Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Moving to Portugal: Conditions for Refugees’ Identity (Re)Configuration Processes
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5748
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5748
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 255-260
Author-Name: Catarina Sales
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, UBI, Portugal
Author-Name: Ivan Novais
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, UBI, Portugal
Author-Name: Deriscleia Ramos
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, UBI, Portugal
Abstract: This research seeks to explore how mobility interacts with identity (re)configuration processes. We take a comprehensive look at the impact of mobility on refugees’ adaptation of their own social identity in diasporas. To build our analytical standpoint, we will discuss theories of mobilities and identity studies and explore points of intersection between relational approaches to collective identities, theories of co-constitution of social formations, and mobile subjectivities and narratives about diasporans’ experiences, refugee hosting, and conditions for identity (re)configuration. Next, we apply our analytical perspective to a selection of existing empirical research on refugees in Portugal. We were able to identify some clues that indicate the relevance of our approach and suggest two lines for further empirical research in the Portuguese context.
Keywords: hosting country; identity (re)configuration; mobilities; refugees; transit
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:255-260
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “This Group Is My Country”: Sri Lankan Tamil Women’s Narratives of Isolation and Connectedness in Australia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5785
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5785
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 244-254
Author-Name: Rimple Mehta
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Michel Edenborough
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Fran Gale
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Subadra Velayudan
Author-Workplace-Name: NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors, Australia
Author-Name: Samantha Tom Cherian
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Linda Briskman
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Nichole Georgeou
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Ansuya Naguran
Author-Workplace-Name: NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors, Australia
Abstract: Refugees lose their networks and support systems on their journey from their home country. In addition, they may experience torture, trauma, and socio‐economic hardship. A critical question concerning refugee wellbeing is how refugee belonging, inclusivity, and community connectedness can be better understood, strengthened, and promoted. In this article, we discuss how members of the Tamil Seniors Group, supported by the NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), develop social networks in Australia. Based on two focus group discussions, this article analyses their experiences through the intersection of age and gender to elucidate the challenges and affordances of networking and establishing social relations in Australia.
Keywords: agency; belongingness; isolation; refugees; Tamil
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:244-254
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Negotiating Survival: Central American Refugee Women in Mexico and the Politics of Deservingness
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5739
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5739
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 233-243
Author-Name: Susanne Willers
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, TU Dortmund, Germany / Arnold Bergstraesser Institute, University of Freiburg, Germany
Abstract: This article aims to analyse the difficulties Central American refugee women face when applying for refugee protection in Mexico and how they negotiate survival during this process. Claiming refugee protection is an important legal mechanism to ensure survival, but managing this process successfully is difficult, not only because of the bureaucratic complexities but also because of structural and political constraints. Research has addressed the difficulties migrant women face while in transit and in the United States, but there is less analysis on the limitations in accessing refugee protection in transit countries such as Mexico. Therefore, this article examines the main barriers women face by considering the social and spatial specifics of two different reception sites, the southern Mexican city of Tapachula and Mexico City, in the centre of the country. Drawing on ethnographic field research and interviews with refugees and practitioners, this research seeks to understand women’s agency in dealing with adversity in reception contexts. Analysis showed that women need to engage in micro‐level negotiations with gatekeepers in host communities to gain access to humanitarian assistance and social rights. In addition, it has showed that access to scarce resources depends on personal performance in terms of vulnerability and “deservingness.” This demonstrates the complexities refugee women encounter in the local context, but also the role of institutional constraints to humanitarian attention in contrast to an integral understanding of rights. Furthermore, the obstacles faced by refugees and the generation of uncertainty and waiting must be analysed as a political strategy to prevent effective access to asylum in Mexico.
Keywords: deservingness; gender; Mexico; refugee protection; social navigation; social rights; waiting
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:233-243
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Different Way of Thinking About Refugees: Relocation and Settlement of Expatriate Syrian Business People
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5649
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5649
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 222-232
Author-Name: Ching-An Chang
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Arabic Language and Culture, National Chengchi University, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Abstract: The 2011 Syrian uprisingresulted inmillions of Syrians fleeing to neighboring countries such as Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon, while others chose to relocate to Egypt. Among this unprecedented refugee wave, thousands were upper‐middle or upper‐class business people in pre‐uprising Syria. This article examines how the Syrian refugee business people’s social class affected their relocation and settlement in Turkey, Egypt, and Jordan. The data in this research are based on the analysis of ten months of fieldwork in Turkey, Egypt, and Jordan with 213 in‐depth interviews of Syrian business people conducted by the author. The findings suggest that, first, the political relations between the host–home countries and the economic structure of the host countries affect what type of political or economic business people are relocating. Second, Syrian business people are more resilient than other refugees in balancing the challenges they meet in host societies, mainly based on their economic capital and status as business professionals. This article argues that the relocation choice and settlement process of the Syrian business people are closely related to their class as business professionals since both their relocation and settlement are affected or facilitated by their professions. This case shows how refugees’ relocation and settlement processes go through a class‐based orientation, depending on the specific resources they have and the related considerations regarding their professions. Keeping in mind the various social compositions among the massive refugee waves or forced migration, which might affect the results of relocation and settlement, this further suggests that refugee policymaking should be more “customized,” taking the refugees and forced migrants’ social classes into consideration.
Keywords: class; refugee business people; relocation; settlement; Syrian refugee
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:222-232
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: From Conflict Zones to Europe: Syrian and Afghan Refugees’ Journeys, Stories, and Strategies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5731
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5731
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 211-221
Author-Name: Souhila Belabbas
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, UK
Author-Name: Jakub Bijak
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, UK
Author-Name: Ariana Modirrousta-Galian
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK
Author-Name: Sarah Nurse
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Statistics and Demography, University of Southampton, UK
Abstract: This article explores the journeys of Syrian and Afghan refugees to Europe, looking at two of the largest and politically most salient flows of asylum seekers during the 2010s. Following political disturbances in their home countries, millions of Syrians and Afghans have been forcibly displaced or had to seek safety elsewhere. In search of protection for themselves and their families, some of them had to cross multiple borders to reach European destinations or hope to be resettled there. This article looks at the factors that shape the journeys of asylum seekers and the uncertain features of the process of moving from one unexpected location to another, with an emphasis on the overlapping role of information, social networks, resources, and pure chance. Our aim is to locate the refugee journeys in the context of significant social institutions that may determine their decisions, migratory trajectories, and consequently their entire journeys. The present research involves in‐depth qualitative interviews. Drawing on an ethnographic approach and a multi‐sited methodology, we bring together diverse refugee voices and narratives and focus on the role of information in their mobility. The results help us verify assumptions about different aspects of migrant journeys, mechanisms involved in the decision‐making of the actors involved, the role of networks (or networking) and information exchange, and other relevant aspects expounded throughout the article. Our findings suggest that social networks, family status, age, disability, human, social, and cultural capital, their intersections, and, in the end, chance, play an important role in the shaping of the asylum seekers’ migration trajectories.
Keywords: Afghanistan; capital; chance; decision‐making; migration journeys; refugee voices; social networks; Syria
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:211-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: From Sex Offenders to National Heroes: Comparing Yemeni and Afghan Refugees in South Korea
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5740
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5740
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 200-210
Author-Name: Farrah Sheikh
Author-Workplace-Name: Academia Via Serica, Keimyung University, South Korea
Author-Name: Jin-han Jeong
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Arabic, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea
Author-Name: Kangsuk Kim
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Arabic, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, South Korea
Abstract: This article examines discourses that shaped different outcomes for Yemeni refugees in 2018 and Afghan special contributors in 2021 in South Korea. Following the country’s mission to evacuate its Afghan interlocutors in 2021, Afghans are fast‐tracked for social integration through the creation of emergency enforcement ordinances, with South Korean society broadly welcoming them as national heroes and recognizing them as “special contributors” rather than refugees. In contrast, Yemeni refugees arriving in 2018 were subjected to Islamophobic and legal abuse, constructed as potential sex offenders and terrorists, and accused of being fake refugees. In both cases, refugee protections according to South Korea’s 2013 Refugee Law were withheld as Yemenis and Afghans were processed through alternative systems. This article concludes that Muslim refugee issues in South Korea are masculinized and delves into the multi‐faceted complex factors at play when analyzing the differences between the reception of Afghan evacuees and Yemeni refugees in the South Korean context.
Keywords: Afghanistan; Islamophobia; Jeju Island; masculinities; refugees; social discourse; South Korea; special contributor; Yemen
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:200-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Networks and Contested Identities in the Refugee Journey
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/6535
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.6535
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 194-199
Author-Name: Niro Kandasamy
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Humanities, University of Sydney, Australia
Author-Name: Lauren Avery
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Politics, University of York, UK
Author-Name: Karen Soldatic
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Culture and Society, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Abstract: This thematic issue traverses refugee research that recognises the importance of networks in determining the paths that refugees undertake in their journeys to seek safety and protection. In recent years, scholars have increasingly pointed to the multifaceted nature of networks in the refugee journey. These articles demonstrate the importance of elucidating the distinct influences and factors that shape refugee networks, including the unequal power relations between refugees and refugee aid workers in transit countries, transnational family and community connections, the proliferation of technologies in strengthening refugees’ networks, the role of the state in privileging certain refugee groups over others, and the role of refugees themselves in mobilising both past and existing networks to activate supports.
Keywords: asylum seekers; contested identities; mobilization; network mobility; networks; refugee journey; refugees
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:194-199
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Lifecourse Transitions: How ICTS Support Older Migrants’ Adaptation to Transnational Lives
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5735
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5735
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 181-193
Author-Name: Hien Thi Nguyen
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Australia / School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Author-Name: Loretta Baldassar
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Author-Name: Raelene Wilding
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Humanities and Social Sciences, La Trobe University, Australia
Abstract: Lifecourse transitions from adulthood into older age are particularly complex for transnationalmigrants, bringing additional challenges and opportunities. Adding to the growing literature on ageing and migration, this article illustrates the ways ICTs facilitate the transnational lifecourse transitions of Vietnamese migrant grandparents in Australia through lifecourse digital learning. Research findings highlight the crucial role that digital citizenship plays in supporting migrant grandparents’ adaptation to increasingly mobile lives through practices of digital kinning and digital homing. These practices include using technological tools to maintain social support networks, exchange transnational caregiving, tackle language, navigation, and social integration barriers, and consume culturally relevant media, all of which support migrant identities and belongings. Findings confirm the importance of ICTs in promoting lifecourse digital learning for older migrants who are often stereotyped for their poor learning capacities and ability to adapt to new living arrangements because of their older age.
Keywords: ageing; ICTs; lifecourse learning; lifecourse transition; migration; Vietnamese older migrants
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:181-193
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Later‐Life Learning Among Latin Americans in Canada: Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Place
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5695
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5695
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 171-180
Author-Name: Shamette Hepburn
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, York University, Canada
Abstract: This article examines interconnections between place‐based education and the Latin American Canadian migratory life course. It presents findings of a grounded theory study that utilized in‐depth interviews of 15 Latin American Canadian immigrant older adults (55 years and older) who participate in a mobile adult day support programme in northwest Toronto. The study explored the experiences of service‐users of place‐based education aimed at developing or strengthening their livelihood strategies. Findings revealed that many ageing immigrants view place‐based education as a vital resource that supports their ability to access culturally specific and mainstream services, expands their social networks, and can boost their life chances at successive life course stages. However, findings also indicated that immigrants also view place‐based education as inadequate and ill‐timed and would have preferred greater access to education when they first settled in Canada. The article contributes to emergent scholarship on ageing, transnational migration, and localized education for settlement and integration. Conceptually, it advances a life course justice approach to racialized immigrants’ later‐life learning by underscoring the utility of integrating a critical pedagogy of place into community education.
Keywords: ageing; migration; community education; critical pedagogy of place; life course justice; place‐based learning
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:171-180
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Peripheral Contingencies: Experiences of International Scholars in Latvia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5728
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5728
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 161-170
Author-Name: Ieva Puzo
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Communication, Rīga Stradiņš University, Latvia
Abstract: This article examines the notion of the academic life course from the perspective of international scholars in Latvia—a research system characterised by “projectarisation,” yet also by aspirations of increased international competitiveness. In conversation with literature on academic precarity andmobility justice, I investigate the contingencies and non‐linearities embedded in the transnational movements of research workers. In the academic life course, mobility across borders is supposed to lead to a permanent job in the future, yet often turns into an indefinite process of moving from one country and institution to the next. Based on semi‐structured interviews with 29 international scholars in Latvia, as well as other qualitative data, I examine how this contradiction is experienced in more peripheral contexts of academic knowledge production. I suggest that international scholars in Latvia experience heightened job insecurity while simultaneously making use of professional and personal opportunities.
Keywords: academic precarity; knowledge production; Latvia; mobility; mobility justice; peripherality; projectarisation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:161-170
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Female Solo Self-Employment in Germany: The Role of Transitions and Learning From a Life Course Perspective
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5743
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5743
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 150-160
Author-Name: Simone R. Haasler
Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences (GESIS), Germany
Author-Name: Anna Hokema
Author-Workplace-Name: SOCIUM Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Germany
Abstract: Based on a qualitative analysis of 12 solo self-employed women’s work biographies, this article investigates the (re)structuring effects of solo self-employment on the professional and private lives of women in Germany in their mid- and late-career stages. While solo self-employment has been gaining significance in the German labour market in the last two decades, it is largely an underresearched subject from the perspective of female labour market participation. Our study shows that the transition to working solo self-employed constitutes a marked break in female work biographies with lasting restructuring effects on their life courses. Constituting a deviation from the female standard life course, this move can be understood as a coping strategy of biographical discontinuities, which translates into specific patterns against the background that women (still) assume most of the care and housework responsibilities. How the transition to solo self-employment is being prepared and managed and what role learning and risk management play in the transition process is the focus of our article. Our aim is to better understand the underlining rationalisation logics of female solo self-employment in terms of labour market participation, reconciling work and family life, and professional self-realisation. While in the German welfare system solo self-employed bear higher risks of precarity and financial old age insecurity, solo self-employment is functional as an individual strategy for action, giving women the opportunity to do justice to their (mid) life courses and intrinsic needs to pursue both professional work and freedom of choice when and how to work. This may act as a corrective for gender inequalities in the world of work, especially when it comes to working in a self-determined way.
Keywords: female work biographies; Germany; hybrid employment; solo self-employment; work autonomy; work transitions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:150-160
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Professional Trajectories in Migrant Biographies of Qualified German, Romanian, and Italian Movers
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5679
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5679
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 138-149
Author-Name: Tanja Schroot
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture, Politics and Society, University of Turin, Italy
Abstract: This article tackles the issue of professional inclusion of “knowledgeable” migrants under consideration of the paradigmatic life course framework. It thus aims to contribute to international research on human capital valorisation. The comparative analysis of this study is grounded on qualitative data from 30 in‐depth interviews with German, Romanian, and Italian qualified movers in Italy and Germany, who did not migrate for reasons resulting from economic hardship or poverty, but rather to improve their living conditions on familial (tied movers), professional, or socio‐cultural level. Our research aimed to investigate their professional trajectories and corresponding skill utilisation. Findings of the study confirm two predominant tracks of professional integration in the labour host context characterised either by transcultural competence transfer and utilisation or by professional re‐invention and skills acquisition. Particular attention within the data analysis and corresponding conclusions has been paid to potential dynamics for social and economic up and downward mobility and the role of the three heterogenous (more and less privileged) national and cultural backgrounds for brain circulation.
Keywords: brain circulation; life course; professional integration; qualified lifestyle migration; skills valorization
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:138-149
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Aspiring While Waiting: Temporality and Pacing of Ghanaian Stayer Youth’s Migration Aspirations
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5662
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5662
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 129-137
Author-Name: Onallia Esther Osei
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Society Studies, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Valentina Mazzucato
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Society Studies, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Karlijn Haagsman
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Society Studies, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
Abstract: Many youth in Global South countries, whose parents have migrated abroad while they have stayed, i.e., “stayer youth,” also aspire to migrate. While the current literature depicts stayer youth as “waiting” to emigrate, connoting passivity, recent critical youth studies suggest the importance of centring young people’s agency when focusing on their aspirations and experiences. This article investigates how stayer youth in Ghana “pace” their migration aspirations while “waiting.” By observing how youth change their aspirations over time, we first distinguish between different aspirations according to when youth first aim to migrate. Second, we “follow” stayer youth after their secondary school graduation to understand how they seek to fulfil their migration aspirations and the strategies they adopt therein. We use ethnographic data from 38 Ghanaian “stayer” young people. Our analyses show that stayer youth adapt their decision‐making when they realise some misalignment between their migration aspirations and capabilities. By analysing their adaptation strategies, we emphasise stayer youth’s agency despite structural forces confining them to what has been called “waithood.”
Keywords: Ghana; international parental migration; “left‐behind” youth; migration aspiration; waithood
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:129-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Skill Endowment Through Vocational Education and Training Programmes and Early Career Mobility
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5786
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5786
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 115-128
Author-Name: Miriam Grønning
Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Federal University for Vocational Education and Training SFUVET, Switzerland
Author-Name: Irene Kriesi
Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Federal University for Vocational Education and Training SFUVET, Switzerland
Abstract: This article addresses inequalities in short‐ and medium‐term career outcomes of workers with different vocational education and training (VET) programmes during the early career. In particular, we examine how the degree of vocational specificity of VET programmes affects occupational status mobility throughout individuals’ early careers, a topic that has hitherto received little attention. We adopt a life course perspective and combine an individual‐level theoretical approach (human capital and signalling theory) with an institutional approach. The former focuses on individuals’ skill acquisition during VET and across the early career. The latter emphasises that individuals’ allocation to a training programme influences the amount and types of skills they acquire. The multinomial logistic regression analyses are based on a combination of detailed curricula‐based occupation‐level data on the specificity of training programmes and individual‐level data from the Transitions From Education to Employment (TREE) longitudinal dataset. The results show, firstly, that labour market allocation at the beginning of a career has consequences for later labour market outcomes. Second, practical occupation‐specific education and training facilitate status stability at labour market entry, while general skills and knowledge are decisive for long‐term upward mobility.
Keywords: dual training; general knowledge; occupation‐specific skills; returns to education; vertical mobility; vocational education and training
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:115-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Generational Divide? Coping With Ethnic Prejudice and Inequality Among Romanian Roma Transnational Returnees
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5688
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5688
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 105-114
Author-Name: Remus Gabriel Anghel
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Political Sciences, National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Romania / Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities, Romania
Author-Name: László Fosztó
Author-Workplace-Name: Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities, Romania
Abstract: Roma people are likely Europe’s most discriminated and marginalized minority. In the past years, increasing attention has been paid to their migration to Western Europe and their limited social mobility in their countries of destination. Our article focuses on the “post‐return” experiences of Roma and the changes generated by return migration in their communities of origin, a topic largely neglected so far. We build on recent debates around post‐return positionality, asking how adult and old Roma returnees experience return. We thus contribute to the growing literature on return migration and lifecourse that distinguishes between the return migration of children and youth, that of adults, and that of older migrants. Focusing on Roma returnees, we employ an understanding of migration not just as a means of generating resources, but also as a learning process where the Roma population acquires new ideas and a sense of agency and dignity. Informed by long‐term fieldwork in ethnically mixed localities in Romania (including participant observation and 76 semi‐structured interviews), we inquire into the ethnic relations and negotiations between Roma and non‐Roma populations. Migration results in a weakening of the economic dependency of the Roma on the non‐Roma. In this new context, which is still marred by ethnic prejudice and inequality, we analysed how local interethnic relations were reshaped by the returned Roma’s new consumption practices, new modes of communication, and new claims for equality. While adult Roma tend to demand equality and decent treatment, setting in motion a process of ethnic change, older returned Roma tend to maintain more submissive practices.
Keywords: ethnicity; generational divide; lifecourse; positionality; return migration; Roma; Romania; social change
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:105-114
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Twisting Path to Adulthood: Roma/Cigano Youth in Urban Portugal
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5683
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5683
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 93-104
Author-Name: Judite Ie
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Valladolid, Spain
Author-Name: Marit Ursin
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Abstract: While there is a growing body of research on Ciganos/Roma in Portugal, little is known about how Cigano youth transition into adulthood. In this article, we address this gap by drawing on a qualitative study on the transitions of young Ciganos living in Cascais, a coastal municipality in the Lisbon district. Using a multi‐method approach, we explore the life course trajectories of Cigano youth within the areas of education, livelihoods, and marriage, and how these areas shape their transition experiences. The empirical material shows that the transition into adulthood of Cigano youth is influenced by broader structural and socio‐cultural factors. Processes of socialization, ethnicity, and gender restrict young Ciganos’ participation in education and formal labor markets, which increases their vulnerability to marginalization and exclusion in society. Cigano youth, however, initiate different pathways in their life trajectories to achieve adulthood. By focusing on the voices of Cigano youth, we challenge the homogenization of their lives in Portugal and highlight how social age and linked lives shape their transitions into adulthood.
Keywords: Cigano/Roma; education; linked lives; marriage; social age; youth transition
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:93-104
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Geography Matters: Explaining Education Inequalities of Latvian Children in England
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5809
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5809
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 79-92
Author-Name: Olga Cara
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education and Society (IOE), University College London, UK
Abstract: This article explores the issue of “geography of education” focusing on the pivotal contribution of place to one’s education. The geographic location of schools and the administrative organisation of local authorities that are responsible for state schools in England create sociospatial inequalities that are associated with individual life‐course trajectories and can contribute to the intergenerational transfer of disadvantage. This article focuses on Latvian migrant families for whom better status often can be achieved through being included in the education system of the country. Therefore, the educational achievement of the children who speak Latvian at home but live and attend schools in England is the main focus of this article. The academic attainment of these children is well below not only the national average across all levels of compulsory education but also compared to both monolingual English speakers and all pupils speaking English as an additional language. The article provides evidence that in addition to the sociodemographic individual and family‐level factors geography also plays a significant role in explaining the educational achievement gaps. As the descriptive quantitative analysis of the geographical and educational data indicates, Latvian children are disproportionally present in local authorities where there is a relatively high proportion of low‐quality schools, a higher‐than‐average proportion of individuals with low qualifications and those in low‐qualified jobs.
Keywords: educational inequalities; geography of education; intergenerational; Latvian; migration; socio‐spatial context
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:79-92
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Life Course Justice and Learning
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/6269
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.6269
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 76-78
Author-Name: Aija Lulle
Author-Workplace-Name: Karelian Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
Abstract: There is a paradox: While life courses are de facto pluralising, the pull to conform to an imagined standard is strong. In this thematic issue, we unpack the question: To whose standards do people cohere over the course of their lives? We seek the answers through the idea of life course justice, by which we mean a critical inquiry into how wealth, opportunities, and privilege are distributed and constrained in certain life stages and situations, and geographically. The dual focus of this thematic issue is thus on how people forge new ways to learn and work and how they try to resolve life course differences.
Keywords: inclusion; justice; learning; life course; life transitions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:76-78
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: New Approaches to the Study of Social Inclusion of Poor Children and Youth: A Commentary
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/6207
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.6207
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 73-75
Author-Name: Mari Rysst
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
Abstract: This thematic issue addresses one of the most important social and political challenges worldwide: The social inclusion of poor children and youth. In addressing it in this commentary I will have Europe as the regional context and Norway as the national one, although the methodological perspectives I bring forth have relevance beyond Europe.
Keywords: children and youth; ethnography; methodology; participant observation; poverty
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:73-75
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Mixed‐Methods Inquiry of Socially Inclusive e‐Learning: A Policy Document Analysis and Rapid Survey Study
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4901
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.4901
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 63-72
Author-Name: Ji Liu
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
Author-Name: Faying Qiang
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, China
Author-Name: Ying Zhou
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education, South China Normal University, China
Abstract: The Covid‐19 pandemic has catalyzed irreversible structural changes in education systems worldwide. One key development is the broad utility of remote digital e‐learning modalities for learning and instruction that could jeopardize social inclusion if digital in(ex)clusion is left unaddressed. This study assembles a two‐step mixed method research design and conducts a case inquiry of Shaanxi Province in China by leveraging policy document analysis and rapid survey methodology in examining how transitions to remote digital e‐learning may introduce learning barriers to children from vulnerable backgrounds. Findings reveal that children’s access to remote digital e‐learning devices during the rapid transition to e‐learning has a close association with their backgrounds. Key policy implications include utilizing multimodal hybrid technology in diversifying content delivery and maximizing e‐learning coverage, developing open learning platforms, expanding access to e‐learning resources, and collaborating with industry partners to bring tangible support to families and realize meaningful e‐learning at home.
Keywords: China; Covid‐19; digital e‐learning; rapid survey; remote e‐learning
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:63-72
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Court Cases on Poor Children’s Access to Normalcy
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5325
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5325
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 53-62
Author-Name: Elisabet Näsman
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Uppsala University, Sweden
Author-Name: Stina Fernqvist
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Uppsala University, Sweden
Abstract: Poverty in childhood is associated with an increased risk of being marginalised and socially excluded, which is also the case in the Swedish welfare state. Poor parents often strive for their children to fit in among same‐aged children, which is difficult for the poorest to accomplish. As the last resort for the poor, the welfare state offers the opportunity to apply for financial aid, but applications may be rejected. Parents can then appeal the rejections to an administrative court. In these decisions, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child could be applied or referred to. The convention has been incorporated into Swedish law since 2020. This article is grounded in childhood sociology and aims to show how poor children, their needs, and rights are processed in the legal system, which sets the framework for the children’s access to material conditions needed for inclusion in a welfare state such as Sweden. The presentation is based on a qualitative content analysis of administrative court records concerning financial aid appeals. The results show that the appeal process confirms the adult orientation of financial aid and that a child rights perspective is, with few exceptions, missing in these records. When children are mentioned, a care perspective dominates and their right to participation is neglected.
Keywords: child perspective; child poverty; children’s rights; court records; financial aid
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:53-62
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Immigrant Children’s Connections to People and the World Around Them: A Critical Discourse Review of Academic Literature
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5253
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5253
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 39-52
Author-Name: Anita Borch
Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway (SIFO), Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
Abstract: A primary goal of the welfare state is to ensure that children and young people have a good upbringing and that families feel secure. However, several studies indicate that the risk of marginalisation and social exclusion increases, especially among children of low‐income and immigrant families. Why some children seem to be more loosely connected to people and the world around them is poorly understood. Based on a Foucauldian critical discourse review, this article aims to explore the most cited academic discourses on children’s connections to the social and material environment—typically referred to by terms such as “social inclusion,” “social participation,” “social integration,” and “social exclusion.” The main research questions are: What has been addressed in this literature, by whom, and what are the knowledge gaps? Some of the most important observations are that the most influential literature on children’s connections is typically written by psychologists, address children settled in the US, and tends to neglect important explanation factors, such as the material conditions of children’s everyday life. Implications for the (re)production of knowledge and knowledge gaps are discussed.
Keywords: academic discourse; belonging; children; migration; social inclusion; social integration; social participation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:39-52
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Economic Abuse From Child and Youth Perspectives: A Review of the Literature
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5396
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5396
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 29-38
Author-Name: Linnéa Bruno
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Child and Youth Studies, Stockholm University, Sweden
Abstract: Research has established that the economic hardship caused by intimate partner violence (IPV), including economic abuse, is an important obstacle impeding women from leaving a violent partner. Furthermore, economic violence typically continues post‐separation, also when other forms of abuse have ended. IPV—typically, men’s violence against women—is an issue of direct concern for children, even if the violent behaviour is not directed towards the child. A growing body of research has documented detrimental effects on children’s health, well‐being, and cognitive development when exposed to IPV/domestic abuse. In recent decades, research has also explored children’s perspectives and strategies to cope with being exposed to violence in families. Economic abuse, however, is a form of violence that is seldom studied from a child’s perspective. This article aims to explore existing knowledge on economic abuse from child and youth perspectives, drawing from childhood studies, interdisciplinary violence studies, critical social work, and social policy studies. The research review is divided as follows: (a) findings on children’s direct and indirect victimisation of economic abuse; (b) findings on economic abuse in young people’s intimate relationships and the context of honour‐related violence; and (c) findings on economic abuse concerning parenting, with discussions on possible implications for dependent children. Suggestions for further research are put forward.
Keywords: child abuse; child maltreatment; coercive control; domestic violence; economic abuse; economic violence; financial abuse; intimate partner violence; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:29-38
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Exploring Children’s Views and Experiences in the Frontline of Poverty in Catalonia: A Qualitative and Participatory Approach
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5758
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5758
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 16-28
Author-Name: Laia Narciso
Author-Workplace-Name: EMIGRA‐CER Migracions, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Silvia Carrasco
Author-Workplace-Name: EMIGRA‐CER Migracions, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Gabriela Poblet
Author-Workplace-Name: EMIGRA‐CER Migracions, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: One in three children and adolescents is currently living in poverty in Catalonia. Most specialised research has been concerned with assessing and questioning current legal frameworks and policies to combat child poverty mainly through quantitative approaches. However, these approaches neglect the specific experiences, perspectives, and visions of children and their potential to provide important clues for the design and evaluation of policies to eradicate poverty. It is also uncommon to include the experiences and views of social intervention staff who often work in situations of extreme budgetary reductions with remedial—not transformative—models. The article presents some findings from a qualitative study commissioned by UNICEF to explore this double experience from the point of view of its protagonists on the front line, drawing on fieldwork carried out before the Covid‐19 pandemic that aggravated the living conditions of the most vulnerable sectors of society. The results show a shared perception of the impact of material deprivation in all spheres of life, but also diversity in coping perspectives and understanding of the structural factors that cause inequality and poverty, as well as the possible responses to overcome them. They also reveal the need to further explore child poverty as a gendered experience.
Keywords: child poverty; participatory methods; qualitative methods; Spain; UNICEF
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:16-28
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Education Aspirations and Barriers to Achievement for Street‐Involved Youth in Victoria, Canada
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5335
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.5335
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 4-15
Author-Name: Laura Vetrone
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Child and Youth Care, University of Victoria, Canada / Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Canada
Author-Name: Cecilia Benoit
Author-Workplace-Name: Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Canada / Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Canada
Author-Name: Doug Magnuson
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Child and Youth Care, University of Victoria, Canada / Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Canada
Author-Name: Sven Mikael Jansson
Author-Workplace-Name: Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Canada / Department of Sociology, University of Victoria, Canada
Author-Name: Priscilla Healey
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Child and Youth Care, University of Victoria, Canada / Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Canada
Author-Name: Michaela Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Canada
Abstract: Much of the literature on street‐involved youth focuses on their deficits, including their high risk of withdrawing before completing high school, which is often interpreted as a rejection of formal education. Missing from the literature is an understanding of street‐involved youth’s educational aspirations. We employed thematic analysis of qualitative data from in‐person interviews with a purposive sample of street‐involved youth (N = 69) residing in one city in Canada, who were partly or fully disengaged from school at the time of the interview. We asked the youth to talk about their opinions of formal education, its importance for young people, whether learning was important for them, and whether they imagined returning to school/continuing with school. We discovered that the majority of youth had a positive view of school/formal education and stated they liked learning new things and recognized the benefits of continuing/completing their education. At the same time, the youth identified material hardship and other barriers to achieving their educational goals. We discuss these findings in light of the relevant literature and make policy recommendations to improve educational success for youth struggling with poverty and homelessness in Canada.
Keywords: Canada; education; educational aspirations; homelessness; social inclusion; street‐involved youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:4-15
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: New Approaches to the Study of Social Inclusion of Poor Children and Youth
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/6224
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i4.6224
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 4
Pages: 1-3
Author-Name: Anita Borch
Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway (SIFO), OsloMet, Norway
Author-Name: Kirsi Laitala
Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway (SIFO), OsloMet, Norway
Abstract: This thematic issue seeks to bring the field of science on poverty and social inclusion/exclusion of children and youth beyond the state‐of‐the‐art, empirically, theoretically, and methodologically. This editorial briefly presents the topic and summarizes the different articles published in the issue.
Keywords: childhood; consumption; poverty; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:4:p:1-3
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Space and Interaction in Civil Society Organizations: An Exploratory Study in a US City
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5308
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5308
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 307-318
Author-Name: Matthew Baggetta
Author-Workplace-Name: Paul H. O’Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, USA
Author-Name: Brad R. Fulton
Author-Workplace-Name: Paul H. O’Neill School of Public & Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, USA
Author-Name: Zoe Caplan
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Indiana University, USA
Abstract: Civil society organizations (CSOs) are sites for creating and strengthening social ties among participants. Ties are developed when participants in CSO convenings (meetings, events, activities) interact, but convenings vary in the amount of interaction they generate. Theory and research suggest that the physical spaces where convenings occur may impact participant interaction. However, previous methods lack sufficient scale to formally test related hypotheses. We introduce a method for collecting data at scale to examine how CSO convening spaces influence social interaction. The method—systematic social observation (SSO)—assembles comparable, quantitative data from many CSO convenings. As part of an exploratory study, we collected data from 99 CSO convenings from three organizations in Indianapolis, Indiana. For illustrative purposes, building on theories of spatial propinquity and configuration, we highlight two dimensions of spatial variation in CSO convenings—footprint and permeability—and examine how they relate to three indicators of participant interaction. Our findings suggest that controlling for the number of participants and other convening characteristics, medium‐sized spaces foster more interaction than small or large ones. More broadly, this study demonstrates the viability of the SSO method for collecting data at scale and provides a model for future work on space, interaction, and networks.
Keywords: civil society organizations; interaction; social network ties; space; systematic social observation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:307-318
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Whom Should I Talk To?”: Role Prescription and Hierarchy Building in Supervised Living Groups
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5406
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5406
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 295-306
Author-Name: Daniel Schubert
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Author-Name: Alexander Brand
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences, University Hildesheim, Germany
Abstract: Adolescent asylum seekers have been an independent, yet understudied group in the German Youth welfare service since 2016. Due to the separation from their familiar surroundings, young people must establish new connections with their peers in supervised living groups. However, little is known about this special group in the youth welfare system as there are only a few studies covering the situation of adolescent asylum seekers in residential groups. In our study, we apply a mixed‐methods approach to analyse the self‐understanding of adolescent asylum seekers, social comparisons between the perceived own group and outside group and link them with data on the emergence of friendship ties among adolescent asylum seekers. Analytically, we describe institutional factors and narratives (qualitative focus) and access structural mechanisms (demographics, network organization principles) via network regression models (quantitative focus). Our results indicate a strong influence of a high level of upstreamness in the network in the tie creation and less influence from factors like age and religion. Following this, our study provides first indications about patterns of connection and separation in this niche group.
Keywords: migration; mixed methods; network analysis; supervised living groups; unaccompanied minors; residential care
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:295-306
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Power of Places in Building Cultural and Arts Education Networks and Cooperation in Rural Areas
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5299
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5299
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 284-294
Author-Name: Thi Huyen Trang Le
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Political Science, Leipzig University, Germany
Author-Name: Nina Kolleck
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Research and Social Systems, FU Berlin, Germany
Abstract: Volunteering plays a central role in cultural and arts education in rural areas in Germany. However, a decrease in the number of volunteers in structurally weak regions can be observed in recent years. This poses existential challenges for cultural and arts education. The promotion of social networks and regional cooperation, as well as a sense of place, can counteract this decline. This article aims to explore how sense of place influence cooperation and thus social networks between actors of different institutions in the context of cultural and arts education in rural areas. A total of 34 interviews and egocentric network maps were conducted with different local actors (e.g., volunteers in the theatre association, mayors, etc.) in four municipalities. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Our results show that, through active participation in cultural events and associations, new cooperation is created and maintained, which also expands the social network. This active participation can be positively influenced by the existing attachment to the region and cultural places.
Keywords: cooperation; cultural and arts education; qualitative research; sense of place; social networks
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:284-294
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “We Don’t Meet [Any]where Else, Just Here”: Spatiality of Social Capital in Urban Allotments
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5322
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5322
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 273-283
Author-Name: Megan L. Resler
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland / Helsinki Institute for Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), University of Helsinki, Finland / Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland
Author-Name: Isabel Ramos Lobato
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland / Helsinki Institute for Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), University of Helsinki, Finland
Author-Name: Seona Candy
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland / Helsinki Institute for Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), University of Helsinki, Finland / Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), University of Helsinki, Finland
Abstract: Unlike many other types of urban micro‐publics, allotment gardens provide a spatial opportunity for everyday social contact and encounters between heterogeneous user groups who share a common interest. While these micro‐publics have an evidenced capacity for generating social capital, scholars have questioned the extent to which social capital accessed within the allotment garden transcends its physical boundary—and thus the relevance of the micro‐public for social integration by fostering resource transfers between socially‐distant members of the population. In this article, we investigate for whom and to what extent social ties and resources accessed within the garden extend beyond its physical boundary and into other domains of urban life (i.e., scaling resource transfers) in Vantaa, the most multicultural city in Finland. Utilizing a mixed‐methods approach, we integrated crisp‐set qualitative comparative analysis and thematic analysis to explore which configurations of gardener characteristics relate to different resource transfers. We found that although new contacts—including boundary‐crossing contacts—were formed within the micro‐public, they evidenced little potential for scaling resource transfers across social difference, and in some cases even sparked intergroup tensions. These findings illustrate that despite the common interest shared by individuals within this micro‐public, contact between different groups alone is not necessarily sufficient to foster positive social encounters, scaling or otherwise. To improve scaling resource transfers and, more broadly, deepen social connections formed within the micro‐public network, facilitated intercultural dialogue by relevant institutions is needed.
Keywords: allotment garden; micro‐public; resource transfer; segregation; social capital; social mixing
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:273-283
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Role of Spatial Context in Shaping Adolescents’ Peer Relationships
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5444
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5444
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 262-272
Author-Name: Mats Beckmann
Author-Workplace-Name: Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Regionalforschung (ZEFIR), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Author-Name: Katharina Knüttel
Author-Workplace-Name: Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Regionalforschung (ZEFIR), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Author-Name: Sören Petermann
Author-Workplace-Name: Zentrum für interdisziplinäre Regionalforschung (ZEFIR), Ruhr University Bochum, Germany / Faculty of Social Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Author-Name: Till Stefes
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Abstract: This article explores the role of neighbourhoods as a spatial context for peer relationships among adolescents. We examine the correlations between neighbourhood composition and places suitable for young people for friendship intimacy and peer belonging. We hypothesise that favourable demographic and social neighbourhood compositions, knowledge, and use of places suitable for young people, as well as the spatial appropriation of such places, promote peer relationships. The present study carries out empirical testing of the spatial hypotheses with survey data from adolescents (N = 3225) in two German cities with 30 neighbourhoods. Our results show that neighbourhood composition is not related to peer relationships. Nevertheless, knowledge of safe places suitable for adolescents, as well as the appropriation of unsupervised (hang out) places, correlate with peer relationships. Interestingly, there are divergent results for 7th and 9th graders that can be explained by the developmental stages of the adolescents.
Keywords: adolescence; belonging; friendship; neighbourhood; peer relationship; spatial appropriation; spatial context
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:262-272
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Places That Bond and Bind: On the Interplay of Space, Places, and Social Networks
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5309
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5309
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 248-261
Author-Name: Christoph van Dülmen
Author-Workplace-Name: Thünen Institute of Rural Studies, Germany
Author-Name: Andreas Klärner
Author-Workplace-Name: Thünen Institute of Rural Studies, Germany
Abstract: Social networks of socially disadvantaged individuals can help them in coping with everyday life and avoiding social exclusion. At the same time, social ties also have the power to bind an individual to their disadvantageous situation, perpetuating the risks of social exclusion. One mechanism through which ties can be established are “foci”: extra‐network structures around which common interactions occur (e.g., family, workplace, clubs) that usually have spatial anchor points (places) where joint interactions happen. To better understand this interplay of places and networks, we use a methodological novelty that connects a person’s everyday places with their ego‐centred network (two‐mode network). We analyse in depth two cases (elderly women living alone) from a mixed‐methods study conducted in rural peripheries in eastern Germany, and we combine data from GPS tracking, qualitative interviews, and egocentric networks. A central finding of our analysis is that tie formation in places is more successful if ego has certain resources (e.g., cultural, financial, or time resources) that allow them to utilise places as foci—hence, ego and places must “match” in their characteristics. Beyond that, the existing foci (and their spatial anchoring as places in everyday life) in which ego is integrated must be considered as structures. Even if a person has enough resources and easy access to places with characteristics that promote contact, this does not automatically mean that they will form ties in such places, as the person’s network plays a major role in whether they frequent these places and establish new ties there.
Keywords: focus theory; GPS tracking; personal networks; poverty; rural areas; social inequality; social network analysis; spatial sociology; two‐mode networks
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:248-261
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Analysing Personal Networks in Geographical Space Beyond the Question of Distance
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5381
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5381
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 233-247
Author-Name: Claire Bidart
Author-Workplace-Name: LEST, CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, France
Author-Name: Marion Maisonobe
Author-Workplace-Name: Géographie‐cités, CNRS, France
Author-Name: Gil Viry
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
Abstract: Recent literature recognises the importance of situating social networks in spatial context. Yet, the spatial analysis of personal networks has often been limited to examining residential distances between actors. While distance is a central characteristic of social relationships, it is a poor indicator for understanding the intricacies of the geographical space, places and personal networks. This study develops an original approach for mapping and analysing personal networks based on their geographical scope and the distribution of the residential locations of network members in relevant geographical areas. We perform a factor and cluster analysis to identify the major geographical patterns of personal networks using two samples of egocentric networks from France and Switzerland. We validate the approach first by interpreting the patterns both quantitatively and qualitatively, and second by examining how these patterns relate to important social characteristics of respondents and their personal networks. We conclude by discussing the significance of this approach for integrating geographical information into the analysis of personal networks and for rethinking networks and the geographical space as co‐constituted.
Keywords: distance; geographical space; mixed methods; personal networks; place; social network analysis
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:233-247
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Characteristics of Jetters and Little Boxes: An Extensibility Study Using the Neighborhood Connectivity Survey
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5366
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5366
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 221-232
Author-Name: Xiaofan Liang
Author-Workplace-Name: Georgia Institute of Technology
Author-Name: Seolha Lee
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Informatics, University of California – Irvine, USA
Author-Name: Hanzhou Chen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Author-Name: Benjamin de la Peña
Author-Workplace-Name: Shared‐Use Mobility Center, USA
Author-Name: Clio Andris
Author-Workplace-Name: School of City and Regional Planning, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA / School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Abstract: Individuals connect to sets of places through travel, migration, telecommunications, and social interactions. This set of multiplex network connections comprises an individual’s “extensibility,” a human geography term that qualifies one’s geographic reach as locally‐focused or globally extensible. Here we ask: Are there clear signals of global vs. local extensibility? If so, what demographic and social life factors correlate with each type of pattern? To answer these questions, we use data from the Neighborhood Connectivity Survey conducted in Akron, Ohio, State College, Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (global sample N = 950; in model n = 903). Based on the location of a variety of connections (travel, phone call patterns, locations of family, migration, etc.), we found that individuals fell into one of four different typologies: (a) hyperlocal, (b) metropolitan, (c) mixed‐many, and (d) regional‐few. We tested whether individuals in each typology had different levels of local social support and different sociodemographic characteristics. We found that respondents who are white, married, and have higher educational attainment are significantly associated with more connections to a wider variety of places (more global connections), while respondents who are Black/African American, single, and with a high school level educational attainment (or lower) have more local social and spatial ties. Accordingly, the “urban poor” may be limited in their ability to interact with a variety of places (yielding a wide set of geographic experiences and influences), suggesting that wide extensibility may be a mark of privileged circumstances and heightened agency.
Keywords: community sociology; extensibility; geography; social support; social ties; spatial social networks
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:221-232
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: On the Role of Space, Place, and Social Networks in Social Participation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/6186
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.6186
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 217-220
Author-Name: Gil Viry
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
Author-Name: Christoph van Dülmen
Author-Workplace-Name: Thünen Institute of Rural Studies, Germany
Author-Name: Marion Maisonobe
Author-Workplace-Name: Géographie‐cités, CNRS, France
Author-Name: Andreas Klärner
Author-Workplace-Name: Thünen Institute of Rural Studies, Germany
Abstract: Recent literature recognises the importance of situating social networks in spatial contexts to better understand how space, place, and social networks interact and are co‐constituted. Despite this call, the mainstream literature in social network analysis pays relatively little attention to spatial dimensions of social networks and remains largely disconnected from the vast body of research on spatial networks in geography and cognate fields. This thematic issue is one step towards advancing this research agenda by examining how such an approach relates to issues of social inclusion and social participation. It includes a selection of studies that focus on the relation between space and social networks across a wide variety of research fields and contexts. Contributions use original, often mixed‐method approaches and multiple perspectives for capturing the role of space and people’s experience of place in network formation through physical, cultural, and geographical dimensions. We conclude this editorial by briefly suggesting areas for future research.
Keywords: distance; place; social network analysis; social networks; space; spatial context
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:217-220
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Climate Change Concerns and the Ideal Number of Children: A Comparative Analysis of the V4 Countries
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5228
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5228
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 206-216
Author-Name: Borbála Júlia Szczuka
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary / Doctoral School of Sociology and Communication Science, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
Abstract: The Visegrád countries (Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia) faced a sharp decline in fertility rates after the regime change in 1989. Since then, total fertility rates have largely remained below the EU average, although they have increased during the past decade. Family policies (support for the parental caregivingmodel) and the conditions of women’s employment might be shaping these trends. Besides the pronatalist rhetoric, there is another reason why people might alter their fertility plans: climate change‐related worries. Our analysis in this article examines whether such concerns exist in these four countries, pointing out that the efficacy of pronatalist measures depends on the widespread adoption of such attitudes among young people of childbearing age. Pronatalist pressure is strong in the V4 countries but may be diluted by strengthening environmentalist norms. Scholarship about the relationship between climate change‐related concerns and fertility in these pronatalist countries is scarce. I examine this potential relationship by analysing respondents’ ideas about the generally and personally ideal number of children using Eurobarometer data from 2011 through logistic regression analysis. The results are contradictory: Climate change concerns seem to be positively associated with a smaller ideal family size in Hungary, but only from a general perspective (i.e., not for respondents personally). A positive relationship can be found in the Czech Republic regarding climate concerns and personal ideal family size. In Slovakia, a strong negative association was observed between climate change‐related concerns and smaller general and personal ideal family sizes.
Keywords: climate change; childbearing intentions; family policy; environmental policy; ideal number of children; Visegrád countries
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:206-216
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: When Family Policy Doesn’t Work: Motives and Welfare Attitudes Among Childfree Persons in Poland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5504
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5504
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 194-205
Author-Name: Dorota Szelewa
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, University College Dublin, Ireland / ICRA Foundation, Poland
Abstract: The primary goal of this article was to analyse the welfare attitudes of people self‐declaring as childless by choice alongside the exploration of their social experience as childfree persons in the context of a rapid increase in the generosity of pro‐natalist public policies in Poland. The analysis is based on semi‐structured interviews conducted with 19 respondents recruited via Facebook network groups. Thematic analysis was applied identifying six general themes: “satisfied and never had the need”; “dealing with social pressure”; “family measures—yes, but not this way”; “unfair treatment of the childfree”; “towards welfare state for all”; and “change my mind? Never, even if offered one million dollars.” The research demonstrated that childfree persons present favourable views on state support for families with children. While critical of cash‐based family support, respondents have a clear preference for investing in services enabling women to participate in the labour market. Finally, if public policies aimed at removing barriers to parenthood were strengthened, this would not change the respondents’ minds about procreation.
Keywords: childfree; childless by choice; childlessness; family policy; Poland; voluntary childlessness; welfare attitudes
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:194-205
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: How the Everyday Logic of Pragmatic Individualism Undermines Russian State Pronatalism
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5272
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5272
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 184-193
Author-Name: Larisa Shpakovskaya
Author-Workplace-Name: Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
Author-Name: Zhanna Chernova
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Abstract: The article examines the reproductive decisions of Russian urban middle‐class women. We look at women’s lives in the context of Russian pronatalist family policy and the official conservative gender ideology of 2019–2020. Based on biographical interviews with 35 young women, we focus on working mothers. The sample is composed of middle‐class mothers since their lifestyle serves as a cultural model for the whole Russian society. We reconstruct the everyday rationalities deployed by the mothers to justify their reproductive decisions. The respondents seek “self‐realization,” postponing childbirth or limiting their reproduction. We reconstruct the discourse of “pragmatic individualism” as an everyday logic used by mothers, which helps them cope with the instability of the labor market and marriage and the lack of state social support. Using the logic of “pragmatic individualism,” women present themselves as respectable, socially competent individuals able to build their lives according to middle‐class living standards. The logic of pragmatic individualism contradicts the message of pronatalist state ideology based on “traditional” gender roles and high fertility. It gives women a rational explanation for why, despite socially supported childbearing, they decide to have only one or two children. We argue that while women rationalize childbearing decisions for financial security and social well‐being, their rationale is determined by class standards of respectability. These standards are associated with high standards of care and quality of life for a small number of children.
Keywords: gender inequality; labor market; married women; middle class; pragmatic individualism; Russia; social policy; state pronatalism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:184-193
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Contested Parenthood: Attitudes Toward Voluntary Childlessness as a Life Strategy in Post‐Socialist Bulgaria
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5065
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5065
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 172-183
Author-Name: Elitsa Dimitrova
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Demography, Institute for Population and Human Studies, Bulgaria / Paisii Hilendarski Plovdiv University, Bulgaria
Author-Name: Tatyana Kotzeva
Author-Workplace-Name: Bourgas Free University, Bulgaria
Abstract: The article focuses on the social differences in the attitudes toward female and male voluntary childlessness in Bulgaria and their dynamics over time. The analysis is based on data from the European Social Survey conducted in 2006 and 2018 in Bulgaria. By the means of multinomial logistic regression, we test the effect of the period, gender, age, marital status, number of children, education, employment, minority status, and religiosity on attitudes toward childlessness. The results reveal a decrease in negative attitudes and a strong increase of neutral stances. However, higher age of respondents is still associated with an increase in negative attitudes toward voluntary childlessness rather than neutrality. Women are significantly more likely to accept voluntary childlessness than to be neutral compared to men. Respondents who are married, parents, lowly educated, jobless or economically inactive, people belonging to ethnic minority groups, and highly religious people are more likely to disapprove of voluntary childlessness. Perceptions on female or male voluntary childlessness are significantly correlated with attitudes toward extramarital fertility, cohabitation, divorces when children are under twelve years old, and full‐time female employment when children are below the age of three. The analysis of variance reveals that the individuals who accept or are neutral to voluntary childlessness have stronger non‐conformist attitudes emphasizing self‐expression, the idea of “having a good time,” and rejection of traditional authorities compared to the respondents with negative attitudes.
Keywords: Bulgaria; European Social Survey; family values; non‐conformist value orientations; parenthood; social differences; voluntary childlessness
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:172-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Things to Gain, Things to Lose: Perceived Costs and Benefits of Children and Intention to Remain Childless in Poland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5377
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5377
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 160-171
Author-Name: Monika Mynarska
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland
Author-Name: Zuzanna Brzozowska
Author-Workplace-Name: Vienna Institute of Demography, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria / Wittgenstein Centre, Austria
Abstract: A rapid fertility decline observed in Poland since the 1990s has been accompanied by a marked increase in childlessness. This may seem surprising given the high value placed on parenthood in the country. Some evidence exists on how childlessness in Poland relates to biological and situational constraints, but still relatively little is known about how the decision to never have children is made, especially among men. This article contributes to this literature by analysing how the perceived positive and negative consequences of parenthood affect the reproductive intentions of childless women and men of different socioeconomic characteristics in Poland. Using a subsample of childless respondents extracted from the second wave of the Polish Generation and Gender Survey, we examine the interplay between (a) the intention to remain childless, (b) the perceived costs and benefits of having children, included as a unique set of questions in the Polish Generation and Gender Survey (GGS), and (c) respondents’ socioeconomic characteristics (education, employment, household financial situation, and the size of the place of residence). The results suggest that among women both costs and benefits strongly affect the likelihood of intending to remain childless, whereas among men only the benefits matter. While the effects do not depend on any of the socioeconomic characteristics, the probability of not intending to have a child does vary by some of them. Our results indicate the pattern of fertility polarisation already seen in some low‐fertility countries: for the disadvantaged segment of the population, it is increasingly difficult to become parents.
Keywords: childbearing intentions; childbearing motivations; childlessness; costs and benefits of children; Poland
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:160-171
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Perceptions of Barriers to Motherhood: Female STEM PhD Students’ Changing Family Plans
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5250
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5250
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 149-159
Author-Name: Veronika Paksi
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sociology, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungary / Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Szeged, Hungary
Author-Name: Beáta Nagy
Author-Workplace-Name: Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
Author-Name: Katalin Tardos
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sociology, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungary / International Business School, Hungary
Abstract: Despite recent pronatalist policies in Hungary, the country has not boosted birth rates at the expected rate. Higher educated women still delay the transition to first birth, a smaller proportion of planned children are born than in Western European countries, and the level of childlessness has also been increasing. As a post‐socialist legacy, prevailing traditional family and gender norms strongly constrain the reconciliation of work and family roles, which can prevent women from realizing their childbearing intentions or drive them to live a childfree life. Qualitative studies about how the fertility decisions of women are formed are scarce, particularly in relation to male‐dominated high‐skilled professions, where the realization of family plans can be especially challenging. The present article explores the barriers to motherhood among female engineers. Results of 27 semi‐structured interviews with mainly childless female PhD students in 2014–2015 show that the women were subject to strong social expectations that negatively influenced their fertility plans. On the family side, these involve becoming a mother and being responsible for child care and household chores; on the work side, challenges include the knowledge‐intensiveness of jobs and a male career model that hardly tolerates the role of motherhood. As a result, the respondents had further delayed childbearing, forecast reconsidering family plans after first childbirth, and in one case, opted for voluntary childlessness. Women also reflected on how their fertility is at stake due to their postponed motherhood and the cumulative effects of hazardous laboratory work. Several intervention points are suggested to stakeholders.
Keywords: delayed motherhood; fertility; higher educated women; PhD education; pronatalism; STEM
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:149-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Exploring Older Men’s Pathways to Childlessness in Hungary: Did the Change of Policy Regime Matter?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5248
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5248
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 138-148
Author-Name: Ivett Szalma
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary
Author-Name: Judit Takács
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary
Abstract: In many post‐socialist countries, there is a strong social ideal that, in order to live a fulfilled life, men and women should have children; thus “childfree” lifestyles are much less popular than in North‐Western Europe. In this article, we explore factors leading to childlessness among men who were mostly socialized under state‐socialist conditions and in the subsequent transition period by analysing 30 in‐depth interviews conducted with heterosexual childless men over 50 in Hungary. Older interviewees who grew up in state socialism followed a standardized life‐course and went through the same life‐course events—including school, work, and, in some cases, childless marriages. However, the political change of 1989–1990 interrupted these standardized life‐courses. Our results show that, besides individual‐level factors, macro‐level factors connected to the political‐economic transition in the early 1990s influenced our interviewees’ pathways to childlessness. In this sense, we can say that the change of policy regime influenced these men’s choices, as in most cases there was a strong interplay between the individual‐ and the macro‐level factors.
Keywords: Hungary; male childlessness; Merton’s anomie theory; pathways to childlessness; post‐transition effect
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:138-148
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Childlessness and Barriers to Gay Parenthood in Czechia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5246
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5246
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 124-137
Author-Name: Hana Hašková
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gender and Sociology, Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Hana Maříková
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gender and Sociology, Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Zdeněk Sloboda
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gender and Sociology, Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Kristýna Pospíšilová
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gender and Sociology, Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Abstract: This mixed‐methods article focuses on childlessness and barriers to parenthood among non‐heterosexual men in Czechia. On the quantitative sample of 419 men (165 gays, 125 bisexuals, and 129 heterosexuals with same‐sex romantic/sexual attraction), recruited on a representative online panel, we map the parenting desires, intentions, and perceived barriers to parenthood. Our analysis identifies a substantial group of gay men without parenting desires and intentions compared to heterosexuals and bisexuals, and the lack of legal recognition of same‐sex families as a crucial barrier to gay parenthood. The qualitative enquiry, based on semi‐structured interviews with 23 self‐identified gay men aged 25 to 47 years, explores how they reflect on (not) becoming parents and contextualises those reflections. The deployed concept of “parental consciousness” captures the variety of considered pathways to gay parenthood and proves itself useful in understanding the low parenting desires and a generational shift among Czech gay men. We argue that men able to come out in their early adulthood in the post‐socialist context tend to have more diversified perspectives on possible pathways to parenthood. Among gaymen without children, we identified three distinct perceptions of the state: given childlessness, chosen childfree life, and a life stage/indecision. The informants pursuing parenthood have seen identity‐specific barriers to parenthood as crucial, which is discussed in the context of state selective regulations of the relational lives of persons with non‐normative identities. Although Czech gay men’s parental consciousness has increased, legal conditions remain crucial for increasing their real‐life options.
Keywords: barriers to gay parenthood; childlessness; Czechia; gay men; parenting desires and intentions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:124-137
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Home Alone: Exploring Childcare Options to Remove Barriers to Second Childbearing in Belarus
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5223
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5223
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 112-123
Author-Name: Kamila Ishchanova
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Demography and Geodemography, Charles University, Czech Republic
Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between childcare usage and parents’ intentions to have a second child in Belarus. Previous research has established that low fertility in Belarus can be primarily explained by falling second birth rates. However, a substantial research gap remains regarding the determinants of the low rate of second childbearing in Belarus. Based on a comprehensive review of hypothesised fertility barriers and family policy options in Belarus, this study leverages data from the Belarusian Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) from 2017 to examine the relationship between formal, informal, and mixed childcare usage and parents’ intention to have a second child. The analysis is based on fertile individuals aged 18–45 who have a partner and one biological child under 11 years old (i.e., up to the age at which children leave primary school). The model controls for sex, age, education, respondents’ economic wellbeing, the employment status of both partners, and the age of their child. Applying logistic regression, the analysis demonstrates that mixed childcare support increases respondents’ intentions to have an additional child. Having a child aged 3–6 years, being below 26 years old and male, are also associated with a higher likelihood of intentions to have a second child. No association was found between economic wellbeing or employment status and second‐parity fertility intentions. The results of this study suggest that gender‐egalitarian family policy instruments that improve institutional childcare and that incentivise men to participate in childcare could reduce barriers to second childbearing in Belarus.
Keywords: Belarus; childcare; family policy; fertility decline; one‐child families; pronatalism; short‐term fertility intentions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:112-123
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Growing Childlessness and One‐Child Families in Slovakia in the Shadow of Fragile Pronatalism
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5227
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5227
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 100-111
Author-Name: Branislav Šprocha
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
Abstract: The model of very low childlessness and the low prevalence of one‐child families was once important for Slovak society. The collapse of the Communist regime, however, led to many changes in reproductive behaviour. This article aims to analyse the development of cohort childlessness and the prevalence of one‐child families in Slovakia. Possible scenarios of childlessness and one‐child families are presented. The article tries to place the obtained results within a broader framework of social and gender inequalities, existing barriers to parenthood, and family policy settings in Slovakia. The results confirm that the onset of the postponement process, combined with limited recuperation, especially of second and further children among women born since the second half of the 1960s, has brought a quite substantial increase in the proportion of childless and “one‐child” women. The persistence of some social and gender differences and obstacles in reconciling work and family, which has only recently seen a response from family policy in Slovakia, was confirmed; however, the impact of these new tools on reproduction appears to be obscure.
Keywords: barriers to parenthood; childlessness; fragile pronatalism; gender inequalities; one‐child families; Slovakia; social inequalities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:100-111
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Patterns of Co‐Residential Relationships Across Cohorts in Post‐Socialist Countries: Less Time for Childbearing?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5201
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5201
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 87-99
Author-Name: Sunnee Billingsley
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Sweden
Author-Name: Livia Oláh
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Sweden
Abstract: Co‐residential partnerships are a pre‐condition for childbearing and less time is spent in these unions when there is difficulty finding partners, a delay in union formation, and partnership instability. Our study explores patterns in co‐residential partnerships across birth cohorts in 11 post‐socialist countries to assess changes in the number of years spent in these partnerships and the patterns underlying any trend. Using the Harmonized Histories dataset, based on partnership data from generations and gender surveys, we calculate changes in co‐residential union trends. In about half of the countries, the share of women who have not entered a co‐residential union by age 30 increased, whereas the proportion still in their first union by this age decreased universally. The latter trend, reflecting union instability, pre‐dates the transition from socialism. Delays in starting the first union were seen in only a few countries immediately after the transition began but more countries experienced union postponement in coming‐of‐age cohorts in the 2000s. A declining median age at first union in the former Soviet republics before and immediately after the transition from socialism balances the impact of increased union instability. Overall, the number of years spent in a co‐residential union before age 30 declined across the Central and South‐Eastern European countries, especially in Hungary. Union dynamics may have contributed to declining fertility in these countries. In contrast, little or no change in time spent in unions in the post‐Soviet countries indicates that union dynamics were less likely to have influenced these women’s fertility behavior.
Keywords: co‐residential union; fertility; partnership instability; post‐socialist countries; union formation postponement
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:87-99
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Fragile Pronatalism and Reproductive Futures in European Post‐Socialist Contexts
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/6128
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.6128
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 82-86
Author-Name: Ivett Szalma
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary / Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary
Author-Name: Hana Hašková
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gender and Sociology, Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Livia Oláh
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Sweden
Author-Name: Judit Takács
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary
Abstract: This editorial seeks to define fragile pronatalism by highlighting why pronatalism in the examined Central and Eastern European post‐socialist countries should be considered fragile. Moreover, it aims to map desirable future changes in fertility policies in the region. Following a brief presentation of the articles contained in this thematic issue, our concluding thoughts complete this editorial.
Keywords: barriers to childbearing; Central and Eastern Europe; childlessness; family; fertility policies; fertility; pronatalism; reproduction
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:82-86
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Border Reconfiguration, Migration Governance, and Fundamental Rights: A Scoping Review of EURODAC as a Research Object
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5398
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5398
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 68-81
Author-Name: Anna Bredström
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture and Society, Linköping University, Sweden
Author-Name: Karin Krifors
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture and Society, Linköping University, Sweden
Author-Name: Nedžad Mešić
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Sweden
Abstract: This article scrutinises the European Asylum Dactyloscopy Database (EURODAC) as a research object for social science. EURODAC serves as an important part of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) infrastructure by registering dig‐ italised fingerprints of asylum seekers, which facilitates the allocation of responsibility following the Dublin Regulation. In this article, we explore the role of EURODAC from its implementation in 2003 until April 2021 through a scoping review that maps and analyses existing social science research in the field. In total, 254 scholarly publications—identified in Scopus, Academic Search Complete, and Web of Science—were reviewed. The article seeks to answer three research questions: What is the accumulated knowledge within social science research on EURODAC? What gaps and trends exist in this research? What are the possible implications of this knowledge, gaps, and trends for other areas of the CEAS such as asylum evaluations and reception of asylum seekers? Based on a qualitative thematic analysis, our review shows that research on EURODAC can be divided into three broad categories: research that focuses on the reconfiguration of borders; research that focuses on migration governance and resistance; and research that emphasises fundamental rights and discrimination. In our final discussion, we highlight the lack of ethnographic studies, of gender and intersectional perspectives, and of in‐depth studies on national legal frameworks including asylum evaluations and reception practices across the EU. The article concludes that social science needs to address the socio‐political underpinnings of EURODAC and acknowledges its centrality to all areas of the CEAS.
Keywords: asylum; Common European Asylum System; EURODAC; interoperability; scoping review
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:68-81
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Finnish Civil Servants on Harmonization in the Asylum System: A Study in Horizontal Europeanization
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5265
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5265
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 58-67
Author-Name: Östen Wahlbeck
Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
Abstract: This article presents a Finnish perspective on harmonization within the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The article analyses results from a study of the judgments and experiences of Finnish civil servants concerning the harmonization of the CEAS. The year 2015 constitutes a shift in asylum policies in many European countries, and a key question is how this shift has influenced the process of harmonization of asylum policies and practices. Senior civil servants working in the state administration of asylum and migration issues in Finland were interviewed anonymously as part of a comparative European research project (CEASEVAL). The interviews indicate that EU‐wide administrative cooperation has developed into a broad and diverse cooperation in recent years. The interviewees in Finland generally found harmonization of the asylum system to be necessary, which was connected to a need for greater predictability of the outcomes of the system. The results of the study suggest that Finnish asylum administration is developing toward harmonized practices involving transnational and supranational administrative cooperation in the field of asylum. The results support the conclusion of previous research that there is a process of horizontal Europeanization in which administrative practices develop organically within national asylum administration, independently of political disagreements at the EU level. This is relevant both to the framing of political issues and to research on Finnish migration and asylum policies, which need to take into account the ongoing European harmonization of policies and administrative practices.
Keywords: asylum policy; Common European Asylum System; Finland; horizontal Europeanization; public administration
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:58-67
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Never‐Ending Road Towards the CEAS: Utopia, Teleology, and Depoliticisation in EU Asylum Policies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5164
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5164
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 48-57
Author-Name: Lorenzo Vianelli
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Abstract: This article explores the temporal dimension of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) by exposing its teleological character and the effects of the latter on the governance of asylum in the European Union. Drawing on EU policy documents, the article shows how the CEAS has been presented since its inception as a teleology, that is, a process that is inexorably unfolding towards a specific outcome to be reached in an indefinite time in the future. The outcome consists in the establishment of a common area of protection constituted by a level playing field in which asylum seekers and beneficiaries of international protection will be treated alike regardless of the place of residence. Such a teleological narrative informing the CEAS paves the way to overly optimistic expectations on the possibilities of implementation, which in turn result in an overestimation of the potential of harmonisation. By discussing the limitations of harmonisation in relation to the reception of asylum seekers, this article calls into question the possibility of a homogeneous area of protection where equivalent conditions are offered to all asylum seekers across the EU. Such a homogeneous space is utopian because harmonisation does not aim to eradicate differences but rather to mitigate them, thus tolerating diverse arrangements. The article, therefore, argues that the level playing field projected by the CEAS constitutes a promise that has two key effects: First, it depoliticises the CEAS itself by framing problems as technical issues, requiring technical solutions; second, it paves the way to further EU intervention in this field.
Keywords: common European asylum system; depoliticisation; harmonisation; implementation; reception conditions; teleology; utopia
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:48-57
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: EU Asylum Governance and E(xc)lusive Solidarity: Insights From Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5296
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5296
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 36-47
Author-Name: Emek M. Uçarer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International Relations, Bucknell University, USA
Abstract: The response to the so‐called refugee crisis of 2015 in the European Union was haphazard and inconsistent with the stated mission of solidarity. This article situates the EU’s response and its Common European Asylum System (CEAS) as defensive integration producing the lowest common denominator policies. It argues that the rise of right‐wing populism redefines solidarity in narrow and exclusionary terms, in contrast to the inclusive and global solidarity espoused by the EU. Drawing on Germany as a case study of how domestic populist pressures also rise to the European level, the article juxtaposes the demise of the EU’s temporary relocation system (an attempt at internal inclusive solidarity) and the success of the EU–Turkey deal (an attempt at externalization and risk avoidance), both initiatives led by Germany. Solidarity efforts championed by Germany were quickly stymied by (Central Eastern European) member states that not only rejected efforts at temporary solutions but blocked efforts to develop permanent mechanisms and a substantive CEAS reform.
Keywords: asylum; European Union; Germany; populism; solidarity
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:36-47
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: When European Policies Meet German Federalism: A Study on the Implementation of the EU Reception Conditions Directive
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5224
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5224
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 26-35
Author-Name: Juna Toska
Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Policy Analysis and Environmental Policy, University of Hagen, Germany
Author-Name: Renate Reiter
Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Policy Analysis and Environmental Policy, University of Hagen, Germany
Author-Name: Annette Elisabeth Töller
Author-Workplace-Name: Chair of Policy Analysis and Environmental Policy, University of Hagen, Germany
Abstract: Article 21 of the recast Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU (RCD) stipulates that member states shall consider the special needs of asylum seekers with, inter alia, mental illnesses. Similar to other member states, Germany failed to transpose the RCD into national law within the two years prescribed. Due to the inactivity of the federal legislator, the Directive became directly applicable. In the German system of cooperative federalism, this means that the application of the RCD moved downstream to the responsibility of the German Länder (states), which have since found themselves with vague responsibilities, lacking a clear regulation cascade from the federal level. How do Länder implement the RCD and how is its implementation in Germany affected by the federal institutional setting? The objective of this article is to analyse and systematise the patterns of the RCD’s implementation on the subnational level in Germany. On the one hand, the findings suggest that the open formulation of the RCD and the federal government’s inactivity allow for a higher degree of liberty in applying the Directive on the subnational level. On the other hand, most measures taken hitherto have been rather small and ad‐hoc and some Länder have even failed to adopt any significant changes at all. The RCD’s implementation in Germany has consisted of a “tinkering” process, generating an incoherent patchwork of policy outputs. The resulting unequal standards in the reception of asylum seekers displaying mental illnesses present far‐reaching consequences for the people affected.
Keywords: asylum policy; German federalism; implementation; Länder; psychological care
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:26-35
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Reforming the Reception and Inclusion of Refugees in the European Union: Utopian or Dystopian Changes?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5222
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5222
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 15-25
Author-Name: Encarnación La Spina
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Law, University of Deusto, Spain
Abstract: The provision of high‐quality reception conditions and the effective inclusion of refugees are permanent challenges in the implementation of the European asylum agenda. The EU legal framework for the reception of refugees has evolved over time through various legislative reforms, notably including those launched in 2016 and the New Pact on Migration and Asylum proposed in 2020. The European Union has also tried to reinforce its non‐binding integration policy with the adoption of the Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion 2021–2027. While this plan is intended to promote an alternative “social resilient” integration model for refugees that emulates community sponsorship in Europe, it also generates great bottom‐up expectations to provide better integration. These legislative reform proposals and their programmatic framework are theoretically intended to consolidate the European reception and integration system, but in practice have increased the dichotomous tension between utopia and dystopia. Drawing on a political interpretation of both concepts, this article critically analyses the real nature of the changes proposed in the legislative CEAS reforms and in the action plans. Both visions are useful to evaluate the desirability, viability, and achievability of these transformative changes in the future asylum system.
Keywords: change; dystopia; European Union; integration; reception; refugees; utopia
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:15-25
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Afghan Migration to Europe From Iran
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5234
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5234
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 4-14
Author-Name: Heaven Crawley
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, UK
Author-Name: Esra S. Kaytaz
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, UK
Abstract: Afghans have consistently been one of the largest groups of refugees arriving in Europe, with more than 600,000 Afghan asylum applications in European countries over the past ten years, second only in number to Syrians. Afghan migration to Europe is a response to both the deteriorating security situation in Afghanistan and protracted displacement in countries hosting the vast majority of Afghan refugees, including Iran, where there is a well‐documented lack of protection, rights, and opportunities. Drawing on interviews undertaken in Turkey and Greece during the last three months of 2015, this article examines the experiences of Afghans who travelled to Europe from Iran, where they had been living for many years, and in some cases had been born. Their experiences, particularly when seen in the context of Afghan mobility historically, complicate dichotomies between “forced” and “voluntary” migration, and “origin” and “destination” countries, which underpin the Common European Asylum System. It is clear that mobility forms an important survival strategy for Afghans and others living in situations of protracted displacement, for whom efforts to provide durable solutions have been largely unsuccessful. Harnessing this mobility by facilitating and supporting—rather than preventing—onward migration is the key to unlocking protracted displacement.
Keywords: Afghanistan; categories; Europe; Iran; migration; mobility; protracted displacement; refugees
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:4-14
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Future of the Common European Asylum System: Dystopian or Utopian Expectations?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5954
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i3.5954
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-3
Author-Name: Jeroen Doomernik
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Birgit Glorius
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for European Studies and History, TU Chemnitz, Germany
Abstract: After the end of the Cold War, a decade started within which the idea of European unity gained considerable traction. The Maastricht Treaty transformed the Economic Community into the European Union and the scope of collaboration between its member states widened to include justice and home affairs. By the end of the decade, it had become clear this was not enough to address the challenges caused by refugee migration. Thus the Amsterdam Treaty aimed at proper joint policy and law‐making in the sphere of migration and asylum. This ought to be done with full respect to the 1951 Refugee Convention. By 2004, when the Union was joined by ten new member states, the essence of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) had been formulated and turned into Regulations and Directives as part of the Union’s body of common law. The system was further fine‐tuned during the next decade, but during the 2015 “refugee crisis” the system collapsed for lack of solidarity and solid agreements on responsibility‐sharing between the member states. Since then, the single goal member states share is that asylum seekers and refugees are best kept from finding a way into Europe—for once they arrive political stress is the unavoidable consequence. Paradoxically, precisely the ideal of a CEAS has introduced practices that deviate from the EU’s norms regarding international protection. This thematic issue reviews some of those issues but also finds examples of harmonization and good practices.
Keywords: asylum; Common European Asylum System; politicization; reception; refugees; solidarity
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:3:p:1-3
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Health, Personality Disorders, Work Commitment, and Training‐to‐Employment Transitions
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5103
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5103
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 369-382
Author-Name: Alexander Patzina
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Bamberg, Germany / Institute for Employment Research, Germany
Author-Name: Hans Dietrich
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Employment Research, Germany
Author-Name: Anton Barabasch
Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Germany
Abstract: School‐to‐work transition research has persistently provided empirical evidence for the theoretical predictions of human capital, signaling, and credentialing, thereby emphasizing the importance of school performance and degree attainment for labor market entries. However, hitherto, research in this tradition has paid less attention to noncognitive and socioemotional factors. We address this gap by analyzing the influence of mental and physical health, coping abilities, cooperativeness, and work commitment on the transition from apprenticeship training to first job. For this purpose, this study draws on a unique dataset of 1,061 individuals from Germany, combining rich survey (i.e., information concerning baseline health, personality disorders, and work attitudes) and register (i.e., labor market information) data. The results of linear probability models reveal that only physical health is associated with finding a first job within six months. Physical and mental health are associated with a smooth transition into the labor market, i.e., a situation in which an individual transitions into regular employment without any job search gaps. Overall health and coping abilities are important to finding decent employment. However, after taking important preselection variables (i.e., educational outcomes and training firm characteristics) into account, these associations are weakened and become statistically nonsignificant. Overall, this study provides evidence that health and personality disorders have the potential to induce inequality at an important life course stage.
Keywords: anxiety and depression; apprenticeship; cooperativeness; coping; health; school‐to‐work transition; SF‐12; work commitment
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:369-382
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Participative Cooperation During Educational Transition: Experiences of Young People With Disabilities in Austria
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5079
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5079
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 358-368
Author-Name: Helga Fasching
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Katharina Felbermayr
Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Austria
Abstract: The results of international research studies show that early and careful planning, preparation, and implementation can contribute significantly to a successful transition from compulsory education to vocational training and employment. One key aspect in this respect is participative cooperation (i.e., involvement and active participation in the planning process), above all of the youths with disabilities themselves as the target group, but also of their parents. The project Cooperation for Inclusion in Educational Transitions of the Austrian Science Fund is the first Austrian project conducting research into participative cooperation. It aims to find out about and analyse the experiences of cooperation of youths with disabilities and their parents with professionals during the period of transition from education to vocational training and employment. Based on qualitative, longitudinal data material from the project, the present article illustrates the experiences of participative cooperation of the youths with disabilities who participated in the project along with their parents. Our main aim is to show the experiences reported by the interviewed youths and their parents concerning cooperation during the period of transition from education to employment. An additional goal is to provide impulses to improve the planning of vocational transition from education to employment in relation to the inclusion of youths with disabilities.
Keywords: Austria; disability; education‐to‐employment transition; participative cooperation; vocational transition; youth with disabilities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:358-368
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Negotiating the “Maze”: SEN and the Transition From Lower Secondary Education in Austria
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5096
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5096
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 347-357
Author-Name: Gabriele Pessl
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Advanced Studies, Austria
Author-Name: Mario Steiner
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Advanced Studies, Austria
Abstract: Austrian students with special educational needs (SEN) face many obstacles in the transition from lower to upper secondary education. Using administrative data from national statistics, we analyse the trajectories of these students focusing on two questions: First, what is the impact of the former setting on further pathways for students from special schools compared with mainstream schooling? Second, can low‐threshold training or apprenticeship projects (the “transition system”) compensate for educational disadvantages in former school careers and serve as a “second chance” or do they reinforce exclusionary practices by perpetuating “special tracks”? Regarding the first question, our research findings confirm those from several studies conducted in other German‐speaking countries that show advantages for graduates from mainstream education compared to those from special schools, as they face a lower risk of institutional exclusion. In respect of the second question, at first glance, our findings differ from prior research results. Participating in the transition system is associated with a slight increase in participation in upper secondary education, some increase in employment, and an important reduction concerning inactivity. As revealed by a regression analysis controlling for socio‐demographic characteristics, participation in this system has a distinct integrative influence. We conclude by hypothesising that this is due to the structure of the Austrian transition system offering pathways back to mainstream educational systems and formally recognised educational qualifications.
Keywords: Austria; educational trajectories; inclusion; mainstream education; special educational needs; special needs education; transition system
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:347-357
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “They Really Only Look for the Best”: How Young People Frame Problems in School‐to‐Work Transition
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5158
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5158
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 335-346
Author-Name: Teresa Wintersteller
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Veronika Wöhrer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Shenja Danz
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Mariam Malik
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: This article presents how young people in educational measures experience and discuss tensions between structural and individualised challenges they face in the transition from school to work. The findings are based on an Austrian citizen social science research project that involved conducting participatory research in Vienna with 33 young people between the ages of 15 and 23 years who are in measures for early school leavers that are preparing for further education and training. These co‐researchers struggle with constant comparisons to “norm” biographies and their accompanying social pressure as they try to meet the high expectations of school, work, and family. Additionally, mental health was a prominent issue, as the young co‐researchers experience stigma and a lack of professional support, which can impede their access to the labour market. The results of our research indicate that young people in employment measures require a more inclusive school and work environment that supports them regardless of their origin, family background, appearance, or mental health status. They negotiate the tension between individual employability and structural disadvantage and demand a recognised place in society, a request that connects to current debates concerning the individualisation of transitions from school to work.
Keywords: citizen social science; early school leavers; education and training up to 18; NEET; participatory action research; school‐to‐work transition; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:335-346
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Role of Autonomy in the Transition to the World of Work
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5104
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5104
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 324-334
Author-Name: Jan F. C. Gellermann
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Germany
Author-Name: Philipp Fuchs
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Research (ISG), Germany
Abstract: The article is based on a qualitative study covering 32 youths from the age of 18 to 25 who did not manage a stable transition from school to the German labor market. All of them, albeit to different degrees and for different reasons, are running the risk of long‐term exclusion from the sphere of work and vocational training measures as well as public support structures. Based on multiple narrative interviews with the young persons participating in the study, qualitative case reconstructions were conducted concerning their social background, socialization, and how their biographies developed. This contribution specifically sheds light on the relevance of the genesis of autonomy for the individual transition into the world of work and further education. The findings are presented as risk factors hampering the genesis of autonomy in the process of socialization, namely, (a) dysfunctional parent–child relationship and (b) persistence of traditionalism. The findings point not only to the high relevance of autonomy for managing a stable transition but also imply that there are further factors leading to more disconnectedness in addition to a broad range of factors known from the existing literature. From our perspective, longer processes of socialization, i.e., subject formation processes, significantly contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this phenomenon.
Keywords: autonomy; German education system; German labor market; school‐to‐work transition; socialization; vocational training; youths
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:324-334
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Educational Success Despite School? From Cultural Hegemony to a Post‐Inclusive School
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5178
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5178
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 313-323
Author-Name: Erol Yildiz
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Innsbruck University, Austria
Author-Name: Florian Ohnmacht
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Innsbruck University, Austria
Abstract: This article explores how a differential thinking has arisen between “us” (locals, natives) and “them” (migrants) in German‐speaking areas, how in this context a canned Rezeptwissen (recipe knowledge) has established itself and how there has been a normalisation of cultural hegemony in the context of education. This binary thinking has also taken hold stepwise within the concepts of school development and educational programmes. It has contributed significantly to the construction of an educational normality that has retained its efficacy up to the present. Along with the structural barriers of the educational system, the well‐rehearsed and traditional conceptions of normality serve to restrict and limit the educational prospects and future perspectives of youth who are deemed to stem from a migration background. These prospects and perspectives for the future have a negative impact on their educational goals and professional‐vocational orientations. Our research also shows that ever more youths and young adults are confronting and grappling with this ethnic‐nationally oriented understanding of education and seeking to find other pathways and detours to move on ahead and develop appropriate conceptions of education and vocational orientations for themselves. The article explores the need for a “post‐inclusive” school and “post‐inclusive” understanding of education, which overcome the well‐rehearsed and historically shaped conceptions of normality in the context of education, opening up new options for action and experience for the young people involved.
Keywords: cultural hegemony; education; post‐inclusive school; post‐migration; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:313-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Educational Transitions in War and Refugee Contexts: Youth Biographies in Afghanistan and Austria
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5156
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5156
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 302-312
Author-Name: Nadja Thoma
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Applied Linguistics, EURAC Research, Italy
Author-Name: Phil C. Langer
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Psychology, International Psychoanalytic University, Germany
Abstract: This article addresses educational transitions under conditions of multiple insecurities. By analyzing empirical data of two research projects with youths in Afghanistan and refugee students in Austria, we show how young peoplemake sense of the social and educational inequalities they encounter on their educational pathways within different national, socio‐political, and institutional contexts. We present in‐depth analyses of two cases to elaborate how young people in different parts of the world conceive of their futures when basic security needs are not met, and how they make sense of the social and educational inequalities they face during their transition processes. After living through repeatedly fractured perspectives, young people have to make sense of their biographical experiences and continuously (re)design their plans while facing uncertain futures. In the Afghan Youth Project, we reconstructed a collective—and morally charged—biographical orientation of future plans. This orientation can also be understood as a critical response to persistent fragility and inequality and suggests an imagined generational hold and sense of belonging. In the Austrian project Translating Wor(l)ds, we reconstructed continuing experiences of educational exclusion, marginalization, and devaluation in different migration societies throughout refugee routes. Educational transitions, which can be challenging for all young people, take on special relevance under these conditions. Combining biographical and socio‐psychological research perspectives allows us to reconstruct educational processes as cumulative, non‐linear processes and to reveal the ambiguities, contradictions, and ruptures woven into them, as well as the subjects’ constructions of sense and agency.
Keywords: Afghanistan; Austria; biographies; educational transitions; ethnography; insecurity; participatory research; refugee students; vulnerable youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:302-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Ethnic Differences in Gender‐Typical Occupational Orientations Among Adolescents in Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5092
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5092
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 290-301
Author-Name: Alexandra Wicht
Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB), Germany / Department of Education and Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany
Author-Name: Matthias Siembab
Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB), Germany
Abstract: We illuminate the socio‐cultural embeddedness of adolescents to explain gender‐typical occupational orientations (GTOO) from an intersectional perspective. We investigate whether and why immigrant and native youths differ in their GTOO. These issues are of practical and political importance, as deviations from the norm of the autochthonous majority society can drive change in the gender segregation of the labor market on the one hand but can also lead to difficulties in accessing training and work on the other. We use cross‐sectional data on ninth‐graders from the German National Educational Panel Study, which allows us to analyze distinct dimensions of GTOO, i.e., expectations and aspirations. The results of step‐wise multilevel models show that (a) differences in GTOO between immigrant and native youths apply to certain countries of origin—particularly females from Turkey, the country with the strongest contrast to the German context in terms of gender‐related labor market characteristics, differ in their aspirations from native females—and (b) differences between immigrant and native German expectations shrink with immigrant generation and after controlling for aspirations. This indicates that assimilation processes involving socialization‐related adaptation to the host society play a greater role than an increase in information about its labor market.
Keywords: career choice; country differences; gender; horizontal labor market segregation; immigrants; German National Educational Panel Study; occupational aspirations; occupational expectations
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:290-301
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Are Adolescents in One‐Parent Families a Previously Unnoticed Group in Inclusive Career Guidance?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5085
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5085
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 278-289
Author-Name: Jerusha Klein
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Education, University of Münster, Germany / Department of Educational Psychology, TU Berlin, Germany
Author-Name: Katja Driesel‐Lange
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Education, University of Münster, Germany
Author-Name: Svenja Ohlemann
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Psychology, TU Berlin, Germany
Abstract: In Germany, schools are largely responsible for adolescents’ career development. Corresponding interventions in career guidance must take into account various endogenous and exogenous factors of individualized development to foster successful post‐school transitions. Parents, in particular, are one of the most significant influencing factors when it comes to shaping after‐school plans usually having a highly positive effect along with teacher support. Children in one‐parent families constitute a group that has received little attention so far in the context of career guidance analysis. They are at a higher risk of social decline into precarious circumstances and of living in families with lower education levels as well as less parental care time. In addition, one‐parent families more often report that they are unable to adequately support their children concerning career development, ultimately impacting the children’s post‐school transition. Based on the theoretical model of career competence, a sample from eight German schools (N = 1998) is used to investigate to what extent adolescents in one‐parent families differ from their peers in other family compositions regarding both support and development of career competence. Each school’s location and teacher support are included in the calculations. This study shows that adolescents in one‐parent families display below‐average levels concerning three of the analysed facets (occupational knowledge, exploration, and self‐regulation).
Keywords: adolescents; career competence; career education; multiple linear regression; one‐parent family; risk group
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:278-289
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Why Do High‐Performing School Leavers Aspire to Occupations Atypical of Their Qualification?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5102
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5102
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 265-277
Author-Name: Verena Eberhard
Author-Workplace-Name: VET Research and Monitoring, Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Germany
Author-Name: Annalisa Schnitzler
Author-Workplace-Name: VET Research and Monitoring, Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Germany
Author-Name: Hanna Mentges
Author-Workplace-Name: Educational Careers and Graduate Employment, German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, Germany
Abstract: In Germany, the dual system of vocational education and training is an attractive alternative to tertiary programmes for school leavers with a higher education entrance certificate (HEEC). Most adolescents with this qualification opt for training occupations where the majority of apprentices hold an HEEC (e.g., bank clerk). This decision seems sensible considering that such training occupations are difficult for people with lower school‐leaving certificates to access and promise better career outcomes. Nevertheless, some adolescents with an HEEC enter occupations that are not typical of their school‐leaving qualification. This article examines under which circumstances adolescents with an HEEC aspire to training occupations atypical of their level of education and thus accept lower career outcomes. Following the rational choice paradigm, we expect differences in perceived benefit and probability of success between school leavers with an HEEC opting for HEEC occupations as opposed to non‐HEEC occupations. Using data from the 2018 DZHW Panel Study of German School Leavers With an HEEC, our logistic regression models show that the individuals’ self‐assessed strengths and their occupational goals explain why they aspire to training occupations atypical of their qualification. Contrary to our assumption, adolescents from academic families are not less likely to aspire to non‐HEEC occupations.
Keywords: higher education entrance certificate; occupational aspiration; school leavers; segmentation; vocational education and training
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:265-277
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Scarring Dreams? Young People’s Vocational Aspirations and Expectations During and After Unemployment
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5162
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5162
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 252-264
Author-Name: Monika Mühlböck
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria / Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Austria
Author-Name: Fabian Kalleitner
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economic Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Nadia Steiber
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria / Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Austria
Author-Name: Bernhard Kittel
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economic Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: Young people’s early‐career unemployment experience has been found to have long‐lasting effects, resulting in lower earnings even decades later. However, while this so‐called “scarring effect” is well established, there is still little knowledge about the mechanisms through which it comes about. We take a closer look at the period that produces the wounds that later turn to scars. Drawing on a panel survey in which young adults in Austria were interviewed once at the beginning of an unemployment period and again one year later, we study how job aspirations and expectations changed during this period. We find that respondents on average lowered their aspirations and expectations over time, particularly those who experienced latent deprivation during unemployment. Furthermore, while the aspirations and expectations of those who were unemployed at the time of the second interview remained relatively unchanged, those who were employed lowered their expectations and to some extent also their aspirations. Our results suggest that research should pay more attention to the heterogenous effects of early‐career unemployment: It produces scarred dreams for some while others manage to keep their aspirations and expectations alive.
Keywords: job aspirations; job expectations; latent deprivation; scarring effects; youth unemployment
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:252-264
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Pushing Higher or Lower? Divergent Parental Expectations and Compromises in Occupational Choice
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5056
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5056
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 240-251
Author-Name: Melanie Fischer-Browne
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, Economics and Society, University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Germany
Abstract: Many adolescents in Germany are unable to realize their realistic occupational aspirations when they transition from school to vocational education and training (VET). However, little is known about the underlying circumstances and what the compromises look like when these adolescents come to take up a VET occupation. As parents perform an important socialization role, which is also influential in occupational orientation, this article examines the role of divergent parental expectations. Are parental expectations, which differ from adolescents’ realistic occupational aspirations, related to the probability that adolescents will take up different occupations than they originally aspired to? Are relatively higher or lower parental expectations associated with a corresponding direction of compromise formation? Are there differences between men and women in the relationship between divergent parental expectations and compromise formation? This empirical analysis is based on a sample of 1243 VET entrants from the starting cohort 4 of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). The compromise formation of the adolescents is measured by comparing their realistic occupational aspirations from ninth grade with their first VET occupation. Results from multinomial logistic regression models show that adolescents adjust their occupational choices to their parents’ divergent expectations. Women are more likely to make compromises that accommodate their parents’ higher expectations.
Keywords: occupational aspirations; occupational choice; parental expectations; school‐to‐work transition
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:240-251
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Educational and Occupational Aspirations: A Longitudinal Study of Vienna Youth
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5105
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5105
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 226-239
Author-Name: Ona Valls
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Franz Astleithner
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Brigitte Schels
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, Economics and Society, University of Erlangen‐Nuremberg, Germany / Department of Joblessness and Social Inclusion, Institute for Employment Research, Germany
Author-Name: Susanne Vogl
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research Methods, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Author-Name: Raphaela Kogler
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: During their transition from lower to upper secondary education, young peoplemake educational and occupational choices driven by their aspirations. Such aspirations are shaped by the individuals’ social environment, their idea of what seems achievable and desirable, and their experiences. Therefore, aspirations can change during the transitional phase. In this article, we explore the development of educational and occupational aspirations of young people over three years. At the start of the study period, the students were attending the lower track in lower secondary education, the so‐called Neue Mittelschule (8th grade), in the city of Vienna in the 2017–2018 academic year. Drawing on the panel survey data (2018–2020) of the Pathways to the Future project, we simultaneously explore stability and change of educational and occupational aspirations. We describe different patterns of change in aspirations and analyse the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and prior achievement on these patterns. Using latent transition analysis, we identify 11 patterns of aspirations with important differences depending on social background. Most of the students have stable aspirations. However, the results show that school performance, migration background, and the level of parental education play important roles in explaining different levels and patterns of aspirations over time. These longitudinal analyses of educational and occupational aspirations provide important insights into the transition process.
Keywords: educational aspirations; educational transitions; low‐qualified young people; occupational aspirations; social inequalities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:226-239
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Challenges in School‐To‐Work Transition in Germany and Austria: Perspectives on Individual, Institutional, and Structural Inequalities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5770
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5770
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 221-225
Author-Name: Brigitte Schels
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, Economics, and Society, Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Germany / Department Joblessness and Social Inclusion, Institute for Employment Research, Germany
Author-Name: Veronika Wöhrer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: Transitions between schools, vocational education and training (VET), and work pose important challenges for young people that influence their well‐being and social positioning now and in the future. The young people themselves experience the transition phase as the formation stage of their aspirations and goals. In this process, young people are confronted with the expectations and assessments of relevant others—such as parents, teachers, employers, and career counsellors—and by the requirements that are defined in sociopolitical and institutional contexts. In these contexts, criteria of successful transitions and risky transitions worthy of special support are made relevant. German and Austrian employment-centred transition regimes are characterised by relatively high standardisation and segregation as well as a strong VET system linked to the labour market. This thematic issue brings together contributions that examine challenges in these transitions from different perspectives and related facets of social inequality. The articles address different transitions (mostly school‐to‐VET, but also school‐to‐school or unemployment to work) and their different phases: aspiration formation, changing aspirations, challenges in transitions, and concrete problems in transition processes like disconnectedness or unemployment. The articles on social inequalities are related to class, ethnicity, gender, and (dis)ability. We also place importance on balancing different methods to bring together findings from quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and participatory research.
Keywords: employment‐centred transition regime; school‐to‐work transition; social inequality; vocational education and training; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:221-225
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Commentary on the Educational Inclusion of Vulnerable Youth After Covid‐19
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5576
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5576
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 217-220
Author-Name: Dionysios Gouvias
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Preschool Education and Educational Design, University of the Aegean, Greece
Abstract: This is a commentary on the articles published in this issue, which are devoted to the effects of the Covid‐19 pandemic on the educational inclusion prospects of vulnerable children and young people. The articles presented in the thematic issue are especially focused on case studies at either national or international comparative levels. Their findings, in general, are in line with existing research, which was initiated during the first stages of the pandemic, and demonstrate the pandemic’s adverse effects on existing disadvantaged health, educational, and social conditions. However, they raise interesting issues about promising methods and practices, as well as possible empowering tools that emerged through the use of ICTs and the implementation of various social policy measures through various digital platforms. They also point out the intersectionality of various factors generating or reinforcing social inclusion, something that has to be taken into account, not only by researchers, social welfare officials, and state agents, but also by activists and NGOs who work in the field.
Keywords: children; comparative studies; educational inclusion; pandemic; social exclusion; social inclusion; social inequalities; vulnerable youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:217-220
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusive Learning for Children in Northeast Nigeria: Radio School Response During a Global Pandemic
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5171
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5171
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 206-216
Author-Name: Margaret Ebubedike
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, UK
Author-Name: Michael Boampong
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, UK
Author-Name: Kiki James
Author-Workplace-Name: ACE Charity Africa, Nigeria
Author-Name: Hassana Shuaibu
Author-Workplace-Name: ACE Charity Africa, Nigeria
Author-Name: Temitope Yetu Monyeh
Author-Workplace-Name: ACE Charity Africa, Nigeria
Abstract: With a burgeoning out‐of‐school population and illiteracy rate, the situation of protracted conflict and crises fuelled by the Boko‐Haram insurgency further exacerbates educational inequality for children in northern Nigeria. The Covid‐19 pandemic further deepened the “educational poverty” experienced there. This article focuses on data generated around ACE radio school, an initiative to mitigate the impact of Covid‐19‐related school closures in northern Nigeria. The initiative targeted young learners using radio as a medium to support their continued learning remotely in numeracy, literacy, sciences, and civics education. Daily learning activities were broadcasted in the local Hausa language, supported through “listening groups” that engaged local learning facilitators in the communities. Despite the known existing barriers that have been identified to hinder access to quality education in the region, including poverty, religion, socio‐cultural factors, and protracted conflict situations, our interviews revealed that parents were committed to supporting their children’s attendance at listening groups, due to the use of their mother tongue as a mode of instruction. Drawing on a conversational learning approach, we argue that understanding local conditions and adopting local solutions, such as the radio lessons delivered in these children’s mother tongue, have implications for enhancing improved learner outcomes in marginalised contexts.
Keywords: alternative education; Covid‐19; education inclusion; girls’ education; northern Nigeria; radio school; vulnerable communities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:206-216
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Inclusion of Students With Disabilities: Challenges for Italian Teachers During the Covid‐19 Pandemic
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5035
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5035
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 195-205
Author-Name: Maddalena Colombo
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
Author-Name: Mariagrazia Santagati
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
Abstract: In March 2020 all schools in Italy were closed due to the Covid‐19 pandemic, and the novelty of distance learning was introduced. During the 2020–2021 school year, pre‐primary and primary schooling was carried out in situ, while secondary education was re‐organized into a mixed system, with students spending 50% of their time attending classes from home, in distance learning. This reconfiguration was a challenge to students, teachers, and parents, affecting the learning experience of the most vulnerable students and students with disabilities, particularly. It necessarily brought into question Italy’s “progressive” legal framework for “school inclusion.” The scope of the present article is to analyze the teaching activities carried out with students with disabilities in Italy during the first wave of the emergency lockdown and their consequent challenges for school inclusiveness. An overview of the Italian inclusive model in education and the national measures adopted to guarantee the right to education during times of school closure/restriction is outlined. We have sought to test the hypothesis that distance learning may introduce many risks for inclusion (resulting in a “downgrading inclusion,” that is, a decline of the level of inclusion already reached for students with disabilities), but it may also present an improvement in how teachers address these students and their needs. To this end, after reporting data from the available studies on this target, we provide insights from a web questionnaire submitted to a non‐probabilistic sample of nearly 150 primary and (lower and upper) secondary school teachers. Results showcase that, though with a general worsening of school inclusion, in some cases, teachers were actually able to support students with disabilities and their families in a new, customized, empathetic, and more attentive manner.
Keywords: Covid‐19; distance learning; Italy; school inclusion; school lockdown; school–family relationship; students with disabilities; support teachers; vulnerable students
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:195-205
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Spanish LGBTQ+ Youth and the Role of Online Networks During the First Wave of Covid‐19
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4950
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4950
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 185-194
Author-Name: R. Lucas Platero
Author-Workplace-Name: Psychology Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain
Author-Name: Miguel Ángel López‐Sáez
Author-Workplace-Name: Psychology Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain
Abstract: During the lockdown measures put in place at the time of the first wave of the Covid‐19 pandemic in Spain (March through June 2020), LGBTQ+ youth lived through a particularly stressful situation that has so far received little attention. Confined in homes that are often hostile to their sexuality, struggling with the transition to online classes, they reached out to Internet social networks to obtain the support most of them lack in person. This article explores the role of technology for LGBTQ+ youth during a period when the educational environment was not supportive of students’ sexuality and identity needs. The research assesses correlations between the use of online social networks and the perceptions of support received from others (using the concepts of social support, thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness, and cohabitation in their homes). The study involves a sample of 445 Spanish participants aged 13 to 21. A descriptive multivariate analysis of variance and bivariate correlations was performed. We found that social networks were very important for LGBTQ+ youth during the pandemic, helping them to explore their identities, but could also be a source of violence. In this regard, while trans and nonbinary youth’s use of social networks to contact acquaintances show important differences when compared to that of gays, lesbians, and bisexuals, the former group also experiences more violence coming from these networks, finds less social support through them, and feels a stronger sense of burdensomeness in relation to them. Additionally, they were often living with people other than family members during the lockdown. This data suggests the need to offer specific support and online services for LGBTQ+ youth, particularly for trans and nonbinary youth.
Keywords: burdensomeness; Covid‐19; gender identity; LGBTQ+; social networking; thwarted belongingness; vulnerable youth; youth support
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:185-194
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Migrant Students’ Sense of Belonging and the Covid‐19 Pandemic: Implications for Educational Inclusion
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5106
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5106
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 172-184
Author-Name: Nikolett Szelei
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium
Author-Name: Ines Devlieger
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium
Author-Name: An Verelst
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium
Author-Name: Caroline Spaas
Author-Workplace-Name: Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Signe Smith Jervelund
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Author-Name: Nina Langer Primdahl
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Author-Name: Morten Skovdal
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Author-Name: Marianne Opaas
Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Norway
Author-Name: Natalie Durbeej
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
Author-Name: Fatumo Osman
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden / School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Sweden
Author-Name: Emma Soye
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, UK
Author-Name: Hilde Colpin
Author-Workplace-Name: School Psychology and Development in Context Research Unit, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Lucia De Haene
Author-Workplace-Name: Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Sanni Aalto
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Author-Name: Reeta Kankaanpää
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Author-Name: Kirsi Peltonen
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland / Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Finland / INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Finland
Author-Name: Arnfinn J. Andersen
Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Norway
Author-Name: Per Kristian Hilden
Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Norway
Author-Name: Charles Watters
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education and Social Work, University of Sussex, UK
Author-Name: Ilse Derluyn
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium
Abstract: This article investigates school belonging among migrant students and how this changed during the Covid‐19 pandemic. Drawing on quantitative data gathered from 751 migrant students in secondary schools in six European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and the UK), we examined the impact of Covid‐19 school closures, social support, and post‐traumatic stress symptoms on changes in school belonging. Linear regression showed a non‐significant decrease in school belonging, and none of the studied variables had a significant effect on this change in our whole sample. However, sensitivity analysis on a subsample from three countries (Denmark, Finland, and the UK) showed a small but significant negative effect of increasing post‐traumatic stress symptoms on school belonging during Covid‐19 school closures. Given that scholarship on school belonging during Covid‐19 is emergent, this study delineates some key areas for future research on the relationship between wellbeing, school belonging, and inclusion.
Keywords: Covid‐19; inclusion; migrants; post‐traumatic stress; school belonging; social support
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:172-184
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Impact of the Covid‐19 Global Health Pandemic in Early Childhood Education Within Four Countries
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5009
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5009
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 160-171
Author-Name: Lynn McNair
Author-Workplace-Name: Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK
Author-Name: John Ravenscroft
Author-Workplace-Name: Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK
Author-Name: Irene Rizzini
Author-Workplace-Name: CIESPI, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Author-Name: Kay Tisdall
Author-Workplace-Name: Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK
Author-Name: Linda Biersteker
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Author-Name: Fortunate Shabalala
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Community Health Nursing Science, University of Eswatini, Eswatini
Author-Name: S’lungile K. Thwala
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Foundations and Management, University of Eswatini, Eswatini
Author-Name: Clement N. Dlamini
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Community Services, University of Eswatini, Eswatini
Author-Name: Malcolm Bush
Author-Workplace-Name: CIESPI, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Author-Name: Malibongwe Gwele
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Author-Name: Lizette Berry
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Abstract: The recent Covid‐19 global health pandemic has negatively affected the political and economic development of communities around the world. This article shares the lessons from our multi‐country project Safe, Inclusive Participative Pedagogy: Improving Early Childhood Education in Fragile Contexts (UKRI GCRF) on how children in communities in Brazil, Eswatini, South Africa, and Scotland have experienced the effects of the pandemic. This article benefits from having co‐authors from various countries, bringing their own located knowledge to considerations of children’s rights and early childhood education in the wake of the pandemic. The authors discuss different perspectives on children’s human rights within historical, social, and cultural contexts and, by doing so, will discuss how the global pandemic has placed a spotlight on the previous inequalities within early years education and how the disparity of those with capital (economic and social) have led to an even greater disproportion of children needing health and educational support.
Keywords: children’s rights; Covid‐19; early childhood; sustainable development goals
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:160-171
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Educational Inclusion of Vulnerable Children and Young People After Covid‐19
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5577
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5577
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 156-159
Author-Name: Spyros Themelis
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education and Lifelong Learning, University of East Anglia, UK
Author-Name: Angela Tuck
Author-Workplace-Name: Pakefield High School, UK
Abstract: Although the exact impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on the inclusion of vulnerable children and young people—nationally and internationally—is unknown, historical failures to address the link between poverty and low educational outcomes have reversed any progress hitherto achieved. This thematic issue speaks to the challenges faced by, and promises of inclusion made to, children and young people in the most vulnerable circumstances: It brings together a set of articles that detail the challenges educators, educational institutions, and students faced during the pandemic, while also discussing innovative approaches to include pupils in mainstream education and help them make progress against the odds. The pandemic has been an opportunity for both learning and unlocking potentialities toward innovative solutions. Taking stock of these solutions is important in preparing and strengthening schools, educators, and students to face the post‐pandemic era that is dawning, for public education systems need not only be seen as sites of frustration and challenge, but also as sites of promise and possibility.
Keywords: Covid‐19; educational inclusion; pandemic; social disadvantage; vulnerable children; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:156-159
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Beyond the “Trans Fact”? Trans Representation in the Teen Series Euphoria: Complexity, Recognition, and Comfort
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4926
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4926
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 143-155
Author-Name: Maria-Jose Masanet
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Information and Audiovisual Media, University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Rafael Ventura
Author-Workplace-Name: UPF Barcelona School of Management, Spain
Author-Name: Eduard Ballesté
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Communication, Pompeu Fabra University, Spain
Abstract: Recent anti‐LGBTQ+ discourse has increased the threat of violence against people who do not follow the cisheteronormative mandates. To face these dialectics, the media can offer alternative discourses, in particular by providing realistic and non‐stereotyped LGBTQ+ representations. Media portrayals can be seen as both positive and negative. On one hand, they may offer stereotypical and narrow representations, but on the other, they can include representations that can become aspirational models and improve visibility. The objective of this article is to explore this second perspective by analyzing the representation of Jules, a trans female character from the American series Euphoria (Levinson et al., 2019–present). To this end, we conducted a close reading analysis (Castelló, 2008) of the first season of the series. The results show three axes of representation that move away from the traditional portrayal of trans characters: (a) a narrative that moves beyond the “trans fact” and presents complex and plural stories, (b) a representation of the trans individual as an element of value and love, away from fetishism, and (c) a link between the trans realm and specific spaces of comfort and freedom.
Keywords: Euphoria; inclusion; LGBTQ+; media; protagonist; queerness; teen series; trans representations
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:143-155
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Towards a Common Public Culture? Boundaries to Belonging in Catalonia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4943
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4943
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 132-142
Author-Name: Angelina Sánchez‐Martí
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Pedagogy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Jordi Pàmies
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Theories and Social Pedagogy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Alejandro Caravaca
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Theories and Social Pedagogy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Berta Llos
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Theories and Social Pedagogy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: The tension between the will to build a collective national identity and the increasing diversity of today’s societies is one of the main challenges facing nation‐states today. Catalan society, being no exception, also faces many challenges as diasporic identities and transnational loyalties proliferate, weakening both citizens’ roots and their need to belong. The present article aims to identify situations and social spaces of discrimination and explicit/implicit racism, existing mechanisms and responses aimed at avoiding and dealing with these situations, and the groups they affect most in Catalan society. Through a participatory research, 23 focus groups were carried out—of between six and 12 participants—in eight territories (Pàmies et al., 2020). Results reveal diverse areas of discrimination, ranging from the violation of civil and political rights to that of economic, social, and cultural rights. The situations described and named by some as examples of micro‐racism complicate the sense of belonging for many citizens, challenging the real possibility of achieving a pluricultural collective identity. Thus, to promote belonging and build a common public culture with which everyone feels identified, as promoted by official speeches, it is necessary to recognize plurality and diversity and promote citizen participation—and representation—in devising public actions, as well as encourage interactions that emphasize all common and shared aspects in a context conditioned by the reactive fragmentation of identity politics.
Keywords: Catalan identity; Catalonia; collective identity; diversity; pluricultural identity; sense of belonging
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:132-142
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Exploring Women’s Uptake of Active Labour Market Programmes: The Role of Household Composition Across Migrant Origin Groups
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4931
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4931
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 117-131
Author-Name: Tair Kasztan Flechner
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Karel Neels
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Jonas Wood
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Naomi Biegel
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Abstract: Active labour market policies, like training, aim to increase the employability of unemployed population subgroups. Research indicates that the most vulnerable groups—such as women of migrant origin—are less likely to participate in the most effective programmes. Prior studies have established that household composition affects the labour market outcomes of women without and with a migration background. In contrast, research has not addressed the potential relevance of household composition in relation to women’s training uptake. Using hazard models and longitudinal microdata from the employment office and social security registers, we analyse the extent to which women’s household composition such as the presence and the origin of their partner or the presence of children is associated with the uptake of occupation‐specific training in Flanders (Belgium). Our results suggest that, even when we control for previously identified determinants of training uptake such as the human capital of unemployed women, training uptake in most groups varies by household composition. More specifically, the results suggest that women with a partner of non‐migrant origin show higher cumulative uptake than women with a migrant origin partner or single women, and that the presence of children in the household reduces women’s training participation. Furthermore, household composition is found to be a stronger differentiating factor in uptake for migrant origin women than for non‐migrant origin women.
Keywords: active labour market policies; Belgium; household composition; migrant origin; mothers; training
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:117-131
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Interiorization of Public Higher Education in Santana do Araguaia, Brazil
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4940
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4940
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 106-116
Author-Name: Tarciso Binoti Simas
Author-Workplace-Name: Araguaia Institute of Engineering, Federal University of South and Southeast of Pará, Brazil
Author-Name: Lucélia Cardoso Cavalcante
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Educational Sciences, Federal University of South and Southeast of Pará, Brazil
Author-Name: Carlos Maviael de Carvalho
Author-Workplace-Name: Araguaia Institute of Engineering, Federal University of South and Southeast of Pará, Brazil
Author-Name: Samuel da Silva Sousa
Author-Workplace-Name: Araguaia Institute of Engineering, Federal University of South and Southeast of Pará, Brazil
Abstract: As part of the interiorization program of public higher education in Brazil, and following the dismemberment of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA), the Federal University of South and Southeast of Pará (Unifesspa) was created in 2013 in the Eastern Amazon. In 2014, the Araguaia Engineering Institute (IEA) of Unifesspa was set up in the city of Santana of Araguaia, providing a licentiate degree course in Mathematics. The bachelor’s degree in civil engineering was added in 2018, and architecture and urbanism in 2019. Santana of Araguaia is a relatively new municipality, located in the state of Pará, away from the main centralities and between the borders of agribusiness and the Amazon. Our research analyzed the evolution of the first years of this university campus in the municipal and regional contexts and reports the development indexes of IEA and Santana do Araguaia. It is observed that there are numerous challenges to improving this asymmetry; however, the interiorization of public higher education does have the potential to overcome some of this inequality, stimulate the development, and guarantee the right to public, free, and quality higher education.
Keywords: Brazil; Eastern Amazon; public higher education; Unifesspa
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:106-116
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Art of Governing Youth: Empowerment, Protagonism, and Citizen Participation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5080
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5080
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 95-105
Author-Name: Otávio Raposo
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology, University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE‐IUL), Portugal
Abstract: This article discusses social inclusion policies for youth from vulnerable socioeconomic contexts, based on the ethnographic monitoring of an associative experience promoted by the Choices Programme (“Programa Escolhas”) on the outskirts of Lisbon. Considered the main public policy directed at poor, racialised, and peripheral youth in Portugal, the Choices Programme is driven by strategies of empowerment and protagonism with a view to engaging youngsters in resolving the problems faced in the neighbourhoods in which they live. Both strategies call for citizen participation but restrict the youth’s field of political action to the rules drawn up by the state, discouraging emancipatory and subversive discourse. The result is biopolitical control and management of marginalised youth, masking a domination that has domesticated their collective action. By recreating the meetings and activities that sought to inspire in these youngsters the virtues of associativism, I discuss how the discourses of empowerment and protagonism are incorporated as new devices of agency and community governmentality. In particular, I question the limits of citizen participation as a means to stimulate the political engagement of youth when this is tied to individualist ideologies distant from a grammar of rights.
Keywords: citizen participation; empowerment; outskirts; Programa Escolhas; public policy; social inclusion; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:95-105
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Youth Empowerment Through Arts Education: A Case Study of a Non‐Formal Education Arts Centre in Barcelona
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4923
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4923
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 85-94
Author-Name: Mariona Ferrer‐Fons
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
Author-Name: Marta Rovira‐Martínez
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
Author-Name: Roger Soler‐i‐Martí
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Communication, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
Abstract: This article discusses how non‐formal arts education attenuates socioeconomic and cultural barriers in a vulnerable context. Although cultural capital has usually been conceived as dependent on high socioeconomic status, we explore the inclusiveness of a project of non‐formal education and how it enhances the capacity of youth to achieve empowerment and self‐confidence through the arts. We analyse the case study of a non‐formal arts educational organisation located in a deprived neighbourhood of Barcelona (Spain) and identify several key factors associated with successful social inclusion and its limitations. We find that the pedagogical processes involved create both learning opportunities and social and interpersonal skills useful for the present and future lives of the young participants. Methodologically, the case study combines non‐participant observation of the different activities of the organisation and semi‐structured qualitative interviews with young people and educators. The article concludes with some recommendations for considering artistic non‐formal education as a tool in any social inclusion agenda.
Keywords: artistic education; arts; empowerment; non‐formal education; social inclusion; vulnerable youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:85-94
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: What Is Inclusive Education? Voices and Views From a Carpentry Classroom Workshop
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5099
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5099
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 75-84
Author-Name: Rafel Argemí‐Baldich
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Paulo Padilla‐Petry
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: María Inés Massot‐Lafón
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: Theories of inclusive education usually assume the schooling of all students within the same educational contexts, focusing on presence, participation, and success. However, the current implementation of inclusive education in regular schools has encountered resistance and difficulties that have led to special education schools assuming a complementary role in ensuring that all students’ educational needs are met. In this context, the limited scope of inclusive education theories is evident. Therefore, the present case study addresses the need to develop new theories to adapt inclusive practices to a carpentry classroom workshop. Our research took place in a carpentry classroom workshop in a Catalan special education school and aimed to identify the various meanings that participants (students and teachers) give to inclusive education, especially regarding presence, participation, success, and relationships between students. The results indicate that, while literature on inclusive education is divergent, literature on the Sloyd methodology converges. In conclusion, we invite readers to consider the need for more research on inclusive education in a given context and in relation to the Sloyd educational methodology.
Keywords: carpentry students; educational needs; inclusive education; Sloyd; social inclusion; special education school
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:75-84
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: An Intersectional Analysis of Child and Adolescent Inclusion in Local Participation Processes
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5094
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5094
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 66-74
Author-Name: Noemi Laforgue
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain
Author-Name: Marta Sabariego
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Antonio Ruiz
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Ana Belén Cano-Hila
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: Educational and social initiatives promoting participation among children and adolescents struggle with the widely‐held notion that non‐adult stages of life are merely transitory and that, therefore, non‐adults’ views on public life are of less value. Apart from this hurdle of adult‐centrism, there are other obstacles to the full participation of this segment of the population. The present study analyses the inbuilt structures that help or hinder children and adolescents’ participation in the local arena. Being ascribed to one or other of the social categories (gender, origins, racialisation, economic status, functional diversity, physical and mental health, gender identity), in addition to being a child or adolescent, involves a further difficulty in exercising one’s rights in general and the right of participation in particular, and this weakens young people’s social inclusion and exercise of citizenship, deepening their social vulnerability. This is where the intersectional approach can help us avoid the exclusion of children and adolescents with added social barriers. In this article, we survey 191 local youth workers to determine their perceptions of inclusivity in child participation bodies in their municipality. The specific measures in place are also discussed. Lastly, we identify the challenges to children’s inclusion in local participation processes and some strategies for advancing towards the creation of more diverse and inclusive arenas of participation.
Keywords: child participation; childhood; intersectionality; municipalities; social inclusion; youth participation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:66-74
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusion as a Value in Participation: Children’s Councils in Spain
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4924
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4924
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 54-65
Author-Name: Javier Morentin‐Encina
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain
Author-Name: Elena Noguera Pigem
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Theory and History of Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: María Barba Núñez
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pedagogy and Didactics, University of A Coruña, Spain
Abstract: The two‐way relationship between inclusion and participation makes municipal child participation organisations and experiences a key means of guaranteeing the inclusion in community life of children and adolescents, who are traditionally excluded from decision‐making and the promotion of changes in the realities of their lives. One of the main objectives of municipal child participation organisations is to ensure that these spaces are inclusive. This means that they must promote equality of guarantees and conditions in the development of the right to participation from a perspective that addresses the different axes of inequality, not only in access to these spaces but also in the relational dynamics that take place in them. Based on a theoretical reflection on inclusion and participation, this article analyses the data from a questionnaire applied to 279 people (191 technical figures and 88 elected authorities) from 179 municipalities in Spain, which seeks to describe the state of child and adolescent participation in municipalities that are part of the International Association of Educating Cities, Child Friendly Cities, or both. A qualitative analysis is made of those issues related to the strategies used to promote inclusion within the Children’s Councils, as well as in the initiatives promoted in the field of child participation. The results show agreement in considering Children’s Councils to be inclusive bodies, but the means and procedures used do not always guarantee this inclusiveness.
Keywords: childhood; equal opportunities; human rights; inclusion; municipalities; participation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:54-65
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Children’s Participation, Progressive Autonomy, and Agency for Inclusive Education in Schools
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4936
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4936
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 43-53
Author-Name: Marta B. Esteban
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Educational Research, University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: Whereas children’s agency and their right to civic participation have been extensively discussed in childhood studies, especially within sociology, their presence in pedagogical studies is still scarce. We intend to contribute to tentatively plugging that gap by analysing the need for a change of perspective in school settings based on acknowledging children as participatory social actors. We are committed to an epistemological broadening of the expression “inclusive education” that complements the traditional and necessary meaning of “reaching to all learners”; a broadening grounded on the configuration of intergenerational relationships in which children participate in schools as learners and partners, as agents who are part of their community and take part in it. Schools are thus transformed into inclusive democratic educational communities or fellowships that include children in the decision‐making on those aspects that affect them, according to their progressive autonomy, while validating their knowledge and experiences. The article is framed on the sustainable development goals (SDG), specifically on SDG no.4, to ensure inclusive, equitable, and quality education, and SDG no.16, which urges to promote just, peaceful, and inclusive societies and the consolidation of institutions. Our stance is that a significant step forward to achieving these goals is that schools should prepare for life in democracy by being experienced and run democratically. This involves children’s gradual participation in school management, from the micro to the macro level. To this end, we focus on three key elements: children’s rights to participation, the principle of progressive autonomy, and acknowledging children’s agency in schools.
Keywords: agency rights; children’s agency; children’s participation; children’ rights; evolving capacities; inclusive education; progressive autonomy; sustainable development goals
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:43-53
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Child‐Led Participation: A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4921
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4921
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 32-42
Author-Name: Tania Mateos-Blanco
Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento de Teoría e Historia de la Educación y Pedagogía Social, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Author-Name: Encarnación Sánchez‐Lissen
Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento de Teoría e Historia de la Educación y Pedagogía Social, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Author-Name: Inés Gil‐Jaurena
Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento de Teoría de la Educación y Pedagogía Social, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain
Author-Name: Clara Romero‐Pérez
Author-Workplace-Name: Departamento de Teoría e Historia de la Educación y Pedagogía Social, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Abstract: Children’s participation is a universal right recognised by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. This right corresponds to an image of children as social actors because of their relevant role in achieving inclusive, equitable, and sustainable development. Participation can take different forms and levels of involvement: consultative, collaborative, and child‐led. This study aimed to explore types and results of child‐led participatory practices. A scoping review was carried out to find out what evidence is available on child‐led participatory experiences. Based on 674 identified papers, a total of 33 studies met the inclusion criterion. The qualitative analysis employed in this review allowed us to explore the depth and themes of these experiences. The results obtained showed that the experiences analysed differed in (a) the research design and data collection methods of the studies, (b) the age of the participating children, (c) countries in which the experiences took place, (d) specific topics, and (e) outcomes. Moreover, they all shared a non‐adult‐centric view of children’s capacities for transformative action. The review has contributed to improving our understanding of children’s transformative capacities based on the possibilities offered by adults when they adopt a child‐rights approach and integrate co‐participatory approaches, encouraging us to rethink childhood from other cultural codes inspired by equality, recognition, and agency.
Keywords: activism; child advocacy; children’s rights; decision making; participation; participatory approach; student empowerment; student participation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:32-42
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Meetings Between Professionals for the Inclusion of Children in Citizen Participation: A Formative Experience
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5018
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5018
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 19-31
Author-Name: Ana M. Novella Cámara
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Theory and History of Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Ferran Crespo i Torres
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Theory and History of Education, University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Héctor Pose Porto
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pedagogy and Didactics, University of A Coruña, Spain
Abstract: Municipalities must take steps towards an “educational action” that welcomes children into environments that estimulate their involvement and participation in issues that mean something to them. Professionals working directly with children in the municipal sphere must strengthen the development of their active and committed citizenship (SDG no. 4), relating to them as citizens capable of transforming their environment. Children’s participation requires adults who recognise them as interlocutors and establish relationships of trust and mutual respect with them. Municipalities need to create opportunities for children to be included in the co‐production of local projects and to take a leading role in public policies. This article aims to offer elements that can nurture professionals’ readiness and “capacity building” to facilitate children’s participation. These elements are formed in the context of a pedagogical practice (the “coffee meetings”) and emerge through a systematisation of experiences (Aguiar, 2013; Barnechea & Morgan, 2010; Jara, 2012, 2018; Mera, 2019). Coordinated by an inter‐university team, the reflective exchange promoted by the meetings between municipal technical professionals and elected representatives generates knowledge, ideas, and changes in participants’ approaches to children’s participation in municipalities’ decision‐making processes; content analysis, development, and evaluation of the meetings by participants provide insight into the value of a learning community established as a tool to innovate child participation, build professional capacity towards this goal, and strengthen the work of local administrations in the field of citizenship.
Keywords: children and adolescents; citizen action; experience; inclusion; municipality; participation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:19-31
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Music to Face the Lockdown: An Analysis of Covid‐19 Music Narratives on Individual and Social Well‐Being
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4894
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.4894
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 6-18
Author-Name: Priscila Alvarez-Cueva
Author-Workplace-Name: Communication Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Spain
Abstract: When the world seemed to collapse due to the Covid‐19 pandemic in 2020, music was employed to promote positivity and strength among citizens and communities, especially during worldwide lockdowns. Because the general context of the pandemic was saturated with anxiety, uncertainty, and fear, music—in all its forms of production—became an ideal resource for entertainment and accompaniment, and helped people face the challenges associated with the crisis. Following a qualitative content analysis, this study deeply examines 13 examples of music production published by the United Nations during the Covid‐19 crisis, highlighting the narrative elements and how they relate to individual and social well‐being. In so doing, the study identifies eight main categories among both lyrics and performances in the music examples. These are: (a) desires, (b) emotions, (c) people, (d) practices, (e) reflections, (f) education/entertainment, (g) allusion to war, and (h) nationalism. The results suggest that music narratives have empowered individuals and social groups by evoking sentiments of solidarity and kindness at both individual and community levels and, in so doing, have contributed to individual and social well‐being.
Keywords: content analysis; Covid‐19; lockdown; music; well‐being
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:6-18
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Understanding Social Inclusion in Contemporary Society: Challenges, Reflections, Limitations, and Proposals
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5090
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i2.5090
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-5
Author-Name: Ana Belén Cano-Hila
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty Economics and Business, University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: In 2015, the UN approved the 2030 agenda on sustainable development, intending to bridge—and eventually close—the gaps that divide our societies. These 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) are presented as a master plan that covers the most painful global challenges to a knowledgeable and inclusive society. In this thematic issue we look more incisively into goals no. 1 (no poverty), no. 4 (quality of education and inclusive education), no. 10 (reduced inequalities), and no. 11 (sustainable cities and communities) of the agenda. Social inequalities have drastically intensified after the 2008 financial crisis and the period of austerity that followed, especially among the poorest people and in the most vulnerable communities. Nowadays particularly, with the Covid‐19 pandemic, these gaps seem to be growing. Against this background, this thematic issue aims to capture, make visible, understand, and analyze how social actors are organizing themselves and collaborating amongst each other in order to help attenuate and satisfy dramatic emerging social needs and improve living conditions, especially among the most vulnerable social groups, in uncertain times of crisis. We focus particularly on two main thematic blocks: social inclusion axes on the one hand (formal, non‐formal, and informal education, participation, leisure time, and culture) and vulnerable groups on the other (including children, adolescents, youth, women, the elderly, people with disabilities, and migrants). Contributions to this thematic issue offer interesting conceptual, methodological, and empirical approaches to the study of social inclusion and social inclusive experiences in contemporary societies in uncertain times, particularly in Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and Brazil.
Keywords: adolescents; children; Covid‐19; educational inclusion; participation; social inclusion; sustainable development goals; youth participation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:2:p:1-5
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Welfare Deservingness for Migrants: Does the Welfare State Model Matter?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4818
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4818
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 239-249
Author-Name: Maarja Saar
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education and Communication, Jönköping University, Sweden
Author-Name: Bozena Sojka
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Community Research & Development (ICRD), University of Wolverhampton, UK
Author-Name: Ann Runfors
Author-Workplace-Name: Historical and Contemporary Studies, Södertörn University, Sweden
Abstract: This article draws on the idea that welfare systems and institutions are based on normative assumptions about justice, solidarity, and responsibility. Even though the literature on welfare deservingness has highlighted the connection between ideas of solidarity and the support to, for instance, people with different ethnic backgrounds, there is very little research on the interconnections of different welfare state models and ideas on how migration should be governed. This article suggests that there is a link between the welfare state models suggested by Esping‐Anderssen and different discourses on migrant welfare deservingness. The article explores the interlinkages of three welfare state models—liberal, socialdemocratic, and continental‐corporative—and four discourses on welfare deservingness of migrants in respect to social welfare—labourist, ethno‐cultural, residential, and welfarist (see Carmel & Sojka, 2020). It is suggested that the normative foundations embedded in different welfare systems lead to dissimilar ways of approaching migrants and migration.
Keywords: European Union; migrants; welfare chauvinism; welfare deservingness; welfare state models
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:239-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “No German, No Service”: EU Migrants’ Unequal Access to Welfare Entitlements in Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4647
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4647
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 227-238
Author-Name: Nora Ratzmann
Author-Workplace-Name: German Center for Migration and Integration Research, Germany / Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics, UK
Abstract: While existing research has analysed the intersecting migration and social security law, which stratifies migrants’ formal social entitlements, less work has been done on the informal stratifications beyond the law that determine substantive social rights. This article illustrates the informal barriers to de facto benefit receipt that intra‐EU migrant citizens may experience when claiming social assistance in local German job centres, regardless of their manifest legal entitlements. Focussing on informal, yet commonly institutionalised practices of language discrimination, analysis of 103 qualitative, in‐depth interviews reveal recurring patterns of administrative exclusion beyond individual instances of discriminatory behaviour. The unwritten rules and everyday practices shaping administrators’ claims‐processing routines often go against what the law or administrative procedures proscribe, and could be considered as forms of discrimination. The former may be explained by institutional constraints, such as a performance‐orientedmanagement culture, legalistic claims‐processing, or superficial diversity policies. By shedding light on how inequalities in access are constructed in daily administrative practice, this article adds to existing empirical knowledge on how informal inequalities in access emerge at different stages of the benefit claiming process, in contrast to formal social rights on paper, as well as social administrations’ handling of diversity in a context of transnational social protection.
Keywords: discrimination; intra‐EU migration; social administration; transnational social protection
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:227-238
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Who Belongs, and How Far? Refugees and Bureaucrats Within the German Active Welfare State
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4646
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4646
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 217-226
Author-Name: Katrin Menke
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Work, Skills and Training, University Duisburg‐Essen, Germany
Author-Name: Andrea Rumpel
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Work, Skills and Training, University Duisburg‐Essen, Germany
Abstract: Concepts such as “belonging” (Yuval‐Davis, 2011) and “community of value” (Anderson, 2013) try to capture the multiple ways of classifying migrants. In this article, we argue that belonging needs to be analyzed against the backdrop of active social citizenship in European welfare states. Although the literature acknowledges the increasing links between migration and social policies, the latest “turn to activation” in social policy has hardly been accounted for. By focusing on two policy fields in Germany, the labor market and health policies, we briefly describe discourses and social right entitlements and their ambivalences. Empirically we show (a) how bureaucrats within the two policy fields regulate and justify refugees’ social rights in practice and (b) how refugees act vis‐à‐vis relevant institutional opportunity structures. Our study contributes to previous research twofold: Firstly, we illustrate processes of positioning and selecting refugees that stem from recent social policy architecture. Secondly, we demonstrate everyday experiences from refugees’ vis‐á‐vis relevant institutional opportunity structures in Germany. Our results show that inconsistencies within and between social policy fields of one welfare state have to be taken into consideration for further national and transnational research.
Keywords: active social citizenship; belonging; health policy; labor market policy; migration policy; female refugees; social policy; welfare states
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:217-226
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Welfare Mediators as Game Changers? Deconstructing Power Asymmetries Between EU Migrants and Welfare Administrators
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4642
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4642
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 205-216
Author-Name: Nora Ratzmann
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics, UK
Author-Name: Anita Heindlmaier
Author-Workplace-Name: Salzburg Centre of European Union Studies, University of Salzburg, Austria / Department of Political Science and Sociology, University of Salzburg, Austria
Abstract: Under EU law, EU citizens constitute a particular group of immigrants, as they can, mostly without restrictions, move to, and reside in, another EU country, enjoying equal treatment with nationals in terms of accessing employment and social rights. However, as this article demonstrates, the settlement of EU citizens in another member state does not happen without hurdles. Through a careful in‐depth study of access to transnational welfare rights in practice, we analyse knowledge and resulting power asymmetries impacting interactions between certain EU migrant claimants and street‐level bureaucrats in Austrian and German social administrations. Following an inductive approach, based on an extensive data set of 144 qualitative interviews, this article first unpacks the different types of knowledge asymmetries relating to administrative procedures, formal social entitlements and the German language. We then analyse how such knowledge asymmetries may open space for welfare mediation in order to compensate for a lack of German language skills and to clarify misunderstandings about legal entitlements and obligations embedded in the claims system. Finally, our contribution offers a typology of welfare mediators and their characteristics, as not all types can be regarded as equally effective in reshaping power asymmetries. Overall, this article allows for insights into how welfare mediators, as more or less institutionalised opportunity structures, can shift policy outcomes in unexpected ways, enabling access to social benefits and services for otherwise excluded EU migrant citizens working, or seeking to work, in another EU member state.
Keywords: European Union; free movement; migration; non‐take‐up; social assistance benefits; street‐level bureaucracy; welfare mediators
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:205-216
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Welfare Paradoxes and Interpersonal Pacts: Transnational Social Protection of Latin American Migrants in Spain
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4639
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4639
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 194-204
Author-Name: Laura Oso
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Communication Sciences, University of A Coruña, Spain
Author-Name: Raquel Martínez‐Buján
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Communication Sciences, University of A Coruña, Spain
Abstract: This article analyses the relationship between migration, care work, and welfare provision, highlighting the role of Latin American migrants in Spain as providers of formal and informal social protection on a transnational scale. It contributes to the debate on transnational social protection and transnational social inequalities from the perspective of welfare paradoxes and interpersonal pacts. Migrant women in Spain have become a resource for the provision of formal social protection through their employment as domestic care workers. Nevertheless, given that access to social rights in Spain depends on job stability and residency status, they have difficulties in accessing formal social protection themselves. This process constitutes a “welfare paradox,” based on the commodification and exclusion paradoxes, explained by structural factors such as the characteristics of the welfare regime (familiaristic model, with a tendency to hire domestic workers as caregivers into households), the migration regime (feminised and with a clear leaning towards Latin American women), and the economic landscape resulting from two systemic crises: the great recession of 2008 and the Covid‐19 pandemic. Interpersonal pacts, rooted in marriage/couple and intergenerational agreements, and their infringements, are analysed to explain the transnational and informal social protection strategies in the context of the “exclusion paradox” and the breach of the “welfare pact.” Our research draws on the exploitation of secondary data and multi‐sited, longitudinal fieldwork based on biographical interviews conducted with various members of transnational families in Spain and Ecuador (41 interviews).
Keywords: care work; domestic service; Ecuadorian migration; gender roles; immigration in Spain; social protection; transnational families; welfare
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:194-204
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Making Migrants’ Input Invisible: Intersections of Privilege and Otherness From a Multilevel Perspective
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4789
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4789
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 184-193
Author-Name: Ewa Palenga‐Möllenbeck
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
Abstract: For some years, the German public has been debating the case of migrant workers receiving German benefits for children living abroad, which has been scandalised as a case of “benefit tourism.” This points to a failure to recognise a striking imbalance between the output of the German welfare state to migrants and the input it receives from migrant domestic workers. In this article I discuss how this input is being rendered invisible or at least underappreciated by sexist, racist, and classist practices of othering. To illustrate the point, I will use examples from two empirical research projects that looked into how families in Germany outsource various forms of reproductive work to both female and male migrants from Eastern Europe. Drawing on the concept of othering developed in feminist and postcolonial literature and their ideas of how privileges and disadvantages are interconnected, I will put this example into the context of literature on racism, gender, and care work migration. I show how migrant workers fail to live up to the normative standards of work, family life, and gender relations and norms set by a sedentary society. A complex interaction of supposedly “natural” and “objective” differences between “us” and “them” are at work to justify everyday discrimination against migrants and their institutional exclusion. These processes are also reflected in current political and public debates on the commodification and transnationalisation of care.
Keywords: care; discrimination; domestic work; intersectionality; othering; transnational migration
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:184-193
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Emigration and the Transnationalization of Sending States’ Welfare Regimes
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4701
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4701
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 174-183
Author-Name: Jean-Michel Lafleur
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Ethnic and Migration Studies, University of Liège, Belgium
Author-Name: Inci Öykü Yener‐Roderburg
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology of Migration, TU Dortmund, Germany / Institute of Turkey Studies, University of Duisburg‐Essen, Germany / DRES Research Center, University of Strasbourg, France
Abstract: How does emigration affect sending states’ welfare policies? Existing migration literature has identified numerous political, economic, and institutional variables that influence sending states’ approaches towards emigrants’ welfare. However, this literature has neglected broader processes of social transformation in sending states. Using the concept of welfare regime transnationalization, we show more precisely how emigration transforms welfare regimes in their functional, distributive, normative, and politico‐institutional dimensions. This process is nonetheless strongly constrained by domestic politics. To illustrate our analytical framework, we discuss the transnationalization of health policies in Turkey and Mexico.
Keywords: diaspora; emigration; immigration; health; Mexico; transnationalization; Turkey; welfare regime
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:174-183
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Migrants’ Experiences With Limited Access to Social Protection in a Framework of EU Post‐National Policies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4660
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4660
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 164-173
Author-Name: Elisabeth Scheibelhofer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: It has been argued that nation‐states confront migrant protection with a highly diverse array of measures ranging from excluding strategies (often labelled as “welfare chauvinism”) to more inclusionary, post‐national approaches. While exclusionary strategies are often guided by nativist principles such as citizenship, post‐national approaches of social protection are usually based on residence. Building on an international comparative project with a focus on free movement within the European Union, and involving four pairs of EU member states, this article argues that the extremes of these two ways of understanding nation‐state approaches to migrant social protection are not mutually exclusive, as has been discussed so far, but, instead, are intertwined with one another. While there is a common (and globally unique) framework on the EU level for the coordination of mobile citizens’ social protection, EU member states determine their strategies using residence as a main tool to govern intra‐EU migration. We differentiate between three main intertwining strategies applied by nation‐states in this respect: generally, selectively, and purposefully gated access to social protection. All three potentially lead to the social exclusion of migrants, particularly those who cannot prove their residence status in line with institutional regulations due to their undocumented living situations or their transnational lifestyles.
Keywords: citizenship; EU free movement; migrants; social protection; welfare chauvinism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:164-173
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Transnational Social Protection: Inclusion for Whom? Theoretical Reflections and Migrant Experiences
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5501
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.5501
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 161-163
Author-Name: Elisabeth Scheibelhofer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: With migration being a reality within and between nation‐states worldwide, transnational social protection has become a concern on various levels. This thematic issue focuses on nation‐state conceptions and policies, migrants’ experiences with regards to accessing social protection, as well as the social inequalities resulting from the nexus of transnational social protection and migration.
Keywords: inequalities; migration; social inclusion; social protection; transnationalism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:161-163
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Community, Commons, Common Sense
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4842
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4842
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 152-160
Author-Name: Thijs Lijster
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Abstract: As De Angelis, Federici, and others have noted, there are “no commons without community.” The concept of community, however (as, among others, Jean‐Luc Nancy and Roberto Esposito have shown), has a dark history continuing up until today, when extreme right‐wing or even downright fascist appropriations of the concept have understood it as a static and identitarian unity bound to a specific territory or ethnicity. While commons‐scholars try to circumvent this legacy by emphasizing the commons as a “praxis” (Dardot and Laval) or “organizational principle” (De Angelis), they thereby tend to neglect the important cultural and symbolic connotations of the concept of community (which, in part, seem to make right‐wing movements appealing for certain segments of the population). In my article, I want to raise the following question: Do we need a sense of community for a politics of the commons, and, if so, what concept of community should it be? To answer this question, I will refer back to the use of the concept of “common sense” (sensus communis) in Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment. Characteristic of Kant’s use of the term is that it does not refer to an actually existing community, but rather to an imaginary community that is anticipated in our (aesthetic) judgment. Common sense, in other words, involves “acting as if”—with the dual dimensions of acting (i.e., the community is based in praxis) and as if (an imagined, anticipated community bordering between the fictional and the real).
Keywords: common sense; commons; community; imagination; Kant; Rancière
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:152-160
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Urban Commoning: An Assessment of Its Aesthetic Dimension
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4716
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4716
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 141-151
Author-Name: Louis Volont
Author-Workplace-Name: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), School of Architecture + Planning, USA
Abstract: The practice of urban commoning continues to tickle the imagination of activists and academics alike. Urban commoning’s aesthetic dimension, yet, has not been fully understood. This contribution seeks to fill such gap and approaches aesthetics in the literal sense: That which presents itself to sense perception. The article thus asks: To what extent may commoning practices that are dedicated to the disclosure of unheard voices (hence having an aesthetic dimension) shift urban power relations? This contribution takes its cue in Jacques Rancière’s theory of aesthetics and has the commoning experiment of Pension Almonde as its central case. Pension Almonde constituted a commons‐based, temporary occupation of a vacant social housing complex in Rotterdam, aimed specifically to undo the subordinate position of urban nomads and orphaned cultural initiatives. The article finally develops the distinction between a particular‐aesthetic dimension (making unheard voices merely perceptible) and a universal‐aesthetic dimension (shifting power relations) of urban commoning. Given the case’s lack of collective agency and external resonance, urban power relations remained in place.
Keywords: activism; aesthetics; commoning; Rancière; Rotterdam; urban commons
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:141-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Art Organisers as Commoners: On the Sustainability and Counter‐Hegemonic Potential of the Bangkok Biennial
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4895
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4895
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 126-140
Author-Name: Bart Wissink
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR)
Author-Name: Lara van Meeteren
Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Hong Kong (SAR) and Thailand
Abstract: As part of a remarkable wave of perennial contemporary art events in Thailand, the Bangkok Biennial was organised for the first time in 2018. Without central curation or funding, the organisational strategy of this artist‐led, open‐access event was strikingly different from the state‐organised Thailand Biennale and the corporate Bangkok Art Biennale that were inaugurated several months later. Through the eyes of the literature on “commoning” as a third way of organising next to the state and market, we explore the “common spaces” that the Bangkok Biennial has produced. Reflecting on arguments articulated in the introduction to this thematic issue, as well as on Chantal Mouffe’s analysis of the detrimental nature of an “exodus strategy” for counter‐hegemonic action, we focus on the connections—if any—of the Bangkok Biennial with the state and corporations. Specifically, we address the following research questions: What are the characteristics of the Bangkok Biennial as a common art event? Which connections with the state and market have its organisers developed? And what are the consequences of this strategy for its sustainability and counter‐hegemonic potential? We conclude that the organisers have consciously resisted developing relationships with the state and market, and argue that this “exodus strategy” is a necessity in Thailand’s socio‐political setting. And while this strategy might endanger the sustainability of this biennial as an art event, we argue that at the same time it supports an infrastructure for counter‐hegemonic action inside and—possibly more importantly—outside art.
Keywords: antagonism; art organiser as commoner; artist as organiser; Bangkok Biennial; biennial; common space; common; commoning; contemporary art; Thailand
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:126-140
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Governmentality, the Local State, and the Commons: An Analysis of Civic Management Facilities in Barcelona
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4732
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4732
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 115-125
Author-Name: Marina Pera
Author-Workplace-Name: Political Science Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain / Institute for Government and Public Policy (IGOP), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Iolanda Bianchi
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Government and Public Policy (IGOP), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: This article deploys the Foucauldian concept of governmentality to study the political tensions that may unfold when commons are enacted through hybrid institutional configurations. We focus on civic management facilities (CMFs) that are located in the city of Barcelona. These are facilities owned by Barcelona City Council which, responding to organised citizens’ demands, are transferred to them so that they can develop their own transformative projects for the community. The hybrid institutional nature of these CMFs makes it impossible for them to avoid maintaining a relationship with the local state. Based on a survey to 51 CMFs, semi‐structured interviews with 41 grassroots members of CMFs and seven semi‐structured interviews with public employees and politicians, we argue that hybrid forms of commons lead to the development of political tensions. On the one hand, we show how the local state’s administrative procedures—to do with accountability and the use of public space—reshape the activities of the CMFs, leading to the depoliticisation of their transformative projects. On the other hand, the analysis also presents the strategies of resistance articulated by the facilities, which enable members to work towards the development of their transformative aims. We conclude that such political tensions cannot be resolved but must be properly governed in order to make the commons’ transformative project an enduring one.
Keywords: co‐option; depoliticisation; governmentality; grassroots; hybrid commons; local state; participation; qualitative research; strategies of resistance; technologies of power
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:115-125
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Urban Commons and Collective Action to Address Climate Change
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4862
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4862
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 103-114
Author-Name: Johan Colding
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Sweden / The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden
Author-Name: Stephan Barthel
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Sweden / Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden
Author-Name: Robert Ljung
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Sweden / Swedish Agency for Work Environment Expertise, Sweden
Author-Name: Felix Eriksson
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Sweden
Author-Name: Stefan Sjöberg
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Criminology, University of Gävle, Sweden
Abstract: Climate change and the coupled loss of ecosystem services pose major collective action problems in that all individuals would benefit from better cooperation to address these problems but conflicting interests and/or incomplete knowledge discourage joint action. Adopting an inductive and multi‐layered approach, drawing upon the authors’ previous research on urban commons, we here summarize key insights on environmentally oriented urban commons and elaborate on what role they have in instigating climate‐proofing activities in urban areas. We deal with three types of urban commons, i.e., “urban green commons,” “coworking spaces,” and “community climate commons.” We describe how allotment gardens, community gardens, and other types of urban green commons contribute to environmental learning that may boost understanding of environmental issues and which constitute important learning arenas for climate‐change mitigation and adaptation. We also deal with the newly emerging phenomenon of coworking spaces that share many essential institutional attributes of urban commons and which can work for climate‐change mitigation through the benefits provided by a sharing economy and through reduction of domestic transportation and commuting distance. Community climate commons represent commons where local communities can mobilize together to create shared low‐carbon assets and which hold the potential to empower certain segments and civil society groups so that they can have greater influence and ownership of the transformation of reaching net‐zero carbon goals. We conclude this article by identifying some critical determinants for the up‐scaling of environmentally oriented urban commons.
Keywords: civic society; climate change; collective action; community climate commons; coworking spaces; mobilization; urban commons; urban green commons
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:103-114
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Actually Existing Commons: Using the Commons to Reclaim the City
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4838
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4838
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 91-102
Author-Name: Caroline Newton
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Roberto Rocco
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft, The Netherlands
Abstract: In Paraisópolis, a slum in São Paulo (Brazil) housing over 100.000 inhabitants, the Covid crisis seemed to have less of a death toll (0,0217%) than in other areas of the city (an average of 0,0652% as of May 2020); or at least it did at first. The sense of community in the area is strong, leading to many community initiatives and organisations to rise to the challenge of combating the pandemic with little help from the authorities. The community’s initial efficient response to the Covid crisis relied heavily on self‐reliance and self‐organization to mobilise common resources. Despite their later failure in containing the virus, the community’s response to the pandemic is exemplary of a well‐known phenomenon: how communities are able to mobilise the commons to create general welfare. The commons concept is used in this contribution to help us better understand slum governance and the power and limitations of community reliance. At the same time, we aim to refine our understanding of the commons as a contentious category rooted in agonistic relationships instead of the romanticised leftist social imaginary that views the commons as purely anti‐capitalist. Thus, we explicitly argue for a view of the commons and commoning that transcends the narrow “Leftist imaginary” of the commons as egalitarian, inclusive, anti‐capitalist, horizontal, and as expressions of sharing (and caring), and instead views the commons as embedded in everyday realities, where commoning practices emerge as practises that support the reproduction of (social) life.
Keywords: commons and commoning; community reliance; Covid‐19 responses; grassroots and the state; informal settlements
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:91-102
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Politics and Aesthetics of the Urban Commons: Navigating the Gaze of the City, the State, the Market
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5392
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.5392
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 84-90
Author-Name: Louis Volont
Author-Workplace-Name: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), School of Architecture + Planning, USA
Author-Name: Peer Smets
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract: This thematic issue puts “urban commoning” centre stage. Urban commoning constitutes the practice of sharing urban resources (space, streets, energy, and more) through principles of inclusion and cooperation. Whilst generally defined as an autonomous, bottom‐up, and most of all cooperative practice, the sphere of the commons necessarily stands in interaction with two other spheres: the state/city (“provision”) and the market (“competition”). Yet, the various interlinkages between the commons, the state/city, and the market are underexplored. Hence the rationale for this thematic issue: How does the relation between commons, states/cities, and markets play out in the urban realm? What are the possibilities and pitfalls of linking commons with states/cities and markets? In the first section of this editorial, we provide a substantiated introduction to the concept of the commons, its history, and its urban applications. In the second part, we give an overview of the issue’s contributions. Scholars, activists, and practitioners from the disciplines of urban studies, cultural studies, planning, sustainability, sociology, architecture, and philosophy delve into the uncharted territory between commons, states/cities, and markets, through case studies from the Global North and South. The first three articles delve into the politics of urban commoning while the last three articles illuminate the practice’s aesthetic dimension.
Keywords: city; commoning; commons; market; neoliberalism; space; state
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:84-90
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: My Brother the “Other”: Use of Satire and Boundary‐Making by Venezuelan Migrants in Peru
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4816
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4816
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 72-83
Author-Name: Leda M. Pérez
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Political Sciences, Universidad del Pacífico, Peru
Author-Name: Luisa Feline Freier
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Political Sciences, Universidad del Pacífico, Peru
Abstract: While the criminalization and hyper‐sexualization of Venezuelanmigrants and refugees across South America have received growing scholarly attention, fairly little is known about the coping strategies of migrants in this context. In this article, we build on quantitative and qualitative data from a survey (N = 100), 72 in‐depth interviews, and five focus groups with Venezuelan immigrants in five Peruvian cities, collected between 2018 and 2020, to explore how they make sense of, and react to, negative shifts in public opinion on immigration and the criminalization of Venezuelan nationals. We identify two broad coping mechanisms: (a) opposition to their criminalization, including its satirical ridiculing, and (b) intra‐group boundary‐making and “othering.” Our findings make an important contribution to the literature on migrant responses to criminalization and intra‐group relations in the Global South.
Keywords: coping; discrimination; intra‐group othering; satire; South‐South migration; Venezuelan displacement
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:72-83
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: On the Fringes of Urban Justice: Violence and Environmental Risks in Guatemala City
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4748
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4748
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 58-71
Author-Name: Florencia Quesada
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, Finland
Abstract: Living in the city’s ravines is the common destiny of thousands of poor urban dwellers in Guatemala City, as is too often the case elsewhere in the Global South. The ravines surrounding the city represent one of the most visible and unjust urban spaces in the nation’s capital. At the same time, Guatemala City has been among the most violent cities in the world and is highly vulnerable to climate change. Employing a critical spatial perspective and drawing on interviews in two at‐risk communities—Arzú and 5 de Noviembre—this article examines the social production of such peripheral spaces. The levels of exclusion and inequalities are analysed by focusing on the multiple manifestations (visible and invisible) of violence and environmental risks, and deciphering the complex dynamics of both issues, which in turn generate more unequal and harmful conditions for residents. This article draws on the theoretical ideas elaborated by Edward Soja, Mustafa Dikeç, and Teresa Caldeira on the contextualisation of spatial injustice and peripheral urbanisation to study the specific conditions of urban life and analyse the collective struggles of people in both communities to improve their current living conditions and mitigate the risk and the precariousness of their existence. The article underlines the need to make the processes of urban exclusion and extreme inequality visible to better understand how they have been socially and politically constructed. The research argues for more socially and ecologically inclusive cities within the process of unequal urbanisation.
Keywords: environmental risks; exclusion; Guatemala City; insecurity; precarious settlements; spatial injustice; urban segregation; violence
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:58-71
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “The Revolution Will Be Feminist—Or It Won’t Be a Revolution”: Feminist Response to Inequality in Chile
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4784
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4784
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 46-57
Author-Name: Sarah Perry
Author-Workplace-Name: Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Author-Name: Silvia Borzutzky
Author-Workplace-Name: Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Abstract: This article argues that gender inequality, which in Chile is superimposed on a societal and economic structure characterized by deep inequalities that cut across every aspect of society, has been sustained by a political and legal system that has severely limited women’s access to economic power and equality. The neoliberal policies implemented by the Pinochet dictatorship and maintained by the democratically elected regimes after 1990—generally characterized as an elitist democracy—have sustained this pattern of inequality. We argue that this gender inequality gave urgency to the regeneration and evolution of Chile’s feminist movement and drove the movement to develop claims against “the precarity of life,” uniting Chileans in a common struggle, contributing to the October 2019 “social explosion” and now the writing of a new constitution. We believe the current climate is rooted in the social mobilization that was the response to Chile’s economic and political system, and the feminist movement’s ability to put the rights of women at the forefront of the political and socio‐economic agenda. In conclusion, we reevaluate the current climate to consider what a significant feminist presence means and how women can be effectively included and benefit from Chile’s economy and influence its progress.
Keywords: Chile; democracy; feminism; gender inequality; inequality; social movements
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:46-57
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Gender Inequity: Older Workers and the Gender Labor Income Gap in Peru
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4783
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4783
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-45
Author-Name: Maria Amparo Cruz Saco
Author-Workplace-Name: Economics Department, Connecticut College, USA / CIUP, Universidad del Pacífico, Peru
Author-Name: Mirian Gil
Author-Workplace-Name: Economics Department, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru
Author-Name: Cynthia Campos
Author-Workplace-Name: Economics Department, Universidad del Pacífico, Peru
Abstract: Using annual household surveys from 2004 to 2019, we examine the existence of a gender labor income gap among older persons in Peru. Two labor income models are estimated: Model 1 uses a basic set of demographic, socioeconomic, and personal characteristics as regressors (also called endowments); Model 2 uses the basic set plus additional personal characteristics. The Mincer‐type relationship holds with positive returns for education and experience, and the anticipated association to the endowments. The Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition yields an explained labor income gender gap of 44.4% (Model 1) and 51.5% (Model 2), i.e., controlling for endowments, approximately one half of the labor income difference remains unexplained and can be attributed to discrimination and labor segregation. In light of these results, we estimate Model 3 with two additional variables (head of household and beneficiary of intergenerational private transfer) which attempt to capture gendered stereotypes. With these two variables which provide information on gender discrimination the explained labor income gap for Model 3 is 71.1%—an increase of 19.6%. The unexplained component of the difference in labor income amounts to 28.8% that we attribute to unobserved variables that operate as post‐labor market elements in patriarchal societies. Results show that gender inequity during a woman’s life‐span manifests acutely among older women, which raises important implications for policy interventions.
Keywords: aging; gender inequity; labor earnings; older persons; pension coverage; Peru
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:35-45
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Gender Wage Gap in Peru: Drivers, Evolution, and Heterogeneities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4757
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4757
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 19-34
Author-Name: Giannina Vaccaro
Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences (FORS), University of Lausanne, Switzerland / Institute of Social Sciences (ISS), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Author-Name: Maria Pia Basurto
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Universidad del Pacifico, Peru
Author-Name: Arlette Beltrán
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Universidad del Pacifico, Peru
Author-Name: Mariano Montoya
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Universidad del Pacifico, Peru
Abstract: Despite the recent economic growth and gender equality improvement in educational attainment, important gender disparities remain in the Peruvian labour market. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the Peruvian gender wage gap evolution during 2007–2018 and identifies key elements that explain its patterns. First, the article shows that the raw wage gap showed an upward trend between 2007–2011, ranging from 6% to 12%, and remaining around that top bound ever since. Second, using Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition we find that the unexplained wage gap has remained virtually unchanged at around 17% during the study period. Reductions in endowment differences between men and women coupled with a stagnant unexplained gap led to slightly larger raw wage gaps over time. Moreover, the stagnant unexplained gap suggests the presence of structural problems regarding social norms, gender stereotyping and potential discrimination that affects the wage gap. Third, we show that both at a national and regional level, gender wage gaps are larger within the lowest percentiles, and they mostly have a downward slope across the earnings distribution. Finally, after computing the raw and unexplained gap at the region‐year level, we show that smaller regional gender gaps are associated with (a) higher GDP, (b) lower levels of domestic physical violence against women, and (c) lower percentages of women as household heads.
Keywords: gender discrimination; gender inequality; gender wage gap; Peru; regional inequality
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:19-34
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The World Bank and Healthcare Reforms: A Cross‐National Analysis of Policy Prescriptions in South America
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4734
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.4734
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-18
Author-Name: Gabriela de Carvalho
Author-Workplace-Name: Collaborative Research Centre 1342, University of Bremen, Germany
Abstract: Recent literature on comparative welfare states has recognised the central role international financial institutions (IFIs) play in shaping social policy. Particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), where constraints often lead to reliance on foreign resources, IFIs can act as agenda‐setters, transferring their ideas to vulnerable governments. The neoliberal model promoted by IFIs at the end of the 20th century reveals their influence on domestic policy in South America. This study analyses the impact of World Bank (WB) prescriptions on healthcare reform legislation in five South American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, and Peru. In doing so, it attempts to answer the following questions: Are LMICs receptive to IFIs’ healthcare system prescriptions? More precisely, have WB policy prescriptions been adopted in healthcare reform legislation in South American countries? If so, in what way? Through content analysis, this study examines domestic healthcare legislation vis‐à‐vis the WB’s prescriptions. The main findings show that countries are receptive to IFIs prescriptions, making them a legitimate source of policy recommendations. Further, the results suggest a correlation between economic development and reliance on foreign resources and the degree to which countries adhere to IFIs prescriptions.
Keywords: healthcare legislation; healthcare reform; international financial institutions; low‐ and middle‐income countries; neoliberal health model; policy transfer; social policy prescriptions; South America; World Bank
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:5-18
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inequality and Exclusion in Latin America: Health Care Commodification, Gendered Norms, and Violence
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5240
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v10i1.5240
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 10
Year: 2022
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-4
Author-Name: Maria Amparo Cruz Saco
Author-Workplace-Name: Economics Department, Connecticut College, USA / CIUP, Universidad del Pacífico, Peru
Abstract: Since the early 1990s, a market‐orientated policymaking in Latin American countries did nothing to secure decent and productive jobs or eliminate gender inequities. It served, rather, to limit social investments that were needed to increase wellbeing, social cohesion, and, eventually, productivity. The pioneering scholarly work of the authors in this thematic issue, using either qualitative or quantitative methodologies, deepens our interdisciplinary understanding of the causes and dynamics of inequality and exclusion in these countries. Contributions are organized in three dimensions: (a) the commodification of health care, (b) gendered social norms, and (c) fragile life and violence. Based on our authors’ findings and suggestions, an agenda for change emerges that emphasizes autonomy from external pressures, community action and representation, eradication of the patriarchy, and expansion of social protection programs.
Keywords: Chile; feminism; gender income gap; Guatemala; health care privatization; inequality; Latin America; old age; Peru; South‐South migration
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v10:y:2022:i:1:p:1-4