Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Online Networks and Subjective Well‐Being: The Effect of “Big Five Personality Traits”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4507
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4507
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 399-412
Author-Name: Félix Requena
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Applied Social Research, University of Malaga, Spain
Author-Name: Luis Ayuso
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Applied Social Research, University of Malaga, Spain
Abstract: This article provides an empirical examination of how online social networks affect subjective well‐being, namely enquiring if networks mediate the effect of personality on subjective well‐being of the individuals who use those networks. We use the theories of complementarity of face‐to‐face and online networks, preferential attachment, and the “Big Five Personality Traits” to test the following hypothesis: Given that online and offline networks complement each other as integrative factors that generate happiness, greater use of online networks would imply greater happiness. We also hypothesize that networks mediate the effect of personality on subjective well‐being. Data was compiled from interviews of 4,922 people aged 18 years and older, carried out by the Centre for Sociological Research of Spain in 2014 and 2016. The results confirm the hypothesis and show how online networks, when controlled for personality traits, have a significant and even greater effect on subjective well‐being than face‐to‐face networks.
Keywords: face‐to‐face networks; happiness; ICTs; online networks; personality; subjective well‐being
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:399-412
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Interpersonal Antecedents to Selective Disclosure of Lesbian and Gay Identities at Work
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4591
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4591
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 388-398
Author-Name: Julian M. Rengers
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands / Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Liesbet Heyse
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Rafael P. M. Wittek
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Sabine Otten
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Abstract: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) employees’ sexual identitymay be considered a concealable stigmatised identity. Disclosing it to others at work could potentially lead to discrimination and rejection, hence threatening their inclusion. Therefore, they may hide their sexual identity instead, which may then come at the cost of, e.g., guilt for not living authentically. However, disclosure is a continuum—rather than a dichotomy—meaning that LGB workers may decide to disclose selectively, i.e., telling some, but not all co‐workers. Most literature on disclosure focuses on the interplay between intrapersonal (e.g., psychological) and contextual (e.g., organisational) characteristics, thereby somewhat overlooking the role of interpersonal (e.g., relational) characteristics. In this article, we present findings from semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews with nine Dutch lesbian and gay employees, conducted in early 2020, to gain a better understanding of interpersonal antecedents to disclosure decisions at work. Through our thematic analysis, we find that LGB workers may adopt a proactive or reactive approach to disclosure, which relates to the salience of their sexual identity at work (high/low) and their concern for anticipated acceptance. Other themes facilitating disclosure include an affective dimension, being in a relationship, and associating with the employee resource group. We demonstrate the importance of studying disclosure at the interpersonal level and reflect on how our findings relate to literature on disclosure, authenticity, belonging, and social inclusion of LGB individuals at work.
Keywords: authenticity; belonging; disclosure; identity management; inclusion; LGB employees; social relationships; thematic analysis
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:388-398
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: When Spatial Dimension Matters: Comparing Personal Network Characteristics in Different Segregated Areas
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4520
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4520
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 375-387
Author-Name: Éva Huszti
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Political Science and Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Debrecen, Hungary
Author-Name: Fruzsina Albert
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sociology, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungary / Institute of Mental Health, Semmelweis University, Hungary
Author-Name: Adrienn Csizmady
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sociology, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungary / Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Szeged, Hungary
Author-Name: Ilona Nagy
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sociology, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungary
Author-Name: Beáta Dávid
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sociology, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungary / Institute of Mental Health, Semmelweis University, Hungary
Abstract: Living in segregated areas with concentrated neighbourhood poverty negatively affects the quality of life, including the availability of local jobs, access to services, and supportive social relationships. However, even with similar neighbourhood poverty levels, the degree and structure of spatial separation vary markedly between such areas. We expected that the level of spatial segregation aggravates the social exclusion of its inhabitants by negatively affecting their social capital. To test this hypothesis, we identified three low‐income neighbourhoods with high poverty rates (78%) in a medium‐sized town in Hungary, with different levels of integration in the city (based on characteristics such as the degree of spatial separation, infrastructure, and availability of services). The three neighbourhoods were located in two areas of differing degrees of integration in the fabric of the city: fully integrated, semi‐integrated (integrated into the surrounding residential area but isolated from the city), and non‐integrated. 69% of the 394 households in these areas were represented in our sample (one respondent per household). We interviewed respondents regarding the size and composition of their personal networks. Our results, which also distinguished between Roma and non‐Roma inhabitants, showed that those living in the spatially more integrated area not only have the largest and most diverse networks but seem to have a strong, “bonding‐based” cohesive community network as well. Even the non‐Roma who live there have ethnically heterogeneous—in other words—Roma network members. The disintegrated area, on the other hand, is characterised by both spatial and social isolation.
Keywords: bonding and bridging; ethnic homophily; policy intentions; Roma; segregation; social capital; spatial homophily
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:375-387
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: People, Place, and Politics: Local Factors Shaping Middle‐Class Practices in Mixed‐Class German Neighbourhoods
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4478
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4478
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 363-374
Author-Name: Heike Hanhörster
Author-Workplace-Name: ILS–Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Germany
Author-Name: Isabel Ramos Lobato
Author-Workplace-Name: Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland
Author-Name: Sabine Weck
Author-Workplace-Name: ILS–Research Institute for Regional and Urban Development, Germany
Abstract: This article takes a nuanced look at the role played by neighbourhood characteristics and local policies in facilitating or limiting the ways in which diversity‐oriented middle‐class families interact and deal with people of lower social classes in mixed‐class inner‐city neighbourhoods. The study draws on interviews and social network analysis conducted in neighbourhoods with different socio‐economic characteristics in the German cities of Hanover and Dusseldorf. A comparative view allows us to analyse how neighbourhood characteristics and local policies influence middle‐classes’ interactions across social boundaries. Our aim is to contribute to ongoing debates on urban policy options: In discussing the conditions encouraging cross‐boundary interactions of specific middle‐class fractions, we argue that the scope of local‐level action is not fully recognized in either policy or academic debates.
Keywords: middle‐class families; mixed‐class neighbourhoods; network analysis; social boundary‐crossing; social interactions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:363-374
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “She’s Surrounded by Loved Ones, but Feeling Alone”: A Relational Approach to Loneliness
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4585
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4585
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 350-362
Author-Name: Hugo Valenzuela-Garcia
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain / Centre for Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation Research, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Miranda J. Lubbers
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: Jose Luis Molina
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: Loneliness poses one of the significant problems of our modern post‐industrial societies. Current research on loneliness has been developed primarily by psychology, biomedicine, nursing, and other health‐related disciplines, showing a surprising number of variables and risk factors involved in the experience of loneliness, along with positive correlations with premature mortality and morbidity. However, most of these analyses overlook the social interactions and context in which loneliness is experienced. Drawing on a subsample (N = 24) of Spanish “mothers” from impoverished families, the article proposes a mixed‐method approach (both relational and interpretative) that may potentially complement quantitative approaches, showing relational and contextual factors that may contribute to a better understanding of the subjective dimension of loneliness.
Keywords: loneliness; mothers; poverty; social support; Spain
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:350-362
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Two Sides of the Coin: The Link Between Relational Exclusion and Socioeconomic Exclusion
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4526
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4526
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 339-349
Author-Name: Verónica de Miguel-Luken
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of State Law and Sociology, University of Malaga, Spain
Author-Name: Livia García‐Faroldi
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of State Law and Sociology, University of Malaga, Spain
Abstract: Social capital, derived from the individual embeddedness in a net of personal relationships that gives access to a pool of potential resources, is crucial in understanding how some people experience a higher risk of falling into social exclusion. In this article, we related some compositional and structural factors of egocentered networks to various measures on economic deprivation and social exclusion. We considered different explanatory dimensions: ego’s sociodemographic characteristics and ego’s social capital. Social capital was measured both in terms of expressive and instrumental support, and took into account network size, strong ties density, and alters’ average job prestige, differentiating between inherited and achieved capital, a distinction that has deserved little attention so far. We used data from the Spanish General Social Survey 2013 (N = 5,094), a nationally representative database not applied for similar purposes up to the present. Results show how economic deprivation and social exclusion are associated with ascribed and achieved characteristics, both at the micro level (individual) and the meso level (network). At the micro level, women, immigrants, young people, less‐educated people, the unemployed, and those who do not trust others have higher estimated values on the variables with regards to social disadvantage. At the meso level, social exclusion is associated with lower occupational prestige of achieved relationships, fewer contacts for obtaining economic or medical help (but more contacts for childcare) and smaller non‐kin core discussion networks. In a familistic society with a limited welfare system, results help to disentangle the level of dependence people have on their own social resources.
Keywords: achieved social capital; deprivation; egocentered networks; inherited social capital; Spanish General Social Survey
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:339-349
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Impact of Life Trajectories on Retirement: Socioeconomic Differences in Social Support Networks
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4476
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4476
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 327-338
Author-Name: Francisca Ortiz
Author-Workplace-Name: The Mitchell Centre for Social Network Analysis, University of Manchester, UK / Millennium Institute for Caregiving Research (MICARE), Chile
Author-Name: Elisa Bellotti
Author-Workplace-Name: The Mitchell Centre for Social Network Analysis, University of Manchester, UK
Abstract: In general, the literature about social support networks (SSNs) has been divided into two different statements: On the one hand, social support is a safety net that helps the ego confront disadvantages in life. On the other hand, studies have shown how SSNs could act as sources of constraints for ego, especially in poverty. In this study, we looked into the SSNs of older people over time and found how those two paths co‐exist and depend on the socioeconomic status of ego. Then, this article aims to discover how cumulative social inequalities intersect with social networks in facilitating or hampering social support over time, impacting retirement experience. Specifically, we want to observe if and how the life trajectories of older people from different socioeconomic statuses affect how people build their SSNs in terms of structure and composition. This article presents a mixed‐method project that collected qualitative life history interviews from 30 older women and men in Santiago, Chile. The results show that socioeconomic status plays a role in shaping individual experiences of retirement but that these experiences are shaped through SSNs structural and compositional characteristics. People identify salient life events and the relevant networks and conjointly discuss supportive and/or exploitative aspects of their networks. The amount of support they give to others or that they receive from their alters accumulates over time, resulting in a progressive social inclusion or exclusion mechanism. This article concludes that SSNs during retirement are shaped by the ego’s socioeconomic status and life history.
Keywords: ageing population; life history; life trajectory; retirement; social support network; socioeconomic status
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:327-338
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: How Do the Support Networks of Older People Influence Their Experiences of Social Isolation in Care Homes?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4486
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4486
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 315-326
Author-Name: Jennifer M. Ferguson
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK
Abstract: Understanding how to better support older people living in care homes is imperative for improving their wellbeing and quality of life. Despite this, little research has explored how support networks are structured and composed for individual residents. This study aimed to explore how, and by whom, residents felt they were supported, and how this support influenced their experiences of social isolation within the care home. The study included 36 residents from seven care homes located in the Scottish central belt in 2018. This article uses egocentric network analysis to analyse the structure and composition of the support networks, while a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews resulted in themes exploring how a resident’s support network impacts their social isolation within the care home. Findings indicated that residents’ most supportive alters were adult children, while staff members were only nominated as providing support in one third of support networks, despite most residents needing specialised care every day. Ambiguous relationships within residents’ support networks lead to feelings of social isolation, as well as adding to residents’ isolating behaviour. This suggests that national care frameworks, such as person‐centred care frameworks, which advocate for coordinated support between residents, relatives, and staff are not being implemented effectively and that more needs to be done to break down barriers to inclusion for care home residents.
Keywords: care homes; meaningful relationships; social inclusion; social isolation; support networks
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:315-326
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Intergenerational Friendship as a Conduit for Social Inclusion? Insights from the “Book‐Ends”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4555
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4555
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 304-314
Author-Name: Riikka Korkiamäki
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Author-Name: Catherine Elliott O'Dare
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work and Social Policy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
Abstract: Friendship is said to promote psychological and physical well‐being and increase social inclusion. Yet, intergenerational friendship has garnered little research attention due to the assumed dominance of age homophily in friendship. In this article we explore intergenerational friendship from the perspective of “younger” and “older” friends at the “generational book‐ends” of the life course. We focus on the role that intergenerational friendship plays in processes of social inclusion in the everyday lives of the participants, bringing together a study conducted in Finland and one in Ireland. Both studies employ qualitative methodology, drawing from interviews with 31 young people who were refugees (aged 13–18) in Finland and 23 older people (aged 65+) in Ireland. Our findings reveal that the younger and the older participants concur on the qualities and benefits of intergenerational friendship. Additionally, while age is not a uniform definer of friendships, differences in chronological age are not meaningless but support caring, enjoyment, and inclusion in alternative ways compared to peer‐aged friendships. Access to diverse company, distinct support, broader networks, and alternative identities lead to increased experiences of social inclusion at a personal and societal level. We conclude by calling on policy makers and communities to create spaces and opportunities for inclusion through friendship for all generations.
Keywords: book‐end generations; friendship; intergenerational friendship; older people; social inclusion; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:304-314
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Role of Parent‐Child Relationships and Filial Expectations in Loneliness Among Older Turkish Migrants
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4508
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4508
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 291-303
Author-Name: Rowan L. F. ten Kate
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Başak Bilecen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands / Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development, Bielefeld University, Germany
Author-Name: Nardi Steverink
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands / Department of Health Psychology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Abstract: Older first‐generation migrants living in Europe, particularly Turkish migrants, feel relatively lonely, which indicates social exclusion. Social embeddedness within the family, particularly parent‐child relationships, can alleviate loneliness for older migrants, but such relationships can also be ambivalent, which may not prevent loneliness altogether. Earlier research indicates that Turkish migrants in Germany report high quality relationships with their children and high levels of social support exchanges within the family; however, some still report disappointing aspects of the relationship with their children, such as feeling disrespected. To better understand these contradictory findings, this article focuses on various aspects of parent‐child relationships that may explain loneliness among older Turkish migrants in Germany. Moreover, the article considers whether filial expectations can be potential sources of intergenerational conflict that may explain higher levels of loneliness among older Turkish migrants. Using the Generations and Gender Survey with 606 first‐generation Turkish respondents aged 50 and above, findings show that having low satisfying relationships with children and not having adult co‐residing children is associated with more loneliness. Turkish migrants with higher filial expectations feel lonelier when they have good perceived health, and less lonely when they have bad perceived health. These findings indicate that especially healthy older Turkish migrants may have unfulfilled expectations regarding parent‐child relationships, which adds to their loneliness, while parents with bad health experience solidarity, which lowers their loneliness. This shows that both intergenerational solidarity and conflict influence loneliness among older Turkish migrants.
Keywords: intergenerational conflict; intergenerational solidarity; intergenerational support; international migration; loneliness; older adults; parent‐child relationships
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:291-303
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Structural Embeddedness in Transnational Social Fields: Personal Networks, International (Im)Mobilities, and the Migratory Capital Paradox
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4568
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4568
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 278-290
Author-Name: Renáta Hosnedlová
Author-Workplace-Name: LEREPS, University of Toulouse, Sciences Po Toulouse, France
Author-Name: Ignacio Fradejas‐García
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
Author-Name: Miranda J. Lubbers
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Author-Name: José Luis Molina
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: In this article we focus on individuals’ structural embeddedness in transnational social fields (TSFs) and examine how this is related to patterns of international mobility. The main argument is that the structure of TSFs matters for (im)mobility trajectories, and thus all actors (migrants, non‐migrants, and returnees) need to be examined as a whole to obtain a deeper understanding of the role of social networks in processes of transnational mobility. Taking the case of Romanian migrants in Spain as a TSF connecting their place of origin (Dâmbovița in Romania) with their destination (Castelló in Spain), we analyze survey data for 303 migrants, non‐migrants, and returnees, sampled through an RDS‐like binational link‐tracing design. We then categorize types of personal network using an international mobility scale to assess the degree of structural embeddedness in the TSF. An important contribution is the rigorous operationalization of TSF and assessment of the level of migratory capital of each individual. Our results reveal that migratory capital is not always linked positively with high mobility patterns and that its role is strongly related to the overall composition and structure of the TSF.
Keywords: migratory capital; mobility patterns; personal network typology; Romania; Spain; structural embeddedness; transnational social field
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:278-290
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Differentiated Embedding and Social Relationships Among Russian Migrant Physicians in Finland: A Narrative Socio‐Analysis
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4546
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4546
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 266-277
Author-Name: Driss Habti
Author-Workplace-Name: Karelian Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
Abstract: Migrants’ processes of (dis)embedding in local and transnational social networks have received growing attention in recent years, but most research focuses on low‐skilled migration. This study explores the affordances and challenges that Russian physicians, as a high‐skilled migrant group in Finland, experience in these processes in work and non‐work domains. Based on semi‐structured biographical interviews with 26 Russian physicians, the study employs Bourdieu’s socio‐analysis to analyze their narratives. The results reveal that Russian migrant physicians negotiate and experience differentiated embedding across work–life domains in local and transnational contexts. They mostly develop collegial relationships with Finnish colleagues and benefit from fulfilling professional relationships in the work domain. However, alongside time and efforts needed for building social ties, various factors often impede friendship making and socialization with locals beyond the work domain. These physicians cope with individual life circumstances through their enduring and supportive relationships with their Russian relatives and colleagues–friends. These results indicate that high‐skilled migrants have a greater opportunity to connect professionally with locals than low‐skilled migrants, but experience similar challenges to the latter in building close personal relationships.
Keywords: embedding; friendship; Russian migrant physicians; social relationships; socio‐analysis; work–life domains
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:266-277
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Privilege not a Choice: Transnational Support Networks of Asylum Seekers and Expatriates
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4527
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4527
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 254-265
Author-Name: Dorottya Hoór
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento, Italy / The Mitchell Centre for Social Network Analysis, Department of Sociology, University of Manchester, UK
Abstract: The article explores how different factors shape migrants’ transnational social fields and support networks through a comparative study of two different groups of migrants—asylum seekers and expatriates—in Budapest, Hungary. To do so, the study employs a parallel mixed‐methods social network design by combining personal network data with qualitative data based on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork with thirty‐three migrants in the aftermath of the 2015 refugee crisis. The article presents three key findings: First, it finds that asylum seekers’ and expatriates’ networks differ on several key characteristics, as asylum seekers’ close personal networks are less efficient, smaller in size, and show a remarkable lack of friendship and transnational support ties. Second, it also finds that asylum seekers have limited access to social support and, especially so, to financial and emotional support. Lastly, using multi‐level models, the article also demonstrates how migrants’ legal status and the transnationality of their support ties affect their access to financial support, as well as how their gender and legal status shape their access to emotional support. These findings illustrate how migrants’ individual opportunity structures affect their transnational practices alongside their access to social support, while also highlighting the importance of several individual and contextual factors which contribute to the diverse integration processes of migrants.
Keywords: asylum seekers; expatriates; migration; personal networks; social networks; social support; transnationalism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:254-265
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Networks Amongst Syrians: Situated Migrant Positionalities and the Impact on Relational Embedding
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4521
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4521
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 243-253
Author-Name: Francesca Speed
Author-Workplace-Name: Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, UK
Author-Name: Tracy Scurry
Author-Workplace-Name: Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, UK
Author-Name: Peter Edward
Author-Workplace-Name: Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, UK
Author-Name: Mona Moufahim
Author-Workplace-Name: Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, UK
Abstract: This article employs Yuval‐Davis concept of situated intersectionality to explore processes of relational embedding amongst Syrian migrants in the UK. By drawing on in‐depth interview data from 31 men and women living in North East England, we explore how varying social categories—or positionalities—intersect and shape personal networks and feelings of attachment amongst Syrians. We show how wider structural contexts and systems of social relations shape migrants’ sense of belonging and attachment which can serve to enhance or weaken opportunities for social and economic inclusion. The findings reveal how, for Syrian migrants, wider macro level contexts determine immigration and asylum routes which in turn shape place‐specific opportunity structures that impact on micro individual level processes of relational embedding. We develop the term “migrant positionalities” as a social category to capture the multiple experiences of migration and asylum and the power dynamics that determine opportunity structures and processes of embedding. We contribute to the debates in this field by demonstrating how the wider structural context can lead to a multiplicity of immigration and asylum experiences for individuals, resulting in differences in support and rights that go on to shape processes of embedding and personal networks. By employing a situated intersectional lens, we also demonstrate how and why processes of relational embedding differ amongst migrants of the same nationality on the basis of social positionings such as ethnicity, class, and religion, that are situated in context, time, and space.
Keywords: migrant positionalities; relational embedding; situated intersectionality; Syrian networks
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:243-253
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Security Net and Ambassadors for Social Inclusion? The Role of Intermediaries in Host–Refugee Relationships in Homestay Programs
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4511
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4511
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 232-242
Author-Name: Lara‐Désirée Brinker
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: In response to refugees’ social marginalisation and lack of appropriate housing, homestay programs have emerged as a new approach to refugee accommodation. However, caring relationships between asylum‐seekers and refugees and locals are prone to reproduce power imbalances. As a countermeasure, flatshares initiated by the organisation Refugees Welcome are created within a three‐fold network of hosts, social workers, and volunteers. The volunteers serve as intermediaries and provide refugees with personalised support to become more rooted in society. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and thirty in‐depth interviews with hosts, refugees, intermediaries, and social workers in Catalonia (Spain), this article explores the responsibilities and struggles of intermediaries in the hosting networks. Results show that intermediaries give refugees and hosts a sense of security during the flatshare and keep social workers informed, yet their role varies considerably.
Keywords: family hosting; housing; migration; refugees; volunteering
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:232-242
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Conflicting Experiences With Welcoming Encounters: Narratives of Newly Arrived Refugees in the Netherlands
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4509
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4509
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 222-231
Author-Name: Younes Younes
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Halleh Ghorashi
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Elena Ponzoni
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract: Personal networks can be both enabling and constraining in inclusion practices. This study focuses on the contribution of a particular neighborhood initiative for refugees in Amsterdam. Earlier studies have shown that in the specific context of the Netherlands’ welfare state, institutional or citizen initiatives can constrain the actual inclusion of refugees. These studies argue that good intentions do not necessarily lead to inclusion because hierarchal relations reproduce subtle exclusionary structures that limit refugees’ inclusion as equals. Yet, building social contacts with locals is essential for inclusion. This article shows the simultaneous presence of inclusion and exclusion by engaging with narratives from Syrian refugees participating in a six‐month housing project initiated in an Amsterdam neighborhood. Residents and volunteers shared responsibilities for organizing daily life in the project. The result was an unexpected combination of Granovetter’s weak and strong ties, what we call “hybrid ties,” that were embedded within neighborhood dynamics and networks. Despite occasional clashes in expectations, this community‐based housing project enabled specific forms of personal relationships (through hybrid ties) that were essential in refugee participants’ later inclusion in the Netherlands.
Keywords: cohabiting initiatives; hybrid ties; refugee inclusion; refugee reception; societal participation; unintentional exclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:222-231
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Ambivalent and Consistent Relationships: The Role of Personal Networks in Cases of Domestic Violence
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4545
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4545
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 211-221
Author-Name: Elisa Bellotti
Author-Workplace-Name: Mitchell Centre for Social Network Analysis, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
Author-Name: Susanne Boethius
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Lund University, Sweden
Author-Name: Malin Åkerström
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Lund University, Sweden
Author-Name: Margareta Hydén
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture and Society, Linköping University, Sweden
Abstract: Social networks are usually considered as positive sources of social support, a role which has been extensively studied in the context of domestic violence. To victims of abuse, social networks often provide initial emotional and practical help as well useful information ahead of formal institutions. Recently, however, attention has been paid to the negative responses of social networks. In this article, we advance the theoretical debate on social networks as a source of social support by moving beyond the distinction between positive and negative ties. We do so by proposing the concepts of relational ambivalence and consistency, which describe the interactive processes by which people, intentionally or inadvertently, disregard—or align with—each other’s role‐relational expectations, therefore undermining—or reinforcing—individual’s choices of action. We analyse the qualitative accounts of 19 female victims of domestic violence in Sweden, who described the responses of their personal networks during and after the abuse. We observe how the relationships embedded in these networks were described in ambivalent and consistent terms, and how they played a role in supporting or undermining women in reframing their loving relationships as abusive; in accounting or dismissing perpetrators’ responsibilities for the abuse; in relieving women from role‐expectations and obligations or in burdening them with further responsibilities; and in supporting or challenging their pathways out of domestic abuse. Our analysis suggests that social isolation cannot be considered a simple result of a lack of support but of the complex dynamics in which support is offered and accepted or withdrawn and refused.
Keywords: domestic violence; negative and positive ambivalence; negative and positive consistency; social support; social isolation; social networks; sociological ambivalence
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:211-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: In Good Company? Personal Relationships, Network Embeddedness, and Social Inclusion
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5049
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.5049
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 203-210
Author-Name: Miranda J. Lubbers
Author-Workplace-Name: COALESCE Lab, GRAFO Research Group, Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
Abstract: How do individuals’ networks of personal relationships affect their social in‐ and exclusion? Researchers have shown that micro‐level, informal relationships can be highly consequential for social inclusion, but in complex, contradictory ways: Personal networks reflect the degree of relational exclusion and protect against (other forms of) exclusion, but they also erode in conditions of exclusion and reproduce exclusion. While network researchers have widely studied some of these mechanisms, they have yet to embrace others. Therefore, this thematic issue reconsiders the complex relationship between personal networks and social inclusion. It offers a unique vantage point by bringing together researchers who work with different marginalised social groups, typically studied separately: refugees, transnational migrants, indigenous people, older people, people experiencing poverty, LGBT people, and women who have experienced domestic violence. This combination allows us to detect commonalities and differences in network functioning across historically excluded groups. This editorial lays the theoretical groundwork for the thematic issue and discusses the key contributions of the seventeen articles that compose the issue. We call for more attention to relationship expectations, the reciprocity of support flows, and contextual embeddedness, and question universally adopted theoretical binaries such as that of bonding and bridging social capital.
Keywords: bonding and bridging; embeddedness; inequality; informal protection; network erosion; personal networks; relationship expectations; reproduction; social inclusion; social relationships
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:203-210
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Decolonial Possibilities of Reintroducing the Devil in the Public Space of Afro‐Ecuadorian Territories
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4369
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4369
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 191-202
Author-Name: María Gabriela López‐Yánez
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Dance, Faculty of Arts, Central University of Ecuador, Ecuador
Author-Name: María Paz Saavedra Calderón
Author-Workplace-Name: Kimia—Pedagogías Críticas, Ecuador
Abstract: The article discusses the decolonial possibilities of the collective design of a sound artwork in reimagining the role of two Afro‐Ecuadorian music and dance‐based events in the Afro‐Ecuadorian ancestral territories of North Esmeraldas and Chota‐Mira. The two events, Bomba del Chota and Marimba Esmeraldeña, emerged in the context of slavery and colonialism as a response of Afro‐Ecuadorians to the oppression and violence they endured. These two music and dance‐based events sustain a counter‐narrative of power and resistance for Afrodescendant peoples in Ecuador, weaving meaningful connections among them and other entities populating their territories, such as the “devil,” whose cohabitation with Afro‐Ecuadorians will be at the spotlight of our analysis. Based on the audio‐recorded testimonies of these connections that strongly existed until the 1970s, and of a sonic composition that was created from them, we propose a collaborative design of a sound artwork in the public spaces of the jungle in Esmeraldas and the mountain in Chota‐Mira. We discuss how a decolonial approach to the design of the artwork can serve as a dialogical space to engage inhabitants in their re‐connection to the possibilities of resistance that their ancestors nurtured in their territories through the practice of the two music and dance‐based events. Through a political reading of soundscapes, an argument is developed to show how sound constructs the public spaces that root people in their territories, connecting them with meaningful stories and practices that keep being forgotten due to the on‐going consequences of slavery and colonialism. The article contributes to the discussion about political ecologies and the collective production of public spaces as a joyful response to exclusion and oppression.
Keywords: Afro‐Ecuadorians; ancestral practices; Bomba; decoloniality; Marimba; representations of the devil; sound artwork; soundscapes
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:191-202
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Palm Tree Whispers and Mountain Escapes: How Contemporary Artworks Contribute to an Inclusive Public Sphere
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4180
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4180
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 180-190
Author-Name: Annatina Aerne
Author-Workplace-Name: IDHEAP, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Abstract: How do artworks contribute to a more inclusive public sphere? Artworks contribute to the inclusiveness of a public sphere in that they help us consider previous objects as acting subjects, and thus as entities deserving membership in the public sphere. In addition, artworks typically attract a public, thus generating the necessary recognition for additional subjects. We propose a typology that categorizes artworks’ contribution to an inclusive public sphere. The typology is based on two axes: (a) artworks’ explicitness in attributing the status of a subject to a previous object and (b) the number of people that get to see the artwork. In order to illustrate the applicability of the typology and in order to understand how the two dimensions relate to one another, we analyze how two artworks include the non‐human as subjects into the public sphere: Eduardo Navarro’s Sound Mirror (shown at the 2016 São Paulo Biennal) and Prabhakar Pachpute’s Mountain Escape (exhibited in the 2016 Colombian Salón Nacional de Artistas). Comparing both artistic strategies we find that there may be a trade‐off between the explicitness and the reach of a new subjectification.
Keywords: art; art world; contemporary art; distribution of the sensible; Eduardo Navarro; environmental art; global art market; Jacques Rancière; Latin American art; Latin America; inclusiveness; Oliver Marchart; Prabhakar Pachpute; public sphere; political art
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:180-190
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Festivals for Inclusion? Examining the Politics of Cultural Events in Northern Cyprus
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4365
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4365
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 168-179
Author-Name: Rahme Sadikoglu
Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, Goldsmiths College, UK
Abstract: In Northern Cyprus, cultural festivals are increasingly popular. The routinely celebrated festivals transform small villages into colourful celebrations with lots of activities and great culinary experiences, offering opportunities for social contact between members of different generations. People meet in the streets, where traditional food and handicrafts are on display and traditional folk dance performances usually take place. Cultural events provide an important space in which older generations often nostalgically remember the past with others of their generation and share their memories with the young people. Bi‐communal interactions between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots in these public spaces also help leave behind and bury the violence of the past, nationalistic dogma, and intolerance. Drawing on ideas from postcolonial theory, cultural studies, sociology, and scholarship on public art, this article develops a post‐postcolonial approach to explore the politics and value of Turkish Cypriot cultural festivals and the ways in which Turkish Cypriots are bridging differences with Greek Cypriots. Through observations, conversations, and interviews conducted with Turkish Cypriots from June 2014 to October 2017, the article also discusses the ways in which public art encourages dialogue and multicultural tolerance in Cyprus. The article argues that the rise of interest in Turkish Cypriot folk arts and multicultural tolerance, as propagated by Turkish Cypriots, should be understood in more complex terms than simply that of positive inclusion, as an ambivalence closely connected to the East/West division. Accordingly, the article illustrates that the coexistence of inclu‐ sion and exclusion are at the heart of Turkish Cypriot society.
Keywords: Cypriotness; cultural festivals; identity politics; inclusion; Northern Cyprus; Orientalism; post‐postcolonialism; public art
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:168-179
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Gender Inequalities and the Effects of Feminine Artworks on Public Spaces: A Dialogue
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4374
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4374
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 158-167
Author-Name: Hooshmand Alizadeh
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria / Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Iran
Author-Name: Josef Kohlbacher
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
Author-Name: Rozhen Kamal Mohammed-Amin
Author-Workplace-Name: Digital Cultural Heritage Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Iraq
Author-Name: Tabin Latif Raouf
Author-Workplace-Name: Digital Cultural Heritage Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Iraq
Abstract: Feminist street art aims to transform patriarchal spaces into places of gendered resistance by asserting a feminist presence in the city. Considering this, as well as women’s social life, their struggle against lingering forces of patriarchy, and relating features of inequality (domestic violence), there was a feminist installation artwork by the young Kurdish artist Tara Abdulla that shook the city of Sulaimani in Iraqi Kurdistan on 26 October 2020. She had prepared a 4,800‐meter‐long washing line covered with the clothes of 99,678 Kurdish women who were survivors of sexual and gender‐based violence. They installed it along the busiest street of the city (Salim Street). She used this piece of feminine to express her reaction to the Kurdish society regarding, the abuse that goes on silently, behind closed doors. She also aimed towards normalizing women’s bodies. After the installation, she received many controversial reactions. As her artwork was a pioneering project in line with feminist issues in Kurdistan which preoccupied the city for quite a while, the aim of this article is to investigate the diverse effects of her work on the current dialogue regarding gender inequality in the Kurdish society. To do this, we used the research method of content analysis on big data (Facebook comments) to investigate the public reactions of a larger number of locals. The Feminine effectively exposed some of the deep‐rooted cultural, religious, and social barriers in addressing gender inequalities and silent sexual violence issues in the modern Kurdish patriarchal society.
Keywords: Facebook reactions; feminist street art; gender inequalities dialogue; Kurdish women; public space; Sulaimani
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:158-167
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Gender and Public Space: Mapping Palimpsests of Art, Design, and Agency in Shahbag, Dhaka
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4368
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4368
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 143-157
Author-Name: Salma Begum
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Jinat Hossain
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Jeroen Stevens
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium
Abstract: Public space is an essential social infrastructure for the continuous negotiation of city life and democracy because it offers (ideally) an interactive platform for people from diverse social and cultural backgrounds and the forms of public life they cherish. This contribution inquires how public space’s design and materiality play a fundamental role in popular struggles for social justice. By focusing on the differentiated access of women to public space, the role of gender in its design, and appropriation through a feminist intersectionality lens, this article aims to understand better the complex interplay between urban space and its non‐human material agency vis‐à‐vis citizen mobilizations, movements, and socially engaged art interventions. Drawing from extensive participant observation and spatial analysis, the exemplary public space of Shahbag Chattwar (a public square/plaza) will shed light on the “gendered spatiality” of pivotal popular mobilizations and reclamations from the historical momentum of the 1952 language movement, over the 2013 contemporary Shahbag protests, and to the 2020 anti‐metro rail protests at the Dhaka University campus. Analyzing urban space as a “palimpsest,” this research reflects on both historic and ongoing scenarios of popular protests as they repeatedly occupy public space and leave spatial traces through spatial design and art. In sum, the article seeks to gain insight into public space as a principal site of contestation and negotiation of juxtaposed layers of gendered dynamics, civil rights, secularism, and fundamentalism.
Keywords: art and architecture; gender; palimpsest; public space; Shahbag
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:143-157
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Co‐Design and the Collective Creativity Processes in Care Systems and Places
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4503
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4503
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 130-142
Author-Name: Cristian Campagnaro
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Design, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Author-Name: Nicolò Di Prima
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Design, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Author-Name: Sara Ceraolo
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture and Design, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Abstract: This article examines the topic of participatory design processes (co‐design, co‐creativity, co‐creation, and co‐production) as tools to promote models of inclusion that benefit people experiencing marginality, and as means to solicit the public dimension of the spaces in which they live and where they have access to their health and welfare services. The topic is addressed through four case studies drawn from the experience of participatory action research aiming at social inclusion and cohesion through an approach based on design anthropology. Following Jones and VanPatter’s (2009) four design domains (DD), the projects discussed in this article are the following: participatory design of devices for people with multiple sclerosis (DD 1.0); participatory renovation of shelters for homeless people (DD 2.0); design and craft led lab aiming at social inclusion (DD 3.0); and innovation of public services for a city homeless population (DD 4.0). All these projects are driven by stakeholders’ demands for a transformation that improves the quality of users’ lives, the quality of caring services, and that they modify, temporarily or permanently, the venues where they take place. In order to support and facilitate this “desire for change,” the projects are based on wide participation and collaboration between many different stakeholders in every phase of their design processes. Methods, tools, and results will be analysed from the points of view of both users (beneficiaries and social operators/caregivers) and designers. Furthermore, the interaction between spaces, co‐design processes, and attendees will be investigated to determine how they contribute to turning those venues into citizenship environments, permeated with greater care and attention.
Keywords: beauty; caring spaces; co‐creation; co‐design; participation; vulnerability
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:130-142
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Exploring Embodied Place Attachment Through Co‐Creative Art Trajectories: The Case of Mount Murals
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4403
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4403
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 116-129
Author-Name: Ruth Segers
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Karin Hannes
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Ann Heylighen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Pieter Van den Broeck
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Architecture, KU Leuven, Belgium
Abstract: The built and living environment in the Flemish region in Belgium is evolving noticeably. It is densifying at an ever‐faster pace and, along the way, becoming increasingly unfamiliar to its inhabitants. Many people face profound difficulties in autonomously and positively dealing with such drastic changes, causing their feeling of home to waver. Triggered by these challenges and supported by the local authority of a Flemish town, the experimental and co‐creative art project Mount Murals set out to stimulate new embodied interactions between and among local residents of various ages and backgrounds and with their built environment. These include remembering place‐related sentiments, being aware of body language that plays between participants while co‐creating and sensing an invigorating stimulus when seeing results. Awakening intrinsic appreciation in people for their own environment and associated social relationships stimulates an inclusive dealing with estranged relationships in space. Referring to the relational neuroscience principles attachment, co‐creating and co‐regulating as a modus of relational resonating, we explore how and under which conditions Mount Murals’ co‐creative art trajectory supports an evolving embodied place attachment, an essential element of the sense of belonging, in participants. By embedding assets inherent to art creation in action research and starting with meaningful everyday objects, Mount Murals carries forward an art expression that considers the co‐creation process and its co‐creative products as equally important.
Keywords: co‐creative art; co‐regulating; embodied place attachment; relational resonating; sense of belonging
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:116-129
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Citizen Art and Human Rights: Collective Theatre Creation as a Way of Combatting Exclusion
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4372
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4372
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 106-115
Author-Name: Manuel Muñoz-Bellerín
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Services, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Author-Name: Nuria Cordero-Ramos
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Services, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Abstract: In this article, through the lens of critical theory and collective theatre creation, we will look at how a group of homeless individuals in the city of Seville (Spain) has been able to assert their human rights using art. Through the words of the actors themselves, we will reveal the obstacles they face in accessing the city’s public sphere, and their deconstruction. By creating and producing plays, as well as interacting with the audience, the participants became not just actors, but citizens with rights. Collective theatre creation, as adapted by the authors within the context of their research in the field of social work, provides insights into how art has the power to become a strategy for helping those living on the fringes of mainstream society reclaim their place in it politically and culturally. This research has been made possible thanks to the commitment of the members of Teatro de la Inclusión, a theatre group and socio‐artistic project that ran for twelve years and allowed homeless individuals, tired of being passive subjects, dependent on external assistance and subject to endless bureaucracy, to become amateur actors. In doing so, they created for themselves dignified forums in which to express themselves within their city and put their communicative and artistic skills into practice.
Keywords: collective theatre creation; homelessness; homeless persons; human rights; inclusion theatre
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:106-115
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: What Art and Design Do for Social Inclusion in the Public Sphere
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/5086
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.5086
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 103-105
Author-Name: Karin Hannes
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
Abstract: Art and design can meaningfully contribute to social change. It can shift debates, change perspectives, raise awareness, and act upon visible and invisible mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion of different agents occupying the public sphere. In this thematic issue we invited authors to relate to this claim as they preferred: by bringing evidence to support it, refute it, or simply to discuss the potential benefits and harms of artistically inspired and design related interventions in citizens living environment. We challenged authors to rethink agency and engage theoretically or empirically with how art and design installations act upon us, citizens, and vice‐versa. The result is a compilation of different storylines, coming from different geographical parts of the world and written from a variety of cultural perspectives. What binds these contributions is a true commitment to open up a space for those experiencing challenging life circumstances to access, occupy, or transform the public sphere. Our collective engagement with concepts such as power, prejudice, harassment or discrimination was not focused on erasing differences. Instead, we engaged with the idea that certain differences should matter less than they currently do in creating a safe and accessible public space for all.
Keywords: art; design; inclusion; public sphere
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:103-105
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Double Burden of Disability and Poverty: Does Vocational Rehabilitation Ease the School‐to‐Work Transition?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4649
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4649
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 92-102
Author-Name: Nancy Reims
Author-Workplace-Name: Joblessness and Social Inclusion Research Department, Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Germany
Author-Name: Silke Tophoven
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences and Cultural Studies, University of Applied Sciences Duesseldorf, Germany
Abstract: Poor young people more often face health difficulties, (learning) disabilities, and are overrepresented in special schools. Consequently, youth from poor households disproportionately frequently participate in disability‐specific programs aiming to improve their educational levels and labor market opportunities. They face a double burden of disability and poverty. In our study, we look at poor and non‐poor youth with disabilities (YPWD) who participate in vocational rehabilitation (VR) and whether VR helps them (a) in transitioning into employment and (b) in leaving poverty. We examine the association between the receipt of initial basic income support (BIS) as a poverty indicator, later labor market outcomes, and earned vocational qualification using administrative data. We make use of a sample of all persons accepted for VR in 2010 (N = 36,645). We employ logit models on VR attendees’ labor market outcomes three and five years after being accepted for VR as well as on their earned vocational qualifications. Beside initial poverty status, we control for educational level, type, and degree of disability and program pattern during the VR process. Our findings show that YPWD from poor households have a decreased likelihood of a vocational certificate and employment. Additionally, they are more likely to receive BIS than young people not from poor households and thus more likely to remain poor. In conclusion, VR seems to support poor YPWD less in their school‐to‐work transitions. Thus, disability‐specific programs should be more tailored to the social situations of participants, and counsellors should be more sensitive to their social backgrounds.
Keywords: basic income support; Germany; labor market integration; school‐to‐work transition; vocational rehabilitation; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:92-102
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Upward Mobility in Education: The Role of Personal Networks Across the Life Course
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4612
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4612
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 81-91
Author-Name: Nicolas M. Legewie
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Abstract: How do individuals achieve upward mobility in education despite the well‐documented mechanisms that foster reproduction of inequalities? This question presents a fundamental puzzle for social science researchers and has generated an increasing body of research. The present article tackles the puzzle using a life course and personal network lens. Studying educational trajectories in Germany of students whose parents have low educational degrees, it asks: What paths did students take through the education system, what personal network factors were important for their educational attainment, and how did these factors change over students’ life courses? In contrast to most studies that zoom in on a specific transition or time period, the article uses data from 36 retrospective in‐depth interviews that allow a sweeping view of respondents’ educational careers. Thanks to a systematic case selection scheme, the data also enables comparisons between students who became upwardly mobile and those who replicated their parents’ low educational degrees. Findings suggest four types of trajectories: direct upward mobility, indirect upward mobility, direct non‐mobility, and indirect non‐mobility. I discuss four personal network factors that seem to drive these trajectories: support with academic efforts, encouragement, support with solving problems, and role models. Upwardly mobile students showed combinations of two or more of these four factors that established higher education as the students’ goal, and provided them with tools and support to reach that goal. With these findings, the article contributes to literature on inclusion in education, social inequality and mobility, personal networks, and the life course.
Keywords: education; inclusion; life course; personal networks; upward mobility
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:81-91
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusive Leadership: Good Managerial Practices to Address Cultural Diversity in Schools
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4611
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4611
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 69-80
Author-Name: Inmaculada Gómez-Hurtado
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pedagogy, University of Huelva, Spain
Author-Name: René Valdés
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Andres Bello University, Chile
Author-Name: Inmaculada González-Falcón
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pedagogy, University of Huelva, Spain
Author-Name: Felipe Jiménez Vargas
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of the Americas, Chile
Abstract: Educational inclusion of foreign pupils has become a priority objective in recent years in many countries worldwide. Attending to the cultural diversity of pupils and providing an inclusive educational response is now a main goal of education systems. In this context, educational leadership is a key factor for school improvement. Management teams face the difficult mission of responding to the diversity of people that make up the educational community in a scenario marked by the expansive increase in migrant families and the scarcity of inclusive and intercultural government programmes. This article explores good management practices for cultural diversity management in six early childhood and primary education centres in Spain and Chile from an inclusive leadership approach. Factors that influence the development of inclusive leadership and the process deployed to carry out diversity management are examined. Through a qualitative methodology, six case studies were carried out using the interview, participant observation, and document analysis as instruments. The main outcomes show the importance of leaders in promoting an inclusive collaborative culture, in classroom practices focused on the knowledge and cultural capital of foreign pupils, the development of organisational and didactic strategies based on the recognition and participation of the educational community, its commitment to social justice, a management of diversity based on collaboration, and a shared concept of educational inclusion. The conclusions show four common dimensions in the good practices of each country: professional development of the community, school participation, inclusive school culture, and positive management of diversity.
Keywords: cultural diversity; diversity in schools; inclusive leadership; management teams
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:69-80
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Education in Confinement: The Reintegration of Young People in Prison in La Araucanía, Chile
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4605
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4605
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 60-68
Author-Name: Claudia Huaiquián‐Billeke
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Catholic University of Temuco, Chile
Author-Name: Violeta Sánchez‐Toledo
Author-Workplace-Name: Scole Creare School, Chile
Author-Name: Romina Quilodrán‐Contreras
Author-Workplace-Name: Integra Foundation, Chile
Author-Name: Juan Vera‐Urra
Author-Workplace-Name: Education Department, Municipality of Temuco, Chile
Abstract: This article addresses the social reintegration of young people studying in the prison of La Araucanía, Chile. Our objective is to describe the social representation of young people between 19 and 29 years old, who are currently serving a custodial sentence, in their reintegration process after secondary education. We start off with the acknowledgement that both social mobility and educational career are historically marked by the reproduction of sociocultural inequality: Educational structures do not fulfill the mission of providing tools for a persons’ life. Our article is based on a unique case study in which a current phenomenon is investigated; in this case, social reintegration within an authentic context—prison. Semi‐structured interviews were applied during our research and participants’ narratives were methodologically triangulated. Our article concludes that, given the presence of homogenizing and inefficient study plans, young people demand deep changes that are linked to a social pedagogy, which values their skills and life project through an awareness process. This process would enable them to explore their reality and cultural action in order to become conscious young people and co‐creators of their future once in freedom.
Keywords: correctional education; educational lag; inclusive education; prison education; social mobility; social reintegration; students’ motivation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:60-68
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: An Exploratory, Cluster Randomised Control Trial of the PAX Good Behaviour Game
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4602
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4602
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 47-59
Author-Name: Joanne O’Keeffe
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Author-Name: Allen Thurston
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Author-Name: Frank Kee
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Author-Name: Liam O'Hare
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Author-Name: Katrina Lloyd
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Abstract: This article presents the findings of an exploratory randomised controlled trial of the PAX Good Behaviour Game (PAX GBG) in Northern Ireland. The PAX GBG is an evidence‐based universal prevention programme designed to improve mental health by increasing self‐regulation, academic engagement, and decreasing disruptive behaviour in children. The study was designed in line with the Medical Research Council guidance on the development of complex interventions and is based on the Medical Research Council framework, more specifically within a Phase 2 exploratory trial. The study used a cluster randomised controlled trial design with a total of 15 schools (19 classes) randomised to intervention and control. This article reports specifically on the outcome of self‐regulation with 355 elementary school pupils in year 3 (age M = 7.40, SD = 0.30). Participating schools in the trial were located in areas of socio‐economic disadvantage. The teachers in the intervention group received training in the delivery of the PAX GBG and implemented the PAX GBG intervention for 12 weeks. A range of pre‐ and post‐test measures, including child reported behaviours, were undertaken. After the 12 weeks of implementation, this exploratory trial provided some evidence that the PAX GBG may help improve self‐regulation (d = .42) in participating pupils, while the findings suggest that it may offer a feasible mental health prevention and early intervention approach for Northern Ireland classrooms. However, a larger definitive trial would be needed to verify the findings in this study.
Keywords: elementary school; good behaviour game; mental health; primary school; self‐regulation; students behaviour; universal prevention
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:47-59
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Demystifying Subjective Well‐Being of Academically At‐Risk Students: Case Study of a Chinese High School
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4572
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4572
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 36-46
Author-Name: Tianjun Cheng
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education Science, Nanjing Normal University, China / Centre for Sociology of Education, Nanjing Normal University, China
Author-Name: Jin Jin
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education Science, Nanjing Normal University, China
Author-Name: Junjun Chen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education Policy and Leadership, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Abstract: Student subjective well‐being (SWB) is increasingly incorporated into today’s education policies and positive education movements. There is a growing interest in how well schools promote student well‐being, especially for disadvantaged students, e.g., the academically at‐risk, and which factors affect this process. This study investigates how teachers and academically at‐risk students perceive SWB and its influential precursors in a high school in China. The influential precursors in the present research were allocated into four dimensions, namely contextual factors, school factors, family factors, and individual factors. Via semi‐structured individual interviews with 12 teachers and 18 students for about one hour and content analysis of the interview data, the responses revealed that while students tended to have a superficial understanding of well‐being, traditional concepts about studying, blind filial piety, peer relations, and self‐efficacy were important factors shaping and influencing their SWB. These findings can inform the development of inclusive education policies concerning student SWB and the intervention and prevention systems of schools in both local and international contexts. Recommendations for organising lectures for parents and implementing programs providing instruction on SWB‐related skills for students are proposed to support academically at‐risk students, aiming to achieve the educational goal of success for all.
Keywords: academically at‐risk students; China; inclusive education; sociology of education; subjective well‐being
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:36-46
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Saudi and Bahraini Mothers’ Experiences of Including Their Autistic Adolescent Sons in Education: A Capabilities Approach
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4556
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4556
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 26-35
Author-Name: Wid Daghustani
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Learning and Developmental Disabilities, Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain
Author-Name: Alison MacKenzie
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Abstract: Saudi Arabia and Bahrain have both signed the 2006 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and have a number of acts and policies which support inclusive education for children with disabilities. However, achieving the goals of equitable education at all levels remains a challenge, especially for autistic children. This article reports on the experiences of mothers from Saudi Arabia and Bahrain in trying to find schools or autism centres for their autistic adolescent sons. The research is based on in‐depth interviews with 17 mothers, the majority of whom reported that educating their sons is challenging, and that the schools and centres are inadequate or expensive, with the result that a number of participants’ children had to stay at home to the detriment of the boys and their mothers’ wellbeing. The findings are interpreted using the capabilities approach, a normative, evaluative framework on questions of social justice and individual flourishing. A capability evaluation reveals that many mothers experience capability corrosion as a result of gender, cultural, and legal restrictions, as well as difficulties in accessing appropriate education, with respect to three central capabilities: bodily integrity, affiliation, and control over one’s environment.
Keywords: autism; Bahraini mothers; disability rights; equitable education; guardianship laws; Saudi Arabian mothers; UNCRPD
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:26-35
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Phase 2 Exploratory Trial of a Vocabulary Intervention in High Poverty Elementary Education Settings
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4553
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4553
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 12-25
Author-Name: Maria Cockerill
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Author-Name: Allen Thurston
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Author-Name: Andy Taylor
Author-Workplace-Name: Fischer Family Trust Literacy, UK
Author-Name: Joanne O’Keeffe
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Author-Name: Tien‐Hui Chiang
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, China
Abstract: This article reports results of a phase 2 exploratory trial of a vocabulary program delivered in elementary schools to improve student’s reading ability, including their comprehension. The intervention was tested as a targeted intervention in classrooms with children aged 7–10 across 20 weeks during one school year, with eligible students learning in small groups of four. Teachers and support staff received training in this cooperative learning approach to develop children’s vocabulary with particular focus on Tier‐2 words. School staff received additional support and resources to equip them to develop and implement the vocabulary instruction sessions to targeted students. The trial was undertaken with a sample of 101 students in seven schools from three English district areas with high levels of socio‐economic disadvantage. A standardized reading test was used to measure reading outcomes, with significant gains found in student’s overall reading ability, including comprehension. Owing to the positive results found in this trial, including positive feedback about implementation of the technique, next steps should be a larger trial with 48 schools to avoid the risk of sampling error due to limited number of schools.
Keywords: elementary education; literacy; reading comprehension; teacher development; vocabulary
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:12-25
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: What Freirean Critical Pedagogy Says and Overlooks from a Durkheimian Perspective
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4157
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i4.4157
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 4
Pages: 1-11
Author-Name: Tien‐Hui Chiang
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Educational Science, Anhui Normal University, China
Abstract: “Critical pedagogy” has become a prevalent grammar furthering the necessity of a change in pedagogy from a banking‐style to problem‐posing approach, which it argues will facilitate students’ development of independent values and equip them to lead the liberation of society from authoritarianism into democracy. To achieve this, classrooms need to serve as cultural forums, through which either engaged pedagogy or negotiated authority empowers teachers and students to engage in free dialogues that problematize school textbooks as “cultural politics.” This empowerment demands that teachers perform as transformative intellectuals, dedicating themselves to the amelioration of inequity in educational results by reconstructing new texts, making them more accessible to working‐class students. While these theoretical lexicons envision a new perspective for the “educational function,” alleviation of the phenomenon of cultural reproduction can only occur if critical pedagogists pay more attention to academic curricula. Student achievements in such curricula, which respond to the demands of the social division of labor, have a profound influence on their potential social mobility.
Keywords: academic curriculum; educational inequity; emancipatory function; Freirean critical pedagogy; power relations; social mobility
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:4:p:1-11
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Students’ Differences, Societal Expectations, and the Discursive Construction of (De)Legitimate Students in Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4482
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4482
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 394-403
Author-Name: Nadine Bernhard
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Comparative and International Education, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
Abstract: At higher education institutions (HEI), which for centuries served only to educate the elite, the composition of the student body is increasingly changing towards greater social and cultural diversity. Students’ differences are also the focus of this article, but not with a specific emphasis on preselected categories. Instead, the article asks how students in teaching in higher education (HE) are represented in the print media and professional discourse in Germany, i.e., which categories of difference are constructed as relevant in HE teaching contexts, which are normalized and (de)legitimized, and what is expected of HEI concerning these differences. Second, to what extent does this change over time, particularly concerning the new circumstances of Corona‐based digital teaching in 2020? The contribution is based on a combination of discourse theory and neo‐institutional organizational sociology. Discourses are a place where social expectations towards organizations are negotiated and constructed. Simultaneously, the discourses construct a specific understanding of HE, making visible openings and closures concerning different groups of students. Which students are constructed as legitimate, desirable, at risk of dropping out, or a risk for HE quality? Based on qualitative content analysis, the article shows that it is less the traditional socio‐structural categories such as gender, social or ethnic origin, or impairments, that are discussed to be relevant in HE teaching contexts. The reproduction of inequality and the associated discrimination is hardly discussed. The focus is instead on the students’ differences concerning individualizable characteristics, competencies, or study practices. Even though many of these individualized differences are conveyed via socio‐structural categories, this connection is often not considered in the discourses.
Keywords: discourse analysis; diversity; doing difference; higher education; higher education teaching; inclusion; societal expectations; social inequality
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:394-403
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Study Preparation of Refugees in Germany: How Teachers’ Evaluative Practices Shape Educational Trajectories
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4308
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4308
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 383-393
Author-Name: Stefanie Schröder
Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Education Alliance Ruhrvalley (HAR), Germany
Abstract: Recent research shows that a remarkable share of refugees who have arrived in Germany over the past few years is highly qualified and has strong educational and academic aspirations. Preparatory colleges (Studienkollegs) and language courses of higher education institutions are the two main organisations providing obligatory study preparation for non‐EU international study applicants in Germany, including an increasing number of refugees. So far, research on conditions for refugees’ successful transitions into and through study preparation, and eventually into higher education, is scarce. The article fills a research gap on the organisational level by considering the established norms and rules of study preparation organisations and the key role of teachers in shaping successful pathways into higher education. Based on central concepts deriving from the sociology of valuation and evaluation, categorisation, and evaluative repertoires, the article aims to illustrate the organisational norms and rules in play shaping teachers’ experiences and perceptions of their students’ ability to study. The qualitative analysis of seven expert interviews shows how teachers differentiate between students with and without a refugee background in terms of performance and reveals opportunities and constraints to take refugees’ resources and needs in study preparation programmes into account.
Keywords: Germany; organisational rules; refugees; study preparation system; teachers’ evaluative repertoires
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:383-393
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “You Can Make a Difference”: Teachers’ Agency in Addressing Social Differences in the Student Body
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4327
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4327
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 372-382
Author-Name: Laura Behrmann
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Human and Social Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Germany
Abstract: Teachers are key players in transforming the education system (van der Heijden et al., 2015). They shape educational processes, influence school policies, and make day‐to‐day decisions that have a direct effect on students (Vähäsantanen, 2015). Yet we currently know very little about whether they can contribute to the creation of social equality of opportunity. This article focuses by way of example on the experiences and interpretative schemes of teachers in Germany, as the country is known for its highly selective school system. It draws on data from an exploratory study based on 20 narrative interviews (Rosenthal, 2018) with schoolteachers at three comprehensive schools in East and West Germany, which were selected because comprehensive schools in Germany see themselves as a more equal‐opportunity form of education. The article begins by identifying four types of teacher action orientations in addressing the social differences of schoolchildren. Unexpectedly, only a few teachers exhibited a socially conscious inclination to act—for example, by providing targeted support to schoolchildren from socially disadvantaged households. In the second step, by comparing teacher biographies, school environments, and historical imprints, the article attempts to identify certain conditions under which teachers perceive themselves as responsible for addressing social differences among students. Beyond illustrating the interplay of biographical experiences and school culture, the study’s east–west contextualization opens up a new perspective for examining the lingering implications of the German half‐day schooling model even after the introduction of all‐day schooling in 2003. One possible conclusion is that the transformation of the German school system from a half‐day to an all‐day model has not taken the tasks of teachers into account, which, as this article points out, would be important in making them aware of schoolchildren’s different social backgrounds and their effects on achievement.
Keywords: comprehensive schools; educational inequalities; Germany; teachers; school policies; social support
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:372-382
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The New European Political Arithmetic of Inequalities in Education: A History of the Present
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4339
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4339
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 361-371
Author-Name: Romuald Normand
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Strasbourg, France
Abstract: The article describes the emergence and development of positive epistemology and quantification tools in the dynamics of inequalities in education. It contributes to a history of the present at a time when datafication and experimentalism are reappearing in educational policies to justify the reduction of inequalities across international surveys and randomised controlled trials. This socio‐history of metrics also sheds light on transformations about relationships historically established between the welfare state and education that have shaped the representation of inequalities and social programs in education. The use of large‐scale surveys and controlled experiments in social and educational policies developed in the 1920s and 30s, even if their methods and techniques have become more sophisticated due to statistical progress. However, statistical reasoning is today no less persuasive in justifying the measurement of student skills and various forms of state intervention for “at‐risk” children and youth. With the rise of international organisations, notably the European Commission, demographic issues related to school population and the reduction of inequalities have shifted. It is less a question of selecting the most talented or gifted among working‐class students than of investing in human capital from early childhood to improve the education systems’ performance and competitiveness for the lifelong learning economy and European social investment strategy. This article attempts to illustrate this new arithmetic of inequalities in education at the European level.
Keywords: education; epistemology; inequalities; metrics; policy; welfare
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:361-371
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Constructing the “Competent” Pupil: Optimizing Human Futures Through Testing?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4354
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4354
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 347-360
Author-Name: Stephan Dahmen
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty for Educational Science, Bielefeld University, Germany
Abstract: In the last decade, the German transition system has witnessed the large‐scale introduction of so‐called “analysis of potentials” (Potenzialanalysen) in secondary compulsory schooling. In most German Länder, 8th graders must participate in a two‐day assessment center which combines psychometric testing with observations of their social and professional competencies in pre‐specified tasks. The programmatic aim of these assessments is to “introduce pupils early to choosing a job” (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung [BMBF], 2017, p. 2) as well as to enhance the propensity of pupils to “take responsibility for their own future” (BMBF, 2017, p. 9). In the context of the German school‐to‐work system, the introduction of these new forms of diagnostics bear witness to a new preventive political rationality that aims at reducing the entry age into upper secondary education, reduce the recourse to so‐called “transition measures” and optimizing transitions into an apprenticeship market that is characterized by structural inequalities and “mismatch” between pupils’ job aspirations and the offers in apprenticeship places. However, little is known on the role of competency testing devices for the construction of further trajectories and aspirations and their role in the reproduction of inequalities in transitions from school to work. Based on an in‐depth analysis of policy documents and competency profiles (the documents handed out to the pupils after undergoing testing), the article reconstructs the political rationale for the introduction of the so‐called Potenzialanalysen. Based on a Foucauldian framework, we show how pupils are constructed as “competent” subjects. We show that competency assessments are part and parcel of a political rationality that aims at the promotion of a specific (future‐oriented, optimized, self‐regulated) relation to one’s own biographical future on the side of the pupils. Our results demonstrate that competency profiles construct the process of choosing a job as an individualized project of the self and that they invisibilize structural barriers and power relations. In doing so, competency assessments potentially contribute to the reproduction of inequalities in post‐secondary education through delegating “cooling out” processes from institutional gatekeepers to the interiority of persons.
Keywords: career guidance; competencies; education policy; Germany; governmentality studies; institutional ethnography; school‐to‐work‐transitions; subjectivation; testing; vocational education and training
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:347-360
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Mission Accomplished? Critique, Justification, and Efforts to Diversify Gifted Education
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4316
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4316
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 337-346
Author-Name: Arne Böker
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Higher Education Research (HoF), Martin Luther University of Halle‐Wittenberg, Germany
Abstract: Research on gifted education demonstrates how these programs contribute globally to the reproduction of social inequalities. Despite these findings, gifted education has been remarkably successful in the 21st century. However, the need to equate the inclusion of women, first‐generation students, and students with a migration background in gifted education has simultaneously intensified. Both developments are embedded in profound transformations of the education system globally, especially in the social diversification of student populations and the concurrent demand for excellence in academic research. The German Academic Scholarship Foundation (Studienstiftung) is the largest gifted education program in Germany and one of the oldest worldwide. In recent years, the Studienstiftung has tried to diversify their students. Based on a discourse analysis, which uses the concepts of justification, critique, and regimes of justification, I examine official documents of the Studienstiftung between 1925 and 2018. In doing so, I show that the spirit of the Studienstiftung and their handling of social statistics raise doubts concerning the successful diversification of their students—as the Studienstiftung has claimed. Finally, I discuss several measures that might be useful to support social diversification in gifted education in the future.
Keywords: diversification in higher education; exclusion; gifted education; German Academic Scholarship Foundation; social inequalities; sociology of justification
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:337-346
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Cultural Education: Panacea or Amplifier of Existing Inequalities in Political Engagement?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4317
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4317
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 324-336
Author-Name: Lea Fobel
Author-Workplace-Name: Political Education and Education Systems, Leipzig University, Germany
Author-Name: Nina Kolleck
Author-Workplace-Name: Political Education and Education Systems, Leipzig University, Germany / Educational Research and Social Systems, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
Abstract: Cultural education has recently been particularly emphasized as key for the promotion of equal opportunities, social cohesion and political engagement. While the relationship between political engagement and formal education has been extensively discussed, little research has been conducted on non‐formal types of education, such as non‐formal cultural education (NCE) in particular. However, the share of NCE programmes is becoming increasingly important as more and more formal institutions are reducing their cultural education programmes. This article examines, firstly, whether NCE actually promotes political engagement and, secondly, who effectively participates in NCE programmes. Using data from the eighth wave (2016–2017) of the German National Educational Panel Study, we implement a mediation analysis within ordered logistic regression models to disentangle the mechanisms at play. Our results indicate that NCE exerts a small but significant effect on political engagement directly and indirectly via political discussions and political interest. However, participation in NCE is strongly influenced by social strata. The advantages of NCE are therefore not evenly distributed across the German population.
Keywords: cultural education; equal opportunities; mediation analysis; political engagement
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:324-336
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Education and “Categorical Inequalities’’: Manifestation of Segregation in Six Country Contexts in Europe
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4289
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4289
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 313-323
Author-Name: Başak Akkan
Author-Workplace-Name: Social Policy Forum, Boğaziçi University, Turkey
Author-Name: Ayşe Buğra
Author-Workplace-Name: Social Policy Forum, Boğaziçi University, Turkey
Abstract: This article deals with the educational arrangements and the multiple inequalities that they reproduce from a comparative perspective. Drawing on a qualitative study conducted in six countries (Austria, Hungary, Netherlands, Portugal, Turkey, and the UK) as part of a multinational research project concerning justice in Europe, the article explores the mechanisms through which education sustains and reproduces “categorical inequalities.” Although equal access to education is granted by constitutional laws as well as by incorporation of international treaties in the national legal frameworks, it is commonly the educational arrangements that identify the features of access to good quality education in a given context. Dealing with different country cases that have their path dependencies in the arrangements of education, the article provides insights on understanding how different features of segregation in education operate as mechanisms of exclusion for students from a disadvantaged background. Hence, the disadvantages manifest themselves concerning socio‐economic status, ethnicity, race, and minority background. By focusing on the country‐based debates around school segregation, which goes together with the segregated character of urban settings and school choice patterns, the article shows how the institutional context with or without residency‐based registration rules and different types of schools with different resources perpetuate multiple inequalities. In a context where educational arrangements operate as a mechanism of sustaining categorical inequalities, identity‐based differences, combined with economic disadvantages lead to a situation where students from vulnerable and minority groups face multiple forms of exclusion.
Keywords: educational arrangements; multiple inequalities; residential segregation; school choice; school segregation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:313-323
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Unequal Inclusion: The Production of Social Differences in Education Systems
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4322
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4322
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 301-312
Author-Name: Marcus Emmerich
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Education, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, University of Tübingen, Germany
Author-Name: Ulrike Hormel
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Educational and Social Sciences, University of Education Ludwigsburg, Germany
Abstract: The article raises the question of whether and how education systems produce social differences internally rather than reproducing pre‐existing “external” inequalities. Linking Niklas Luhmann’s theory of inclusion/exclusion with Charles Tilly’s theory of categorical inequalities, and based on empirical data from various qualitative studies, the article identifies an “observation regime” epistemically constituting the social classification of students and legitimising organisational closure mechanisms in the school system. As an alternative to the “reproduction paradigm,” a research approach guided by differentiation theory is proposed that takes into account that educational inequality operationally arises on the “inside” of the educational system and is caused by unequal inclusion processes.
Keywords: educational inequality; exclusion; inclusion; observation regime; social closure
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:301-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Politics of Inequalities in Education: Exploring Epistemic Orders and Educational Arrangements of Durable Disadvantaging
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4787
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4787
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 296-300
Author-Name: Kenneth Horvath
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Lucerne, Switzerland
Author-Name: Regula Julia Leemann
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Sociology, University of Teacher Education FHNW, Switzerland / Department of Educational Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
Abstract: The durability of educational inequalities marks a key problem for research and politics alike. Why do unwanted patterns of social sorting and disadvantaging in education prove so persistent, despite decades of research, debates, and reforms? This thematic issue of Social Inclusion aims to further our understanding of the factors and mechanisms underlying this persistence by putting the manifold entanglements of politics, inequalities, and social research centre stage. The collected articles inquire into various facets of this interplay, from the history and politics of the statistical quantification of educational inequalities to the political embedding of everyday pedagogical practices. The contributions cover a wide range of fields and topics, from non‐formal education to school and higher education, from social selectivity in gifted education to subject formation in vocational education. Two strategic anchor points emerge from the collected articles for exploring and analyzing current arrangements of educational inequalities: (1) political and pedagogical epistemic orders and (2) educational arrangements that structure educational processes and situations. Ongoing social and political transformations—including the digitization and datafication of education and changing forms of governance—underline the pressing need for further research along these lines.
Keywords: education; social inequalities; politics of education
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:296-300
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Durable Homelessness: From Negotiations to Emulation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4318
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4318
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 286-295
Author-Name: Kristina Carlsson Stylianides
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden
Author-Name: Verner Denvall
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden
Author-Name: Marcus Knutagård
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden
Abstract: In recent decades, Sweden has seen extensive change in its housing policy, with emphasis shifting from “good housing for all” to marketisation and the supposed benefits of private ownership (Bengtsson, 2013; Grander, 2018). Consequently, Swedish society is now facing increasing homelessness rates, including whole new groups of social service clients due to housing shortages and people’s difficulties accessing the housing market. This article examines the complexities emerging from diverging institutional frames and points specifically to a dividing line between those who can access housing independently and those who need support from the social services. The article describes how such a categorical division/dividing line is institutionalised in the organisation of the social services’ work with homelessness and points to causes and effects of this situation. The case study is based on interviews and documents. The interviewees are staff from the municipal social services and the municipal public housing company. Our theoretical point of departure is Tilly’s (1999) “categorical inequality,” using exploitation, opportunity hoarding, emulation, and adaptation to explain how homelessness is (created and) maintained in our case study. The results show the dependency of social services on external actors and demonstrate the problematic consequences both for those referred to social services and for the practical work within them, including a requirement to stringently control clients. The results further show how it is possible for the social services to maintain collaboration with (public) housing companies at the same time as the most vulnerable clients are permanently denied housing.
Keywords: homelessness; social housing; social services
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:286-295
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “It’s about Living Like Everyone Else”: Dichotomies of Housing Support in Swedish Mental Health Care
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4314
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4314
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 276-285
Author-Name: Ulrika Börjesson
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden / Research and Local Development, Region Jönköping County, Sweden / Jönköping Municipality, Sweden
Author-Name: Mikael Skillmark
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden
Author-Name: Pia H. Bülow
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden / Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, South Africa
Author-Name: Per Bülow
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden / Psychiatric Clinic, Ryhov County Hospital in Jönköping, Sweden
Author-Name: Mattias Vejklint
Author-Workplace-Name: Psychiatry, Substances Abuse and Disabilities, Research and Local Development, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
Author-Name: Monika Wilińska
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden
Abstract: The deinstitutionalization of psychiatric care has not only altered the living conditions for people with severe mental illness but has also greatly affected social services staff. In the Mental Health Act launched by the Swedish government in 1995, a new kind of service called ‘housing support’ and a new occupational group, ‘housing support workers,’ was introduced. However, housing support does not currently operate under any specific guidelines regarding the content of the service. This study explores housing support at local level in various municipalities of one Swedish county. The data is based on discussion with three focus groups: care managers, managers for home and community‐based support, and housing supporter workers. The perspective of institutional logics as a specific set of frames that creates a standard for what should or could be done, or alternately what cannot be questioned, is applied to analyze the constructed meaning of housing support. The meaning of housing support is constructed through three dichotomies: process and product, independence and dependence, and flexibility and structure. These dichotomies can be understood as dilemmas inherent in the work and organizing of housing support. With no clear guidelines, the levels of organizational and professional discretion create a space for local flexibility but may also contribute to tremendous differences in defining and implementing housing support. We discuss the potential consequences for housing support users implied by the identified discrepancies.
Keywords: focus groups; housing support; institutional logics; welfare work
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:276-285
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Engaging with Hard‐To‐Reach Clients: Towards the Last Resort Response by Welfare Workers
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4315
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4315
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 265-275
Author-Name: Sirpa Saario
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Author-Name: Christopher Hall
Author-Workplace-Name: Social Work and Social Care, University of Sussex, UK
Author-Name: Doris Lydahl
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Work Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract: Client non‐cooperation is a widely recognised problem in welfare services. Being ‘hard‐to‐reach’ is considered a risk especially for the most vulnerable clients, for example in terms of increased homelessness. Such clients pose challenges to social inclusion, and services make some allowances to achieve engagement. However, even a minimum level of cooperation is required from hard‐to‐reach clients. In the context of home visiting, we study welfare workers’ efforts to engage with clients who continuously avoid contact. We examine three services in Finland, England, and Sweden that provide floating support to clients in their own accommodation. Utilising Robert Emerson’s idea of ‘the last resort,’ we analyse how workers justify their decisions to continue or terminate the support with the hard‐to‐reach. The data consist of team meeting recordings and home visit observations. We aim to demonstrate that justifications deployed to make the decision to end the home visiting service or tighten control, draw on ‘last resort responses.’ We identify three types of justifications: retrospective summaries on past failures to reach the client, intensifying remedial actions to engage clients, and characterisations of clients as uncooperative. While such justifications can be seen to draw on shared ethics, they have different ethical implications.
Keywords: floating support; hard‐to‐reach clients; home visiting; last resort; social work; welfare workers
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:265-275
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Body Work” in Home‐Based Substance Abuse Care
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4310
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4310
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 256-264
Author-Name: Kirsi Günther
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Turku, Finland
Abstract: This study examines “body work” in the context of home‐based substance abuse care in Finland, which is provided to adults with intoxicant problems and needing short‐ and long‐term support in their everyday lives. This article is concerned specifically with body work, which can be defined as care work focusing directly on the bodies of others. Through a twofold analysis of 13 audio‐recorded home visits and ethnographic field notes, it examines what body work is in home‐based substance abuse care, how close body work is and how workers and clients negotiate about it. The study shows that home as a site of care has an impact on substance abuse care. The worker’s home visit settles into a tension relation between private and public even if the care is a part of weekly routine. Body work is holistic care work necessitating slight, medium, and extreme bodily intimacy in taking care of and supporting client’s well‐being. During the home visit, worker and client negotiate the body work and its content. Worker and client communicate verbally and non‐verbally by gaze and body movements. Often the workers have to balance between disciplinary, participatory, and caring approaches to support the client living in the best possible way.
Keywords: body work; care work; dirty work; home visit; home‐based care; substance abuse care
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:256-264
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: From Home to Community: Reflecting Emotions Related to Mobility
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4323
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4323
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 245-255
Author-Name: Suvi Holmberg
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Author-Name: Jenni-Mari Räsänen
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Abstract: This study investigates how clients’ emotions are invoked and reflected in client–worker interactions and themeanings they have regarding leaving home. We concentrate on floating support work, which aims to support people suffering from mental health and substance abuse‐related issues to improve their living in the community. Our theoretical framework is based on the geography of emotions, and we draw on both the interactional and relational approaches thereto. The research material is gathered from Finland and England. We draw on mobile ethnographic and discursive approaches, and our data consists of transcriptions and field notes gathered during floating support visits (N = 19) that took place either at or outside of a client’s home. Our findings demonstrate how the connections between places and emotions, the emotions connected to leaving one’s home, the emotions reflected while being out in the community, and the reflections of emotions after being out in the community are constructed and reflected in client–worker interactions. The study highlights that these emotions are a necessary and demanding part of promoting clients’ social inclusion in the context of floating support work.
Keywords: emotions; floating support; from home to community; mental health; mobility; substance abuse
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:245-255
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Missing Hero: Co‐Producing Change in Social Housing Programmes
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4312
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4312
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 234-244
Author-Name: Marcus Knutagård
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden
Author-Name: Cecilia Heule
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden
Author-Name: Arne Kristiansen
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden
Abstract: The aim of this article is to develop theory and generate knowledge about the challenges and possibilities of co‐producing change in a social housing programme. The purpose of the project was to implement the Housing First philosophy in the social housing programme in the city of Helsingborg, Sweden. The aim was also to create opportunities for service user involvement. Several innovative measures were implemented in order for these changes to occur from autumn 2016 to summer 2017. The social services commissioned a university course on which social workers and their clients studied together on equal terms to create project plans for the further development of their own workplace. A “Future” workshop was held by the researchers with representatives from all the different housing options (the shelter, transitional housing, category housing, Housing First apartments), both clients and social workers. Repeated dialogue meetings were conducted at the different housing options to discuss how service user involvement could be developed and to discover new ways of participation. This article is based on a strengths‐based perspective using the theoretical discussions on social traps, as well as the concepts of enabling and entrapping niches. We show the importance of social workers identifying and supporting missing heroes—service users who want to participate and be involved in co‐producing change. We also show that if an organisation is not prepared for the initiated changes, there is a risk of disappointment due to awakened expectations that are not fulfilled. Building trust is also an important component to emerge from the material, but we also found that change processes can be initiated that continue and have impact beyond the initial project’s goals.
Keywords: co‐production; enabling niches; gap mending; social housing; social traps; trust
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:234-244
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Women on the Border between Home and Homelessness: Analysing Worker–Client Relationship
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4313
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4313
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 223-233
Author-Name: Riitta Granfelt
Author-Workplace-Name: Y‐Foundation, Finland
Author-Name: Saija Turunen
Author-Workplace-Name: Y‐Foundation, Finland
Abstract: Housing First, as implemented in Finland, offers two housing options for people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness. In this context, permanent housing refers to a scattered‐site rental flat or a community‐based housing unit in accordance with the Housing First principle. The focus of our study was on worker–client relationship and its diverse meanings at different stages of women’s housing pathways. Our data consisted of narrative thematic interviews with nine women who lived in scattered housing and three workers of a housing unit. The narratives of the housing unit workers were related to a deep concern for the women who have the most limited choices and who do not always see the housing unit as home. The workers felt frustrated with the inconsistency of care pathways in substance abuse care, psychiatric hospital care as well as gerontological services. Women in scattered housing had received sufficient support at critical stages of their housing pathway from the public service system, which is an integral part of the Finnish Housing First model. In their cases, homelessness and problems with housing had been addressed as part of a holistic effort to improve the quality of their lives either through adult social work, child protection aftercare or psychosocial services. Getting sufficient support in a vulnerable situation in a trust‐based worker–client relationship was a unifying theme of this dataset of women. Our study also challenges the development of services from the perspective of women whose housing pathways are characterised by numerous losses and exclusions, and for whom many services remain out of reach.
Keywords: female homelessness; home; Housing First; housing pathway; housing unit; worker–client relationship
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:223-233
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Transforming Worker–Client Identities: From Shelters to Housing First
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4273
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4273
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 214-222
Author-Name: Cecilia Hansen Löfstrand
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Work Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Author-Name: Kirsi Juhila
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Abstract: The Housing First (HF) approach to counteracting homelessness, stemming from the USA, is advocated as a blueprint for homelessness policy change in Europe, including the Nordic countries. In contrast to traditional homelessness policies based on shelters as the first step towards ending homelessness, the HF policy discourse regards access to one’s own housing as a basic human right that should not be conditional upon good or acceptable behaviour. Building on ethnographic research in a Swedish HF unit striving to implement the HF approach ‘by the book,’ which includes both focus group interviews with workers and observations of worker–client interactions during home visits, we show how the new HF policy challenges both workers and clients, who used to encounter each other in shelters but now meet in clients’ own homes, transforming their identities. We demonstrate how workers account for transformations in worker–client identities by referring to how they and their clients used to think, talk and act, thus contrasting their new identities with their former selves. Moreover, in their efforts to accomplish their actual work tasks within the framework of the new HF policy discourse in the homes of formerly homeless clients, we show how workers struggle with their identities when they encounter clients in practice. In their accounts of policy change, the workers embraced their new identities with pleasure, but in practice, they were hesitant when dealing with issues of concern, such as their clients’ use of tobacco, alcohol and drugs. In sum, it becomes complicated in practice.
Keywords: homelessness; Housing First; worker–client identities; discursive change; practice
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:214-222
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Fringe or Not Fringe? Strategies for Localizing Supported Accommodation in a Post‐Deinstitutional Era
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4319
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4319
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 201-213
Author-Name: Maria Fjellfeldt
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Sweden
Author-Name: Ebba Högström
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden
Author-Name: Lina Berglund-Snodgrass
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Spatial Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden
Author-Name: Urban Markström
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Umeå University, Sweden
Abstract: Finding suitable locations for supported accommodations is crucial both for the wellbeing of individuals with psychiatric disabilities (PD) and to achieve the objectives of the mental health care reform in order to create opportunities for social inclusion. This article explores municipal strategies for localizing supported accommodations for people with PD. In a multiple case study, interviews with 20 municipal civil servants from social services and urban planning were conducted. Three strategies were identified and further analyzed with a public location theory approach: (1) re‐use, i.e., using existing facilities for a new purpose, (2) fill‐in, i.e., infilling new purpose‐built facilities in existing neighborhoods, and (3) insert, i.e., inserting new premises or facilities as part of a new development. The article shows that the “re‐use” strategy was employed primarily for pragmatic reasons, but also because re‐using former care facilities was found to cause less conflicts, as residents were supposedly used to neighbors with special needs. When the “fill‐in” and “insert” strategies were employed, new accommodations were more often located on the outskirts of neighborhoods. This was a way to balance potential conflicts between residents in ordinary housing and residents in supported accommodations, but also to meet alleged viewpoints of service users’ need for a quiet and secluded accommodation. Furthermore, ideas associated with social services’ view of social inclusion and urban planning’s notion of “tricky” tenants significantly influenced localization strategies. Finally, this article is also a call for more empirical research on the decision‐making processes, use of strategies (intended or not) and spatial outcomes, when localizing supported accommodation for people with PD and other groups in need of support and service.
Keywords: municipal localization strategies; psychiatric disabilities; public facility location; social inclusion; supported accommodation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:201-213
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Right to ‘Have a Say’ in the Deinstitutionalisation of Mental Health in Slovenia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4328
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4328
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 190-200
Author-Name: Mojca Urek
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Work, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Abstract: In a time when the deinstitutionalisation of mental health services has become a global and European platform and one of the main forms of care provision, a theme such as the transition of care from large institutions down to a more personal community level care might seem outlived, but the fact is that in some European countries the discussion has revolved for almost 35 years around the most basic question concerning the closure of large, asylum‐type mental health institutions. In this article, I provide a historical overview and analysis of deinstitutionalisation processes in the field of mental health in Slovenia from mid‐1980s onwards, interpreted in terms of achievements and gaps in community‐based care and in user participation in these processes. It demonstrates some of the innovative participatory practices and their potential to transform services. A thematic data analysis was used to analyse the data collected from various primary (a focus group) and secondary sources (autobiographies, newspaper articles, round table reports, blogs) that all bear witness to the different periods of deinstitutionalisation and the user perspective in it.
Keywords: community mental health; history of deinstitutionalisation; tokenism; social movements; user participation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:190-200
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Deinstitutionalisation and ‘Home Turn’ Policies: Promoting or Hampering Social Inclusion?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4300
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4300
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 179-189
Author-Name: Christopher Hall
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Care, University of Sussex, UK
Author-Name: Suvi Raitakari
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Author-Name: Kirsi Juhila
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Abstract: By the end of the twentieth century, caring for vulnerable adults in the community had become a pervasive policy trend in the Western world. In this article, this policy is described in two phases: deinstitutionalisation and the ‘home turn’ that are reflected from the perspective of social inclusion. Deinstitutionalisation has meant large institutions and asylums being replaced by group homes and communal‐supported housing units in the community. In the second and current phase, the ‘home turn’ emphasises well‐developed community care, home‐based services, everyone’s right to have their own home, and having a valued place in the community. In this semi‐systematic narrative review, the widely shared incentives, premises, and criticisms of deinstitutionalisation and the ‘home turn’ are mapped from the research literature. The special focus is on the possibilities of and hindrances to social inclusion in both policy phases. The research results are mixed and conflicting concerning social inclusion, but there exists a wide consensus that small housing units and supported housing with devoted workers enhance social inclusion better than big institutions. However, the prevalent view is that deinstitutionalisation has not fulfilled its promise of social inclusion, and although the ‘home turn’ is a step in the right direction, there are still problems in strengthening service users’ involvement and creating inclusive and accepting communities.
Keywords: community care; deinstitutionalisation; home‐based services; narrative literature review; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:179-189
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Home‐ and Community‐Based Work at the Margins of Welfare: Balancing between Disciplinary, Participatory and Caring Approaches
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4667
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4667
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 175-178
Author-Name: Kirsi Juhila
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Author-Name: Cecilia Hansen Löfstrand
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Work Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Author-Name: Johanna Ranta
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland
Abstract: By the end of the 20th century, deinstitutionalisation had become a pervasive trend in the Western world. This thematic issue discusses how successful deinstitutionalisation has been in enabling dignified and safe living with necessary services in local communities. It contributes to an understanding of the history and phases of deinstitutionalisation and ‘home turn’ policies, and sheds light on the grassroots‐level of home‐ and community‐based work at the margins of welfare, hitherto little researched. The latter includes grassroots work to implement the Housing First approach to homelessness, commonly portrayed as a means of social inclusion, worker–client interactions during home visits and in the local community, as well as close inspections of what ‘housing support’ may actually entail in terms of care, discipline and service user participation.
Keywords: deinstitutionalisation; grassroots level; home turn; Housing First; participation; worker–client interaction
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:175-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Segmentation of the Academic Labour Market and Gender, Field, and Institutional Inequalities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4190
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4190
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 163-174
Author-Name: Marta Vohlídalová
Author-Workplace-Name: AMBIS University, Czech Republic
Abstract: Using data from a 2017 survey of Czech academics this article examines the casualisation of working conditions in the Czech academic labour market (ALM) and explores gender, sectoral, and institutional inequalities through the lens of the theory of labour market segmentation. A hierarchical cluster analysis reveals three segments in the Czech ALM: core (40%), periphery (28%), and semi‐periphery (32%), which roughly align with work positions in the early, middle, and senior stages of an academic career. In the semi‐periphery gender is found to be a key factor in in determining working conditions, while in the periphery working conditions are most affected by the type of institution. In the core, gender differences are mainly reflected in the gender wage gap. The effects of casualisation on working conditions are found to be more pronounced in STEM fields than in the social sciences and humanities across the ALM, but wages are generally higher in STEM fields.
Keywords: academia; inequalities; labour market segmentation; neoliberalism; work conditions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:163-174
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Diversity is not the Enemy: Promoting Encounters between University Students and Newcomers
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4121
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4121
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 154-162
Author-Name: Janieta Bartz
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Emotional Development in Rehabilitation and Education, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, TU Dortmund, Germany
Author-Name: Wibke Kleina
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of General Didactics and School Pedagogy, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, TU Dortmund, Germany
Abstract: In today’s globalized world with dynamic processes of political, social, and societal change (Mergner et al., 2019) the university should be a place of encounter between people with different (cultural) backgrounds. The learning arrangement presented here therefore initiates intercultural exchange and aims to help students see diversity as an asset rather than a challenge (Roos, 2019). To this end, an intercultural project was initiated at TU Dortmund in Germany in 2017. In the context of different learning environments future teachers were invited to have encounters with young newcomers through a nearly completely self‐managed learning arrangement. The students were prepared for the encounters in focused courses dealing with theoretical backgrounds and didactic concepts. They would then prepare the lessons with the newcomers. In the context of this learning arrangement the following questions were important: What did the university students expect with regard to the encounter with newcomer students from schools? How did they prepare the lessons? What did students and newcomers think about the encounters later? What have they learned? And what do these reflections mean for inclusive and intercultural teacher education at universities? In the project we could observe that the didactic approach supports the students’ level of sensitivity towards differences and encourages future teachers to train the education of newcomers in a non‐judgmental framework (Bartz & Bartz, 2018). Based on a selection of qualitative empirical findings (ethnographic approach during six lessons in a period of two years and 147 interviews including the students’ and newcomers’ points of view about their learning encounters at TU Dortmund), this article discusses opportunities to create more innovative spaces for inclusive practices and cultures under the restricted terms of a mass university.
Keywords: higher education; intercultural studies; guided encounters; newcomers; teacher education; reflective inclusion; refugees; self‐reflection; universal design for learning
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:154-162
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Coloniality in the German Higher Education System: Implications for Policy and Institutional Practice
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4139
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4139
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 142-153
Author-Name: Lisa Unangst
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Higher Education Governance Ghent, Ghent University, Belgium
Author-Name: Ana M. Martínez Alemán
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Leadership and Higher Education, Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Boston College, USA
Abstract: This article focuses on the public German higher education sector as a site upon and through which coloniality is enacted. This status quo indicates exclusionary effects and merits interrogation. We briefly discuss the history of German colonialism to understand how coloniality pervades higher educational structures in the German context today. Two proposals addressing coloniality in German higher education are made: the development of structures centering diverse faculty and the support of ethnic and identity studies.
Keywords: colonialism; coloniality; diversity; Germany; higher education; identity
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:142-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: University Applicants from Refugee Backgrounds and the Intention to Drop Out from Pre‐Study Programs: A Mixed‐Methods Study
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4126
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4126
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 130-141
Author-Name: Michael Grüttner
Author-Workplace-Name: DZHW—Educational Careers and Graduate Employment, German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, Germany / LCSS—Leibniz Centre for Science and Society, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
Author-Name: Stefanie Schröder
Author-Workplace-Name: Academic Quality Management and Higher Education Development, Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Author-Name: Jana Berg
Author-Workplace-Name: DZHW—Educational Careers and Graduate Employment, German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies, Germany
Abstract: The mixed‐methods project WeGe investigates key factors for refugees’ integration into pre‐study programs and conditions for successful transitions to higher education institutions (HEIs). In this article, we first examine the dropout intentions of international students and refugee students participating in formal pre‐study programs at German HEIs to disclose both barriers and resources. We use insights from migration research to extend theoretical student dropout models and analyse novel data from a quantitative survey with international and refugee students in pre‐study programs. Our findings show that refugee students intend to drop out from pre‐study programs more often than other international students. This difference disappears when other characteristics are controlled for. Effect decomposition shows that financial problems and perceived exclusion are driving dropout intentions of refugee students, whereas German language use in everyday life and a strong connection to the prospective field of study function as a resource and reduce the dropout risk. Depending on the reference group, deficits or resources of refugee students become apparent. This result suggests that refugees should be addressed as a student group in their own right. As a second step, we analyse qualitative expert interviews to reconstruct the staff’s perspectives on barriers and resources of refugee students to analyse how the driving factors of dropout intentions are represented in their knowledge. In particular, we show if and how this knowledge is used to address refugees and to develop inclusive educational concepts within pre‐study programs.
Keywords: dropout intention; German higher education; international students; pre‐study programs; refugee students
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:130-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Digital Teaching, Inclusion and Students’ Needs: Student Perspectives on Participation and Access in Higher Education
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4125
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4125
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 117-129
Author-Name: Leevke Wilkens
Author-Workplace-Name: Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Technology, TU Dortmund, Germany
Author-Name: Anne Haage
Author-Workplace-Name: DoBuS—Department of Disability and Studies, TU Dortmund, Germany
Author-Name: Finnja Lüttmann
Author-Workplace-Name: DoBuS—Department of Disability and Studies, TU Dortmund, Germany
Author-Name: Christian R. Bühler
Author-Workplace-Name: Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Technology, TU Dortmund, Germany
Abstract: In this article we discuss the contribution of digitalisation for equal participation in higher education. Its potential is often postulated, but accessibility is seldom examined in this context. Despite the challenges and difficulties created in the summer term of 2020, this semester has provided a great opportunity to collect data on digital teaching, as face‐to‐face teaching needed to be transformed into digital teaching. Based on two surveys conducted in the summer of 2020, current practices and students’ needs regarding accessibility are outlined. Despite the circumstances, it can be derived from the surveys that digital teaching generally provides a variety of advantages for students with disabilities, although some tools and platforms remain not fully accessible to them. Additionally, the results indicate that not only students with sensory impairments benefit from the principles of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (2018). In particular, the principles ‘operable’ and ‘understandable’ are beneficial for students with mental health difficulties. Regarding the assessment of accessibility features, the study shows that the perception of students with and without impairments is very similar.
Keywords: accessibility; digital teaching; disability; higher education; ICTs; impairment; inclusion; universal design; WCAG
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:117-129
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Faculty Perception of Inclusion in the University: Concept, Policies and Educational Practices
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4114
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4114
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 106-116
Author-Name: Ana Maria Moral Mora
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research Methods and Educational Diagnosis, University of Valencia, Spain
Author-Name: Inmaculada Chiva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research Methods and Educational Diagnosis, University of Valencia, Spain
Author-Name: Carmen Lloret‐Catala
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Comparative Education and Education History, University of Valencia, Spain
Abstract: European universities must face the challenge of diversity and design inclusive practices to address it as part of their social responsibility. However, not all universities are doing the same in terms of diversity practices, so it is important to gather the perceptions of the protagonists. To this end, we have analysed university faculty’s perceptions using a mixed model with a concurrent methodological strategy, including an ad hoc questionnaire validated with 880 educators, as well as 17 semi‐structured interviews. The triangulation of these two instruments allowed us to analyse three key dimensions associated with the idea of attention to diversity in the university: diversity concept or culture, policies and programmes of the institution, and inclusive educational practices. The conclusion is that faculty members are positively predisposed to get involved in the process of attention to diversity in all three dimensions, especially in the design of inclusive teaching practices such as the UDL (universal design for learning), although they do point out that it is important to systematise diversity policies in research, innovation, and teaching to keep promoting the social commitment and responsibility of higher education institutions.
Keywords: attention to diversity; equity; faculty; higher education; mixed methods; universal design for learning; university policies; university students
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:106-116
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Comparative Inclusion: What Spanish Higher Education Teachers Assert
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4030
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4030
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 94-105
Author-Name: Amparo Pérez‐Carbonell
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research Methods and Educational Diagnosis, Faculty of Philosophy and Education Sciences, Spain
Author-Name: Genoveva Ramos‐Santana
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research Methods and Educational Diagnosis, Faculty of Philosophy and Education Sciences, Spain
Author-Name: María‐Jesús Martínez‐Usarralde
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Comparative Education and Education History, Faculty of Philosophy and Education Sciences, Spain
Abstract: From a critical comparative perspective (far from more naive and resolute trends) this study delves into the problematisation that comes with recognising comparative education as ‘the science of the difference’ (Nóvoa, 2018). Despite the cementation of discursive, regulatory, and normative governance, of a new higher education regime (Zapp & Ramirez, 2019) revealing the growing isomorphism in the global political and educational discourse of academics, some idiosyncratic characteristics can be detected as a result of the policy implemented in each context. The aim of this article is to compare the beliefs and attitudes of professors from seven Spanish universities regarding diversity, as well as the level of inclusion in higher education, by means of an exploratory, descriptive, and comparative survey. A total of 977 educators participated in a purposive sampling. Descriptive techniques, contrasting differences and comparing proportions allowed us to detect that, although there are no major differences between the teachers’ beliefs and attitudes, some of the minor ones are still worth highlighting. Some of these are the commitment to incorporate diversity in methodologies and teaching resources, in their attempt to meet the needs of diverse people, or the way they perceived personal or institutional commitment to diversity. In conclusion, it is necessary to take a stance on diversity and inclusion that supports the need to stop and reflect on the richness they can provide, from a comparative position and constantly distancing ourselves (Kim, 2020) from today’s university system.
Keywords: comparative education; diversity; higher education; inclusion; Spain; teachers; teachers’ attitudes and values
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:94-105
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Towards Inclusion in Spanish Higher Education: Understanding the Relationship between Identification and Discrimination
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4065
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4065
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 81-93
Author-Name: Beatriz Gallego-Noche
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Cadiz, Spain
Author-Name: Cristina Goenechea
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Cadiz, Spain
Author-Name: Inmaculada Antolínez‐Domínguez
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Labor Law and Social Security, University of Cadiz, Spain
Author-Name: Concepción Valero‐Franco
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Cadiz, Spain
Abstract: It is more and more evident that there is diversity among university students, but this diversity encompasses a wide variety of personal characteristics that, on occasion, may be subject to rejection or discrimination. The feeling of inequality is the result of one stand‐alone characteristic or an intersection of many. To widen our knowledge of this diversity and to be able to design actions with an inclusive approach, we have set out to explore the relationship between students’ feelings of discrimination, their group identification and their intersections. Participants for the study are selected from protected groups which fall into the following criteria: ethnic minority, illness, migrant minority, disability, linguistic minority, sexual orientation, income, political ideology, gender, age and religion. We will refer to this relationship as the ‘discrimination rate.’ To fulfil our objective, we have given a questionnaire to a sample of 2,553 students from eight Spanish universities. The results indicate that the characteristics with which they most identify are religion, age, sex and political ideology. However, the highest rate of discrimination is linked to linguistic minority, ideology and migration. Regarding intersectionality, it is worth noting that 16.6% of students feel discriminated against for more than one characteristic, with the most frequent relationships being the following: (1) ethnic or migrant minorities (2) sexual orientation, sex, being under 30, leftist ideology, low income, linguistic minority and (3) Christian Catholic, right‐wing and upper‐class ideology.
Keywords: discrimination; higher education; inclusive education; Spain; university students
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:81-93
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Gender and Globalization of Academic Labor Markets: Research and Teaching Staff at Nordic Universities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4131
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4131
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 69-80
Author-Name: Maria Pietilä
Author-Workplace-Name: Human Resources Services, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
Author-Name: Ida Drange
Author-Workplace-Name: Work Research Institute, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
Author-Name: Charlotte Silander
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Linnaeus University, Sweden
Author-Name: Agnete Vabø
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
Abstract: In this article, we investigate how the globalized academic labor market has changed the composition of teaching and research staff at Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish universities. We use national statistical data on the gender and country‐origin of universities’ teaching and research staff between 2012 and 2018 to study how the globalized academic labor market has influenced the proportion of women across career stages, with a special focus on STEM fields. We pay special attention to how gender and country‐origin are interrelated in universities’ academic career hierarchies. The findings show that the proportion of foreign‐born teaching and research staff rose substantially at the lower career level (grade C positions) in the 2010s. The increase was more modest among the most prestigious grade A positions, such as professorships. The findings show significant national differences in how gender and country‐origin of staff intersect in Nordic universities. The study contributes to research on the gendered patterns of global academic labor markets and social stratification in Nordic universities.
Keywords: academic staff; country origin; gender; internalization; mobility; Nordic universities; universities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:69-80
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Facilitating Intercultural Encounters with International Students: A Contribution to Inclusion and Social Network Formation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4084
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4084
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 58-68
Author-Name: Katharina Resch
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Teacher Education, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: José Pedro Amorim
Author-Workplace-Name: CIIE–Centre for Research and Intervention in Education, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal / Paulo Freire Institute, Portugal
Abstract: Higher education has become increasingly mobile and international, with many students taking the opportunity to study abroad during their studies. When they do so, forming and maintaining social networks is fundamental for their development of a sense of social inclusion. According to Coleman’s model of concentric circles, international students can establish networks with students from their own country (inner circle), with other international students (middle circle) and with local students (outer circle). This study explores various formats of organised student encounters in these three circles which contribute to the social inclusion of international students. The article is based on desk research of 15 formats of intercultural student encounters which facilitate social network formation during a study placement abroad in six countries in Europe. The findings show that all the studied formats of organised student encounters facilitate social networks in the middle and outer circles, while those in the inner circle are established by the students themselves and through informal social interaction. Formats embedded in the curriculum are most suited to facilitating social network formation throughout the academic year. Extracurricular formats, in contrast, tend to be single occasion activities without follow‐up. The study shows that universities can facilitate social network formation and assist social inclusion for international students through organised encounters in which international and local students meet. Organising such encounters does, however, require resources, evaluation, and adequate funding.
Keywords: diversity in higher education; internationalisation; social inclusion; social network formation; student encounters
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:58-68
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusive Higher Education Access for Underrepresented Groups: It Matters, But How Can Universities Measure It?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4163
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4163
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 44-57
Author-Name: Anete Veidemane
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, University of Twente, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Frans Kaiser
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, University of Twente, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Daniela Craciun
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, University of Twente, The Netherlands
Abstract: Measuring access to higher education for underrepresented groups is a relevant yet challenging task. The article shows that while social inclusion is recognised as a priority, policymakers, academics, and institutional leaders struggle to define, operationalise, and measure it. This makes answering the question of what constitutes a socially inclusive higher education institution quite difficult. While the answer to this question may be context‐specific, there is a clear need for a set of commonly defined indicators that allow higher education institutions to measure their progress throughout time and in relation to others. The article synthesises insights from policy, practise, and scientific research to identify which indicators are the most promising for assessing the access of under‐representative students to higher education. By discussing indicator relevance, validity and feasibility, the article contributes to the quest for internationally comparable social inclusion indicators of underrepresented student groups.
Keywords: access; higher education; indicators; rankings; social inclusion; underrepresented students; university
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:44-57
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Mass University and Social Inclusion: The Paradoxical Effect of Public Policies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4165
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4165
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 32-43
Author-Name: Pierre Canisius Kamanzi
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of Montreal, Canada
Author-Name: Gaële Goastellec
Author-Workplace-Name: LACCUS/OSPS, Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Author-Name: Laurence Pelletier
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of Montreal, Canada
Abstract: The objective of this article is to revisit the role of public policies in the social production and reproduction of university access inequalities that have been made evident more than ever in the current intensified mass higher education context. Although the situation is complex and varies from one societal context to another, a systematic review of the existing literature highlights the undeniable responsibility of public policies in this reproduction through three main channels: guidance systems and educational pathways, institutions’ stratification and hierarchization of fields of study and, finally, the financing of studies and tuition fees.
Keywords: educational policies; equity; higher education; inequality; public policies; social exclusion; university
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:32-43
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Need and Desire for Inclusive Universities: A Perspective from Development Studies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4096
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4096
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 27-31
Author-Name: Stephen Thompson
Author-Workplace-Name: Participation Inclusion and Social Change Research Cluster, Institute of Development Studies, UK
Abstract: In recent times there has been sustained momentum to address inequalities within university faculties and improve the diversity of students. Also, in response to historical and current social injustices, universities have sought to decolonize curricula. These progressive movements have had particular significance for departments focused on development studies and related subjects because the need to be inclusive is not only the right thing to do from a moral position, but also because to be exclusive is fundamentally challenging to the conceptualization and philosophy of the discipline. Development is a contested term but addressing inequality and working towards social justice are common themes found across most definitions. This commentary provides a critical insight into the importance of inclusive universities as gatekeepers to equitable knowledge production and the development of future professionals. To play their part in addressing the challenges posed by a globalized world, universities need to be proactive in ensuring that they become fully and meaningfully inclusive. While all university departments would benefit from becoming more inclusive, departments focused on development must be the pioneers leading the way, as inclusivity is relevant to the delivery of development studies, as well as emerging as an important discourse within the discipline that continues to evolve. This commentary will explore how and why in an increasingly interconnected global society, the need for universities to leave no one behind, and challenge hegemonic and unequal structures has never been greater.
Keywords: decolonization; development studies; inclusion; universities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:27-31
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Legibility Zones: An Empirically-Informed Framework for Considering Unbelonging and Exclusion in Contemporary English Academia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4074
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4074
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 16-26
Author-Name: Jessica Wren Butler
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, UK / Department of Educational Research, Lancaster University, UK
Abstract: This article introduces a new, empirically-derived conceptual framework for considering exclusion in English higher education (HE): legibility zones. Drawing on interviews with academic employees in England, it suggests that participants orientate themselves to a powerful imaginary termed the hegemonic academic. Failing to align with this ideal can engender a sense of dislocation conceptualised as unbelonging. The mechanisms through which hegemonic academic identity is constituted and unbelonging is experienced are mapped onto three domains: the institutional, the ideological, and the embodied. The framework reveals the mutable and intersecting nature of these zones, highlighting the complex dynamics of unbelonging and the attendant challenge presented to inclusion projects when many apparatuses of exclusion are perceived as fundamental to what HE is for, what an academic is, and how academia functions.
Keywords: academia; academic staff; alienation; belonging; higher education; diversity and inclusion; impostor syndrome; inequalities; unbelonging
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:16-26
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Inclusive University: A Critical Theory Perspective Using a Recognition‐Based Approach
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4122
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4122
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 6-15
Author-Name: Jan McArthur
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Research, Lancaster University, UK
Abstract: This article offers a conceptual exploration of the inclusive university from a Frankfurt School critical theory perspective. It does not seek to define the inclusive university, but to explore aspects of its nature, possibilities and challenges. Critical theory eschews fixed definitions in favour of broader understandings that reflect the complexities of human life. I propose that we consider questions of inclusion in terms of mutual recognition and use the debate between critical theorists Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth to explain the implications of this approach. Central to Frankfurt School critical theory is the idea that we achieve our individuality through our interactions with others. Anything which prevents an individual leading a fully realised social life, within or outwith the university, undermines inclusion. Thus, I offer a broader, more complex and holistic understanding of inclusion than traditional approaches within the university such as widening participation. While such approaches can be helpful, they are insufficient to address the full challenge of an inclusive university, understood in these terms of critical theory and mutual recognition.
Keywords: Alex Honneth; critical theory; higher education; mutual recognition; Nancy Fraser; social justice; university
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:6-15
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusive Universities in a Globalized World
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4632
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i3.4632
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-5
Author-Name: Liudvika Leišytė
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Higher Education, TU Dortmund, Germany
Author-Name: Rosemary Deem
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business & Management, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK
Author-Name: Charikleia Tzanakou
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Diversity Policy and Research Practice, Oxford Brookes University, UK
Abstract: This thematic issue of Social Inclusion focuses on universities as inclusive organisations in a variety of different countries and higher education (HE) systems. It explores how these institutions aim, succeed or fail to become inclusive organisations, what policies and processes help achieve these goals and how academics and students can become agents of change through inclusive teaching and research cultures. The contributions in this thematic issue point to the multi‐level as well as multi‐faceted challenges and characteristics of inclusion in HE in general and in universities in particular, based on both student and academic points of view. They offer innovative conceptual ways of thinking as well as measuring inclusion. Further, they point out the importance of context in understanding the challenges of achieving equality and inclusion in universities through country‐specific as well as cross‐country comparisons of various aspects of diversity and inclusivity. We hope this thematic issue will inspire theoretical thinking, support practitioners and encourage policy‐making about more responsible ways of defining and fostering inclusive universities in a globalised world.
Keywords: academic staff; diversity; higher education; inclusive university; students
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:3:p:1-5
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: When Does Expanded Eligibility Translate into Increased Take-Up? An Examination of Parental Leave Policy in Luxembourg
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3787
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3787
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 350-363
Author-Name: Merve Uzunalioglu
Author-Workplace-Name: Thomas Coram Research Unit, Department of Social Sciences, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK / Living Conditions Department, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Luxembourg
Author-Name: Marie Valentova
Author-Workplace-Name: Living Conditions Department, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Luxembourg
Author-Name: Margaret O'Brien
Author-Workplace-Name: Thomas Coram Research Unit, Department of Social Sciences, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, UK
Author-Name: Anne-Sophie Genevois
Author-Workplace-Name: Living Conditions Department, Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, Luxembourg
Abstract: This article aims to explore the role of eligibility for parental leave as a determinant of access and as an enabler of leave take-up. To analyse the link between eligibility and take-up, we study a unique policy change in Luxembourg’s parental leave scheme. The country’s 2016 parental leave reform relaxed the eligibility criteria to enable marginal part-time working parents to access the parental leave scheme for the first time. We focus on this change and examine to what extent relaxing the eligibility criteria translated into increased take-up by the marginal part-time working parents who became eligible. To quantify this transition, we analyse trends in and patterns of eligibility for the scheme in Luxembourg between 2009 and 2018 among first-time parents working full-time, part-time, or marginal part-time hours. We use a subsample of Luxembourg-resident, cohabiting, first-time parents (N = 6,254) drawn from the social security data. Our analysis shows that as eligibility is dependent on individual factors, it has similarities among mothers and fathers, whereas take-up is notably greater for mothers. After the reform, we observe that marginal part-time working mothers started taking parental leave, but up to 2018, the reform’s outreach to marginal part-time working fathers remained limited. We also find that foreign national parents are less likely to be eligible for parental leave and have lower take-up rates. Despite the gendered parental leave take-up behaviours in parallel with international evidence, marginal part-time working mothers’ positive response to the reform indicates progress towards strengthening women’s labour market attachment in Luxembourg.
Keywords: eligibility; employment; leave take-up; Luxembourg; marginal part-time; parental leave
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:350-363
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Parental Leave Reforms in Finland 1977–2019 from a Diversity Perspective
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3796
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3796
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 338-349
Author-Name: Anna Moring
Author-Workplace-Name: Network of Family Diversity, Finland
Author-Name: Johanna Lammi-Taskula
Author-Workplace-Name: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
Abstract: In Finland, all parents, regardless of gender, are eligible for parental leave and there are no restrictive eligibility criteria. In practice, however, the statutory leave options are not equally available to all parents. Since the 1970s, steps have been taken in redesigning the leave scheme to make it more inclusive. Several reforms have been made to promote equality, mainly between women and men, but also between diverse families, such as adoptive families, multiple-birth families or same-sex parent families. The ‘demotherisation’ of parental-leave rights has slowly shifted the focus from biological mothers to fathers and non-biological parents. In the most recent reforms, the focus has widened from equality between parents to include equality between children regardless of the form of the family that they are born or adopted into.
Keywords: demotherisation; family diversity; gender equality; non-biological parents; parental leave; reform
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:338-349
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Mothers and Parental Leave in Belgium: Social Inequalities in Eligibility and Uptake
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3834
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3834
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 325-337
Author-Name: Leen Marynissen
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Population, Family and Health, Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Jonas Wood
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Population, Family and Health, Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Karel Neels
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Population, Family and Health, Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Abstract: In recent decades, many Western European countries introduced parental leave policies to support the work–family combination in families with young children. However, these parental leave schemes often exhibit employment‐based eligibility criteria, so the question arises to which extent social inequalities emerge in the access to parental leave, and as a result thereof also in the uptake of parental leave. Although research on parental leave increasingly addresses the issue of inclusiveness, only a limited number of studies has yet examined individual‐level differentials in parents’, and especially mothers’, eligibility. Using detailed register data, we develop an individual‐level indicator of eligibility in Belgium and deploy it to document differentiation in mothers’ eligibility by age at first birth, partnership status, migration background and education. In addition, we examine to what extent differential eligibility can explain inequalities in parental leave uptake. Our results show that a considerable share of mothers—specifically very young, single, low educated mothers and mothers with a migration background—do not meet the eligibility criteria and thus are structurally excluded from parental leave in Belgium. Furthermore, differential eligibility can account for a large part of the age and educational gradients in parental leave use, as well as differences by migration background. Eligibility cannot (fully) account for lower parental leave use by single mothers and mothers with a Moroccan or Turkish migration background. Our findings suggest that a reconsideration of eligibility criteria may be instrumental in increasing the inclusiveness of parental leave policies.
Keywords: Belgium; eligibility; inclusiveness; mothers; parental leave; social inequalities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:325-337
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: How Different Parental Leave Schemes Create Different Take-Up Patterns: Denmark in Nordic Comparison
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3870
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3870
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 313-324
Author-Name: Tine Rostgaard
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Denmark
Author-Name: Anders Ejrnæs
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Denmark
Abstract: The prevailing gender ideologies in the Nordic countries generally support the equal division of work and family life between men and women, including the equal sharing of parental leave. Regardless, as the exceptional case in the Nordic region, Denmark currently has no father’s quota, and this despite the strong impact such policy has effectively proven to have on gender equality in take-up of parental leave. While a quota intended for the father is instead implemented in Denmark via collective agreements, this is mainly available for fathers in more secure labour market positions. This situates Danish fathers, mothers and their children very unequally regarding parental leave entitlements, and the existing inequalities continue across gender, social class and labour market positions. This article explores to what extent institutional variables vis-à-vis cultural explanations such as gender attitudes provide an understanding of why Danish fathers take less parental leave than other Nordic fathers. We use data from the European Values Study (1990‒2017) as well as administrative data for fathers’ parental leave take-up in the same period, relative to the other Nordics and for specific education backgrounds. We conclude that Danish men and women are even more supportive of gender equality in terms of work‒family life sharing compared to other Nordic countries. This indicates that institutional conditions such as parental leave entitlement matter for leave take-up, but in the Danish case attitudes do less so. Not having a father’s quota seems to affect fathers disproportionally across the education divide, and the lower parental leave take-up among Danish men with little education is primarily ascribed to their labour market insecurity. The policy implication is clear: If we want mothers and fathers with different social backgrounds to share parental leave more equally, the policy must change—not attitudes.
Keywords: Denmark; European Values Study; father’s quota; gender equality; leave take-up; parental leave; statistics
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:313-324
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Social Inclusion or Gender Equality? Political Discourses on Parental Leave in Finland and Sweden
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3844
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3844
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 300-312
Author-Name: Mikael Nygård
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Policy, Åbo Akademi University, Finland
Author-Name: Ann-Zofie Duvander
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Sweden / Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mid University, Sweden
Abstract: During the 2010s, both Finland and Sweden made advancements in their parental leave systems by widening the right to paid parental leave to a greater diversity of family constellations and investing in gender-equal leave distribution through longer leave periods reserved for the father. However, in the latter respect, Sweden has remained more successful than Finland. This article analyses government and political party discourses in Finland and Sweden during the 2010s in pursuit of an explanation to this difference and for understanding how ideas on social inclusion and gender equality have been used to drive, or block, policy reforms in the field of parental leave. The results show that the parental leave discourses have become influenced by ideas on social inclusion and gender equality in both countries, but in somewhat different ways. While gender equality has retained a stronger position in the Swedish discourse and its policy, social inclusion, and notably the rights of same-sex parents, have become more visible in the Finnish. However, the results also show that both ideas have remained contested on a party level, especially by confessional and nationalist-populist parties.
Keywords: 2010s; Finland; gender equality; government; parental leave distribution; political discourse; political party; Sweden
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:300-312
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Dimensions of Social Equality in Paid Parental Leave Policy Design: Comparing Australia and Japan
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3863
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3863
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 288-299
Author-Name: Gillian Whitehouse
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Political Science and International Studies, The University of Queensland, Australia
Author-Name: Hideki Nakazato
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Faculty of Letters, Konan University, Japan
Abstract: Paid parental leave policies in both Australia and Japan fit within Dobrotić and Blum’s (2020) classification of a selective employment-based entitlement model, thus offering an extension of that category beyond Europe and illustrating the wide variation possible within it. In this article we develop indices for comparing employment-based parental leave policies on three dimensions of social equality: inclusion, gender equality and redistribution. This combination offers an extension of classificatory schemes for parental leave policies and a broader basis for comparative analysis. We compare Australia and Japan on these indices and present a qualitative exploration of the origins and implications of their similarities and differences. The analysis draws attention to tensions between the three indices, illustrating intersecting and conflicting influences on the potential for paid parental leave entitlements to contribute to the amelioration of social inequalities. Overall, the comparison highlights drivers of difference within employment-based entitlement systems and underlines the need for complementary measures to advance egalitarian outcomes.
Keywords: Australia; gender equality; inclusion; Japan; leave policy design; paid parental leave; redistribution; social equality
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:288-299
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Inclusiveness of Maternity Leave Rights over 120 Years and across Five Continents
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3785
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3785
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 275-287
Author-Name: Keonhi Son
Author-Workplace-Name: CRC 1342 Global Dynamics of Social Policy, SOCIUM—Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy,
University of Bremen, Germany
Author-Name: Tobias Böger
Author-Workplace-Name: CRC 1342 Global Dynamics of Social Policy, SOCIUM—Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy,
University of Bremen, Germany
Abstract: Even though paid maternity leave was the earliest form of social protection specifically aimed at women workers and is fundamental in securing their economic independence vis-à-vis employers and spouses, it has received scant scholarly attention. Neither the traditional historical accounts of welfare state emergence nor the more recent gendered analyses of developed welfare states have provided comparative accounts of its beginnings and trajectories. Employing the newly created historical database of maternity leave, we provide the first global and historical perspective on paid maternity leave policies covering 157 countries from the 1880s to 2018. Focusing on eligibility rather than generosity, we construct a measure of inclusiveness of paid maternity leaves to highlight how paid maternity leave has shaped not only gender but also social inequality, which has, until recently, largely been ignored by the literature on leave policies. The analyses of coverage expansion by sector and the development of eligibility rules reveal how paid maternity leave has historically stratified women workers by occupation and labor market position but is slowly evolving into a more universal social right across a broad range of countries. Potential drivers for this development are identified using multivariate analysis, suggesting a pivotal role for the political empowerment of women in the struggle for gender and social equality. However, the prevalence of informal labor combined with insufficient or non-existing maternity benefits outside the systems of social insurance still poses significant obstacles to the protection of women workers in some countries.
Keywords: family policy; global South; inequality; maternity leave; maternity protection; social rights
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:275-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Contextualized Inclusiveness of Parental Leave Benefits
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3846
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3846
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 262-274
Author-Name: Anna Kurowska
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Warsaw, Poland
Abstract: This article builds on a recent operationalization of inclusiveness of parental leave benefits proposed by Ivana Dobrotić and Sonja Blum and complements it by developing indicators of contextualized inclusiveness. This contextualized approach sets the formal entitlement and eligibility rules of social rights to parental leave benefits in the relevant socio‐economic context of the country to which these rules apply. The aim is to shed light on the extent to which parts of the country’s population are actually excluded or are at risk of being excluded from access to parental leave at a given moment in time. This is strongly shaped by, among other factors, the structure of the population according to employment status, job tenure or type of contract. An important characteristic of the methodological approach adopted in this article is that the proposed contextualized indicators are based on easily and publicly available and internationally comparable data. This makes the approach easily applicable by wide audiences, academic and practice‐oriented ones alike. The proposed indicators are then applied to sixteen European countries and show a much more diversified and nuanced landscape of contextualized inclusiveness of parental leave entitlements in Europe than the comparison of formal inclusiveness done by Dobrotić and Blum suggested. This study also shows that higher formal inclusiveness of employment‐based parental leave benefits was more common in countries with higher shares of those social groups that, in case of less inclusive regulations, would not have access to parental benefits.
Keywords: access to leave; inclusive policy; parental benefits; socio‐economic context; social indicators; social rights
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:262-274
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Capturing the Gender Gap in the Scope of Parenting Related Leave Policies Across Nations
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3852
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3852
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 250-261
Author-Name: Alison Koslowski
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
Abstract: This article contributes to the conceptual and technical development of cross-national measurement and analysis of the gender gap in the scope of parenting related leave entitlements. That there is a gender gap in the scope of leave benefits is widely acknowledged, but it is rarely quantified. The nomenclature in use around leave policies is diverse and so a first step is to standardise categories and develop a unit of parenting related leave. There is considerable cross-national variation in the configuration of the scope of leave policies. As such, a second step is to consider how best to include the different dimensions of this scope (e.g., duration, payment level, individual parent versus family design) in an estimate of the gender gap in entitlement. Using data collated by the International Network on Leave Policies and Research, a gender gap indicator is created to contribute to our understanding of the inclusiveness of parenting related leave for men as compared to women. This indicator highlights that only two (Iceland and Norway) of 45 countries included in this analysis had achieved a zero-gender gap in terms of entitlement to ‘well-paid,’ individual parenting related leave during the first 18 months of a child’s life. The average gender gap for the countries in the analysis is between two to three months. Only seven countries offered more than two months leave to fathers as an individual entitlement. This is likely to be part of the explanation in many countries for lower leave taking practice by men compared to women.
Keywords: comparative analysis; inclusiveness; gender gap; leave policy; parenting; social rights
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:250-261
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Measuring the Generosity of Parental Leave Policies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3943
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3943
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 238-249
Author-Name: Adeline Otto
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Alzbeta Bártová
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
Author-Name: Wim Van Lancker
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Sociological Research, KU Leuven, Belgium
Abstract: In order to investigate and compare welfare states or specific welfare programmes, scientists, opinion‐makers and politicians rely on indicators. As many of the concepts or objects studied are somewhat abstract, these indicators can often only be approximations. In comparative welfare‐state research, scholars have suggested several approximating indicators to quantitatively measure and compare the generosity of public welfare provision, with a special focus on cash benefits. These indicators include social spending, social rights and benefit receipt. We present these indicators systematically, and critically discuss how suitable they are for comparing the generosity of parenting leave policies in developed welfare states. Subsequently, we illustrate how the operationalisation of leave generosity by means of different indicators can lead to different rankings, interpretations and qualifications of countries. Hence, indicator choices have to be considered carefully and suitably justified, depending on the actual research interest.
Keywords: administrative data; benefit generosity; inclusiveness; leave policies; parental leave; social policy indicators; social rights; survey data
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:238-249
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Socially Inclusive Parenting Leaves and Parental Benefit Entitlements: Rethinking Care and Work Binaries
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4003
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.4003
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 227-237
Author-Name: Andrea Doucet
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Brock University, Canada / Centre for Women‘s and Gender Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Brock University, Canada
Abstract: How can parental leave design be more socially inclusive? Should all parents be entitled to parental benefits or only those parents who are eligible based on a particular level of labour market participation? To think through questions of social inclusion in parental leave policy design, particularly issues related to entitlements to benefits, I make three arguments. First, aiming to extend Dobrotić and Blum’s work on entitlements to parental benefits, I argue that ‘mixed systems’ that include both citizenship‐based and employment‐based benefits are just and socially inclusive approaches to parental leaves and citizenship. Second, to build a robust conceptual scaffolding for a ‘mixed’ benefits approach, I argue that that we need to attend to the histories and relationalities of the concepts and conceptual narratives that implicitly or explicitly inform parental leave policies and scholarship. Third, and more broadly, I argue that a metanarrative of care and work binaries underpins most scholarship and public and policy discourses on care work and paid work and on social policies, including parental leave policies. In this article, I outline revisioned conceptual narratives of care and work relationalities, arguing that they can begin to chip away at this metanarrative and that this kind of un‐thinking and rethinking can help us to envi‐ sion parental leave beyond employment policy—as care and work policy. Specifically, I focus on conceptual narratives that combine (1) care and work intra‐connections, (2) ethics of care and justice, and (3) ‘social care,’ ‘caring with,’ transforma‐ tive social protection, and social citizenship. Methodologically and epistemologically, this article is guided by my reading of Margaret Somers’ genealogical and relational approach to concepts, conceptual narratives, and metanarratives, and it is written in a Global North socio‐economic context marked by the COVID‐19 pandemic and 21st century neoliberalism.
Keywords: care; care and justice; conceptual narratives; historical sociology of concept formation; parental leave; parenting leaves; social care; social citizenship; transformative social protection
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:227-237
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Inclusiveness of Social Rights: The Case of Leave Policies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4523
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.4523
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 222-226
Author-Name: Sonja Blum
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Political Science, University of Hagen, Germany
Author-Name: Ivana Dobrotić
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, UK / Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Abstract: This thematic issue aims to deepen the theoretical as well as empirical knowledge on the inclusiveness of social rights, focussing on the revelatory case of parenting‐related leave policies. This editorial defines (leave) inclusiveness and discusses extant research on varying entitlements and eligibility criteria in the field of parenting leaves. It summarises the conceptual, methodological, and empirical contributions made by the articles in the thematic issue and closes with a research outlook.
Keywords: eligibility criteria; entitlement; inclusiveness; leave policy; parental leave; selectivity; universalism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:222-226
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Daily Mobility Patterns: Reducing or Reproducing Inequalities and Segregation?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3850
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3850
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 208-221
Author-Name: Lina Hedman
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Sweden
Author-Name: Kati Kadarik
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
Author-Name: Roger Andersson
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
Author-Name: John Östh
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Sweden / Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala University, Sweden
Abstract: Theory states that residential segregation may have a strong impact on people’s life opportunities. It is unclear, however, to what extent the residential environment is a good representation of overall exposure to different people and environments. Daily mobility could reduce the negative effects of segregation if people change environments and/or become more mixed. They could also enhance existing segregation patterns if daily mobility produces more segregated environments. This article uses mobile phone data to track daily mobility patterns with regard to residential segregation. We test the extent to which patterns differ between residents in immigrant-dense areas and those from areas with a greater proportion of natives. Results suggest, in line with previous research, that daily mobility patterns are strongly segregated. Phones originating from more immigrant-dense areas are more likely to (1) remain in the home area and (2) move towards other immigrant-dense areas. Hence, although mobility does mitigate segregation to some extent, most people are mainly exposed to people and neighbourhoods who live in similar segregated environments. These findings are especially interesting given the case study areas: two medium-sized Swedish regions with relatively low levels of segregation and inequality and short journey distances.
Keywords: daily mobility; mobile phone data; residential environment; segregation; Sweden
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:208-221
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Relationship between Ethno-Linguistic Composition of Social Networks and Activity Space: A Study Using Mobile Phone Data
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3839
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3839
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 192-207
Author-Name: Siiri Silm
Author-Workplace-Name: Mobility Lab, Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Veronika Mooses
Author-Workplace-Name: Mobility Lab, Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Anniki Puura
Author-Workplace-Name: Mobility Lab, Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Anu Masso
Author-Workplace-Name: Smart City Center of Excellence, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia / Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia / Institute of Social Studies, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Ago Tominga
Author-Workplace-Name: Mobility Lab, Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Erki Saluveer
Author-Workplace-Name: Positium, Estonia
Abstract: This study is a contribution to the discussion on the ethnic segregation cycle, through the examination of individuals’ activity spaces—including residence and workplace—and from the perspective of social networks. Bridging social ties can be a key factor in higher minority inclusion and in breaking the vicious circle of segregation. We compare the spatial behaviour of two ethno-linguistic population groups living in Tallinn, Estonia’s capital city (Estonian-speaking majority and Russian-speaking minority), each of which have co- and interethnic social networks, through the use of mobile positioning (call detail records) and call-graph data. Among our main findings, we show firstly that interethnic social networks are more common for the Russian-speaking minority population. The probability of having an interethnic network is related to the ethno-linguistic composition of the residential district concerned; districts with a higher proportion of residents from another ethnic group tend to favour interethnic networks more. Secondly, the activity space is related to the ethno-linguistic composition of the social networks. Spatial behaviour is most expansive for Estonian speakers with co-ethnic networks, and most constrained for Russian speakers with co-ethnic networks. At the same time, speakers of Estonian and Russian with interethnic networks show rather similar spatial behaviours: They tend to visit more districts where the proportion of people from the other ethno-linguistic group is higher. Interethnic networks are therefore related to spatial behaviour, which can indicate interethnic meeting points and locations, something that is regarded as being important in assimilation and segregation cycle theories.
Keywords: activity space; assimilation; call detail records; Estonia; ethnic segregation; human mobility; mobile phone data; social network
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:192-207
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Overlap Between Industrial Niching and Workplace Segregation: Role of Immigration Policy, Culture and Country of Origin
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3640
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3640
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 179-191
Author-Name: Anastasia Sinitsyna
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Karin Torpan
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia /
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, Finland
Author-Name: Raul Eamets
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Tiit Tammaru
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Estonia
Abstract: This article focuses on two dimensions of labour market integration, sorting into different industries (niching) and sorting into workplace establishments (segregation) by share of migrant workers. We seek to understand to what degree these two dimensions of immigrants’ lack of labour market integration—niching and segregation—overlap with each other. The study is based on Finnish individual, panel and relational registry data, and we focus on the three largest immigrant groups—Estonians, Russians and Swedes—who have arrived from countries with different wealth levels to the Helsinki metropolitan area. By applying generalised structural equation modelling, we estimate industrial niching and workplace segregation—measured as a degree of overconcentration of immigrants in particular industries and workplace establishments, respectively—jointly. Our main findings show a strong overlap between niching and segregation for all ethnic groups. Segregation and niching levels are the highest among Estonians, but very similar for Russians and Swedes. These findings do not support the cultural similarity argument in immigrant labour market integration. Rather, immigration policy and origin country wealth level may be determinant. Additionally, we found that females are more likely than males to be employed simultaneously in niched industries and segregated workplace establishments, supporting the thesis of gender-based networks.
Keywords: country of origin wealth level; immigration; labour market; niching; segregation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:179-191
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Poverty Suburbanization, Job Accessibility, and Employment Outcomes
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3735
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3735
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 166-178
Author-Name: Elizabeth Delmelle
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina – Charlotte, USA
Author-Name: Isabelle Nilsson
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina – Charlotte, USA
Author-Name: Providence Adu
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina – Charlotte, USA
Abstract: The last decade of urbanization throughout many cities have seen a perceptible shift in the demand for centralized urban amenities while poverty has increasingly decentralized. Yet, the opportunity landscape of these shifting geographies of poverty and prosperity are not well understood. In this article, we examine how access to employment for low-income households has been impacted as a result of these changing geographies. Using a case study on the Charlotte metropolitan area we examine whether the suburbanization of poverty and reinvestment in the center city has reshaped the job opportunity landscape for low-wage residents. The objectives of this article are twofold. First, we calculate and map autobased accessibility from all neighborhoods in the Charlotte metropolitan area to job locations, differentiated by wage categories, in 2010 and 2017 to identify potential changes in the mismatch between low-income households and access to employment. We use a point-level employment dataset for these two years and calculate accessibility originating from census block groups. Second, we estimate the extent to which access to employment has affected employment rates and household incomes at the neighborhood level using a first-difference, spatial two-stage least squares model with instrumental variables. Our findings suggest that changes in accessibility had no significant effect on changes in neighborhood employment rates. However, we find evidence that increasing accessibility for lower-income households could have a positive effect on neighborhood median household incomes. Overall, the polycentric nature of Charlotte appears to have reduced the spatial mismatch between low-income workers and low-wage jobs.
Keywords: accessibility; labor market outcomes; income segregation; spatial dependence; spatial mismatch
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:166-178
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: ‘Notorious Schools’ in ‘Notorious Places’? Exploring the Connectedness of Urban and Educational Segregation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3838
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3838
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 154-165
Author-Name: Venla Bernelius
Author-Workplace-Name: Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland
Author-Name: Heidi Huilla
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
Author-Name: Isabel Ramos Lobato
Author-Workplace-Name: Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Finland
Abstract: While the statistical link between residential and school segregation is well-demonstrated, in-depth knowledge of the processes or mediating mechanisms which affect the interconnectedness of the two phenomena is still limited. By focusing on well-functioning schools in disadvantaged neighbourhoods, our article seeks to scrutinise whether reputation can be one of the key mediators of the connection between residential and school segregation. Our study combines qualitative ethnographic interviews from four (pre-)primary schools with quantitative segregation measures in four urban neighbourhoods in the Finnish capital city of Helsinki to understand the connections between lived experiences and socio-spatial segregation. The results show that there appears to be a clear link between neighbourhood and school reputation, as schools in disadvantaged neighbourhoods are strongly viewed through the perceptions attached to the place. Despite the case schools’ excellent institutional quality and high overall performance in educational outcomes, there is a consistent pattern of the schools struggling with negative views about the neighbourhoods, which seep into the schools’ reputation. Since school reputation is one of the central drivers of school choices and is also linked to residential choices, the close connection between neighbourhood and school reputation may feed into vicious circles of segregation operating through schools. The results highlight the need for integrated urban policies that are sensitive to issues concerning school reputation and support the confidence and identity of pupils, reaching beyond simply ensuring the institutional quality of schools.
Keywords: educational inequality; Helsinki; image; reputation; residential segregation; school segregation; stigmatisation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:154-165
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Residential Segregation and Unequal Access to Schools
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3606
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3606
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 142-153
Author-Name: Jaap Nieuwenhuis
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, China
Author-Name: Jiayi Xu
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, China
Abstract: Socio-spatial inequality and school inequality are strongly related. Where people live affects the opportunities individuals have in life, such as the opportunity to send your children to a good school. The level of urbanisation is related to the number of options people have to choose good schools, so more urbanised areas likely offer more options for good schools. However, the families that can choose good schools are likely families with high income or education levels. Data for this study come from two waves of the Taiwan Youth Project (N = 2,893), which consists of two cohorts of students from 162 classrooms in 40 junior high schools in northern Taiwan. When school quality is proxied by socioeconomic status (SES), the results show that, in general, students from the most urbanised areas, wealthier parents, and higher-educated parents, are more likely to go to higher SES schools. However, the strongest effects are for higher income and higher-educated parents in the most urbanised areas. This suggests that in the most urbanised areas, families have the most options regarding school choice, and richer and more educated families are better able to circumvent school catchment areas, either because they can afford an address in a better catchment area or because they understand the importance of school choice.
Keywords: catchment areas; parental socio-economic status; school quality; segregation; urbanisation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:142-153
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Three Generations of Intergenerational Transmission of Neighbourhood Context
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3730
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3730
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 129-141
Author-Name: Lina Hedman
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Sweden
Author-Name: Maarten van Ham
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands / School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, UK
Abstract: The literature on intergenerational contextual mobility has shown that neighbourhood status is partly ‘inherited’ from parents by children. Children who spend their childhood in deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to live in such neighbourhoods as adults. It has been suggested that such transmission of neighbourhood status is also relevant from a multiple generation perspective. To our knowledge, however, this has only been confirmed by simulations and not by empirical research. This study uses actual empirical data covering the entire Swedish population over a 25-year period, to investigate intergenerational similarities in neighbourhood status for three generations of Swedish women. The findings suggest that the neighbourhood environments of Swedish women are correlated with the neighbourhood statuses of their mothers and, to some extent, grandmothers. These results are robust over two different analytical strategies—comparing the neighbourhood status of the three generations at roughly similar ages and at the same point in time—and two different spatial scales. We argue that the finding of such effects in (relatively egalitarian) Sweden implies that similar, and possibly stronger, patterns are likely to exist in other countries as well.
Keywords: intergenerational transmission; low-income neighbours; neighbourhood; register data; Sweden
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:129-141
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Trends of Social Polarisation and Segregation in Athens (1991–2011)
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3849
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3849
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 117-128
Author-Name: Thomas Maloutas
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Harokopio University, Greece
Author-Name: Hugo Botton
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, ENS Paris-Saclay, France
Abstract: This article investigates social and spatial changes in the Athens metropolitan area between 1991 and 2011. The main question is whether social polarisation—and the contraction of intermediate occupational categories—unevenly developed across the city is related to the changing of segregation patterns during the examined period. We established that the working-class moved towards the middle and the middle-class moved towards the top, but the relative position of both parts did not change in the overall socio-spatial hierarchy. The broad types of socio-spatial change in Athens (driven by professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation) were eventually related to different spatial imprints in the city’s social geography. Broad trends identified in other cities, like the centralisation of higher occupations and the peripheralisation of poverty, were not at all present here. In Athens, changes between 1991 and 2011 can be summarised by (1) the relative stability and upward social movement of the traditional working-class and their surrounding areas, accounting for almost half of the city, (2) the expansion of traditional bourgeois strongholds to neighbouring formerly socially mixed areas—25% of the city—and their conversion to more homogeneous middle-class neighbourhoods through professionalisation, (3) the proletarianisation of 10% of the city following a course of perpetual decline in parts of the central municipality and (4) the polarisation and increased social mix of the traditional bourgeois strongholds related to the considerable inflow of poor migrants working for upper-middle-class households.
Keywords: Athens; occupational structure; polarisation; professionalisation; proletarianisation; residential segregation; segregation patterns
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:117-128
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inequality on the Increase: Trajectories of Privilege and Inequality in Madrid
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3845
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3845
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 104-116
Author-Name: Daniel Sorando
Author-Workplace-Name: TRANSOC–Instituto Complutense de Sociología para el Estudio de las Transformaciones Sociales Contemporáneas, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
Author-Name: Pedro Uceda
Author-Workplace-Name: TRANSOC–Instituto Complutense de Sociología para el Estudio de las Transformaciones Sociales Contemporáneas, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
Author-Name: Marta Domínguez
Author-Workplace-Name: TRANSOC–Instituto Complutense de Sociología para el Estudio de las Transformaciones Sociales Contemporáneas, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
Abstract: In Spain, housing is one of the main axes of social inequality. Its position within Spain’s economic model and welfare system is key to understanding why its financialization at the beginning of the 21st century had such different consequences among residents as well as territorially. In this context, from 2001 to 2011, Madrid became one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in Europe. This article delves into how both housing and its location organise inequality in different social spheres and reproduce it over time. To this end, the geography of this inequality is analysed in different social residential trajectories, along with how segregation produces its own dynamics of inequality. The analysis is based on census data and applies a combination of factor and cluster analyses. The results reveal important processes of social residential marginalisation articulated by the interaction between high international immigration and the spatial manifestation of the housing bubble. The main socio-spatial result of this process is the disappearance of mixed social spaces in Madrid, previously located in the centre of the city. This dynamic produces opposite territories in terms of advantage and disadvantage in different spheres linked to social inequality such as education, health, leisure, care and even prejudice. In the process, impoverished immigrants disperse towards the neighbourhoods that concentrate the greatest disadvantages in each of these spheres.
Keywords: inequality; Madrid; privilege; residential marginalisation; segregation; social space; vulnerability
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:104-116
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Market-Based Housing Reforms and the Residualization of Public Housing: The Experience of Lodz, Poland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3847
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3847
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 91-103
Author-Name: Agnieszka Ogrodowczyk
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of the Built Environment and Spatial Policy, University of Lodz, Poland
Author-Name: Szymon Marcińczak
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Urban Geography, Tourism Studies and Geoinformation, University of Lodz, Poland
Abstract: Housing inequality is one of the central topics in urban studies, and in the social sciences more broadly. It is also one of the most significant and visible aspects of socioeconomic inequality. Over the last three decades, the process of housing commodification has accelerated across western societies and, consequently, the public housing sector has contracted and become more closely associated with the poorest sections of societies in many cities. Over the same period, the political changes in Central and Eastern Europe have contributed to the dismantling and monetizing of state housing sectors at the forefront of broader social and economic transformations. Unfortunately, most recent studies on housing commodification and inequalities in Europe are confined to the national scale. The aim of this article is to detail the linkages between the position and functioning of public housing in Lodz (Poland) and the evolving socioeconomic profile of individuals and households that rely on public housing. This study relies on microdata (statistical information on individuals and households) from two national Polish censuses (1978 and 2002) and from household budget surveys (2003–2013). The main finding of our study is that ‘residualization’ is present in the public housing stock in Lodz and that the process gained momentum in the first decade of the 2000s.
Keywords: housing inequalities; housing reforms; Lodz; Poland; public housing; residualization
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:91-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Housing Vienna: The Socio-Spatial Effects of Inclusionary and Exclusionary Mechanisms of Housing Provision
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3837
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3837
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 77-90
Author-Name: Michael Friesenecker
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Yuri Kazepov
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: The provision of housing plays a decisive role in segregation processes. In a European context increasingly influenced by variegated neo-liberal housing policies, Vienna’s approach is characterised by generous access to social housing. This inclusive strategy aims at actively preventing segregation and the isolation of certain groups. Over the last 30 years, however, reconfigured multi-level arrangements and wider contextual changes have transformed Vienna’s housing governance. This article explores how. In particular, it aims at disentangling the relationship between housing policy reforms at multiple policy levels and the changes of the mechanisms shaping the access to tenure segments and residential segregation in Vienna. Through the use of process tracing, we identify critical junctures of housing governance and relate them to housing segmentation and segregation measures over a period of approximately 30 years. Our findings show that reforms on multiple levels produce an increasingly deregulated private rental market and an increasingly fragmented access to a diversified provision of social housing. From a spatial point of view, persistent patterns of segregation blend with new ones, leading to decreasing segregation characterised by a more even spatial distribution of low and high-status groups. At the same time, both groups show very low, but slightly increased levels of isolation. Tenant profiles in social housing are, however, generally still very mixed. Balancing the trade-off between a social mix and social targeting without excluding residents in need will remain the main challenge for Vienna’s social housing model.
Keywords: housing access; housing policy; inclusion; multi-level governance; segregation; social mix; Vienna
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:77-90
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Spatial Underpinnings of Social Inequalities: A Vicious Circles of Segregation Approach
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4345
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.4345
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 65-76
Author-Name: Tiit Tammaru
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: David Knapp
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Siiri Silm
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia
Author-Name: Maarten van Ham
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands / School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, UK
Author-Name: Frank Witlox
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Estonia / Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium
Abstract: A paradigm shift is taking place in spatial segregation research. At the heart of this shift is the understanding of the connectedness of spatial segregation in different life domains and the availability of new datasets that allow for more detailed studies on these connections. In this thematic issue on spatial underpinnings of social inequalities we will outline the foundations of the ‘vicious circles of segregation’ framework to shed new light on questions such as: What is the role of residential neighbourhoods in urban inequalities in contemporary cities? Have residential neighbourhoods lost their importance in structuring daily lives since important part of social interaction takes place elsewhere? How is residential segregation related to inequalities in other important life domains, in schools, at work and during leisure time? The vicious circles of segregation framework builds on the traditional approaches to spatial segregation, as well as on the emerging new research undertaken within the ‘activity space approach’ and ‘longitudinal approach’ to segregation. The articles in this thematic issue improve our understanding of how spatial segregation is transmitted from one life domain to another as people sort into residential neighbourhoods, schools, workplace and leisure time activity sites, and gain contextual effects by getting exposed to and interacting with other people in them.
Keywords: activity space; discrimination; housing; inequality; life domains; segregation; social networks
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:65-76
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Saving Lives: Mapping the Power of LGBTIQ+ First Nations Creative Artists
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4347
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.4347
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 61-64
Author-Name: Sandy O'Sullivan
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Indigenous Studies, Macquarie University, Australia
Abstract: In 2020, I was funded by the Australian Research Council to undertake research that examines the ways in which queer Indigenous creative practitioners create impact and influence. With a program titled “Saving Lives: Mapping the Influence of LGBTIQ+ First Nations Creative Artists,” the mapping is currently underway to explore how creativity has been used to demonstrate our reality and potential as queer First Nations’ Peoples. The title of this commentary explicitly reframes this from influence, to one of insistent resistance. It explores beyond how we persuade, to understand why the resistance in the work of First Nations’ queer creatives lays the groundwork for a future where the complexity of our identities are centred, and where young, queer Indigenous people can realise their own imaginings.
Keywords: Aboriginal; creative arts; First Nations; Indigenous; LGBTIQ+; queer; transgender
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:61-64
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: ‘Hot, Young, Buff’: An Indigenous Australian Gay Male View of Sex Work
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3459
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3459
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 52-60
Author-Name: Corrinne Sullivan
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Abstract: Research has historically constructed youths who are involved in sex work as victims of trafficking, exploitation, poverty, and substance abuse. These perceptions often cast the sex worker as deviant and in need of ‘care’ and ‘protection.’ Rarely seen are accounts that provide different perspectives and positioning of youth engaged in sex work. This article explores the lived experiences of Jack, a young gay cis-male who identifies as Indigenous Australian. Despite being a highly successful sex worker, his involvement in such a stigmatised occupation means that he must navigate the social and cultural perceptions of ‘deviant’ and ‘dirty’ work. This qualitative study explores the ways in which Jack negotiates his work, his communities, and the capitalisation of his sexuality. Drawing on Indigenous Standpoint Theory and wellbeing theory, Jack’s choice of sex work is explored through the intersections of sexuality and culture, with the consequences of Jack’s social and emotional wellbeing emerging as his narrative unfolds.
Keywords: gay; Indigenous; LGBTI+; male; male sex work; queer; sex work; wellbeing
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:52-60
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Social Exclusion/Inclusion and Australian First Nations LGBTIQ+ Young People’s Wellbeing
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3603
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3603
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 42-51
Author-Name: Karen Soldatic
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University, Australia / School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Linda Briskman
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: William Trewlynn
Author-Workplace-Name: BlaQ Aboriginal Corporation, Australia
Author-Name: John Leha
Author-Workplace-Name: BlaQ Aboriginal Corporation, Australia
Author-Name: Kim Spurway
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University, Australia
Abstract: There is little known about the social, cultural and emotional wellbeing (SCEWB) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBTIQ+ young people in Australia. What research exists does not disaggregate young people’s experiences from those of their adult Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBTIQ+ peers. The research that forms the basis for this article is one of the first conducted in Australia on this topic. The article uses information from in-depth interviews to inform concepts of social inclusion and exclusion for this population group. The interviews demonstrate the different ways in which social inclusion/exclusion practices, patterns and process within First Nations communities and non-Indigenous LGBTIQ+ communities impact on the SCEWB of these young people. The research demonstrates the importance of acceptance and support from families in particular the centrality of mothers to young people feeling accepted, safe and able to successfully overcome challenges to SCEWB. Non-Indigenous urban LGBTIQ+ communities are at times seen as a “second family” for young people, however, structural racism within these communities is also seen as a problem for young people’s inclusion. This article contributes significant new evidence on the impact of inclusion/exclusion on the SCEWB of Australian First Nations LGBTIQ+ youth.
Keywords: Aboriginal; Australia; First Nations; LGBTIQ+; social inclusion; social exclusion; Torres Strait Islander; young people; wellbeing
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:42-51
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Embedding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBTIQ+ Issues in Primary Initial Teacher Education Programs
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3822
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3822
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 30-41
Author-Name: David Rhodes
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Author-Name: Matt Byrne
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Abstract: Existing research has explored inclusion in education, however, issues related to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBTIQ+ young people, with some notable exceptions, have, until recently, seldom been included in any meaningful academic discussion. Issues of youth race, gender and sexuality have been interrogated as discrete issues. This small but growing body of research demonstrates the potential impacts of intersectional disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBTIQ+ young people in Australia (Uink, Liddelow-Hunt, Daglas, & Ducasse, 2020). This article seeks to explore the existing research and advocate for the embedding of a critical pedagogy of care in primary Initial Teacher Education (ITE) curricula, inclusive of diversity of race, ethnicity, socio-economic-status, gender and sexuality. Employing intersectionality theory, this research will examine the specific disadvantages that arise as the result of occupying multiple minority demographic categories, which are relational, complex and shifting, rather than fixed and independent. Primary educators are well positioned to name disadvantage, racism and heterosexism, make them visible and, through culturally responsive pedagogical approaches and inclusive curricula, challenge the status quo. To ensure that learning and teaching moves beyond stereotypes, primary curricula should be representative of all students and present alternate ways of being human in culturally appropriate, positive ways, to the benefit of all students. ITE programs provide the ideal arena to equip teachers with the knowledge and competency to respond to the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander LGBTIQ+ young people.
Keywords: Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander; gender diversity; inclusive education; indigenous; LGBTIQ+; primary school; sexuality
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:30-41
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Understanding the Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Aboriginal LGBTIQ(SB)+ Youth in Victoria’s Youth Detention
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3770
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3770
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 18-29
Author-Name: Péta Phelan
Author-Workplace-Name: Melbourne Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
Author-Name: Robyn Oxley
Author-Workplace-Name: Criminology Department, School of Social Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Australia
Abstract: Aboriginal youth are overrepresented within Victoria’s criminal justice system (Cunneen, 2020). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth are diverse people with diverse needs: It is imperative to understand what those needs are and how they can be supported within Victoria’s youth justice centres. Research has identified that Aboriginal youth in Victoria’s justice system have higher rates of psychopathology (Shepherd et al., 2018), higher rates of recidivism (Cunneen, 2008), higher pre-custody rates and post-release rates of substance abuse (Joudo, 2008) and lower rates of rehabilitation (Thompson et al., 2014) than non-Indigenous counterparts. It is critical to explore how the Victorian youth justice system identifies and implements the provision of services that consider lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, sistergirl and brotherboy (LGBTIQSB+) identities of Aboriginal youth in custody. This is because additional levels of systemic disadvantage, discrimination, stigma, and social exclusion that impact LGBTIQ+ youth specifically (Cunneen, Goldson, & Russell, 2016) as well as Aboriginal identity, further compound and jeopardize the social and emotional wellbeing of those embodying intersectional identities. This article will examine the services available to Aboriginal LGBTIQSB+ youth in the Victorian criminal justice system. Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, Indigenous and First Nations People will be used interchangeably throughout this document.
Keywords: Aboriginal; colonisation; criminal justice; Indigenous; intersectionality; LGBTIQ; LGBTIQSB+; mental health; Queer; sexual health; social and emotional wellbeing; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:18-29
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Blak, Bi+ and Borderlands: An Autoethnography on Multiplicities of Indigenous Queer Identities Using Borderland Theory
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3821
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.3821
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 7-17
Author-Name: Mandy Henningham
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Sydney, Australia
Abstract: Indigenous queer people often experience a conflict in identity, feeling torn between long-standing cultures and new LGBTIQA+ spaces; however, conflicts are being reframed by new generations of Indigenous queer academics who consider decolonising ideas about white heteronormativity. The following autoethnography of my own Indigenous queer journey (muru) uses narrative analysis to explore the challenges of living between worlds as well as the difficulties in gaining acceptance from multiple cultures. This story, like many others, highlights the power of narrative as it reflects the nuanced experiences of Indigenous queer people with identity multiplicity via the application of borderland theory. The narrative analysis forefronts the wide impact of internalised phobias (homophobia, biphobia, and racism) and its impact on performative self-expression of sexual identity, self-sabotage, institutionalized racism and shadeism, and community acceptance, particularly for bi+ sexual identities. This article will explore existing literature which illustrates how navigating the multiplicity of identities may result in poorer social and emotional wellbeing, particularly for Indigenous queer youth. The article concludes with final comments and suggests future directions in mixed method research with Indigenous queer Australians to better understand and improve their social and emotional wellbeing.
Keywords: Aboriginal; borderland theory; Indigenous; internalised homophobia; LGBTIQ; queer; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:7-17
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Social Inclusion and Exclusion for First Nations LGBTIQ+ People in Australia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4280
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i2.4280
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-6
Author-Name: Karen Soldatic
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Corrinne Sullivan
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: Linda Briskman
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Australia
Author-Name: John Leha
Author-Workplace-Name: BlaQ Aboriginal Corporation, Australia
Author-Name: William Trewlynn
Author-Workplace-Name: BlaQ Aboriginal Corporation, Australia
Author-Name: Kim Spurway
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University, Australia
Abstract: This thematic issue of Social Inclusion highlights the connections between First Nations LGBTIQ+ people’s intersecting identities and inclusionary and exclusionary process in settler-colonial Australia. In this editorial, we briefly introduce key concepts and summarise the different contributions in the issue, providing some general conclusions and guidance on a possible future research agenda.
Keywords: Aboriginal; First Nations; Indigenous; LGBTIQ+; social inclusion; social exclusion; Torres Strait Islander; wellbeing
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:2:p:1-6
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Push/Pull Factors, Networks and Student Migration from Côte d’Ivoire to France and Switzerland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3698
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3698
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 308-316
Author-Name: Franck Dago
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Côte d’Ivoire
Author-Name: Simon Barussaud
Author-Workplace-Name: IDESO–Institute of Demographic and Socioeconomic Studies, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Abstract: Since 2011, the Ivorian government has invested heavily in higher education to meet its labour market’s growing demand. In this article, we analyse the drivers of Ivorian student mobility from Côte d’Ivoire to France and Switzerland, highlighting the central role of migrant networks. We focus on the decision-making process and find that migration networks play an important role at every step: from initial aspirations to concrete plans and efforts to study abroad. Using 38 in depth interviews and two focus groups with Ivorian students who aspire to study in France and Switzerland, members of the education board, migration officers, and members of the Ivorian diaspora, we reveal that the functioning of the Ivorian higher education system is a factor of uncertainty for many students who consider that salvation can only come from migration. In addition, social representations linked to foreign diplomas inspire Ivorian students to choose international mobility. Migrant networks further encourage Ivorian students to move abroad because stories from successful migrants sharing their mobility experience are coupled with the provision of key resources to support mobility projects.
Keywords: Côte d’Ivoire; decision-making process; migration aspirations; migration network; student mobility
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:308-316
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “I Have to Further My Studies Abroad”: Student Migration in Ghana
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3690
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3690
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 299-307
Author-Name: Justice Richard Kwabena Owusu Kyei
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
Abstract: The literature on migration intentions of university students and their decisions to travel abroad as student migrants is limited. This article outlines how the thought of student migration is created and nurtured. It investigates how facilitators and/or constraints influence the decision to migrate as students. Using a multi-sited approach, fieldwork in Ghana focused on prospective student migrants, while fieldwork in the Netherlands provided a retrospective perspective among student migrants. Life story interviews were adopted in the collection of data. In the minds of the respondents, there is a clear distinction between the idea of ‘migration’ and the idea of ‘student migration.’ The article concludes that childhood socialization shapes the idea of ‘migration’ that culminates in the thought of ‘student migration.’ Apart from studies, experiencing new cultures and networking are among the notableexpectations that inform the thought of studentmigration. Religiosity categorised as prayers and belonging to religious community is a cultural principle employed to facilitate the fulfilment of student migration intentions. With a shift from the classical economic models of understanding the decision to migrate, this article elucidates the fears, anxiety, joys and perplexities that are embedded in the thought of student migration.
Keywords: Ghana; migration behaviour; migration intention; student migration; university students
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:299-307
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model of International Student Mobility Decision-Making
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3769
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3769
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 288-298
Author-Name: Anouk J. Albien
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Curriculum Studies, Centre for Higher and Adult Education, Stellenbosch University,
South Africa / Work & Organisational Psychology Division, Psychology Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland
Author-Name: Ngoako J. Mashatola
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Curriculum Studies, Centre for Higher and Adult Education, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Abstract: This research synthesizes the most recent studies on the international student mobility of higher education students. Our aim is to begin to conceptualise and predict the barriers, enablers and determinants from an organisational psychology perspective that may contribute to the limited decision making of higher education students to become internationally mobile. Previous studies were used to examine the uncertainties and difficulties documented in other international student groups to try to understand the determinants of internationally mobile versus non internationally mobile students, and make transferrable conceptual links to South African higher education students. These conceptual links are framed in an organizational psychology perspective. This article uses a systematic review methodology and began by framing review objectives, identifying relevant publications, establishing criteria for selecting the studies that were analyzed, summarizing the evidence found, and drawing relevant conclusions. A conceptual model is proposed as an extension of the current international student mobility literature and merged with organizational psychology theory to develop a new future research line. Research limitations are addressed, and practical implications are discussed to assess whether interventions can be created to support international mobility decision-making amongst international students in general, and South African higher education students in particular, to create a globally competitive workforce and sustainable employment paths.
Keywords: global workforce; higher education students; international student mobility; internationally non-mobile students; mobility barriers; mobility decision-making; mobility determinants; mobility enablers; organizational psychology; South Africa; sustainable e
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:288-298
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: How Sub-Saharan African Countries Students Choose Where to Study Abroad: The Case of Benin
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3647
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3647
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 278-287
Author-Name: Gildas Kadoukpè Magbondé
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Management, Gaston Berger University, Senegal
Abstract: This article provides new evidence on how students choose a country of destination to conduct their academic studies. Based on a multinomial logistic model, it examines the contribution of the quality of education, institutions and the host country’s economic factors to the choice of the destination country. The results indicate that quality education and institutions in the host country are the reasons why students show preference for Western countries—North America and the EU. On the other hand, China is chosen as a destination country for its quality of education—compared to Benin—and not because of its institutional infrastructure. Furthermore, the results do not confirm the hypothesis that African student migration is poverty-driven, as economic factors do not affect the choice of any destination country.
Keywords: academic life; Benin; China; economic opportunities; education; European Union; migrations; North America
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:278-287
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Hope, Disillusion and Coincidence in Migratory Decisions by Senegalese Migrants in Brazil
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3721
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3721
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 268-277
Author-Name: Philipp Roman Jung
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Abstract: Uncertainty is an essential characteristic of our lives. However, by moving from one country to another, from a familiar context to an unfamiliar one, uncertainty becomes a key element of migrants’ decisions. In times of restricted mobility regimes, migrants often do not know if they will be able to reach the desired destination. Even if they manage to do so, it is still uncertain if they will be able to fulfil their aspirations. However, uncertainty also leaves room for hope. Departing from the conceptualisation of hope as the simultaneity of both potentiality and uncertainty and from the concept of circumstantial migration, this article analyses (1) retrospectively the decision of Senegalese migrants to move to Brazil and (2) the intentions of onward migration. Based on empirical data collected through ethnographic fieldwork in four Brazilian cities, this article shows how migration as a form of social hope is redirected to new destinations and that this redirection is a consequence of circumstances and coincidences, which enable or prevent movement. Potential positive outcomes of migration outweighed negative ones, which play a minor role and hardly affect decisions to leave Senegal. However, decisions to emigrate are often based on incomplete information and ill-informed expectations regarding the circumstances at the destination and can lead to feelings of disillusion. The impact of uncertainties shows a more differentiated picture in the context of onward migration intentions. While some migrants are willing to take big risks in onward migration, others try to minimize uncertainties.
Keywords: Brazil; hope; uncertainty; Senegalese migrations; south-south migration
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:268-277
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Rational Actors, Passive and Helpless Victims, Neither, Both: EU Borders and the Drive to Migrate in the Horn of Africa
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3729
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3729
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 257-267
Author-Name: Christopher Changwe Nshimbi
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Governance Innovation (GovInn), University of Pretoria, South Africa / Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Abstract: This article argues that neither borders nor the ways in which migrants see them constitute significant deterrents to the migrants’ resolve to migrate. The argument is based on an investigation of migrants en route to Europe from the Horn of Africa and the ways in which they see EU external borders and how that contributes to the decision to migrate. The article advances critiques of rational choice models of migrant decision-making that are based mainly on economic factors and contributes to theoretical explanations of why some people in the Horn of Africa migrate irregularly, despite measures enforced by state authorities to curb their movement. The article draws on a qualitative thematic analysis of personal face-to-face interviews conducted with migrants from four countries in the Horn of Africa who were in Ethiopia at the time of the research. In the interviews, there was sufficient evidence that migrants had realistic perceptions of European borders and that life in Europe might not be rosy. But this did not dampen the resolve to migrate. Solutions other than those that inhibit movement but understand, are sensitive to and include the perceptions of migrants are more likely to effectively address challenges associated with irregular migration.
Keywords: borders; European Union; Horn of Africa; migration; migrants’ perceptions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:257-267
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Choosing to Stay: Alternate Migration Decisions of Ghanaian Youth
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3691
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3691
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 247-256
Author-Name: Mary Setrana
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Migration Studies, University of Ghana, Ghana
Abstract: This article focuses on nationals from Ghana who have lost interest in pursuing migration dreams to Europe and North America after failed attempts to migrate. Many less experienced youths who attempt to migrate to Europe and North America face challenges such as strict immigration laws, high cost of financing migration plans, or illegal recruiters. Some risk their lives through dangerous routes to achieve their migration goals. The negative consequences recorded are numerous, including death en route to Europe and North America. Using life stories, this article lets failed migrants recount the frustration, wasted resources and years spent to fulfil their migration dreams. It discusses individual factors such as experiences that affect the decision not to pursue migration dreams despite the culture of migration in their communities. The article concludes that strict immigration policies in Europe and North America have restricted international migration among less experienced and less skilled youth in Ghana, leading to personal decisions not to migrate but adjust to the conditions at home, and later describing their stay as a preferred decision.
Keywords: involuntary mobility; voluntary mobility; stayers; Ghana; migration aspirations
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:247-256
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Disentangling Mining and Migratory Routes in West Africa: Decisions to Move in Migranticised Settings
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3715
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3715
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 235-246
Author-Name: Matthieu Bolay
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Switzerland
Abstract: This article scrutinizes the trajectories of African men whose cross-border movements intersect two types of mobility routes: mining and migration routes. Drawing on field research in Mali and Guinea, as well as phone interviews with male miners/migrants in North Africa and Europe, this article provides a case to empirically question some of the premises in the approach to migration decision-making by giving a voice to African men moving across borders who do not necessarily identify as (prospective) ‘migrants.’ Building upon International Organization for Migration data and secondary sources, this article starts by sketching where migration and mining routes overlap. It then examines, in detail, the mobility trajectories of men who were sometimes considered migrants and other times miners in order to identify how these different routes relate to one another. While overseas migration is certainly not a common project for itinerant miners, the gold mines constitute a transnational space that fosters the expansion of movements across the continent, including outside the field of mining. Rather than encouraging overseas migration, gold mines appear to be more of a safety net, not only for seasonal farmers or young people in search of money and adventure, but also, increasingly, for people who are confronted with Europe’s intra-African deportation regime.
Keywords: artisanal and small-scale mining; border regime; Guinea; Mali; migration; mobility; North Africa; West Africa
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:235-246
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Information Sharing and Decision-Making: Attempts by Ghanaian Return Migrants to Enter through Libya
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3706
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3706
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 226-234
Author-Name: Elizabeth Koomson-Yalley
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
Abstract: This article examines the relationship between irregular migration, access to information and migration decisions. Using semi-structured interviews of thirty irregular return migrants who failed to reach their European destinations through Libya, I show that irregular return migrants from Ghana rely predominantly on interpersonal sources, including colleagues, neighbors, friends and relatives, for information on migration. Return migrants seek information from those who have relevant experience with that kind of migration. Existing research focuses on information from ‘formal’ sources such as traditional print media, social media, library or workshops. Here I argue that this focus on access to information conceals the activities and practices of irregular return migrants who perceive European destinations as ‘greener pastures’ and seek information to travel through dangerous routes. Most irregular return migrants interviewed in this study indicated they had access to information from ‘informal’ sources often shared as ‘jokes.’ Although irregular return migrants perceive the information they gather through their everyday activities as reliable, their interactions involve complex and unstructured social processes.
Keywords: decision-making; information access; information sources; irregular migration; return migrants
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:226-234
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Socio-Economic Inequity and Decision-Making under Uncertainty: West African Migrants’ Journey across the Mediterranean to Europe
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3663
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3663
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 216-225
Author-Name: Mulugeta F. Dinbabo
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Development, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
Author-Name: Adeyemi Badewa
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Development, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
Author-Name: Collins Yeboah
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Development, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
Abstract: Understanding the nexus between poverty, inequality and decision-making under uncertainty in migrants’ journeys across the Mediterranean Sea to Europe remains a significant challenge, raising intense scholarly debate. Several suggestions have been offered on how to reduce migrants’ journeys across the Mediterranean Sea to Europe in several guises, including the formulation and implementation of proper social, political and economic policies in Africa. Despite all odds and challenges, migrants from Africa cross state boundaries and stay in transit state(s) for limited periods, en route the Mediterranean Sea to Europe. Underpinned by different migration theories and conceptual frameworks, our study applied a qualitative methodology to examine why migrants decide, under uncertainty, to cross the Mediterranean Sea from their countries of origin to the ultimate destinations in Europe. While focusing on the life experiences of purposively selected migrants from West Africa, the research seeks to address the underlying factors of irregular migration. The result of this empirical study clearly illustrates that limited access to opportunities, poverty and unemployment amidst precarious development challenges and the youth population bulge, exacerbate Africa’s migration crisis. The study finally brings into focus empirical observations and provides suggestions for stakeholders’ engagement in addressing African migration challenges.
Keywords: decision-making; Europe; inequality; Mediterranean Sea; migration; poverty; uncertainty; West Africa
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:216-225
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Perceived Impact of Border Closure due to Covid-19 of Intending Nigerian Migrants
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3671
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3671
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 207-215
Author-Name: Lawan Cheri
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration, Yobe State University, Nigeria
Abstract: With few exceptions, the European Council closed Europe for non-citizen travellers on 17 March 2020 because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Many African countries, including Nigeria, have placed travel restrictions on or completely shut their borders to both travellers who want to enter the country and citizens who want to leave. These decisions affect many intending migrants seeking a way to reach Europe. Health and socioeconomic uncertainties related to lockdowns, border closure, and in some cases travel restrictions directly affect the dynamics of decision-making by migrants. This article employs in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to explore the perception of Nigerians who intend to migrate considering the influence of Covid-19. The study focuses on Nigerian migrants but touches on Nigerians in transit who are trapped in Niger en route to Europe through Libya and Morocco. While border closure by most of the sending and receiving countries led to a decrease in the intention of migrants to travel, Covid-19 as a pandemic does not significantly influence migrants’ decisions primarily because of its global presence, merely leading to delays. In conclusion, after border reopening, intercontinental migration is expected to increase in both volume and intensity.
Keywords: border closure; Covid-19; lockdown; migration; mobility; Nigerian migrants; travel restrictions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:207-215
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Ambitions of Bushfalling through Further Education: Insights from Students in Cameroonian Universities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3718
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3718
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 196-206
Author-Name: Henrietta Nyamnjoh
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Abstract: Following a surge in civil unrest, the need and ambitions to migrate have increased among young Cameroonians. This article explores how Cameroonian youth and graduates use education as a gateway for migration, selecting new routes and destinations to maximise their chances of migration. Drawing on in-depth interviews with aspiring migrants, I show that long-standing aspirations to migrate have led to a symbiotic relationship between aspiring migrants and migration agents who facilitate and determine the route and destination for the entire process. This relationship reflects aspiring migrants who desire to migrate at all cost rather than planning carefully, often with little information guiding in the process. I argue that migration responds to cultural and political influences as much as ontological (in)security that cannot be defined solely in economic terms. The meaning of ‘successful’ migration is produced and reified through the overt display and interpretations of migration.
Keywords: bushfaller; Cameroonians; education; further education; migration syndicate; youth aspirations
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:196-206
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Extreme Risk Makes the Journey Feasible: Decision-Making amongst Migrants in the Horn of Africa
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3653
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3653
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 186-195
Author-Name: Oliver Bakewell
Author-Workplace-Name: Global Development Institute, University of Manchester, UK
Author-Name: Caitlin Sturridge
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Development Studies, SOAS University of London, UK / Sahan Research, Kenya
Abstract: This article explores how some potential migrants in the Horn of Africa incorporate the prospects of extreme danger into their journeys. It draws on evidence from qualitative interviews and focus group discussions with over 400 respondents, mainly from Ethiopian and Somali communities. It shows that the risks of migration within the Horn of Africa are often well known, thanks to strong migrant networks and improved mobile communications. Indeed, migrants may be better informed of the risks of the journey than they are about their prospects of securing a good living upon arrival. However, rather than discouraging people’s migration, high risk may open up new possibilities. This article supports this argument with two examples. First, as Yemen descended into civil war, the breakdown of state control created new opportunities to move undetected, notwithstanding the threat of injury and death. This helps explain why the number of Ethiopians passing through Yemen increased with the conflict, contrary to expectations. Second, some young Somalis are soliciting the services of smugglers to help them move towards Europe, knowing that they are likely to be abused and held for ransom en route. They gamble on their captors’ demands being met by family members, who would not otherwise have endorsed or paid for their journey. These findings challenge common assumptions about risk and decision-making, and suggests that some migrants may move because of, rather than in spite of, the risks involved. It also calls into question initiatives that seek to deter migration by raising awareness about the risks of the journey.
Keywords: Ethiopia; human smuggling; information; migration control; risk; Somalia; Yemen
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:186-195
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Decision-Making Under Uncertainty: African Migrants in the Spotlight
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4076
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.4076
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 182-185
Author-Name: Didier Ruedin
Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland / African Centre for Migration and Society, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Abstract: This thematic issue examines questions of decision-making under limited (and contradictory) information, focusing on migration decisions. Migrants are far from a homogenous population, but they commonly use narratives as heuristics. We observe much agency among migrants to pursue migration plans, with migration decisions best understood as chains of multiple decisions rather than simple push-pull or two-step models.
Keywords: Africa; decision-making; immigration; narratives
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:182-185
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Migration as a Capability: Discussing Sen’s Capability Approach in the Context of International Migration
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3587
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3587
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 174-181
Author-Name: Marta Eichsteller
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Ireland
Abstract: Migration is a form of spatial and social transplant from one local and national context to another. Migration trajectories often expose the underlying intersections of social relations and social hierarchies that underpin cultural and social national environments. Migrants who encounter those complex structural inequalities must learn to negotiate classed, gendered and racialised social relations and seek the most suitable social positions within new systems. This article builds on Amartya Sen’s capability approach to conceptualise migrants’ embeddedness in the framework of social inequalities and explores the relationship between individual choices, resources and entitlements. It points towards patterns of advantage and disadvantage that frame migrants’ opportunities and draws tacit analytical, theoretical and methodological links that have the innovative potential for the study of migration. Building on the parallels between studies in the fields of social inequalities and migration, this article argues that Sen’s analytical and conceptual approach provides innovative insights into migration experiences, and Sen’s unique reasoning opens up new avenues for the discussion of migrants’ social justice.
Keywords: capabilities; choice; entitlement; inequalities; migration; social justice
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:174-181
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Move Abroad to Move Forward? Self-Assessments of Chinese Students and Undocumented Migrants in France
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3725
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3725
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 163-173
Author-Name: Florence Lévy
Author-Workplace-Name: EUR Translitteræ, École Normale Supérieure, France
Author-Name: Yong Li
Author-Workplace-Name: Triangle Laboratory, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
Abstract: Migrants’ self-assessments refer to their perceptions of social mobility and positioning. These assessments are often ambivalent and counterintuitive for observers. To overcome contradictory first impressions, we propose a comprehensive approach to migrants’ self-assessments that goes beyond the opposition between objective and subjective social mobility and links the transnational context, various social spheres, actors’ migratory projects, and their reflexivity. The empirical materials in this article draw on two studies on Chinese migrants in France and confront the trajectories and viewpoints of undocumented migrants and international students. Beyond the differences between their experiences and their legal, economic, and social statuses in France and China, we highlight several common points: First, both groups considered migration a lever to improve their social status. Second, their evaluations link their regions of origin and destination as well as various social spheres. Third, in a transnational context, many factors at different scales influence migrants’ subjective self-assessments of the success or failure of their migration. The migrants’ assessments can vary according to their emphasis on professional, personal, or family trajectories, or on their choice of reference groups. They are shaped by the complexity of translations of status from one country to another and by rapid social transformation in China. Thus, many interviewees estimate that they are simultaneously in situations of social progression and regression.
Keywords: Chinese migrations; downward mobility; France; highly skilled migrants; self-assessment; social mobility; social sphere; social transformation; undocumented migrants
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:163-173
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: New Horizons? Comparisons and Frames of Reference of Polish Multiple Migrants Worldwide
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3677
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3677
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 152-162
Author-Name: Justyna Salamońska
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw, Poland
Author-Name: Aleksandra Winiarska
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw, Poland
Abstract: Building on the literature on transnational social fields (Levitt & Glick Schiller, 2004) and the research agenda on pluri-local transnational studies (Pries, 2001), in this article we examine the processes of Polish migrants’ social positioning. Nowadays many migrant trajectories are more complex than moving just from one place to another, involving repeated migration spells, returns, and onward mobility. In particular, multiple migration routes involving more than one destination expand the horizons lived by migrants and hence the frames in which they can position themselves. We adopt an actor-centred approach to better understand how highly mobile individuals negotiate social comparisons concerning the contexts they have engaged in during their multiple migration spells. This article draws on qualitative data from the MULTIMIG project that examines Polish migration worldwide. The analysis is based on a qualitative panel study with 70 Poles living abroad, who have the experience of multiple migration (who have lived in two countries outside of Poland for at least three months in each). The interviews shed light on how Polish migrants make social comparisons, and in particular, which frames of reference they adopt.
Keywords: frames of reference; multiple migrants; Polish migrants; social positioning
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:152-162
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Upward, Lateral, or Downward? Multiple Perspectives on Migrants’ Educational Mobilities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3599
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3599
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 140-151
Author-Name: Janina Söhn
Author-Workplace-Name: SOFI—Soziologisches Forschungsinstitut Göttingen, Göttingen University, Germany
Author-Name: Milena Prekodravac
Author-Workplace-Name: SOFI—Soziologisches Forschungsinstitut Göttingen, Göttingen University, Germany
Abstract: Education is a major component of individuals’ social status in terms of self-positioning and economic opportunities. Migrants’ qualifications from abroad are often devalued by employers or state institutions. One option to react to such a lack of recognition is the gaining of institutionalized cultural capital in the receiving society. Comparing levels of education attained before and after migration, migrants may move in an upward, lateral, or downward direction. Our study investigates the vertical dimension of transnational educational mobility from multiple perspectives. First, our quantitative analysis of the NEPS (the German National Educational Panel Study) relates the levels of pre- and post-migration education. We critically reflect on how respective results on educational mobility depend on how respondents sort their foreign education into the German system of educational categories and hierarchies used in the survey questionnaire. Second, our qualitative analysis sheds light on several dimensions of migrants’ subjective views and how their educational biographies interact with institutional settings in the receiving society. Exemplarily presented in-depth interviews focus on migrants who pursued educational programs in order to be able to return to the occupations (nursing and economics) they had been trained for abroad, but for which they were denied recognition in Germany. Our findings emphasize that post-migration education is highly ambivalent in terms of in- and exclusion. Individual migrants are caught in the structural tension between academic education as a rather globalized institution and nationally specific educational programs and hierarchies which are often incompatible across borders.
Keywords: educational mobility; educational participation; mixed methods; migration; non-recognition; post-migration education; vocational training
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:140-151
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Bridging the Gap: Making Sense of the Disaccord between Migrants’ Education and Occupation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3582
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3582
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 130-139
Author-Name: Anica Waldendorf
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development, Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany / Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Italy
Abstract: Social mobility is a central topic of interest within sociology and whilst it has been theoretically linked to spatial mobility, there is still little empirical research on the interplay between the two. Using a subsample of highly educated family migrants from a German mixed-methods project, this study qualitatively analyses the impact of geographical mobility on objective social position and on its subjective perception. Six qualitative interviews are analysed and supplemented with descriptive quantitative data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to firstly, reconstruct the spatial mobility trajectories of the individuals and secondly, determine their social position in Germany and ascertain whether they experienced occupational downgrading. These two analyses are integrated to explore how respondents experienced their change in social position. Across the board, respondents migrated as young adults, before or shortly after labour market entry. Five of the participants experienced occupational downgrading. Strikingly, this objective downgrading, whilst acknowledged, was not perceived negatively. The participants constructed a narrative that employed three legitimation strategies to cast their current social position in a positive light: (1) emphasising the rights, stability and security that they experience in Germany, (2) drawing attention to the economic improvement that they experienced and (3) displaying an inner attitude that is marked by modest life aspirations and a high regard for leisure time. By drawing on multinational frames of reference and thus drawing comparisons between their home country and Germany, participants highlighted the experienced benefits.
Keywords: family migration; Germany; highly educated migrants; mobility; social mobility
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:130-139
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Exploring the Nexus between Migration and Social Positions using a Mixed Methods Approach
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3538
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3538
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 114-129
Author-Name: Ingrid Tucci
Author-Workplace-Name: LEST—Institute for Labour Economics and Industrial Sociology, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, France
Author-Name: Joanna J. Fröhlich
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany
Author-Name: Inka Stock
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany
Abstract: Using a mixed methods approach, this article analyses the nexus between migration and social positions drawing on recent survey data on migrants who have arrived in Germany after 1994 from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), as well as qualitative interviews with 26 respondents to the survey. Drawing on a Bourdieusian forms of capital approach (Bourdieu, 1986) and applying the method of Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to the SOEP survey data, we highlight two dimensions structuring the nexus between migration and social positions in Germany: (1) capital related to legal status and multiple migration and (2) (trans)national cultural capital. Through a cluster analysis based on the MCA results, we then identify and describe four profiles of migrants characterised by distinct configurations of cultural capital (social class background, education and linguistic skills before and after settlement), legal status (citizenship and status at migration), experiences of multiple cross-border movements and social positions: the ‘foreign working-class,’ the ‘foreign middle class,’ the ‘adapted German migrants,’ and the ‘young highly educated urbans.’ The complementary analysis of the qualitative data allows us to go further in understanding some of the factors that may play a role in shaping migrants’ social position(ing) in the four clusters. In particular, we show that resources such as determination and perseverance can be crucial for some migrants to counter structural constraints related to their legal status in transferring or accessing cultural capital, and that linguistic skills are also used by some migrants as a marker of social distinction.
Keywords: cultural capital; Germany; mixed methods; migrants; migration; mobility; social positions; SOEP; social stratification; symbolic capital
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:114-129
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Insights into the Use of Social Comparison in Migrants’ Transnational Social Positioning Strategies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3583
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3583
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 104-113
Author-Name: Inka Stock
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany
Abstract: This article discusses the role of social comparisons in the processes through which migrants make sense of their own social position from a transnational perspective. Migrants are often involved in transnational forms of life which influence their forms of belonging, their economic strategies, their moral values and their political actions. There is also evidence to suggest that migrants use transnational frames of reference to evaluate their social positioning within their origin and host countries. In this article, we offer a methodological approach to the study of social positions in transnational spaces which aims to account for the interplay between the markers of objectively verifiable social positions and their subjective assessment by migrants. Concretely, we focus on social comparison as a mechanism for symbolic boundary drawing processes, which help migrants to make sense of their (often differing) social positions within host and origin countries. Social comparisons help migrants to evaluate how they are seen and positioned by others and subsequently bring these assessments into line with their own social categories and evaluations of their social position in different places. These findings highlight the importance of social comparisons as a tool to investigate the interaction between social and spatial mobility.
Keywords: migrants; mobility; social comparison; transnational social position; social mobility
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:104-113
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Migrants’ Social Positioning Strategies in Transnational Social Spaces
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3584
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3584
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 91-103
Author-Name: Inka Stock
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany
Author-Name: Joanna Jadwiga Fröhlich
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany
Abstract: This article examines the nexus of spatial and social mobility by focusing on how migrants in Germany use cultural, economic and moral boundaries to position themselves socially in transnational social spaces. It is based on a mixed-methods approach, drawing on qualitative interviews and panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Survey. By focusing on how people from different origins and classes use different sets of symbolic boundaries to give meaning to their social mobility trajectories, we link subjective positioning strategies with structural features of people’s mobility experience. We find that people use a class-specific boundary pattern, which has strong transnational features, because migrants tend to mix symbolic and material markers of status hierarchies relevant to both their origin and destination countries. We identify three different types of boundary patterns, which exemplify different ways in which objective structure and subjectively experienced inequalities influence migrants’ social positioning strategies in transnational spaces. These different types also exemplify how migrants’ habitus influences their social positioning strategies, depending on their mobility and social trajectory in transnational spaces.
Keywords: Germany; migration; social class; social inequality; social mobility; symbolic boundaries
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:91-103
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Introduction: Migration and Unequal Positions in a Transnational Perspective
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/4031
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.4031
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 85-90
Author-Name: Thomas Faist
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development, Department of Sociology, Bielefeld University,
Germany
Author-Name: Joanna J. Fröhlich
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development, Department of Sociology, Bielefeld University,
Germany
Author-Name: Inka Stock
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre on Migration, Citizenship and Development, Department of Sociology, Bielefeld University,
Germany
Author-Name: Ingrid Tucci
Author-Workplace-Name: LEST—Institute for Labour Economics and Industrial Sociology, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, France
Abstract: How does spatial mobility influence social mobility and vice versa? Often, the ‘objective’ structural positions on the one hand, and the ‘subjective’ definition of social positions on the other hand, are not considered together. Yet this is necessary in order to gauge the consequences of mobility trajectories reaching across borders. This framing editorial asks how we can study the interplay of perceptions of one’s own social position and one’s objective social position to better understand how spatial mobility influences social mobility and vice versa. In short, this means an exploration of the nexus of spatial mobility and social mobility. Exploring that nexus requires attention to objective social positions, subjective social positioning strategies, transnational approaches to the study of social positions and self-positioning, and social boundary theory. Overall, the complexity of the nexus between social and spatial mobilities calls for a multifaceted research approach that covers various levels of analysis. Some of the contributions feature a mixed-methods approach that allows drawing a multifaceted picture of the interrelation between the perceptions of social positions and their structural features.
Keywords: migration; social inequalities; social mobility; social positioning; social positions; transnational social spaces
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:85-90
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Two Linguas Francas? Social Inclusion through English and Esperanto
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3662
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3662
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 75-84
Author-Name: Federico Gobbo
Author-Workplace-Name: Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Author-Name: László Marácz
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Department of International Relations, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Abstract: New forms of mobility presuppose a technological factor that frames it as ‘topological proximity,’ regardless of the nature of the mobile agent (human being, robot ware, animal, virus, digital object). The appeal of the so-called linguas francas is especially evident in human beings showing high propensity to move, i.e., motility. They are usually associated with transnational communication in multilingual settings, linguistic justice, and globalization. Paradoxically, such global languages foster mobility, but, at the same time, they may hinder social inclusion in the hosting society, especially for people in mobility. The article compares English as a lingua franca and Esperanto in the European context, putting together the linguistic hierarchy of transnational communication (Gobbo, 2015) and the notion of linguistic unease, used to assess sociolinguistic justice (Iannàccaro, Gobbo, & Dell’Aquila, 2018). The analysis shows that the sense of belonging of their respective speakers influences social inclusion in different ways. More in general, the article frames the linguistic dimension of social inclusion in terms of linguistic ease, proposing a scale suitable for the analysis of European contexts.
Keywords: Esperanto; hyper-place; lingua franca; linguistic easiness; linguistic justice; mobility; onlife; social inclusion; sociolinguistic justice
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:75-84
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Members of the Polish Language Council on the Problems of Linguistic Diversity and Linguistic Inclusion in Poland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3595
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3595
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 63-74
Author-Name: Tadeusz Wallas
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
Author-Name: Bartosz Hordecki
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland
Abstract: The last couple of decades have brought a significant increase in personal movement from and to Poland. In consequence, it is very probable that the issues of linguistic diversity and linguistic inclusion more and more frequently will become subjects of multi-level and multi-institutional discussion reshaping the Polish public sphere. It is a matter of consideration which institutions will take leading positions in this debate, formulating main narratives and polemics. However, answering its advisory and opinion-making responsibilities, the Polish Language Council may be expected as one among the crucial actors in this discourse. The article presents pivotal attitudes of the Council’s members referring to the problem of linguistic diversity and linguistic inclusion in Poland. The presentation of the sources is combined with endeavours to answer the question: Do these materials allow considering the Council as a strong candidate for an essential designer of incoming public debate on linguistic diversity and linguistic inclusion in Poland? The research is conducted concerning the main assumptions of Joshua Fishman’s (1997) sociology of language and Harold Schiffman’s (2006) analysis of language policies as parts of linguistic cultures. Moreover, the methodological foundation of the text is supported by a general theoretical framework of historical institutionalism, and finally by Peter M. Haas’s conceptualisation of 'epistemic community.'
Keywords: linguistic diversity; linguistic inclusion; migrations in Central Europe; multilingualism; Polish language; Polish Language Council
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:63-74
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Multilingual Education in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Problems and Prospects
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3561
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3561
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 56-62
Author-Name: Nurmira Zhumay
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Translation Theory and Practice, Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Saule Tazhibayeva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Translation Theory and Practice, Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Azhar Shaldarbekova
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Turkic Studies, Faculty of International Relations, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University,
Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Botagoz Jabasheva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Translation Theory and Practice, Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Ainur Naimanbay
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Practical Kazakh language, Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University,
Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Aigul Sandybayeva
Author-Workplace-Name: The Eurasian Humanities Institute, Kazakhstan
Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of multilingual education in modern Kazakhstan. Currently, Kazakhstan is fully modernising the education system and introducing a multilingualism policy in the educational process. Experimental sites for multilingual education have been created in several Kazakh universities and secondary schools. The young Kazakhstani generation brought up in independent Kazakhstan is involved in the process of multilingual education. By 2020 it is expected that 100% of the population will speak Kazakh, 95% will also speak Russian and 25% will also speak English. The research results are based on sociolinguistic data that were collected in all regions of the country using sociolinguistic data collection methods.
Keywords: education system; educational institutions; educational process; Kazakhstan; multilingual education; multilingualism policy; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:56-62
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Language Provision in the Scottish Public Sector: Recommendations to Promote Inclusive Practice
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3549
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3549
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 45-55
Author-Name: Róisín McKelvey
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland / School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
Abstract: Public service providers in Scotland have developed language support, largely in the form of interpreting and translation, to meet the linguistic needs of those who cannot access their services in English. Five core public sector services were selected for inclusion in a research project that focused on the aforementioned language provision and related equality issues: the Scottish Courts and Tribunal Service, NHS Lothian, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, the City of Edinburgh Council and Glasgow City Council. The frameworks within which these public service providers operate—namely, the obligations derived from supranational and domestic legal and policy instruments—were analysed, as was the considerable body of standards and strategy documents that has been produced, by both national organisations and local service providers, in order to guide service delivery. Although UK equalities legislation has largely overlooked allochthonous languages and their speakers, this research found that the public service providers in question appear to regard the provision of language support as an obligation related to the Equality Act (UK Government, 2010). Many common practices related to language support were also observed across these services, in addition to shared challenges, both attitudinal and practical. A series of recommendations regarding improvements to language provision in the public sector emerged from the research findings and are highlighted in this article.
Keywords: education; equality law; healthcare; interpreting; language provision; policy recommendations; public services; Scotland; translation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:45-55
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Controlled Multilingual Thesauri for Kazakh Industry-Specific Terms
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3527
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3527
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-44
Author-Name: Ainur Bayekeyeva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Translation Theory and Practice, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University,
Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Saule Tazhibayeva
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Zhainagul Beisenova
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Aigul Shaheen
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Philology, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Aisaule Bayekeyeva
Author-Workplace-Name: State Material Reserve Committee of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan
Abstract: This article discusses the practical issues of compiling controlled multilingual thesauri for the purposes of industry-specific translation (IST). In the multilingual, transnational and globally connected Kazakhstan, IST is a much-needed translation service. IST is an interdisciplinary field between terminology, computational linguistics, translation theory and practice. Most of the professional guides, dictionaries and glossaries are systemized in alphabetical order and contain multiple variants for the terms searched. Therefore, there is an urgent need to create a systemized controlled multilingual thesaurus of industry-specific Kazakh, English and Russian terms in order to provide multilingual users with an interoperable and relevant term base. Controlled multilingual thesauri for industry-specific terms are the most effective tools for describing individual subject areas. They are designed to promote communication and interaction among professionals, translators and all Automated Information System users of specific fields irrespective of their location and health conditions. Unlike traditional dictionaries, controlled thesauri allow users to identify the meaning with the help of definitions and translations, relations of terms with other concepts, and broader and narrower terms. The purpose of this research is to unify and systematize industry-specific terms in Kazakh, to provide Russian and English equivalents, and to classify the terms into essential rubrics and subjects. Based on the Zthes data scheme to create a controlled multilingual thesaurus of industryspecific terms, the major rubrics have been formulated, and about 10,000 Kazakh mining and metal terms approved by the Terminological Committee of Kazakhstan have been structured.
Keywords: controlled thesaurus; controlled vocabulary; industry-specific terms; interoperable thesaurus; Kazakhstan; multilingualism; multilingual thesaurus; terminology; thesaurus
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:35-44
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Linguistic Diversity as a Challenge for Street-Level Bureaucrats in a Monolingually-Oriented Organisation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3520
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3520
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 24-34
Author-Name: Elisabeth Scheibelhofer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Clara Holzinger
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Anna-Katharina Draxl
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: Migration-induced diversity has led to the global emergence of multilingual life worlds in which language regimes are particularly intertwined with labour markets. Thus, state institutions such as national unemployment services must fulfil a special role in society. In a qualitative research project (2019–2021), we interviewed employees at the Austrian Public Employment Service (AMS) at multiple organisational levels. The results demonstrate diverging and (apparently) contradicting approaches and strategies throughout the organisation concerning the appropriateness of using German exclusively during interactions with clients. This is illustrated along a continuum, ranging from a reflective, critical approach towards linguistic diversity that is at least partly based on ideas promoting the value of multilingualism to frequently encountered notions of the need for monolingualism. Such a framework must be understood by considering the coexistence of diverging ideas and ideologies surrounding multilingualism, as well as a neoliberal working context characterised by new public management and activation policy.
Keywords: communication; labour-market integration; language regimes; language-based discrimination; linguistic diversity; migration; social security; street-level bureaucracy; public employment service
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:24-34
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Multilingualism and Social Inclusion in Scotland: Language Options and Ligatures of the “1+2 Language Approach”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3488
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3488
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 14-23
Author-Name: Argyro Kanaki
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education and Social Work, University of Dundee, UK
Abstract: Recent global trends in migration, trade and overall mobility have continued to transform our objective realities and subjective experiences around linguistic diversity. More broadly, in many countries, the politics of multilingualism seem to have changed the old links between language and nation-state. In this context, Scotland is studied in this article as a case study as it acts to dispel the myth of a ‘monolingual country.’ Its recent language policy, the “1+2 Language Approach” (Scottish Government, 2012b), including regional languages, modern foreign languages and heritage languages of migrants have created opportunities as well as imbalances and issues of equity in the Scottish language habitus. Drawing on Kraus’s work (2018), this article demonstrates how the policy creates language as ‘options’ and as ‘ligatures.’ However, these ‘options’ and ‘ligatures’ are not salient and straightforward. The policy is explored on three different levels: (1) on its potential for allowing the development of multilingual communication strategies such as intercomprehension, code-switching and mixing, (2) on its commitment to linguistic justice avoiding language hierarchies and (3) on its links with dominating, neoliberal approaches to education and the economy. The article finally concludes that options and ligatures visible in language policy impose some semantic order on the confusion of layered co-occurrences of various hegemonies, or the general strain between macro and micro distinction.
Keywords: 1+2 language approach; language policy; multilingualism; options and ligatures; Scotland; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:14-23
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Translation as a Communication Strategy in Representing National Culture
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3455
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3455
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-13
Author-Name: Aizhan Akkaliyeva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Translation Studies, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Baktigul Abdykhanova
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Foreign and Russian Philology, Shakarim State University of Semey, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Lyazat Meirambekova
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of International Relations, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Zhanar Jambayeva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Galiya Tussupbekova
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Kazakh Language and Literature, Shakarim State University of Semey, Kazakhstan
Abstract: The linguistic trinity policy, which has been implemented in Kazakhstan since its independence in the 1990s, is aimed at integrating translation into global processes. Kazakh-Russian bilingualism, caused by the historical and geopolitical proximity of the two countries, is now turning into trilingualism, joining up with English as the dominant language for international communication. Literary translation as a part of cross-cultural communication is also involved in social inclusion processes, contributing to the exchange of cultural values and a better understanding of modern multilingual Kazakhstani society. This article focuses on the issue of presenting Kazakh literature in translation through a mediating language and the research involves an analysis of culture-related lexemes as representations of a nomadic lifestyle in the mirror of intercultural communication. The authors highlight cultural and linguistic aspects of Kazakh transmitted from the mediatory Russian into the target English. Based on a review of previous findings on indirect literary translation, this article discusses whether a mediating language affects the inclusion of Kazakh culture in the globalization process.
Keywords: bilingualism; culture-related realia; intercultural communication; literary translation; national literature; translation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:5-13
Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Social Inclusion and Multilingualism: Linguistic Justice and Language Policy
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3941
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v9i1.3941
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 9
Year: 2021
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-4
Author-Name: Zsombor Csata
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary / Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, Babeș-Bolyai University, Romania
Author-Name: László Marácz
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands / Department of International Relations, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Abstract: Multilingual or linguistically heterogeneous societies are increasing around the globe. Socio-political processes, like Europeanization and globalization, are responsible for this expansion. Universal norms and standards for language use and identity are spreading, mediated by international organizations and charters. In this view, multilingualism can be seen as a challenge to national social cohesion, though it remained undisputed before the development of global multi level governance. In many places, languages of traditional territorial minorities have been recognized and given official status, leading in some cases to new forms of local, regional, and national governance. Furthermore, the proliferation of multilingualism is boosted by a variety of forms of mobility, where mobility is understood as physical migration or new forms of virtual mobility connected to digital networks. Mobility in this sense underpins the linguistic and transnational identity of the migrants who bring new languages with them. One of the questions in need of analysis is the circumstances and conditions that lead to the inclusion/exclusion from society of specific linguistic groups with shared linguistic features. This thematic issue wants to address the apparent schism between multilingualism and social inclusion as well as the language policy and planning pursued by supranational institutions, states, and societal organizations in their efforts tackle it. In this issue, the focus of study of linguistically diverse societies will be on the closely interrelated dependencies which impact language policy and planning.
Keywords: communication strategies; economy of language; language policy; linguistic justice; mobility; multilingualism; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:1-4