University, China Author-Name: Jianwen Ding Author-Workplace-Name: School of Marxism, Anhui Normal University, China Abstract: This article examines how a new form of preventative care provision—dancing with care (DWC)—promotes social inclusion among older women in China and explores whether DWC can be regarded as an effective way to address the challenges these older women face in improving their social inclusion and achieving a healthy lifestyle. Our study demonstrates that various dimensions of DWC play a vital role in addressing the difficulties these older women encounter in their struggle to end their own social exclusion: These dimensions include levels of happiness, social network involvement, access to social support in “preventative care terms”, and the role of own’s grandchildren as a means to social bonding. Various dimensions of DWC align with the concept of preventative care for older women in urban communities. Using semi-structured interviews in selected “DWC communities” located in southern China, this article demonstrates that DWC contributes to addressing older women’s social inclusion by providing preventative care. In addition, we also performed an empirical data analysis that included institutional regulations for DWC design and implementation, publications by DWC communities, and academic research focused on DWC communities. DWC proposes an appealing path for older women to actively engage with and within their community. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into the potential of a new model of preventative care and our conclusions will serve as a reference for enhancing social involvement among older individuals globally. Keywords: China; dancing with care; older women; preventative care; social involvement Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7463 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implementing a Senior Community Care Model: An Italian Top‐Down Cohousing Project and Nursing Home File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7404 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7404 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7404 Author-Name: Isabella Riccò Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, Philosophy and Social Work, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain Author-Name: Claudia María Anleu-Hernández Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, Philosophy and Social Work, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain Author-Name: Adele De Stefani Author-Workplace-Name: Istituto per Servizi di Ricovero ed Assistenza agli Anziani (ISRAA), Italy Abstract: Not ageing in place is an increasing reality for many older Europeans. For several decades societies have applied different care models in developing initiatives to provide safe and age-friendly spaces. This article presents the community care model implemented by the Italian service provider ISRAA in Treviso (Italy) in one of its nursing homes and senior cohousing projects. The aim of our study was to analyse this senior community care model and find out how residents have responded to it. Participants were both the older adult residents in the two ISRAA facilities and professionals responsible for their social attention. A qualitative methodology was used: questionnaire, interviews, and focus groups with professionals and care facility residents. Results reveal the care philosophy implemented, residents’ experiences, the main barriers to creating a community, and how this model could be improved by following community development principles, with the older people’s help, participation, and engagement. The conclusions highlight the importance of applying principles of self-determination and social inclusion in a preventive care model for the senior community. In addition, a key factor in promoting community development is for professionals to act as community development practitioners and to allow older adults to be part of the change. Keywords: ageing; care; cohousing; community; community care; elderly; gender; nursing home; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7404 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Older People Reimagining and Envisioning Preventive Care Through Land Acquisition: Evidence From Rwanda File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7483 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7483 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7483 Author-Name: Albert Irambeshya Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Development Studies, University of Rwanda, Rwanda Abstract: This article presents findings about older people reimagining and envisioning preventive care through land acquisition in the Karongi district, Rwanda. My primary objective was to understand how land acquisition constitutes a means for older people’s preventive care arrangement. Ethnographic data were collected from 15 older people’s households. Empirical findings indicate that land scarcity makes it a coveted resource that attracts care around older people possessing it. Those unable to use their land rent it out to someone else who accepts to use the land and share the harvest equally with the owners. Furthermore, caring relationships between the landowner and the land user go beyond sharing the harvest to provide other forms of caring practices, such as assistance to access health care, firewood, and water provision, as well as helping older people sell their harvest. Renting out the land displays the image of an older person actively engaged with the community and who attracts caring practices using the land. Besides, land acquisition is the basis for intergenerational care negotiation, as expectations to inherit the land encourage children to care for their older parents. Thus, this article shows preventive care that is happening outside the realm of the Western biomedical model, but rather within an imagined model of owning an asset that benefits older people, their kin, and the community. Keywords: community care; intergenerational care; land, older people; preventive care; Rwanda Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7483 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Community Project to Supplement Social Care Services File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7896 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7896 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7896 Author-Name: Frances H. Barker Author-Workplace-Name: Solva Care, UK Author-Name: Mollie Roach Author-Workplace-Name: Solva Care, UK Abstract: Solva in West Wales, UK, is a small community with about 700 people on the electoral roll. In 2013, Solva Community Council faced the fact that things were not going well for the elderly in our village. Many had to leave home and go “into care.” They didn’t want to go and we didn’t want to lose them. A community councillor at that time, author Mollie Roach, did some research and decided that the village could look after its own. A small working party including first author Frances Barker was set up to plan the way forward. The original idea was not a volunteer service. We wanted to set up a local domiciliary care service, where the carers would live locally and not have to spend their precious time travelling between wide-spread destinations. We soon found that there were several administrative and monetary barriers in the way of setting up such a scheme, especially for a small community. Registration needed money and qualified people. and the “rules” were such as to prevent rather than encourage individual response to individual circumstances. However, we could see that there was a need for a local volunteer service. It is disturbing when you discover you cannot go up a ladder and change a light bulb. It is devastating when you are told you cannot drive anymore because of an eye problem. It is worrying when you cannot take the dog for a good walk or collect your prescription because of arthritis. All these problems are under the radar of statutory services. This is a gap that can be alleviated by a local community-based volunteer scheme. Solva Care evolved with a paid co-ordinator to mediate between volunteers and those needing help. We are now getting closer to the original idea, doing our best to integrate domiciliary and social care, working with agencies, private carers, families, and individuals, as well as continuing to run the volunteer service. Keywords: community integration; local action; rural area; village activities; volunteer service Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7896 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Supporting Older Adults' Social Inclusion and Well‐Being in Neighbourhoods: The Social Hub Model File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7431 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7431 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7431 Author-Name: Anniriikka Rantala Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland / Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Finland / Centre of Excellence in Research on Ageing and Care (CoE AgeCare), Finland Author-Name: Outi Valkama Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland / Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Finland / Centre of Excellence in Research on Ageing and Care (CoE AgeCare), Finland Author-Name: Rita Latikka Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland Author-Name: Outi Jolanki Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland / Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Finland / Centre of Excellence in Research on Ageing and Care (CoE AgeCare), Finland Abstract: In recent years, many Finnish cities and municipalities have aspired to develop services that support older adults’ well‐being and social inclusion. This study focuses on the Social Hub model, a local social innovation developed in the city of Tampere. Social hubs operate on a neighbourhood level, providing free‐of‐charge service coordination and counselling, group activities, and meeting places for social gatherings. This study aims to look at whether this kind of local innovation can support older adults’ well‐being and social inclusion. The sociomaterial perspective and multidimensional model of well‐being (the having–doing–loving–being approach) provided theoretical and analytical guidelines to examine older adults’ experiences and perceptions of social hubs. The qualitative interview data was collected among people living in service housing, senior housing, or ordinary housing in the proximity of the social hubs studied. Face‐to‐face and “go‐along” interviews with 19 older adults aged between 57 and 96 were analysed with theory‐driven content analysis. The results showed that the hubs are a valuable local resource for older adults, providing free services, accessible and appealing shared spaces, and activities that promote social well‐being, physical activity, creativity, and autonomy. The hubs serve as important gathering points for older adults in the neighbourhood, fostering community‐building among citizens residing in different types of housing. The results highlight the importance of acknowledging well‐being as a multidimensional phenomenon. The Social Hub model provides one practical tool to support older adults’ well‐being and social inclusion by offering various kinds of resources and social and cultural activities. Keywords: aging in community; having–doing–loving–being; HDLB model; older adults; Social Hub model; social inclusion; sociomateriality; suburban neighbourhoods; well‐being services; well‐being Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7431 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Scoping Review of Older LGBTI People's Experiences of Homecare File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7402 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7402 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7402 Author-Name: Mel Duffy Author-Workplace-Name: School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Ireland Author-Name: Giovanni Frazzetto Author-Workplace-Name: School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Ireland Author-Name: Anthony Staines Author-Workplace-Name: School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Ireland Author-Name: Anne Matthews Author-Workplace-Name: School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Ireland Author-Name: James Geoghegan Author-Workplace-Name: Public & Patient Involvement Representatives, Ireland Author-Name: Collette Gleeson Author-Workplace-Name: Public & Patient Involvement Representatives, Ireland Author-Name: Claire Mooney Author-Workplace-Name: Public & Patient Involvement Representatives, Ireland Author-Name: James O'Hagan Author-Workplace-Name: Public & Patient Involvement Representatives, Ireland Author-Name: Sean Vail Author-Workplace-Name: Public & Patient Involvement Representatives, Ireland Abstract: Amidst the global growth of the ageing demographic in the world, an inclusive assessment of the care needs of the older lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) population is receiving increasing attention, especially in view of reported health inequalities for these minority groups and the position of their sexual orientations and gender identities within a predominantly heteronormative health and social system. This literature review aims to identify and analyse previous research on older LGBTI people’s views, experiences, and perceptions of homecare provision. We searched the CINAHL, Medline, and PsychINFO databases and found a total of 337 records. After an eligibility assessment, 12 studies were selected, comprising 11 qualitative studies, and one mixed methods study. Under an overarching theme of fears of discrimination and of receiving suboptimal care, we further categorised our findings in the following three interlinked subthemes: (a) disclosure of gender identity and sexual orientation; (b) emerging meanings of LGBTI‐competent care; and (c) recommendations for improved quality of LGBTI‐friendly services. The overall surfacing outcome of our analysis of the participants’ experiences described in the studies examined is an aspiration for homecare services ensuring quality of holistic, person‐centred care that recognises this population’s distinct set of requirements, including knowledge and consideration of their histories of inequalities and oppression. Wider awareness about the need to re‐imagine more inclusive care for the LGBTI community has the potential to improve services and practices, reduce access barriers, and prevent inequalities. Keywords: ageing; healthcare; homecare; LGBTI; prevention; scoping review Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7402 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Ageing in Place, Healthy Ageing: Local Community Involvement in the Prevention Approach to Eldercare File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7438 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7438 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7438 Author-Name: Chiara Lodi Rizzini Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy Author-Name: Franca Maino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy Author-Name: Celestina Valeria De Tommaso Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy Abstract: The increase in ageing societies is posing new and urgent societal and political challenges to meeting people’s medical, personal, and social needs in old age. Ageing should not be considered a uniform phase of life and at least three phases should be distinguished: (a) silver age, (b) the mildly frail age, and (c) those at risk of dependency. Policy tools and logics should prevent and support specific needs in a life‐course approach and the preventive approach is seen as among the most useful interventions, with a baseline objective to promote ageing in place, minimize the institutionalization of care, and prevent psychophysical deterioration by supporting older people and their families through tailor‐made approaches and policies. Our study focuses on the project Invecchiare bene/Bien vieillir (ageing well) funded by Interreg Alcotra France–Italy and implemented in the Valleys of Monviso in northern Italy. The project targets older people living at home in mountainous areas, where healthy ageing is difficult due to chronic diseases and social isolation. This article presents an analysis of preventive‐based interventions and services that promote innovative ageing policies and investigates the involvement of the local community and how it can lead to the deployment of new preventive measures. The research covers the direct impact on the health and living conditions of the recipients (older people) and innovation by the local care model (among social workers and the local community). Qualitative (documentary analysis, semi‐structured interviews, and focus groups) as well as quantitative (questionnaire and secondary data analysis) methods were used. Keywords: active ageing; ageing in place; community building; local welfare; older population; preventive approach Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7438 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Pirnilu Nintipungkupayi (Everyone Is a Teacher): Keeping Old People's Spirit Healthy Through Education File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/7541 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.7541 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 7541 Author-Name: Jennie Buchanan Author-Workplace-Name: Community Development Programme, Murdoch University, Australia Author-Name: Daisy Ward Author-Workplace-Name: Ngaanyatjarra Lands Schools, Australia Author-Name: Elizabeth Marrikiyi Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: Ngaanyatjarra Lands Schools, Australia Author-Name: Jan Turner Author-Workplace-Name: Fat Lizard Films, Australia Author-Name: Dave Palmer Author-Workplace-Name: Community Development Programme, Murdoch University, Australia Abstract: In the Ngaanyatjarra Lands of desert Western Australia, older people are being encouraged to participate meaningfully in student education. This initiative is being led by two of the authors of this article, senior Ngaanyatjarra women, both of whom work with the Ngaanyatjarra Lands School with its campuses in eight remote communities spread over hundreds of kilometres. Elderly men and women, some of whom are residents in the Ngaanyatjarra Aged Care home (Ngaanyatjarra Health Service, 2021), are eagerly participating in the planning of bush trips, gathering their traditional resources, seeds, grinding stones, bush resins, recalling stories, songs, and dances—as they prepare for the bush camps with students. During the camps the schoolteachers step back and the elderly lead in what is known as two‐way science. At first glance, this work may look like it is simply focused on the educational needs of students with senior Yarnangu acting in a supporting role. However, this article will demonstrate the continuous connections and responsibilities, laid out in the Tjukurrpa (the Dreaming), between the old and the young, to their ancestral lands. It sets out how according to “Tjukurrpa thinking,” the principal way to provide good care is by helping senior people remain on country with family, pass on their knowledge to younger people, and thus keep strong languages and kurrunpa (people’s spirit) alive. Keywords: Aboriginal Australian; Central Australia; inter‐generational respect; Tjukurrpa Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:7541 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reflections on Community Development, Preventative Care, and Ageing File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/8007 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.8007 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 12 Year: 2024 Number: 8007 Author-Name: Fiona Verity Author-Workplace-Name: School of Health and Social Care, Swansea University, UK / Department of Health Sciences, Brunel University, UK Author-Name: Frances H. Barker Author-Workplace-Name: Solva Care, UK Author-Name: Jonathan Richards Author-Workplace-Name: Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care, University of South Wales, UK Author-Name: Simon Read Author-Workplace-Name: School of Health and Social Care, Swansea University, UK Author-Name: Mark Llewellyn Author-Workplace-Name: Welsh Institute for Health and Social Care, University of South Wales, UK Abstract: Recently there has been a chorus of demands to “re‐imagine” social care. Community and faith‐based organisations, policy, and academic communities are engaged in discussions on issues such as human rights for older populations, the future of residential care, how to better support family/community care, and strengthen local place‐based community development. Moreover, the Covid‐19 pandemic has added new urgency to this mission, galvanizing developments for change and collective action and exposing public troubles of endemic system failings, prevailing discourses of ageism, tensions with health systems, and limitations of market models of care and support. Prevention is a central social welfare principle in many countries. It is associated with policy and practices that aim to meet social care needs early and is explored in this thematic issue. Keywords: ageing; community development; human rights; inclusion values; old age; preventive care; principles Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v12:y:2024:a:8007