As mobilities studies became a well-respected field in social science, discussions on mobile research designs followed. Usually, these discussions are part of empirical papers and reveal specific methodological choices of individual researchers, or groups of researchers sharing the same objectives and questions. This article starts with a different approach. It is based on continuous discussions between four researchers who developed their own version of mobility-driven projects, starting from different disciplinary backgrounds and using different research techniques. By sharing and contrasting personal fieldwork experiences, we reflect on the doings of mobile methodologies. We engage with the mistakes, dilemmas, and (dis)comforts that emerge from our own mobile research practices, and discuss what this implies for relations of power between the researcher and the research participants, and to what extent mobile research can represent the mobility that we seek to study. Specifically, the article addresses three questions: 1) To what extent do we produce different knowledge with our mobile methodologies? 2) How do our smooth writings about methodology relate to the ‘messy’ realities in the field? 3) How do our practices articulate and transcend difference between researchers and research participants?
Keywords: mobile methodologies; mobility; positionality; reflexivity; representation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:163-146 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mapping European Border Control: On Small Maps, Reflexive Inversion and Interference File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3354 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3354 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 157-168 Author-Name: Silvan Pollozek Author-Workplace-Name: Digital Media Lab, Munich Centre for Technology in Society, Technical University of Munich, Germany Abstract:The so-called hotspots—identification and registration centres on the Aegean Islands in Greece and in Italy—are not only sites of remote detention, European intervention or differential inclusion, but also logistical set-ups, where data is generated and spread across state institutions. Such socio-technical assemblages are hard to research not only because of state actors’ desire to keep things secret but also because of methodological issues. How does one disentangle their extensive, complex and rhizomatic nature? Which trajectories does one follow and which actors and voices does one assemble? Following recent work in the realm of STS, methods are understood as (b)ordering devices, which performatively enact an ordered world and produce accounts of the social, including some realities while excluding others. This article considers mapping a well-suited method for studying widespread socio-technical assemblages, but only if it is handled with caution. Based on an empirical inquiry into the Moria hotspot and following a praxeographic research approach, different types of small maps are developed that enfold complexity by being attentive to situatedness, symmetry, multi-sitedness and multiplicity. Furthermore, it emphasizes an on-going process of reflexive inversion of the mapping process that makes the crafted accounts contestable and its boundaries and blind spots visible. Finally, the article discusses how mappings can be used not only as research but also as a political device that contributes to the work of other collectives beyond the scientific production of truth.
Keywords: issue maps; methods as ordering device; Moria hotspot; praxeography; situational maps; social world maps; trajectory maps Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:157-168 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: (Re)Searching with Imperial Eyes: Collective Self-Inquiry as a Tool for Transformative Migration Studies File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3363 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3363 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 147-156 Author-Name: Madeline J. Bass Author-Workplace-Name: MOVES EJD, Faculty of Humanities and Philosophy, FU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Daniel Córdoba Author-Workplace-Name: MOVES EJD, Faculty of Humanities and Philosophy, FU Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Peter Teunissen Author-Workplace-Name: MOVES EJD, Faculty of Humanities and Philosophy, FU Berlin, Germany Abstract: Migration scholars, and the universities and institutions who fund them, at times neglect to address the ways in which the traces of the imperial past, and references to the ‘post’ colonial serve to obfuscate and legitimize discriminatory practices in their work. The ‘imperial eyes’ of the academy set the terms and limitations on interactions, locations, and relationality in research, reducing the agency of migrants, producing stratified configurations in the positionality of both migrants and researchers and, subsequently, exacerbating dynamics of exclusion and extraction. As early-stage researchers, we see a critical need for an approach to migration studies which undermines the ongoing impact of colonialism and the normativity of institutionalized, hierarchical narratives that haunt academia. Our research builds on the work of scholars who write about the autonomy of migration, liberation theorists, and critical Indigenous perspectives, but our positions are also influenced by those on the ‘frontlines’ resisting various manifestations of violence and exclusion. In this article, using an interdisciplinary model, we propose the notion of collective self-inquiry to critically question and inquire into our own methods and approaches and provide a set of methodological tools that can be applied by other researchers within and outside of the university. These tools invite us to work collectively and look more critically at the b/ordering of movement(s) across former empires, thus helping us navigate towards the undercommons, a place where the liberatory potential of the academy can be realized. Keywords: imperial eyes; collective self-inquiry; migration studies; neoliberal university; post-colonialism; undercommons Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:147-156 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Following Fatigue, Feeling Fatigue: A Reflexive Ethnography of Emotion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3394 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3394 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 126-135 Author-Name: Mirjam Wajsberg Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Radboud University, The Netherlands Abstract: This article takes the emotion of fatigue both as its analytical object as well as a methodological tool to engage in a reflexive ethnography, to question the categorical borders of researcher, researched and the field, in the politicised context of migration studies. I do so by drawing on ethnographic material collected during my fieldwork between Athens, Hamburg and Copenhagen in 2019–2020. This article’s theoretical and conceptual framing is informed by feminist scholarship on emotions, as well as decolonial scholarship in migration studies. By bringing these theoretical threads into the conversation, I study the different qualities of fatigue, amongst others the collective; how fatigue circulates in and through the ethnographic field; and how it shapes relations between refugees, humanitarian aid workers, activists and researchers such as me. Following fatigue across and through its many different instances in this reflexive ethnography of emotions lays bare the uneven emotional geographies that exist and are (re-)produced in the encounters between actors in Europe’s migration control field. Keywords: emotion; fatigue; methodology; migration; migration studies; reflexive ethnography Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:126-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Phenomenology of Exclusion: Capturing the Everyday Thresholds of Belonging File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3282 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3282 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 116-125 Author-Name: Annika Lems Author-Workplace-Name: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Germany Abstract: In this article I critically interrogate the ways researchers produce knowledge about the making and unmaking of borders. I do so by focusing on social processes of boundary-drawing that have dramatically intensified since the 2015 summer of displacements in Europe. I think through some of the methodological possibilities and conundrums that arise if we try to make visible the unarticulated social conventions underlying the everyday thresholds of belonging that determine who is permitted in, and who has to remain outside, the affective socio-political space of societies. By drawing on my own research experiences, I show why methodologies aimed at lending marginalized people a voice often fail to capture the voiceless, silent nature of these boundary-drawing practices. I suggest that in order to bring the invisible barbed wires permeating societies into the open, we need to develop phenomenologies of everyday exclusionary practices, or ‘cultures of unwelcome.’ Through my ethnographic encounters with marginalized refugee youth and individuals who believe that the influx of refugees is a threat to their values and ways of life, I argue for more nuanced research methodologies that allow us to better capture the everyday social processes underlying acts of boundary-drawing. I suggest that approaching border work as an intersubjective, worldly phenomenon involves paying attention to the experiences of individuals who find themselves pushed to the margins of society, and to those who actively participate in keeping people and groups marked as other locked out. Keywords: border work; ethnography; exclusion; phenomenology; radicalization; refugee crisis; right-wing activism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:116-125 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Method as Border: Tuning in to the Cacophony of Academic Backstages of Migration, Mobility and Border Studies File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3741 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3741 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 110-115 Author-Name: Kolar Aparna Author-Workplace-Name: Geography, Planning, Environment Department, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Joris Schapendonk Author-Workplace-Name: Geography, Planning, Environment Department, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Cesar Merlín-Escorza Author-Workplace-Name: Geography, Planning, Environment Department, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, The Netherlands / Anthropology and Development Studies Department, Radboud University, The Netherlands Abstract: This thematic issue is a collection of articles reflecting on methods as border devices of hierarchical inclusion spanning migration, mobility and border studies. It maps some key concerns and responses emerging from what we call academic backstages of migration, mobility and border research by younger academics. These concerns are around (dis)entangling positions beyond Us/Them (i.e. researcher/researched), delinking from the spectacle of migration and deviating from the categories of migration apparatuses. While these concerns are not new in themselves the articles however situate these broader concerns shaping migration, mobility and border studies within specific contexts, dilemmas, choices, doubts, tactics and unresolved paradoxes of doing fieldwork. The aim of this thematic issue is not to prescribe “best methods” but in fact to make space for un-masking practices of methods as unfinished processes that are politically and ethically charged, while nevertheless shedding light in (re)new(ed) directions urgent for migration, mobility and border studies. Such an ambition is inevitably partial and situated, rather than comprehensive and all-encompassing. The majority of the contributions then enact and suggest different modes of reflexivity, ranging from reflexive inversion, critical complicity, collective self-inquiry, and reflexive ethnography of emotions, while other contributions elaborate shifts in research questions and processes based on failures, and doubts emerging during fieldwork. We invite the readers to then read the contributions against one another as a practice of attuning to what we call a ‘cacophony of academic backstages,’ or in other words, to the ways in which methods are never settled while calling attention to the politics of knowledge production unfolding in everyday fieldwork practices. Keywords: backstage; borders; methods; migration; mobility; politics of knowledge, reflexivity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:110-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Division of Labour, Work–Life Conflict and Family Policy: Conclusions and Reflections File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3620 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3620 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 103-109 Author-Name: Michael Ochsner Author-Workplace-Name: FORS—Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Ivett Szalma Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary / Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Judit Takács Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary / KWI Essen—Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut, Germany Abstract: This thematic issue aims to shed light on different facets of the relationship between division of labour within families and couples, work–life conflict and family policy. In this afterword, we provide a summary of the contributions by emphasizing three main aspects in need of further scrutiny: the conceptualisation of labour division within families and couples, the multilevel structure of relationships and the interactions of gender(ed) values at different levels of exploration. Keywords: division of labour; care work; family policy; gender equality; long-term care; non-paid work; work–family conflict; work–life balance; work–life conflict Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:103-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Long-Term Care and Gender Equality: Fuzzy-Set Ideal Types of Care Regimes in Europe File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2956 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.2956 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 92-102 Author-Name: Attila Bartha Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary / Department of Public Policy and Management, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Violetta Zentai Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Policy Studies, Central European University, Hungary Abstract: Recent changes in the organization of long-term care have had controversial effects on gender inequality in Europe. In response to the challenges of ageing populations, almost all countries have adopted reform measures to secure the increasing resource needs for care, to ensure care services by different providers, to regulate the quality of services, and overall to recalibrate the work-life balance for men and women. These reforms are embedded in different family ideals of intergenerational ties and dependencies, divisions of responsibilities between state, market, family, and community actors, and backed by wider societal support to families to care for their elderly and disabled members. This article disentangles the different components of the notion of ‘(de)familialization’ which has become a crucial concept of care scholarship. We use a fuzzy-set ideal type analysis to investigate care policies and work-family reconciliation policies shaping long-term care regimes. We are making steps to reveal aggregate gender equality impacts of intermingling policy dynamics and also to relate the analysis to migrant care work effects. The results are explained in a four-pronged ideal type scheme to which European countries belong. While only Nordic and some West European continental countries are close to the double earner, supported carer ideal type, positive outliers prove that transformative gender relations in care can be construed not only in the richest and most generous welfare countries in Europe. Keywords: care regimes; familialization; fuzzy set ideal type analysis; gender equality; long-term care; migrant care work Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:92-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Father’s Role in Child Care: Parental Leave Policies in Lithuania and Sweden File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2962 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.2962 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 81-91 Author-Name: Jolanta Aidukaite Author-Workplace-Name: Lithuanian Social Research Centre, Lithuania Author-Name: Donata Telisauskaite-Cekanavice Author-Workplace-Name: Lithuanian Social Research Centre, Lithuania Abstract: This article contributes to the debate on the father’s role in child care by looking at two distinct cases of child care policy development: Sweden and Lithuania. The findings show that Sweden continues to embrace the dual-earner-carer model very successfully. Parental leave, including non-transferable father’s quota, is very popular among the population. In Lithuania we find the dual-earner model, as there is still more emphasis on the mother’s employment than on the father’s child care involvement. Based on the experts’ views and document analysis, we conclude that in Lithuania the parental leave benefit is increasingly seen as a measure to ensure the family’s financial security, but not as an instrument to enhance fatherhood rights. Yet, the state intentionally supports kinship familialism as grandparents are entitled to take parental leave. Keywords: child care; family policies; Lithuania; parental leave; social policies; Sweden Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:81-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Mummy is in a Call”: Digital Technology and Executive Women’s Work–Life Balance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2971 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.2971 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 72-80 Author-Name: Beáta Nagy Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Communication and Sociology, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Abstract: Research findings confirm the contradictory impact of mobile technology on work–life balance, as these tools both guarantee greater flexibility and contribute to blurring boundaries between private and working spheres. Several articles have been published on women executives’ work–life balance in Western countries; however, their usage of mobile devices remained almost unexplored in the post-socialist region, where in the wake of the transformation not only the unquestioned neoliberal change of the corporate sector but also refamilisation took place. This article gives an overview on the issue of how women executives make use of mobile technology during their everyday activities in Hungary, where not only are the signs of ‘corporate colonization’ present, but also motherhood plays an important role. Based on twenty semi-structured interviews with Hungarian women in senior management positions carried out in 2014 and 2015, the article discusses the perceptions and narratives explained by these women. Results contribute to the ongoing debate on the paradoxical impacts of modern technology on work–life balance and its specificities in the post-socialist context. Keywords: boundary management; executive women; gender; motherhood; technology use; work–life balance Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:72-80 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Agency and Capabilities in Managerial Positions: Hungarian Fathers’ Use of Workplace Flexibility File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2969 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.2969 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 61-71 Author-Name: Nikolett Geszler Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Gender and Culture, Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Abstract: This article analyses the agency freedom of manager fathers in Hungary to claim work–family balance through corporate flexible working arrangements. Hobson’s interpretation of Sen’s capability approach (Hobson, Fahlén, & Takács, 2011) is applied to appraise the effect of individual resources and organizational and national context on managers’ work–family balance, as well as their influence on organizational culture. An interview-based case study was undertaken at the Hungarian subsidiary of a Scandinavian multinational company, wherein 43 personal interviews were conducted with fathers in managerial positions. The interviews were analysed according to structuring qualitative content analysis. Managers benefitted from corporate flexibility (home office and flexible schedule), but experienced power asymmetries in terms of access to and use of the former according to hierarchy and department. Even though the men in these positions are assumed to be change agents, the majority of them perceived limited agency freedom to convert flexible working into work–family balance, or to influence organizational culture. The privileged position of managers was detected at the level of their individual agency. Most managers could economically afford to maintain a male breadwinner model. Therefore, limitations related to securing parental and flexibility rights were due to traditional gender norms, and the strong sense of entitlement to work. Consequently, the extent and means of use of flexibility did not challenge deeply rooted assumptions about ideal employee norms. Keywords: agency; capabilities; fatherhood; flexibility; managers; work–family balance Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:61-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Work–Family Arrangement and Conflict: Do Individual Gender Role Attitudes and National Gender Culture Matter? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2967 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.2967 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 46-60 Author-Name: Christina Bornatici Author-Workplace-Name: FORS—Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Marieke Heers Author-Workplace-Name: FORS—Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: This article examines the relationship between couples’ work–family arrangement and individuals’ perceived work–family conflict (WFC), considering individuals’ attitudes towards gender roles and national gender culture in 37 countries (N = 15,114). Previous research has shown that WFC depends on work and family demands and has mostly accounted for absolute time spent in paid and domestic work. We hypothesize that WFC depends on couples’ work–family arrangement in terms of time spent in paid, domestic and care work. We further expect that the relationship between couples’ work–family arrangement and WFC depends on individuals’ gender attitudes and national gender culture. To test these assumptions, we use the ISSP-2012 data and apply multilevel linear regression analyses. The findings indicate that an egalitarian work–family arrangement—that is, sharing paid, domestic and care work equally with one’s partner—is associated with lower levels of WFC. Moreover, individuals with egalitarian gender attitudes and an egalitarian work–family arrangement experience less WFC than individuals with inconsistent attitudes and behaviours. Individuals with consistent traditional attitudes and behaviours experience the most conflict. Finally, a more egalitarian gender culture relates to less WFC. Cross-level interactions indicate that the relationship between work–family arrangement and WFC is not mediated by countries’ gender culture. Keywords: care work; couple dynamics; gender culture; gender role; work–family arrangement; work–family conflict Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:46-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Transition to Parenthood in the French and German Speaking Parts of Switzerland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3018 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3018 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 35-45 Author-Name: Regula Zimmermann Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland Author-Name: Jean-Marie LeGoff Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: After the first transition to parenthood, most couples adopt a gendered labor division, where mothers become main caregivers and fathers breadwinners of the family. By comparing two distinct language regions within one country, the present article explores how parents’ gendered labor division comes into existence and what role gendered culture and social policy play. The analysis draws on in-depth interviews with 23 German speaking and 73 French speaking participants from Switzerland. The results reveal that French speaking women and men presume an egalitarian labor division as parents. In German speaking regions, however, participants anticipate that mothers will become the main caregivers and fathers the breadwinners. It is shown that the labor market structure, which is in line with the male breadwinner norm, contributes to men’s full-time employment, whereas mothers’ labor market insertion is influenced by the acceptance of non-parental childcare and to a lesser extent by the offer of childcare facilities. Further, mothers experience more time conflicts than fathers, and the less mothers’ paid work is accepted, the more they suffer from feelings of guilt when being employed. Keywords: family policy; gender inequality; labor division; parenthood; Switzerland Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:35-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gender Division of Domestic Labor in Post-Socialist Europe (1994–2012): Test of Class Gradients Hypothesis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2972 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.2972 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 23-34 Author-Name: Daria Ukhova Author-Workplace-Name: Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen and Jacobs University, Germany Abstract: This article analyzes changes in the gender division of domestic labor (GDDL) in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), an under-researched region characterized by high levels of inequality in GDDL from 1994–2012. Drawing on the literature on class gradients in the contribution of the genders to domestic labor and their change over time, the article answers two questions: How has GDDL (operationalized as men’s relative involvement into routine housework) changed in CEE in the post-socialist period? What has been the role of class (operationalized as respondents’ education and household income) in shaping GDDL in CEE in the post-socialist period? Data for the article comes from the 1994, 2002, and 2012 waves of the International Social Survey Program on Family and Changing Gender Roles from six CEE countries, i.e., Bulgaria, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia. The findings suggest that net of individual and interactional-level factors, inequality in GDDL in the CEE region did not change substantially during the post-socialist period. The analysis also shows, however, that trends of inequality in GDDL among different classes were idiosyncratic, and this underlay the overall lack of movement towards greater equality. Keywords: CEE; domestic labor; gender inequality; housework; post-socialism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:23-34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Educational Attainment and Gender Differences in Work–Life Balance for Couples across Europe: A Contextual Perspective File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2920 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.2920 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 8-22 Author-Name: Theocharis Kromydas Author-Workplace-Name: MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, UK Abstract: The current article aims to explain the interrelationships between the educational attainment of individuals living in households with heterosexual partners, their work–life balance (WLB) and the macro-economic climate of the country they live in, using data from the European Social Survey. WLB is a complex concept, as it is not only determined by factors related to someone’s employment or domestic work and childcare responsibilities, but also by decisions informed by personal experiences and circumstances, subjective perceptions and preferences. Moreover, in households with cohabiting partners, this decision-making process involves certain compromises where financial incentives, interests, gender and power dynamics play an important role. Since educational attainment is positively related to labour market outcomes, such as employment and wages, while at the same time more women are participating in education and the labour market, the gender conflict on the division of work and time within households intensifies and traditional gender roles are challenged. WLB is at the heart of this conflict operating as a mechanism through which division of work and time is reconciled on the individual and household level. Results from the current article reveal great heterogeneity between the 17 European countries examined. Perhaps surprisingly, educational attainment can have a detrimental effect on the WLB of spouses and cohabiting partners, especially for women whose level of WLB seems also more sensitive to fluctuations of the macro-economic climate of the country they live in. However, there is an indication that when an economy goes into recession, higher education has a cushioning effect on female’s WLB compared to relatively better economic times. Keywords: division of labour; dual-earner households; gender inequalities; job quality; work–life balance Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:8-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Linking Labour Division within Families, Work–Life Conflict and Family Policy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3619 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i4.3619 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-7 Author-Name: Ivett Szalma Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary / Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary Author-Name: Michael Ochsner Author-Workplace-Name: FORS—Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Judit Takács Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Hungary / KWI Essen—Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut, Germany Abstract:This thematic issue aims to shed light on the various ways of linking division of labour within families, work–life conflict and family policy in Europe. This editorial briefly introduces key concepts and provides a general overview of the published articles.
Keywords: division of labour; care work; family policy; long-term care; non-paid work; work–family conflict; work–life balance; work–life conflict Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:4:p:1-7 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inclusive Education for Religious Minorities: The Syriacs in Turkey File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3073 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3073 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 296-306 Author-Name: Halis Sakız Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Sciences, Mardin Artuklu University, Turkey Author-Name: Abdurrahman Ekinci Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Sciences, Mardin Artuklu University, Turkey Author-Name: Güldest Baş Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, Mardin Artuklu University, Turkey Abstract: Expanding the scope of inclusion beyond specific groups such as individuals with disabilities has led to the investigation of school systems’ inclusiveness from the perspective of all students. With this in mind, this research investigated the experiences of students and parents belonging to the ancient Syriac community in Turkey, who inhabited Mesopotamia since the inception of Christianity. Obtaining the views of 43 parents and their 46 children through semi-structured interviews, the school system was investigated at a political, cultural, and practical level in terms of the educational inclusion of Syriac individuals. Overall, student and parent views indicated that: (a) policy-making lacked an approach to reach all students and organize support for diversity; (b) school cultures needed to build a community whereby inclusive values were established; and (c) school practices lacked the organization to target and ensure the learning of all and mobilize resources to achieve this aim. Details of findings are included and discussed. Implications address the importance of building schools that consider the increasingly diverse school populations around the world, with a particular focus on cultural and religious diversity. Keywords: inclusive education; learning; religion; school system; Syriacs; Turkey Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:296-306 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Demands of Niqabi Women in the Telegram Subaltern Corner Orgullo Niqabi File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3033 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3033 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 286-295 Author-Name: Alexandra Ainz-Galende Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, History and Humanities, University of Almería, Spain Author-Name: Rubén Rodríguez-Puertas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, History and Humanities, University of Almería, Spain Abstract: The present article is about Niqabi women belonging to the private Telegram instant messaging channel Orgullo Niqabi (Spanish for ‘Niqabi Pride’). More specifically, our main objective is to explain what they are demanding, how they articulate their demands through that channel, and why they use it for communicating and to organize their actions. Said demands are mainly linked to their recognition as autonomous and political individuals within the different contexts in which they find themselves. First, our analysis will focus on categorizing their social and political demands for being recognized, not only as Muslims, but also as autonomous, independent, and political beings. Second, we intend to explain how those demands, expressed in the virtual world, are articulated in specific actions in the different societies and social contexts in which these women live. To this end, this article analyzes, following the procedures of the Grounded Theory, the discourses obtained through 27 in depth interviews conducted in the first half of the year 2019. The strength of this research lies in overcoming the difficult access to these women and their discourses as well as in clarifying who they are, what they are demanding from the societies in which they live, how and why they are virtually grouped and the consequences of their virtual grouping in the different societies in which each of them lives. Keywords: digital mobilization; fundamentalism; Niqabi pride; Niqabi women; political individuals; Telegram Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:286-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Muslim and Buddhist Youths in Switzerland: Individualising Religion and Striving for Recognition? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3071 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3071 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 273-285 Author-Name: Martin Baumann Author-Workplace-Name: Department for the Study of Religions, University of Lucerne, Switzerland Author-Name: Rebekka Christine Khaliefi Author-Workplace-Name: Department for the Study of Religions, University of Lucerne, Switzerland Abstract: Since the second half of the 20th century, immigrants and refugees from numerous countries have arrived in Switzerland. With their long-term settlement, the immigrant minorities have established cultural and religious associations to maintain their cultural and religious traditions and to teach their children the faith and religious practices from the country of origin. In contrast to the first immigrant generation, the second generation has had concurrent social influences from the Swiss ordinary school system and the cultural-religious traditions of their parents. This article asks to what extent the young generations have continued the religious traditions brought by their parents and what changes have occurred in adapting religious practices, ideas and collective forms to the new socio-cultural environment. In addition, we study whether and how the second generations have striven to move away from the often-marginalised social position of their parents and engage with social recognition in Swiss society. To provide answers to these pertinent questions, the article will draw on the examples of first and second-generation Muslims and Buddhists in Switzerland and refer to the theoretical model designed by the American scholars Fred Kniss and Paul Numrich. The article argues that not only outward changes of religiosity are observable among second-generation youths, but also that despite an intensified degree of individualisation, some of their newly founded youth associations strive for civic participation and social recognition in the public arena of Swiss civil society. Keywords: authority; Buddhists; civic engagement; individualisation; Muslims; second generation; social recognition; Switzerland; youth groups Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:273-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The City as a Continuous Laboratory for Diversity: The Case of Geneva File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3057 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3057 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 262-272 Author-Name: Christophe Monnot Author-Workplace-Name: ISSR, University of Lausanne, Switzerland / Faculty of Protestant Theology, University of Strasbourg, France Abstract: After a long period of interest of religious plurality in the nation-state, the sociology of religion, with the impulse of the sociology of migration, has turned its attention to the city. This local level allows us to understand the issues of diversity governance. This article takes advantage of the literature on the governance of migration to apply it to the governance of religious diversity. Using data from the National Congregations Study and available data on Geneva, this article will first show how past responses to the emergence of diversity determine the path for future decisions. To this top-down regulation of religion responds one or more bottom-up strategies of religious communities to find legitimacy in a constraining environment. Based on the unit of the religious community, this study on Geneva provides a historical case of the evolution of diversity. This historical perspective provides the consistency of the current governance of religious diversity, illuminating the struggle for recognition of the minority groups. Keywords: city; Geneva; legal framework; recognition; religious community; religious diversity; super-diversity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:262-272 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Space, Religious Diversity, and Negotiation Processes File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3260 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3260 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 251-261 Author-Name: Solange Lefebvre Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Religious Studies, University of Montreal, Canada Abstract: After a literature review of space, urbanity, and religion, this article identifies some descriptive categories and analytical frameworks to theorize problems faced by religious minorities, especially Muslims, in obtaining space for their cemeteries and places of worship. A second section focuses on debates and an analysis related to these themes in the province of Quebec (Canada), especially in the City of Montreal, showing that while spatial dimensions rarely constitute an analytical category, this aspect is nevertheless a continual source of tension. The article illustrates how dysfunctional administrative processes have dominated the public scene in recent years. A case study shows how a few actors are exploiting provincial regulations in order to oppose public decisions that seek to accommodate the needs of Muslims, using a process for approving amendments to zoning bylaws by way of referendum. After a brief examination of the case related to a Muslim cemetery in a village near Quebec City, to shed light on the recent debates surrounding regulations, the article analyzes the decision-making process resulting in a failure to modify zoning regulations in order to welcome new places of worship in a borough of Montreal. While analyzing administrative and legal aspects, the article also exposes the complexity of the social and spatial dynamics at stake. Our conclusion is that any successful public policy on diversity must employ multilayered strategies, particularly to support space regulations with foundational intercultural and interreligious initiatives. It also brings attention to the perverse effect of some local participatory procedures, whereby a few actors maneuver to mobilize citizens, in order to resist the religious pluralization of space. Keywords: Canada; cemetery; Islam; Judaism; Montreal; multiculturalism; places of worship; Quebec; religious diversity; urban studies Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:251-261 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Jewish Spatial Practices in Barcelona as Claims for Recognition File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3012 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3012 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 240-250 Author-Name: Julia Martínez-Ariño Author-Workplace-Name: Department of the Comparative Study of Religion, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Abstract: In this article, I argue that the spatial practices of the contemporary Jewish organisations in Barcelona’s medieval Jewish neighbourhood represent claims for public recognition. As a small and quite invisible minority within the diverse city population, Jewish groups increasingly claim that their presence in the city should be recognised by political authorities and ordinary citizens alike. They do so through a series of spatial practices around the medieval Jewish neighbourhood, which include (1) heritage production, (2) the renaming of streets and (3) the temporary marking of urban spaces with Jewish symbols. I have grouped these practices under the umbrella concept of ‘place-recovering strategies’ because all of them attempt to ‘recover’ the lost urban environments inhabited by their Jewish predecessors before they were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. By recovering I do not mean a mere passive restoring of urban spaces and places but rather a creative process in which historical narratives and myths of the past play a crucial role. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork, I argue that these place-recovering strategies are part of a quest for the visibility, legitimacy and recognition of Jews. Keywords: Barcelona; heritagisation; Jewish communities; place-recovering; recognition; urban spaces Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:240-250 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Religious Minorities and Struggle for Recognition File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3542 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3542 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 236-239 Author-Name: Christophe Monnot Author-Workplace-Name: ISSR, University of Lausanne, Switzerland / Faculty of Protestant Theology, University of Strasbourg, France Author-Name: Solange Lefebvre Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Religious Studies, University of Montreal, Canada Abstract: Religious minorities are increasingly present in the public sphere. Often pointed out as a problem, we argue here that the establishment of these minorities in Western societies is happening through struggles for recognition. Communities or individuals belonging to different minorities are seeking recognition from the society in which they are living. In Section 1, we present, briefly, our perspective, which differs from the analyses generally presented in the sociology of religion in that it adopts a bottom-up perspective. In Section 2, we present and discuss articles dealing with case studies in the cities of Barcelona, Geneva, and Montreal. In Section 3, we discuss two articles that present a process of individualization of claims for recognition. Finally, we present an article that discusses the case of an unrecognized minority in the Turkish school system. Keywords: diaspora; governance; migration; minority; religious diversity; struggle for recognition Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:236-239 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inclusion through Sport: A Critical View on Paralympic Legacy from a Historical Perspective File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2735 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2735 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 224-235 Author-Name: Sylvain Ferez Author-Workplace-Name: Health, Education, Situations of Disability Laboratory, University of Montpellier, France / National Centre for Scientific Research, France Author-Name: Sébastien Ruffié Author-Workplace-Name: Adaptations to Tropical Climates, Exercise and Health, University of the West Indies, Guadeloupe Author-Name: Hélène Joncheray Author-Workplace-Name: INSEP—The National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris University, France Author-Name: Anne Marcellini Author-Workplace-Name: Life Course and Inequality Research Centre (LINES), University of Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Sakis Pappous Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, UK Author-Name: Rémi Richard Author-Workplace-Name: Health, Education, Situations of Disability Laboratory, University of Montpellier, France Abstract: Through its commitment to universalism, the inclusion of disabled people has become an increasingly prominent objective of the Paralympic Games. To achieve this, the organisers rely on the notion of legacy, which refers to the expected effects of major sporting events on host countries. This notion was initially founded on material aspects and then took an interest in certain intangible sides that were spotted within the organiser’s goals and studied in literature. Building on the historical literature about the Paralympic movement’s institutionalization, this article shows that this institutionalization took place in a context of tension between disabled communities, depending on their proximity to the Olympic model. What is the impact of this historical legacy in terms of inclusion of the greater number? By shedding light on the historical perspective of the obstacles encountered in the creation of an ‘all-disabilities’ sporting event, this article aims to discuss and challenge the current perspective on the inclusive legacy of the Paralympic Games. Keywords: disability; inclusion; legacy; Paralympic Games; sport Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:224-235 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Why Can’t I Play?”: Transdisciplinary Learnings for Children with Disability’s Sport Participation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2750 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2750 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 209-223 Author-Name: Simon Darcy Author-Workplace-Name: UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Janice Ollerton Author-Workplace-Name: University of New South Wales, Australia Author-Name: Simone Grabowski Author-Workplace-Name: UTS Business School, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Abstract: This article explores the constraints to mainstream sports participation of children with disability in community sports clubs and schools through their lived experiences and the perceptions of parents, teachers, coaches, and club officials. It does so by administering an open-ended survey instrument to a sample of participants recruited from schools, sporting facilities, and disability organizations in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia. The data were analysed through a transdisciplinary conceptual framework which brought together the social model of disability (disability studies) with the leisure constraints framework (leisure studies), which have been encouraged by both academics and practitioners. The findings identified ableist and disablist practices, creating an enabled understanding of the facilitators for social inclusion. Participants perceived that interrelated intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints excluded children from their desired sporting activities. Through applying the social model of disability to the leisure constraints framework, the findings and discussion showed that a great deal of what had been considered intrapersonal constraints of the child with disability could be reinterpreted as interpersonal and structural constraints through enabling socially inclusive practices. The implications are that a social model of disability brings a new social lens to understanding constraints to sport participation for children with disability and can produce effective strategies for inclusion in sport at schools and community sport clubs. Keywords: children; disability; discrimination; leisure constraints; school; social model of disability; sport Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:209-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring the Contested Notion of Social Inclusion and Gender Inclusivity within eSport Spaces File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2755 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2755 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 197-208 Author-Name: Emily Jane Hayday Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sport Business, Loughborough University London, UK Author-Name: Holly Collison Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Sport Business, Loughborough University London, UK Abstract: With an emphasis on virtual engagement, creativity, and diverse competitive platforms, eSport is being explored as a new activity to achieve development outcomes within the Sport for Development (SfD) movement (Kidd, 2008). Research has shown the potential of eSport to provide opportunities for social interaction, bonding, and building social capital (Trepte, Reinecke, & Juechems, 2012). This exploratory research, conducted in 2019, examines the current eSport landscape and utility of eSport as a space to enact social inclusion and more specifically, in-line with SfD agendas and goals, positive experiences for women and girls. Three interactive focus groups were conducted in the UK and USA (N = 65) involving key stakeholders, including game publishers, SfD organisations, eSport teams, tournament organisers, and gamers. Supplementary interviews (N = 16) were conducted to allow for richer accounts and perspectives to be examined. Findings exposed the contested notion of social inclusion within online gaming communities as evidenced by the dominant masculine dynamics of digital spaces. Consistently those engaged in eSport claimed social inclusion and inclusivity were the most significant features and offering to the SfD movement. Yet, simultaneously the same voices exposed toxicity in the form of gender inequality and discrimination as the challenge embedded within eSport among its rapidly growing participants and spectators. This article empirically examines gender dynamics within eSport spaces, using Bailey’s social inclusion theory and Lefebvre’s spatial theory, and critically presents new opportunities to the field of SfD. Keywords: communities; eSport; gaming; gender; social inclusion; sport for development; toxicity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:197-208 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sport and Incarceration: Theoretical Considerations for Sport for Development Research File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2748 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2748 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 187-196 Author-Name: Mark Norman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health, Aging & Society, McMaster University, Canada Abstract: Despite a rapid expansion in research on Sport for Development (SfD), there remain numerous untapped veins of exploration. This article makes a novel argument for increasing the theoretical and substantive depth of SfD research by linking it to the relatively small, yet developing, body of literature on sport and incarceration. Drawing from the emergent field of carceral geography and the literature on prison sport, this article provides critical theoretical considerations for SfD programs that occur in ‘compact’ sites of confinement, such as prisons or refugee camps, or are enmeshed in ‘diffuse’ manifestations of carcerality. Given the structures of inequality that have led to the confinement of more than 13 million people in prisons, refugee camps, and migrant detention centres across the globe, as well as the multitude of ways that groups and individuals are criminalized and stigmatized in community settings, there are compelling reasons for SfD research to more deeply engage with concerns of space and carcerality as they relate to sport. As such, this article provides an important foundation for future analyses of SfD and carcerality, and signposts some potential ways forward for a deepening of theoretical perspectives in SfD research. Keywords: carceral geography; incarceration; prison sport; space; sport for development Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:187-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: (Re)forming the Inside/Outside: On Place as a Governable Domain through Sports-Based Interventions File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2688 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2688 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 177-186 Author-Name: David Ekholm Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture and Society, Linköping University, Sweden Author-Name: Magnus Dahlstedt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture and Society, Linköping University, Sweden Abstract: This article draws attention to two sports-based interventions carried out as part of the Midnight Football initiative and the places where they are conducted in two suburban areas in Sweden. Rather than approaching geographic place as simply a background and a context for sport-based interventions, we put place in the spotlight, scrutinising the very formation of place and its productive role in governing social policy. In line with a Foucauldian approach, and based on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, the aim of the article is to explore how the specific localities where interventions take place are formed as governable domains. The analysis shows how place is constituted in association with sport sites, local youth outreach and recruiting coaches. These places are made distinct from the rest of the surrounding cities via material and symbolic borders, directing the movement of people within the urban geography. These differentiations underpin attributions of the areas in terms of otherness and exclusion from the rest of society, localising a variety of problematisations to the demarcated areas. Furthermore, the places are demarcated as being filled with danger, intertwined with narratives challenging such a discourse. In conclusion, the findings enable us not only to scrutinise how specific meanings are attributed to place and how place is formed, but also to explore the performative and governable potential of place. Keywords: football; geography; governmentality; place making; social exclusion; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:177-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Young People’s Perceptions of the Influence of a Sport-for-Social-Change Program on Their Life Trajectories File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2828 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2828 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 162-176 Author-Name: Rob Cunningham Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Anne Bunde-Birouste Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Patrick Rawstorne Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Sally Nathan Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Abstract: Sport-for-social-change programs focusing on enhancing young people’s personal and social development emerged in the early to mid-2000s. Children and adolescents who participated in early programs are now adults, providing an opportunity to examine whether these programs have had any influence on their life trajectories. The Football United program has been operating in Sydney, Australia, since 2006 and is used as a case study in this article. This qualitative study draws on 20 interviews conducted in 2018 with a diverse sample of past participants of the program. Key findings were that participants perceived that the relationships they formed at Football United have had a substantial impact on their life trajectories, including influencing education and career decisions. These relationships were found to increase participants’ social capital, creating diverse connections with people and institutions within and external to their geographical communities. This study also found participants embraced a long-term commitment to ‘give back’ to their local geographical, cultural, and ethnic communities, which they attributed to their participation in the program. Keywords: Australia; football; social capital; sport; sport-for-social change; Sydney; youth development Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:162-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Using Realist Interviews to Improve Theory on the Mechanisms and Outcomes of Sport for Development Programmes File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2747 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2747 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 152-161 Author-Name: Kirsten Thecla Verkooijen Author-Workplace-Name: Chair Group Health and Society, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Author-Name: Sabina Super Author-Workplace-Name: Chair Group Health and Society, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Author-Name: Lisanne Sofie Mulderij Author-Workplace-Name: Chair Group Health and Society, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Author-Name: Dico de Jager Author-Workplace-Name: Chair Group Health and Society, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Author-Name: Annemarie Wagemakers Author-Workplace-Name: Chair Group Health and Society, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Abstract: The complex nature of Sport for Development (SfD) programmes makes impact evaluation challenging. Realist evaluation has been proposed as a new, theory-driven approach to evaluate complex programmes. The present study aimed to explore the value of conducting realist interviews to gain improved insight into the mechanisms and outcomes of three SfD programmes in the Netherlands: a programme that promotes sports participation among socially vulnerable youth; a combined lifestyle intervention for adults of low social economic status; and a sports-based programme for marginalised adults. In addition, the study aimed to investigate the applicability of a conceptual model from the field of social enterprise (Roy, Baker, & Kerr, 2017) as the preliminary programme theory for those interviews. First, for each programme, a realist interview was conducted with one researcher as the key informant. Thereafter, the findings from and experiences with the individual realist interviews were discussed among the informants in a group meeting. The results revealed that the conceptual model functioned well as preliminary programme theory for the SfD programmes. The realist interviews contributed to theoretical awareness and trustworthiness. Importantly, the interviews highlighted knowledge gaps and generated ideas for programme improvement. Hence, the realist interview technique is recommended as a methodological tool to generate, validate, and improve programme theory in the field of SfD. This study had, however, an explorative character, and more research is needed to confirm and generalize the findings and to learn how a greater number of stakeholders might contribute to this type of realist evaluation. Keywords: health promotion; programme theory; realist evaluation; social inclusion; sport for development Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:152-161 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bridge over Troubled Water: Linking Capacities of Sport and Non-Sport Organizations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2465 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2465 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 139-151 Author-Name: Mathieu Marlier Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International Sport Management, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise, and Sports, Luxembourg / Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Bram Constandt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Cleo Schyvinck Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Thomas De Bock Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Mathieu Winand Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International Sport Management, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise, and Sports, Luxembourg Author-Name: Annick Willem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Abstract: Community Sport Development Programs (CSDPs) that use an intersectoral capacity building approach have shown potential in reaching individuals in disadvantaged situations. This study has investigated how the application of capacity building principles in disadvantaged communities results in higher sport participation rates in these communities. A multiple case design was used, including six similar disadvantaged communities in Antwerp, Belgium; four communities implemented the CSDP, two communities served as control communities without CSDP. In total, 52 face-to-face interviews were held with sport, social, health, cultural, and youth organizations in these communities. Four key findings were crucial to explain the success of the CSDP according to the principles of capacity building. First, the CSDP appeared to be the missing link between sport organizations on the one hand and health, social, youth, and cultural organizations on the other hand. Second, shifting from a sport-oriented staff to a mix of sport staff, social workers and representatives of people in disadvantaged situations helped increase trust through a participatory approach. Third, CSDPs assisted sport clubs to deal with financial, organizational, and cultural pressures that arose from the influx of new members in disadvantaged situations. Finally, the CSDPs developed well-planned and integrated strategies focusing on reinforcing the existing local organizations already using sport to reach their goals. These capacity building principles were key in attaining higher sport participation for people living in disadvantaged communities. Keywords: capacity building; community sport; disadvantaged communities; intersectoral partnerships; sport participation; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:139-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sport for Vulnerable Youth: The Role of Multi-Professional Groups in Sustaining Intersectoral Collaboration File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2745 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2745 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 129-138 Author-Name: Chiara D'Angelo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Italy Author-Name: Chiara Corvino Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Italy Author-Name: Eloisa Cianci Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Italy Author-Name: Caterina Gozzoli Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Italy Abstract: Intersectoral actions in the sport-for-development field constitute a pre-condition for the implementation of sport-based interventions. At an operational level, the multi-professional group is the tool through which intersectoral collaboration may successfully achieve its aims. Despite the prominent role of the group, this topic is under-researched in terms of understanding intersectoral actions in the sport-for-development field. By applying a psycho-sociological perspective, our research explores the role of the multi-professional group as a limit/resource for sport-for-development workers that operate with vulnerable youth. Following a phenomenological interpretive approach, 12 practitioners (six sport workers and six social workers) participated in semi-structured interviews to explore the role of multi-professional groups as a resource/limit in working with socially vulnerable youth through sport. The results indicate that, in the participants’ experience, belonging to a multi-professional group is a meaningful resource to trigger reflexivity, promote collaboration and integrate their different professions. The interviews highlighted the positive potential of this tool to address the challenges that emerge when working with socially vulnerable youth, including the management of negative emotions, unexpected events and the relationship with young people. Some interviews also suggested that the presence of multiple professions, under certain circumstances, may be a risk when working with youth. These findings have significant value for programme design, strategy and management as they show the value of trans-disciplinary practices as an agenda for social inclusion through sport. Keywords: intersectoral collaboration; multi-professional group; social vulnerability; sports; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:129-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Boundary Spanning in Sport for Development: Opening Transdisciplinary and Intersectoral Perspectives File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3531 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3531 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 123-128 Author-Name: Reinhard Haudenhuyse Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Author-Name: John Hayton Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, UK Author-Name: Dan Parnell Author-Workplace-Name: University of Liverpool Management School, University of Liverpool, UK Author-Name: Kirsten Verkooijen Author-Workplace-Name: Chair Group Health and Society, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands Author-Name: Pascal Delheye Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Abstract: We can no longer claim that academic interest in the area of sport and social inclusion is lacking. Dedicated books, special issues, commissioned reports, and landmark articles on the topic of social inclusion and sport have been produced by devoted scholars. The same can be said for the burgeoning area of sport for development and peace. These relatively young academic fields seem to be struggling to create new fundamental theoretical insights about how organized sport can both act as an inclusive space and as a vehicle for broader developmental outcomes. Despite scholarly advancements, there remains a number of empirical and theoretical gaps. The aim of this special issue is to critically reflect on issues related to sport, development, and inclusion, and to do so via transdisciplinary and intersectoral perspectives. By making such a contribution, we aim to open up new research pathways. Keywords: inclusion; intersectoral collaboration; sport for development and peace; transdisciplinarity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:123-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “It Is Part of Belonging”: Walking Groups to Promote Social Health amongst People Living with Dementia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2784 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2784 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 113-122 Author-Name: Jane M. Robertson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Grant Gibson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Catherine Pemble Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Rog Harrison Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Kim Strachan Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Sheila Thorburn Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Abstract: People with dementia often report experiencing a ‘shrinking world’ connected with reduced opportunities to access physical and social spaces. This article applies the framework of social health (Dröes et al., 2017; Huber et al., 2011) as a theoretical lens through which to consider how inclusive walking groups can facilitate access to places and spaces to support people with dementia to remain connected in their communities. Findings are reported from walking interviews and focus group discussions with people with dementia, family carers, volunteers and walk leaders who participated in a national programme of dementia-friendly walking groups in Scotland. Thematic analysis of the data demonstrates that participation has a positive impact on social health, supporting people living with dementia to fulfil their potential, to engage in meaningful activity and to manage both their condition and their wider lives. Benefits include providing a context for continuing social participation and relationships for people with dementia and family carers. Additionally, groups provide a safe space where people with dementia can walk with autonomy and help to reinforce a sense of capacity and agency. Wider implications include the role of walking groups in fostering interdependencies between people with dementia and their wider communities by promoting an enabling ethos of dementia ‘inclusiveness.’ The benefits of developing an inclusive and supportive approach to involving people living with dementia in walking groups could extend more broadly to the wider community, with such initiatives acting as a catalyst for growing levels of social participation. Keywords: dementia; community; environment; inclusion; outdoors; social health; walking Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:113-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Neighbourhood Impacts on Wellbeing: The Role of Housing among Low-Income Tenants File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2700 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2700 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 102-112 Author-Name: Steve Rolfe Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Lisa Garnham Author-Workplace-Name: Glasgow Centre for Population Health, UK Abstract: The existing literature on neighbourhood effects suggests that a number of factors within local areas can have an impact on health, including environmental hazards, social networks and the socio-economic status of the area. However, there is minimal evidence regarding the role of housing organisations in shaping these effects. This article sets out the findings from a three-year longitudinal, mixed methods study of tenants of three housing organisations operating in the social and private rented sectors, examining different aspects of neighbourhood experience and their relationship to health and wellbeing outcomes. The findings demonstrate impacts of the immediate environment in terms of close neighbours, the wider neighbourhood environment, and social support networks, which are heavily influenced by tenant characteristics, previous experience and expectations. The services provided by housing organisations, themselves shaped by regulation and market factors, are also important. The findings will have relevance for tenants, housing providers, public health professionals and policy makers. Keywords: home; housing; low-income tenants; neighbourhoods; social capital; wellbeing Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:102-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: (Re)Building Home and Community in the Social Housing Sector: Lessons from a South Australian Approach File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2822 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2822 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 88-101 Author-Name: Selina Tually Author-Workplace-Name: The Australian Alliance for Social Enterprise, UniSA Business, University of South Australia, Australia Author-Name: William Skinner Author-Workplace-Name: Anthropology and Development Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia Author-Name: Debbie Faulkner Author-Workplace-Name: The Australian Alliance for Social Enterprise, UniSA Business, University of South Australia, Australia Author-Name: Ian Goodwin-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: The Australian Alliance for Social Enterprise, UniSA Business, University of South Australia, Australia Abstract: Australia’s social housing sector is under great pressure. Actions to improve social housing sector capacity and responsiveness have occupied the minds and endeavours of many policy makers, practitioners and scholars for some time now. This article focusses on one approach to challenges within the sector recently adopted in a socio-economically disadvantaged area within Adelaide, South Australia: transfer of housing stock from the public to the community housing sector for capacity and community building purposes (the Better Places, Stronger Communities Public Housing Transfer Program). The discussion draws on evaluative research about this northern Adelaide program, which has a deliberate theoretical and practical foundation in community development and place-making as a means for promoting and strengthening social inclusion, complementing its tenancy management and asset growth focuses. Tenants and other stakeholders report valued outcomes from the program’s community development activities—the focus of this article—which have included the coproduction of new and necessary social and physical infrastructures to support community participation and engagement among (vulnerable) tenants and residents, confidence in the social landlord and greater feelings of safety and inclusion among tenants, underpinning an improving sense of home, community and place. Consideration of program outcomes and lessons reminds us of the importance of the ‘social’ in social housing and social landlords. The program provides a model for how social landlords can work with tenants and others to (re)build home and community in places impacted by structural disadvantage, dysfunction, or change. The article adds to the literature on the role of housing, in this case community housing, as a vehicle for place-making and promoting community development and social inclusion. Keywords: co-production; community development; community housing; disadvantage; place-making; social housing; social inclusion; social landlord; stock transfer; tenants Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:88-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Listen to What We Have to Say”: Children and Young People’s Perspectives on Urban Regeneration File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2884 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2884 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 77-87 Author-Name: Siobhan O'Sullivan Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork, Ireland Author-Name: Cathal O'Connell Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork, Ireland Author-Name: Lorcan Byrne Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Social Sciences, Limerick Institute of Technology, Ireland Abstract: There is an important body of research that explores the contested understandings of urban regeneration programmes in areas of socio-economic disadvantage. While poor housing and living conditions must be tackled, regeneration programmes have been criticised for their destructive and displacement impacts on communities, their lack of public consultation and their reinforcement of the stigmatization of poor areas that draws “attention away from the structural and institutional failures that produce and reproduce poverty” and inequality (Hancock & Mooney, 2013, p. 59). However, much of the literature focuses on the understandings and perspectives of adult residents in regeneration areas. This article explores the views of young residents from ages 6 to 19 in Knocknaheeny, one of the largest social housing estates in Cork City in the South of Ireland, which is undergoing a regeneration programme. Through a series of creative methods, the research reveals the distinctive analysis these children and young people have on their community, the change it is undergoing, issues of poverty, stigma and exclusion, and their lack of involvement in the decision-making process. Taken together, these children and young people generate an analysis that is strikingly reminiscent of Wacquant’s (2008) concept of ‘territorial stigma.’ They clearly cite how the misrecognition and devaluation of their neighbourhood and community shifts responsibility for decline away from the institutional failings of the local authority and state, back toward the people who live there. Keywords: children; consultation; Cork; creativity in research; stigma; urban regeneration; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:77-87 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Creating Community and Belonging in a Designated Housing Estate for Disabled People File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2806 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2806 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 66-76 Author-Name: Liz Ellis Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Rural Health and Wellbeing, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland Author-Name: Sarah-Anne Muñoz Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Rural Health and Wellbeing, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland Author-Name: Katia Narzisi Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Rural Health and Wellbeing, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland Author-Name: Sara Bradley Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Rural Health and Wellbeing, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland Author-Name: Jenny Hall Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Rural Health and Wellbeing, University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland Abstract: In recent years there has been an ideological push within social care away from segregated housing provision towards supported housing integrated within the wider community (McConkey, Keogh, Bunting, Iriarte, & Watson, 2016; Merrells, Buchanan, & Waters, 2019; Overmars-Marx, Thomése, Verdonschot, & Meininger, 2014). Despite this, many housing solutions for older and disabled people continue to be built on a designated basis, with physical and emotional wellbeing outcomes being both contested and mixed. After reviewing key policy relating to social care housing alongside some of the theoretical and ideological positions, this article explores the social and emotional outcomes of a diverse group of disabled people living with mental health difficulties, physical and intellectual impairments, illnesses and age-related conditions, who moved into a small, purpose-built estate of smart homes. Drawing primarily on qualitative data collected from tenants prior to moving and again seven months following relocation, the impact of moving into the estate on tenants’ sense of wellbeing and feelings of inclusion will be analysed and discussed in relation to efforts to build a new community. Keywords: community building; disabled people; housing; loneliness; smart homes; wellbeing Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:66-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inclusive Social Lettings Practice: Opportunities to Enhance Independent Living for Disabled People File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2957 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2957 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 54-65 Author-Name: Isobel Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland Author-Name: Dianne-Dominique Theakstone Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland Author-Name: Julia Lawrence Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland Abstract: Appropriate housing is a key element of independent living for disabled people, yet research evidence confirms the continuing, often negative, impact of unsuitable housing on their lives. This article examines access to social rented housing as a route to independent living, through a study of lettings practice for accessible and adapted homes. Drawing on the social and social-relational models of disability, the study adopted a disabled-led, co-production approach. Qualitative research methods were used to compare social landlord practice and track home seeker/tenant experiences. While housing providers were proactive in reviewing policy and practice to better meet the housing needs of disabled people, there remained some ‘distance’ between landlord goals and applicant experiences. Disabled people’s extended lived experience of inappropriate housing, while waiting for a more accessible home, impacted negatively on their quality of life and physical and mental health. Social lettings policies and practice were necessarily complex, but often difficult for applicants to understand. The complexity of disabled people’s housing needs meant that the matching process for suitable housing was also complex, often requiring individualised solutions. Recommendations to improve practice include making better use of technology to improve data on accessible/adapted properties and applicant needs; flexibility in lettings practice to facilitate effective matches; and flexibility in fully recognising disabled people’s housing and independent living needs. Social rented housing remains an important mechanism for achieving disabled people’s independence. Explicit recognition of the social-relational interpretation of disability could deliver more inclusive lettings practice and achieve more sustainable tenancies. Keywords: accessible housing; disabled people; inclusive lettings practice; independent living; social rented housing Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:54-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who’s Homeless and Whose Homeless? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2818 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2818 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 43-53 Author-Name: Ingrid Sahlin Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: What does the persistent construction of ‘the homeless’ and the revitalised term ‘our homeless’ include, imply, and exclude in Swedish political debate? And how is it politically and morally related to other houseless groups in the country? These questions are approached through an analysis of minutes from the Swedish Parliament 2015–2019. Inspired by Simmel’s (1908/1965) definition of ‘the poor’ as those who get (or would get) public assistance as poor, I claim that in Swedish political discourse, ‘(our) homeless’ comprise only those to whom the society acknowledges a responsibility to give shelter, thereby excluding the tens of thousands of people without homes that are temporarily accommodated by other authorities, private providers or individuals—or not at all. Although official definitions are housing-related, migrants without homes tend to be defined outside the ‘homeless’ concept, as well as from the municipalities’ responsibilities. I will argue that the reasons for this are institutional: regulations and their interpretation, coupled with traditions to care for only ‘our’ people which, in turn, are fortified by current nationalist sentiments. Keywords: discursive exclusion; homeless definitions; houseless migrants; nationalist discourse; Sweden Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:43-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing and Ageing: Let’s Get Serious—“How Do You Plan for the Future while Addressing Immediate Chaos?” File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2779 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2779 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 28-42 Author-Name: Vikki McCall Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Friederike Ziegler Author-Workplace-Name: Bradford Institute for Health Research, UK Author-Name: Jane Robertson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Melanie Lovatt Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Judith Phillips Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Jeremy Porteus Author-Workplace-Name: Housing Learning and Improvement Network, UK Author-Name: Zhan McIntyre Author-Workplace-Name: Scottish Federation of Housing Associations, UK Author-Name: Alasdair Rutherford Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Judith Sixsmith Author-Workplace-Name: School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland Author-Name: Ryan Woolrych Author-Workplace-Name: School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Institute for Sustainable Building Design, Heriot-Watt University, Scotland Author-Name: Jim Eadie Author-Workplace-Name: Age Scotland, Scotland Author-Name: Jim Wallman Author-Workplace-Name: Stone, Paper, Scissors Ltd, UK Author-Name: Melissa Epinoza Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Policy, Housing, Equalities Research, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot Watt University, Scotland Author-Name: Emma Harrison Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Tom Wallace Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Abstract: This article presents findings from the Housing and Ageing programme conducted in 2018 that investigated how the housing sector can effectively plan for an ageing population. The project took a transdisciplinary approach to focus on new, critical insights into the process of decision making concerning housing and ageing across Scotland, England and Wales. A ‘Serious Game’ methodology was developed that explored over 200 policy maker, practitioner and service user perspectives. This was used as a framework to capture priorities, decisions, negotiations and processes that indicate how a ‘sense of place’ and ‘place belonging’ can influence the development of suitable housing for older people. Key housing provision challenges identified were tackling inequality, preserving autonomy, in(ter)dependence, empowerment and accessibility. Such challenges need consideration when strategically planning for the future. The findings recommend placing housing at the heart of service integration to support the co-production of decisions that emphasise the importance of working together across boundaries within social policy, service and stakeholder groups. A place-based approach can support the perception that we are all stakeholders in ageing. Keywords: ageing policy; community; co-production; equalities; home; housing policy; housing practice; Serious Game methodology; service integration; strategic planning Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:28-42 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is Housing Growth Ever Inclusive Growth? Evidence from Three Decades of Housing Development in England and Wales, 1981–2011 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2789 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2789 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 16-27 Author-Name: Rebecca Tunstall Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Housing Policy, University of York, UK Abstract: There is global concern about who gains from economic growth, including housing development, and global interest in making growth more inclusive. This article creates a new definition of ‘housing growth,’ growth in median space per person. It says that this housing growth is ‘inclusive’ if the worst-off make some gains, and ‘just’ if inequality does not increase. It applies these terms to data for 1981–2011 on rooms per person for England and Wales, the bulk of the UK, a nation with high income inequality but lower housing inequality. At national level, median housing space increased but the worst-off gained nothing, and inequality rose, so growth was neither inclusive nor just. Sub-national evidence shows that housing growth benefitted the worst-off in most areas, but they generally made very modest gains, and growth without increasing inequality was very rare. There was housing growth in all 10 regions except London, it was inclusive in 6 regions, but not just in any region. 97% of local authorities experienced housing growth, and it was inclusive in 72%, but the average gain for the worst-off was just 0.2 rooms/person over thirty years. Only 3% of local authorities achieved both inclusive and just growth. This suggests that in the UK and similar nations, local initiatives will be insufficient to achieve growth with significant gains for the worst-off, and that substantial change to the national system of housing development and allocation is needed. There may be a policy choice between benefitting the worst-off and reducing inequality. There is potential for further and comparative research. Keywords: housing development; housing space; inclusive growth; inequality Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:16-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to Housing and Social Inclusion in a Post-Crisis Era: Contextualizing Recent Trends in the City of Athens File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2778 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.2778 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 5-15 Author-Name: Thomas Maloutas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Harokopio University, Greece Author-Name: Dimitra Siatitsa Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Crete, Greece Author-Name: Dimitris Balampanidis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, Harokopio University, Greece Abstract: The way housing affordability evolved since WW2 in Greece—and in its capital city in particular—is an example of how the South European welfare system managed, for several decades, to provide socially inclusive housing solutions without developing the services of a sizeable welfare state until global forces and related policies brought it to an end. The increased role of the market in housing provision since the 1980s, the rapid growth of mortgage lending in the 1990s, the neoliberal policy recipes imposed during the crisis of the 2010s and the unleashed demand for housing in the aftermath of the crisis have led to increased housing inequalities and converged the outcome of this South European path with the outcome of undoing socially inclusive housing solutions provided by the welfare state in other contexts. The article follows longstanding and recent developments concerning the housing model in Greece and especially in the city of Athens, focusing on mechanisms that have allowed access to affordable housing for broad parts of the population during different historical periods, and examines the extent to which the current housing model remains inclusive or not. The aim here is to discuss the most important challenges concerning access to decent housing and highlight the need for inclusive housing policies to be introduced into the current social and political agenda. Keywords: affordable housing; Athens; crisis; gentrification; inclusive housing policies; short-term rentals; tenure; tourism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:5-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Home, Housing and Communities: Foundations for Inclusive Society File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3508 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i3.3508 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Isobel Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Joe Finnerty Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork, Ireland Author-Name: Vikki McCall Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Abstract: This issue of Social Inclusion explores the interconnected, but multi-faceted concepts of home, housing and communities as fundamental tenets of an inclusive society. Our editorial introduces our motivation for this topic, outlines the contributions to the collection and highlights some crosscutting themes, which emerge from the articles. The research presented was largely completed in advance of the full impact of the 2020 global coronavirus pandemic. In concluding the editorial, we reflect on the equal centrality of home, housing and communities to surviving the pandemic and ensuing economic crisis and encourage greater commitment to home and housing as a human right to mitigate social and economic inequality and underpin sustainable, inclusive settlements for the future. Keywords: communities; empowerment; home; homelessness; housing; human right to housing; neighbourhood Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:3:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: From Christian Mission to Transnational Connections: Religious and Social Mobilisation among Roma in Finland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2782 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2782 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 367-376 Author-Name: Raluca Bianca Roman Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St Andrews, UK Abstract: Based on the analysis of archival material, and combined with ethnographic fieldwork conducted among the Finnish Kaale (the Finnish Romani population) since 2011, this article looks at the historical intertwining of Roma religious and social activism in Finland from the beginning of the 20th century. A focus is placed on the role of the Gypsy Mission (Mustalaislähetys), nowadays Romani Mission (Romano Missio), in shaping both historical and present-day Roma policy, activism and mobilisation within the country. Founded in 1906, and initially led by non-Roma Evangelicals, its impact has nevertheless moved beyond a strictly Roma-focused/non-Roma-led mission. While rarely mentioned, Kaale were active participants within the organisation, and some of the earliest Roma activists were shaped within its midst. Furthermore, Roma mobilisation in the country continues to have a religious undertone, particularly in the contemporary transnational humanitarian work conducted by Finnish Kaale missionaries among Roma communities in Eastern Europe. Tracing the legacy of present-day religious mobilisation among Roma in Finland, as well as Finnish Roma’s active involvement in shaping Roma-projects elsewhere in Europe, is therefore crucial in revealing not only contrasts in how Roma activism may have manifested during the interwar period in Europe (from political to religious, from Roma-led to Roma-focused) but points to the present-day influence of Evangelical missions in shaping particular visions of the ‘future’ among Roma communities across Europe. Keywords: Eastern Europe; Evangelical; Finland; religion; Roma Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:367-376 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Kalderash Gypsies of Russia in Industrial Cooperation of the 1920s–1930s File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2765 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2765 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 358-366 Author-Name: Aleksandr V. Chernykh Author-Workplace-Name: Perm Federal Research Center, Department of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Abstract: At the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s, in line with the state economic policy of the time, which was aimed at industrialisation and cooperativisation, and also as part of the implementation of measures to promote a settled way of life for nomadic Gypsies, the Kalderash Gypsies became actively involved within cooperatives and started establishing artels (Gypsy production cooperatives). This article analyses the issue of Gypsy artels, their manufacturing activities, the reasons why they flourished, their decline and their subsequent repression. The study is based on documents from the central and regional archives of the Russian Federation. The historical experience of that period was especially important for the Kalderash community—the establishing of artels helped them to adapt to the emerging economic reality of Soviet society. Indeed, during the following decades artel cooperative associations remained the main form of production and economic interaction with enterprises and organisations. As such, artels existed until the 1980s and then continued to exist within the new economic conditions of the post-Soviet period. Later on, the state never provided special support towards the creation of the Gypsy production associations and took more severe measures to implement its policy. The experience of these cooperatives has also remained a vibrant part of historic tales and been firmly instilled in family oral histories. The historical experience of that period is therefore important for understanding and building a modern policy towards the Gypsy population and solving their social and economic issues. Keywords: artels; cooperation; economy; Gypsies; industrialisation; Kalderash Gypsies; Roma; Russia; Soviet Union Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:358-366 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ‘The Books to the Illiterate?’: Romani Publishing Activities in the Soviet Union, 1927–1938 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2792 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2792 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 346-357 Author-Name: Viktor Shapoval Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Humanities, Moscow City University, Russia Abstract: As one of the projects of the Soviet cultural revolution, the Gypsy project was notable for its unusual success in creating a new literary language and active book publishing. Among its achievements are both original fiction, textbooks and manuals in various fields of knowledge and technics. For instance, the elementary school was almost fully provided with necessary books in Romani. It is noteworthy that Roma women played an active role in the creation of new literature and proved to be not only translators, but also authors of original works in several genres. As the most hardworking author, N. Pankovo, who was distinguished by incredible productivity, should be noted. This project was regularly supported by the state, which allowed the distribution of books at reasonable prices. This project was stopped in 1938, which overwhelmed the narrow group of writers and activists, though it did not lead to fatal personal repressions against them. Keywords: book publishing; cultural revolution; Gypsy project; Roma women; language Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:346-357 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Political Activity of Kwiek ‘Dynasty’ in the Second Polish Republic in the Years 1935–1939 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2775 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2775 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 336-345 Author-Name: Alicja Gontarek Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Political Science, Maria Curie-Sklodovska University, Poland Abstract: The coronation of King Janusz Kwiek, which took place in 1937, was meant to integrate the Romani elite in the interwar sociopolitical life of Poland. Unfortunately, the creation of a homogeneous and centralized Romani representation through the royal institution ended in a fiasco. Firstly, the centralized model of power was in conflict with the Romani nomadic system in Poland, which was based on a multitude of leaders, including women whose power resulted from hierarchical dependence. Secondly, it quickly became clear that from the mid-1920s onward, when the presence of Polish Romani in mainstream social life crystallized, there has been no bottom–up social initiatives promoting King Janusz Kwiek’s attempts towards sociopolitical reform. Therefore, the Romani population was not prepared for changes and no effective state coercive measures were created to enforce the introduction of the postulated changes. Thus, although the activities of both actors—the Kwieks and the Polish authorities—often had a facade character, consisting in more or less weak ‘governance’ of the Romani minority, their joint activity favored the political maturation of the Romani elite and its comprehensive development. This was despite of the many shortcomings of the close relationship between the Romani people and the Polish administration, as a result from the dictatorial rule in Poland at the time. Keywords: Gypsies; integration; minorities; Poland; Roma Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:336-345 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hungarian Gypsy Musician’s National Association: Battles Faced by Gypsy Musicians in Hungary during the Interwar Years File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2760 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2760 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 327-335 Author-Name: Tamás Hajnáczky Author-Workplace-Name: Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Hungary Abstract: The governments of the Horthy era did not formulate a central Gypsy policy and, consequently, the so-called ‘Gypsy issue’ fell fully into the hands of the assigned ministries and local authorities. The public authorities acted at their own discretion: Largely, they acted according to their basic tasks and understanding, or simply ignored the issue. As a result, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Welfare and Labour were the decisive authorities in this issue. Mainly law enforcement dealt with travelling Gypsies—a small portion of the estimated one hundred thousand Gypsies living in Hungary—the majority of whom lived in ‘colonies’ and were dealt with as an issue of public health. Regarding Gypsies, the same era is frequently judged by the legal action affecting these travellers and the often criticised measures regulating public security and health. The foundation of the Hungarian Gypsy Musicians’ National Association, which intended to represent the interests of nearly ten thousand Gypsy musicians, somewhat changed the picture that had developed, since the organisation enjoyed the full support of the heads of the Ministry of the Interior and the city of Budapest. Regulations were enacted to protect their interests and initiatives. Behind the patronage, one might note, was that after the Treaty of Trianon Gypsy music became part of irredentist ideology and the revisionist movement, and therefore the interests and claims of the Gypsy musicians fully fitted the age. The topic is very important for social inclusion today because Gypsy music continues to be considered part of Hungarian cultural heritage and thus gives Gypsies work and integration opportunities. Keywords: cultural heritage; Gypsy association; Gypsy musicians; Hungarian Gypsies; Hungary; interwar period; jazz musicians Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:327-335 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Faith Church: Roma Baptists Challenging Religious Barriers in Interwar Romania File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2759 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2759 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 316-326 Author-Name: Iemima Ploscariu Author-Workplace-Name: School of History and Geography, Dublin City University, Ireland Abstract: In interwar Romania, the numbers of Baptists grew exponentially among the ethnic majority population in the border regions of Transylvania, Banat, and Bessarabia. In the competition over souls and for cultural space in the newly formed Greater Romania, the Roma became an important minority to win over. In 1930, Petar Mincov visited Chișinău and spurred outreach to the Roma among Romanian Baptists as he had in Bulgaria. It was here and in the cities of Arad and Alba-Iulia that some of the first Romanian Roma converted to the Baptist denomination. The first Roma Baptist (and first Roma neo-Protestant) Church, called Biserica Credinţa (Faith Church), was founded in Arad city around 1931. Confessional newspapers in English, Romanian, and Russian from the interwar period reveal the initiative taken by members of the local Roma community to convert and to start their own church. The article analyses the role of Romanian Baptist leadership in supporting Roma churches and the development of these new faith communities in the borderland regions. Unlike outsider attempts to foster a Roma Baptist community in Bucharest, the Faith Church survived World War II and communist governments, and provides insight into the workings and agency of a marginalized double minority. The article also looks at the current situation of Roma evangelicals in Arad city and how the change in religious affiliation has helped or hindered attempts at inclusion and policy change. Keywords: assimilation; Baptist; Faith Church; minorities; religion; Roma; Romania Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:316-326 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Between Nationalism and Pragmatism: The Roma Movement in Interwar Romania File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2808 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2808 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 305-315 Author-Name: Petre Matei Author-Workplace-Name: Elie Wiesel National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust, Romania Abstract: In the interwar period, for the first time in their history, Romanian Roma managed to organise themselves on a modern basis, by forming Roma associations and unions, and issuing their own newspapers and programmes. In an effort to define themselves, they became politically active, claiming and negotiating rights. In my article I analyse the context of the interwar Roma movement, how Roma leaders of the time saw themselves and their movement, what programme(s) they had, and how they tried to achieve their goals. This was a serious challenge: As they were not self-sufficient, they heavily depended on support from Romanian institutions, and hence they had to act with caution in order to avoid any hostile reactions from the Romanian majority. Overall, the discourse of Roma elites in interwar Romania ranged between: 1) a national approach directed inwardly, toward the Roma, for ethnic mobilisation purposes, including calls to unite in order to acquire their rights, efforts to combat ethnic stigmatisation, discussions on ethnonyms (Gypsy vs. Roma) or on the importance of Roma in Romania and worldwide, the beginning of a national/ethnic mythology (past, origin, enslavement, heroization vs. victimization, etc.); and 2) a pragmatic approach directed outwardly, toward Romanian authorities and public opinion; rather than a national minority, Roma leaders presented the Roma as a social category with specific needs, due to their historical legacy. Of these two, throughout the interwar period, pragmatism prevailed. Special emphasis was placed on the issue of social inclusion, and on identifying specific problems and solutions (i.e., better access to education, settlement, deconstruction of prejudices, etc.). Keywords: Catholic Church; ethnicity; Orthodox Church; Roma; Romania Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:305-315 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Images of Roma through the Language of Bulgarian State Archives File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2787 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2787 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 296-304 Author-Name: Aleksandar G. Marinov Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St Andrews, UK Abstract: This research has been carried out as part of the RomaInterbellum Project which studies the Roma civic emancipation between World War I and World War II. Trawling through the Bulgarian archival documents on Roma in this time period, a reader cannot help but begin to form a certain image about the Tsigani, the term with which Roma have been popularly referred to in the archives. Unsurprisingly, this image does not seem to differ much from the one of today—that of the uneducated, dirty, foreign, and that pose a threat not only to the prosperity and well-being of the Bulgarian population and culture at large but also to the state and the economy. The research is based on archived files, letters of complaints from Bulgarian citizens and other documents sourced from Bulgarian state archives. The article analyses the words and language employed in the archived documents, the connotations they bear and the images they build. It also tries to show how, in the interwar period, this dominant language was utilised by Roma individuals and leaders in order to react, counter and protect their image and future. More importantly, they sought ways to build a better integrated Roma society through the establishment of own organisations and associations. Understanding this historical narrative from the interwar period is essential in advancing knowledge of many major issues surrounding the Roma today, such as housing, health and their social inclusion. Keywords: archive; Bulgaria; emancipation; Gypsy; images; inclusion; Roma; society; threat; Tsigan Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:296-304 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Improving Our Way of Life Is Largely in Our Own Hands”: Inclusion according to the Romani Newspaper of Interwar Yugoslavia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2794 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2794 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 286-295 Author-Name: Sofiya Zahova Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St Andrews, UK Abstract: The only Romani newspaper of interwar Yugoslavia, Romano lil/Ciganske novine (the latter meaning ‘Gypsy newspaper’ in Serbian), was published in Belgrade in 1935 comprising only three monthly issues. The most prominent Yugoslav Romani activist of the time, Svetozar Simić, was the editor of the newspaper, giving tribute to his visions of what Roma should do for the prosperity of their own community. In terms of content, the newspaper articles seem to be strategically thought-out with the aim of creating a narrative about the Roma, as people united by common culture and historical memory, equal to the other people of the Yugoslav Kingdom, who needed to be included in all processes of the social and public sphere. This article looks into the essence of some messages that the newspaper conveys regarding Roma’s social inclusion, such as (1) education and professional training as a key for a better future, (2) the need for Roma to be more engaged and to self-organise as a community and (3) the fight against majority misconceptions about the Gypsies. The article presents and analyses these three elements of Svetozar Simić’s visions for Romani social inclusion as presented in his editorial pieces. The analysis also pays attention to the resemblances between some of the main messages of the Romani activism in the interwar period and the activism for Roma inclusion in later periods, including parallels during the time of Yugoslav Socialism and the period of democratic transition up until today. Keywords: education; inclusion; interwar Yugoslavia; minorities; newspaper; Romani activism; Romani journalism; Romano lil/ Ciganske novine; Serbian Gypsies; Svetozar Simić Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:286-295 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A View of the Disaster and Victory from below: Serbian Roma Soldiers, 1912–1918 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2821 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2821 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 277-285 Author-Name: Danilo Šarenac Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Contemporary History, Serbia Abstract: The Kingdom of Serbia fought in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918. These events merged into a devastating experience of an all-out war, completely reshaping all aspects of contemporary life. As the first centenary of these events has recently shown, the memories of wartime still play a very prominent role in the Serbian national narrative. By 1915 around 20% of Serbian combatants belonged to some of the country’s minorities. Second class citizens on the social margins of society, the Serbian Roma constitute those whose wartime history is the least known to research and the public. However, the wartime diaries kept by Serbian soldiers are full of causal references to their Roma fellow combatants. This article provides an overview of the duties Roma soldiers played in the war, based on the perspective of Serbs who were fighting alongside them. The article tackles the general image and the position of the Roma population in the Kingdom of Serbia. In addition, the horrific challenges the war created for Serbian society are tackled from the perspective of those who were, already in peace time, in the most disadvantageous situation socially and economically. Overall, despite the unifying experience which the wartime suffering imposed on all citizens of the Kingdom, the old prejudices towards the Roma survived after 1918. Keywords: minorities; Roma soldiers; Serbia; warfare; World War I Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:277-285 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ‘Letter to Stalin’: Roma Activism vs. Gypsy Nomadism in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe before WWII File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2777 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2777 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 265-276 Author-Name: Elena Marushiakova Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St Andrews, UK Author-Name: Vesselin Popov Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St Andrews, UK Abstract:From the beginning, academic research on Gypsies in Western Europe has presented their nomadic way of life as their most important and essential feature, a key pillar of their community identity. Measures for their sedentarisation were perceived as a shackle in a chain of persecutions, and the policy of sedentarisation conducted in the 1950s–1970s in Central, South-Eastern, and Eastern Europe has continuously been interpreted as an example of the crimes of the communist regimes against the human and cultural rights of Roma. What has been missing, however, in these interpretations is the stance on the issue of nomadism as expressed by the Roma themselves and, more specifically, by the Roma civic elite: namely, by the Roma activists who initiated the Roma civic emancipation and created the first Roma organizations in the regions. In recent years, a need to critically re-think the field of Romani Studies in order to take into account the viewpoint of the studied community comes in the foreground of academic and civil society discussions. Such re-consideration is unavoidable also in studying the field of Roma history. This article strives to fill this knowledge gap and to initiate a new discussion about the issue of the so-called Gypsy nomadism. The viewpoints on this issue, coming from the Roma civic elite itself, are presented primarily on the basis of historical evidence from the interwar period, but are not limited to its framework. Finally, later historical developments in the issue of Roma activists’ approach to Gypsy nomadism will also be outlined, including its contemporary dimensions.
Keywords: Central Europe; Eastern Europe; Gypsy nomadism; interwar period; Roma activism; Roma organizations Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:265-276 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gypsy Policy and Roma Activism: From the Interwar Period to Current Policies and Challenges File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3036 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.3036 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 260-264 Author-Name: Elena Marushiakova Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St Andrews, UK Author-Name: Vesselin Popov Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St Andrews, UK Abstract: The editorial introduces the key ideas of this thematic issue, which originated within the European Research Council project ‘RomaInterbellum. Roma Civic Emancipation between the Two World Wars.’ The period between WWI and WWII in the region of Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe was an era of worldwide significant changes, which marked the birth of the Roma civic emancipation movement and impacted Roma communities’ living strategies and visions about their future, worldwide. The aspiration of this thematic issue is to present the main dimensions of the processes of Roma civic emancipation and to outline the role of the Roma as active participants in the historical processes occurring in the studied region and as the creators of their own history. The editorial offers clarifications on the terminology and methodology employed in the articles included in this issue and their spatial and chronological parameters while also briefly introducing the individual authored studies of this issue. Keywords: Central Europe; civic emancipation; Eastern Europe; equality; Gypsy Policy; inclusion; Interwar Period; nation-state; Roma Activism; Southeastern Europe Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:260-264 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Digital Inclusion Across the Americas and Caribbean File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2632 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2632 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 244-259 Author-Name: Laura Robinson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Santa Clara University, USA Author-Name: Jeremy Schulz Author-Workplace-Name: ISSI—Institute for the Study of Societal Issues, University of California Berkeley, USA Author-Name: Matías Dodel Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Communications, Catholic University of Uruguay, Uruguay Author-Name: Teresa Correa Author-Workplace-Name: School of Communication, Diego Portales University, Chile Author-Name: Eduardo Villanueva-Mansilla Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Communications, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Peru Author-Name: Sayonara Leal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Brasília, Brazil Author-Name: Claudia Magallanes-Blanco Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Humanities, Ibero-American University Puebla, Mexico Author-Name: Leandro Rodriguez-Medina Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International Relations and Political Science, University of the Americas Puebla, Mexico Author-Name: Hopeton S. Dunn Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Media Studies, University of Botswana, Botswana Author-Name: Lloyd Levine Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy, University of California at Riverside, USA Author-Name: Rob McMahon Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta, Canada Author-Name: Aneka Khilnani Author-Workplace-Name: School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, USA Abstract: This research brings together digital inequality scholars from across the Americas and Caribbean to examine efforts to tackle digital inequality in Uruguay, Chile, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, the United States, and Canada. As the case studies show, governmental policy has an important role to play in reducing digital disparities, particularly for potential users in rural or remote areas, as well as populations with great economic disparities. We find that public policy can effectively reduce access gaps when it combines the trifecta of network, device, and skill provision, especially through educational institutions. We also note, that urban populations have benefitted from digital inclusion strategies to a greater degree. This underscores that, no matter the national context, rural-urban digital inequality (and often associated economic inequality) is resistant to change. Even when access is provided, potential users may not find it affordable, lack skills, and/or see no benefit in adoption. We see the greatest potential for future digital inclusion in two related approaches: 1) initiatives that connect with hard-to-reach, remote, and rural communities outside urban cores and 2) initiatives that learn from communities about how best to provide digital resources while respecting their diversely situated contexts, while meeting social, economic and political needs. Keywords: Caribbean; Digital Divide; Digital Inclusion; Digital Inequalities; Digital Inclusion; Latin America; North America Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:244-259 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Configuring the Older Non-User: Between Research, Policy and Practice of Digital Exclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2607 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2607 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 233-243 Author-Name: Vera Gallistl Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria Author-Name: Rebekka Rohner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria Author-Name: Alexander Seifert Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology, University of Zurich, Switzerland Author-Name: Anna Wanka Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Pedagogy and Adult Education, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany Abstract: Older adults face significant barriers when accessing the Internet. What can be done to address these barriers? This article analyses existing strategies to tackle the age-related digital divide on three different levels: research, policy and practice. It analyses (1) scientific conceptualisations that are used when studying Internet use and non-use in later life, (2) policies that address older adults’ Internet (non-)use in Austria and (3) characteristics of older Austrian non-users of the Internet based on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, wave 6). Analysis shows that Austrian policy tends to emphasise the individual responsibility to learn digital technologies, while placing a lower priority on structural issues, such as investments in infrastructure. However, SHARE data shows that only a small percentage of older non-users of the Internet is in fact reached with such interventions. Thus, this article suggests that policy needs to base its strategies on more refined understandings of Internet use and non-use in later life as well as a more nuanced image of the older non-user. A perspective of critical-cultural gerontology, as laid out in this article, highlights that technology adoption is a domestication process that takes place in the everyday lives of older adults, and it is these processes that interventions that tackle the age-related digital divide should take as a starting point. Keywords: age; ageing; Austria; digital divide; digital exclusion; digital policies Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:233-243 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Technological Socialization and Digital Inclusion: Understanding Digital Literacy Biographies among Young People in Madrid File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2601 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2601 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 222-232 Author-Name: Daniel Calderón Gómez Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Anthropology and Social Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain Abstract: The main goal of this article is to analyze young people’s technological socialization experiences to build a comprehensive model of the distinctive digital literacies interwoven with their biographies. Considering that digital accessibility is a necessary but not sufficient condition for inclusion, we identify which types of digital literacies are linked to the acquisition of digital competencies, confidence, and dispositions towards the incorporation of ICTs into daily activities; on the other hand, we also identify digital literacies that might engender motivated processes of self-exclusion from the digital realm, therefore reinforcing subjects’ digital exclusion. Methodologically, this article is based on 30 in-depth biographically-oriented qualitative interviews with young people living in the region of Madrid, Spain. Regarding results, four techno-social dimensions are proposed—motivation, degree of formality, degree of sociality, and type of technological domestication—to construct a typology of four ideal forms of digital literacy: unconscious literacy, self-motivated literacy, professional literacy, and social support. To achieve digital inclusion, self-motivation towards using digital technologies is mandatory, but social practices, academic and professional literacy might work as a secondary socialization process that enhance subjects’ affinity with ICTs. Nevertheless, the effect of social support is ambivalent: It could promote digital inclusion among people already interested in digital technologies, but it could also lead to dynamics of self-exclusion among people who are not confident regarding their digital competencies or disinterested in ICTs. Keywords: digital divide; digital inclusion; digital literacy; technological socialization; young people Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:222-232 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Effective Experiences: A Social Cognitive Analysis of Young Students’ Technology Self-Efficacy and STEM Attitudes File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2612 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2612 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 213-221 Author-Name: Kuo-Ting Huang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Journalism, Ball State University, USA Author-Name: Christopher Ball Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Journalism, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Author-Name: Shelia R. Cotten Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Media & Information, Michigan State University, USA Author-Name: LaToya O’Neal Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, University of Florida, USA Abstract: The development of computer skills, as well as computer self-efficacy, has increased in importance along with the role of technology in everyday life. Childhood is a critical time for the development of these skills since early inequalities may substantially impact future life outcomes. In a context of a computing intervention designed to improve digital inclusion, we hypothesize that students’ enactive learning experience (conceptualized as their computer usage) and their vicarious learning experience (conceptualized as their perception of their teacher’s computer usage) are associated with the development of perceived technology efficacy and STEM (Science, Technology, Education, and Math) attitudes. Data are from a sample of elementary school students from an urban school district in the Southeastern United States. The results show that both their direct experiences and their perception of their teacher’s computer usage have strong impacts on students’ technology efficacy and STEM attitudes, and the former is the stronger predictor of the outcomes examined. The findings suggest that programs aiming to improve digital inclusion should emphasize students’ direct learning experience, which would later improve their attitude toward STEM fields. Keywords: digital inclusion; enactive experience; learning; perception of teachers; STEM attitudes; students; technology efficacy; vicarious experience Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:213-221 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Fostering Digital Participation for People with Intellectual Disabilities and Their Caregivers: Towards a Guideline for Designing Education Programs File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2578 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2578 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 201-212 Author-Name: Vanessa N. Heitplatz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Rehabilitation Technology, TU Dortmund, Germany Abstract: In Germany, libraries or public training centers offer education programs for different target groups to foster digital participation. Yet, those programs often do not meet the requirements of people with intellectual disabilities, their formal caregivers or social institutions. A high degree of personal and organizational effort, lack of caregivers’ knowledge and expenditure of time materialize as barriers for caregivers in social institutions to support their clients to achieve digital literacy. However, the desires of people with intellectual disabilities to improve their digital skills have risen steadily in the last years. This article addresses the question of how education programs should be designed to meet the needs of people with intellectual disabilities, their formal caregivers, and social institutions. Therefore, requirements were derived from a secondary analysis of 24 semi-structured interviews with formal caregivers in social organizations, focus groups containing 50 people with intellectual disabilities, and an additional interview study with five experts form research and practice. As a result, a guideline with ten main points for designing education programs for people with disabilities, caregivers and social institutions is presented in this article. Keywords: formal caregivers; education programs; inclusive education; digital literacy; intellectual disability Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:201-212 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A New Player for Tackling Inequalities? Framing the Social Value and Impact of the Maker Movement File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2590 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2590 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 190-200 Author-Name: Elisabeth Unterfrauner Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Innovation, Austria Author-Name: Margit Hofer Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Social Innovation, Austria Author-Name: Bastian Pelka Author-Workplace-Name: Social Research Centre, TU Dortmund, Germany Author-Name: Marthe Zirngiebl Author-Workplace-Name: Social Research Centre, TU Dortmund, Germany Abstract: The Maker Movement has raised great expectations towards its potential for tackling social inequalities by mediating technology-related skills to everybody. Are maker spaces new players for social inclusion in digital societies? How can this potential impact be framed? While scientific discourse has so far identified broad value and impact dimensions of the Maker Movement, this article adds empirical insight into the potential for tackling social inequalities. The study is based on 39 interviews with makers and managers of maker initiatives and ten self-reporting surveys filled in by maker initiative managers throughout Europe, which have been analyzed qualitatively. We found four main domains in which makers address social inclusion: First, by mediating skills and competences not only in the field of digital technologies but in the broader sense of empowering people to “make” solutions for encountered problems. Second, we found that makers actively strive to provide democratized access to digital fabrication and the knowledge on how to use them. Third and fourth, we found different ambitions articulated by makers to change society and social practices towards a society providing better opportunities for individuals. As an entry point for further research and actions, we derived a maker typology that reflects the diverse and various types of relationships to be found in the maker community. This typology could be used for exploring further collaborations between social actors and the Maker Movement. We conclude with an outlook on potential trajectories of the Maker Movement and specify which could influence the inclusion of marginalized persons. Keywords: Maker Movement; maker space; social impact; social inclusion; social inequalities Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:190-200 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Implications of Digital Inclusion: Digitalization in Terms of Time Use from a Gender Perspective File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2546 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2546 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 180-189 Author-Name: Lidia Arroyo Author-Workplace-Name: Internet Interdisciplinary Institute, Open University of Catalonia, Spain Abstract: The implications of digital technologies for the transformation of gender relations and identities have been discussed since the early days of the internet. Although gender studies have identified clear gender gaps in terms of digital inclusion as well as potentialities for the transformation of women’s subjectivity, there is a lack of empirical evidence of the impact of digitalization in terms of time use from a gender perspective. Public policies have begun to address the digital gender gap, but the incorporation of a gender perspective in digital inclusion programmes which promotes women’s emancipation by challenging the gender division of time through use of the internet has been not incorporated in the digital policies agenda. This article aims to provide empirical evidence of the mutual interrelation between the time allocation and digital inclusion from a gender perspective. It considers how gender inequalities in time use shape women’s experience of digital inclusion and, at the same time, how digital inclusion promotes the reconfiguration of time in women’s everyday lives. Qualitative analysis based on episodic interviews explored the representations and practices of internet use by women in their everyday lives. The sample was made up of 32 women who were digitally included through a lifelong learning programme in Spain and had experienced the effects of the Spanish economic crisis. The article argues that digital inclusion does not automatically lead to a more egalitarian allocation of time use for women, but rather places greater value on women’s free time. Keywords: digital gender gap; digital inclusion; gender division of labour; gender inequalities; internet use; time use Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:180-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Do Mobile Phones Help Expand Social Capital? An Empirical Case Study File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2592 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2592 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 168-179 Author-Name: Alain Shema Author-Workplace-Name: School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, USA Author-Name: Martha Garcia-Murillo Author-Workplace-Name: School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, USA Abstract: The rapid adoption of mobile phones, particularly in developing countries, has led a number of researchers to investigate their impact on socioeconomic activity in the developing world. However, until the recent advent of smart communication devices, mobile phones were primarily a relations management technology that enabled people to stay connected with each other. In this article, we focus on this basic function and analyze how people use this technology as a tool to expand their social capital. We use a dataset containing more than three billion call detail records from Rwanda’s largest telecommunication operator, covering the whole country during the period from 1 July 2014 to 31 March 2015, and combine these records with data from the fourth Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda in 2015. We found that people’s calling patterns significantly correlated with the income level of their region, which also dictated the destinations of their calls, with middle-income regions acting as a link between the richest and the poorest regions. From these results, we propose a framework for understanding the role of mobile phones in the development of social capital. Keywords: call detail records; mobile phones; telecommunications; network analysis; poverty; Rwanda; social capital Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:168-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Digital Literacy Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable Development File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2587 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2587 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 151-167 Author-Name: Danica Radovanović Author-Workplace-Name: Basic Internet Foundation, Norway Author-Name: Christine Holst Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Global Health, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway Author-Name: Sarbani Banerjee Belur Author-Workplace-Name: Gram Marg, India / Spoken Tutorial Health and Nutrition Project, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Author-Name: Ritu Srivastava Author-Workplace-Name: Spoken Tutorial Health and Nutrition Project, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Author-Name: Georges Vivien Houngbonon Author-Workplace-Name: Orange Labs, France Author-Name: Erwan Le Quentrec Author-Workplace-Name: Orange Labs, France Author-Name: Josephine Miliza Author-Workplace-Name: School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia Author-Name: Andrea S. Winkler Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Josef Noll Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Technology Systems, University of Oslo, Norway Abstract: The concept of digital literacy has been defined in numerous ways over the last two decades to incorporate rapid technological changes, its versatility, and to bridge the global digital divide. Most approaches have been technology-centric with an inherent assumption of cultural and political neutrality of new media technologies. There are multiple hurdles in every stage of digital literacy implementation. The lack of solutions such as local language digital interfaces, locally relevant content, digital literacy training, the use of icons and audio excludes a large fraction of illiterate people. In this article, we analyse case studies targeted at under-connected people in sub-Saharan Africa and India that use digital literacy programmes to build knowledge and health literacy, solve societal problems and foster development. In India, we focus on notable initiatives undertaken in the domain of digital literacy for rural populations. In Sub-Saharan Africa, we draw from an original project in Kenya aiming at developing digital literacy for youth from low-income backgrounds. We further focus on Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso and Tanzania, where field studies have been conducted on the use of digital technologies by low-literacy people and on how audio and icon-based interfaces and Internet lite standard could help them overcome their limitations. The main objective of this article is to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) in the context of digital literacy skills as one of the pillars for digital inclusion. We will learn how digital literacy programmes can be used to build digital literacy and how KPIs for sustainable development can be established. In the final discussion, we offer lessons learned from the case studies and further recommendation for stakeholders and decision-makers in the field of digital health literacy. Keywords: digital inclusion; digital inequalities; digital health; digital literacy; health literacy; Internet lite; key performance indicators; sustainable development goals Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:151-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Support for Digital Inclusion: Towards a Typology of Social Support Patterns File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2627 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2627 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 138-150 Author-Name: Axelle Asmar Author-Workplace-Name: iMEC-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Author-Name: Leo van Audenhove Author-Workplace-Name: iMEC-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium / CoLAB, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Author-Name: Ilse Mariën Author-Workplace-Name: iMEC-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Abstract: This article contributes to a better understanding of patterns of social support in relation to digital inequalities. Based on an extensive qualitative study, the diversity of support networks and supports seeking patterns are unveiled. A typology of six patterns of help-seeking is presented and described: the support-deprived, the community-supported, the supported through substitution, the network-supported, the vicarious learners, and the self-supported. The article also critically engages with the often unnuanced academic literature on social support. The research and the typology reveal that the quality of support, as well as the availability of potential or actual support, is not only influenced by socio-economic factors. Rather, the strength of the relationship and the level of intimacy between individuals is an important predictor of support-seeking. As such, this article shows that mechanisms of in/exclusion are highly social, as they entail a diversity of formal and informal support-seeking patterns, which in turn have an important influence on the adoption and use of digital media. The article argues that understanding such mechanisms is rooted in reconciling micro-level interactions to macro-level patterns of inequalities. To show the specificity of social support within digital inequalities research, and to demarcate the concept from definitions of other academic disciplines, the concept of social support for digital inclusion is introduced. It is defined as the aid (emotional, instrumental, and informational) that an individual receives from his/her network in his/her use of digital technologies. Keywords: age typology; digital divide; digital inclusion; digital inequalities; help-seeking; internet use; social inclusion; social support Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:138-150 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Digital Inclusion as a Core Component of Social Inclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3184 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.3184 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 132-137 Author-Name: Bianca Reisdorf Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Communication Studies, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA Author-Name: Colin Rhinesmith Author-Workplace-Name: School of Library and Information Science, Simmons University, USA Abstract: There is a large body of research that has examined digital inequities, inequalities, and divides—i.e., those countries, communities, and individuals digitally left behind or disadvantaged. Whereas we know quite a lot about what is lacking and for whom, there is less focus on what works to alleviate these inequalities and divides in a variety of cultural contexts. This thematic issue brings together scholarship on digital inclusion initiatives and research from over 20 countries and in the context of numerous aspects, including different types of initiatives as well as different types of target audiences for these initiatives. Each article provides unique insights into what does and does not work in various communities, making recommendations on what could be done to improve the examined initiatives. We hope that the breadth and depth of articles presented here will be useful not just for academic audiences seeking to broaden their understanding of digital inclusion and ‘what can be done’ rather than focusing on ‘what is amiss,’ but also for policymakers and digital inclusion initiatives who are eager to expand and advance their digital inclusion work within their communities. Keywords: digital inclusion; international; mixed methods; policy; practitioners; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:132-137 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceiving and Deflecting Everyday Poverty-Related Shame: Evidence from 35 Female Marriage Migrants in Rural China File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2671 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2671 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 123-131 Author-Name: Guanli Zhang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Tsinghua University, China Abstract:This research examines how poverty is perceived and deflected by a group of female cross-provincial marriage migrants in contemporary rural China. It presents accounts of poverty-related shame in everyday village life. Known as migrant wives, respondents in this research have experienced both absolute and relative poverty over the course of their lives. The personal lament of insufficiency and the social discourse of poverty respectively underpin internal and external poverty-related shame. Correspondingly, migrant wives employ strategies of recounting misery and redefining identity to normalise their poverty and their stigmatised social image, hoping to mitigate the psychological and social impacts of shame. This research contributes an empirical analysis to our understanding about the origin, manifestation, and impact of povertyrelated shame, which is usually a neglected consideration in poverty studies. It also sheds light on the gender-specified risks, burdens, and social expectation that affect migrant wives’ perception and experience of poverty.
Keywords: marriage migration; migrant wives; poverty; poverty-related shame; rural China Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:123-131 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mothers Left without a Man: Poverty and Single Parenthood in China File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2678 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2678 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 114-122 Author-Name: Qin Li Author-Workplace-Name: School of Humanities, Jinan University, China Abstract: Most single-parent families in China are headed by women, and single mothers represent one of the fastest-growing groups living in poverty. Yet few studies have examined this group. This article seeks to better understand how (and why) single mothers are disadvantaged in China. Based on in-depth interviews conducted in Zhuhai, Guangzhou Province, it demonstrates that single mothers are left behind in four respects: lower income and worse economic conditions, lower employment and career development opportunities, worse physical and mental health, and poorer interpersonal relationships and less chance of remarriage. The causes of these disadvantages include Chinese family beliefs, a culture of maternal sacrifice, the traditional division of labour between men and women and social stereotypes about single mothers. The article highlights the impacts of Chinese familism culture on single mothers and advocates incorporating a gender perspective into the agenda of family policy and other relevant social policies in China. Keywords: China; familism culture; gender; poverty; single mothers; single parenthood; single-parent households; social policy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:114-122 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Media as a Disguise and an Aid: Disabled Women in the Cyber Workforce in China File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2646 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2646 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 104-113 Author-Name: Jing Zheng Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, China Author-Name: Yuxin Pei Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology & Social Work, Sun Yat-sen University, China Author-Name: Ya Gao Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology & Social Work, Sun Yat-sen University, China Abstract: Existing literature shows that people living with physical impairment are systematically disadvantaged in the workforce and their voices are often silenced. With a perspective of intersectionality, this article looks into how disabled women suffer from multiple forms of discrimination and how social media may emerge as a tool of empowerment for them in both the workforce and their everyday lives. Drawing on five cases of Chinese disabled women in the cyber workforce, the study finds that the booming Internet economy enables more disabled women to financially support themselves. Social media appears as a cover for these women to disguise their disability identity and get more job opportunities. It serves as an aid in many cases to allow these women to increase social participation, to project their voice, and to form alliances. The risks and challenges that disabled women often encounter in the cyber workforce are also discussed. Keywords: disabled women; employment; physical impairment; social media; work discrimination; work inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:104-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond Sex/Work: Understanding Work and Identity of Female Sex Workers in South China File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2644 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2644 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 95-103 Author-Name: Yu Ding Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Work, Sun Yat-sen University, China Abstract: While scholars and activists often advocate using the term ‘sex worker’ in preference to prostitute, in my research I found that female prostitutes in the Pearl River Delta area, south China, do not like to be addressed as such, and prefer the title xiaojie in Chinese. ‘Sex worker’ generalises the heterogeneity of meanings these women identify and attribute to what they do; it does not capture the complex cultural meanings involved in the term xiaojie. It is stigmatising in that what is exchanged within the transaction is less defined by sexual acts and more by a diversified range of activities. The women employ what is useful to them and infuse new meanings in it to construct gender images and identities to resist the sex worker stigma and to express their desires as rural-to-urban migrants. Using xiaojie becomes a destigmatising and gender tactic. I also found that the women discard the idea of finding alternative jobs partly because of the practical difficulty, and partly because they do not want to work (gongzuo) any more in the future. This study highlights the importance of exploring desire and agency to understand the lived experiences of this particular group of women. Keywords: desire; destigmatisation; gender; sex worker; South China Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:95-103 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Sex, Drug, and HIV/AIDS: The Drug Career of an Urban Chinese Woman File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2640 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2640 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 86-94 Author-Name: Xiying Wang Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Education Theories, Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, China Author-Name: Liu Liu Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, China Abstract: This case study is based on the life history of an urban Chinese woman, Lydia, who has become an AIDS patient through injecting heroin use. Adopting theories of drug career and biopolitics, this study depicts Lydia’s drug-centered life. From the perspective of a drug career, this article vividly illustrates her experience of drug initiation, escalation, maintenance, and finally achievement of abstinence. In addition, this study also shows how drug use has penetrated all dimensions of Lydia’s life including intimate relationships, financial arrangements, and compulsory drug treatment; in the end, contracting HIV was when she finally hit rock bottom and worked to get rid of her heroin dependence. From the perspective of biopolitics, this article focuses on the institutional and social structure transformation that is reflected by Lydia’s personal experience, especially the social service, treatment, and intervention programs provided for her during an era of increasingly growing drug use and HIV-infected population. Keywords: addiction; biopolitics; case study; China; drug career; HIV/AIDS; substance abuse Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:86-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Making of a Modern Self: Vietnamese Women Experiencing Transnational Mobility at the China–Vietnam Border File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2652 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2652 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 77-85 Author-Name: Pengli Huang Author-Workplace-Name: College of Ethnology and Sociology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, China / Department of Social Work, Nanning Normal University, China Abstract: China–Vietnam marriages attract increasing public attention in China and trigger many discussions on the phenomenon of ‘Vietnamese brides.’ The discussions are often linked to the rapid modernization of the border areas since the 1990s, caused by the re-opening of the border, the prosperity of the transnational economy and the increase of cross-border mobility between the two countries. Guided by the qualitative research paradigm, 30 Vietnamese women in cross-border intimate relationships with Chinese men were interviewed to examine their motivation and their experience of transnational mobility at the China–Vietnam border. By challenging the popular image of Vietnamese women as pitiable and ignorant country bumpkins in public discourse, this study acknowledges that these women, like other modern women, have the capacity to imagine and desire, to make decisions and to act, caring a lot about self-development and expression. Comparably, these women may not be able to enjoy the relatively rich resources and capital like the economic elites, but they have strategically manipulated multifaceted and contradictory realities at the specific context of the China–Vietnam border to better their economic circumstances, and to reshape their personal, familial, and social relationships. Keywords: borderland; cross-border intimacy; emancipation; migration; Vietnamese brides; women Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:77-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Privileged Daughters? Gendered Mobility among Highly Educated Chinese Female Migrants in the UK File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2675 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2675 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 68-76 Author-Name: Mengwei Tu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, East China University of Science and Technology, China Author-Name: Kailing Xie Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, UK Abstract: The one-child generation daughters born to middle-class Chinese parents enjoy the privilege of concentrated family resources and the opportunity for education overseas. We focus on the “privileged daughters” who have studied abroad and remained overseas as professionals. Using three cases of post-student female migrants who were of different ages and at different life stages, we situate their socioeconomic mobility in the context of intergenerational relationships and transnational social space. Drawing on further interview data from the same project we argue that, although the “privileged daughters” have achieved geographical mobility and upward social mobility, through education and a career in a Western country, their life choices remain heavily influenced by their parents in China. Such findings highlight the transnationally transferred gendered burden among the relatively “elite” cohort, thus revealing a more nuanced gendered interpretation of transnational socioeconomic mobility. Keywords: career trajectory; China; gendered mobility; one-child generation; overseas education Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:68-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transitions and Conflicts: Reexamining Impacts of Migration on Young Women’s Status and Gender Practice in Rural Shanxi File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2648 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2648 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 58-67 Author-Name: Lichao Yang Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, China Author-Name: Xiaodong Ren Author-Workplace-Name: National Engineering and Technological Research Center of Karst Rocky Desertification Prevention and Control, Guizhou Normal University, China Abstract:This article explores impacts of migration on young women’s status and gender practice in rural northern China. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a village in Shanxi Province, it suggests that rural-urban migration has served partially to reconstruct the traditional gender-based roles and norms in migration families. This reconstructive force arises mainly from the changes of the patrilocal residence pattern and rural women’s acquisition of subjectivity during the course of migration. However, after migrant women return to their home villages, they usually reassume their roles as care providers and homemakers, which is vividly expressed by a phrase referring to one’s wife as ‘the person inside my home’ (wo jiali de). Meanwhile, although migrant women’s capacity and confidence have greatly increased consequent upon working out of the countryside, their participation in village governance and in the public sphere has been decreasing. Further examination suggests that the reinforcement of gender inequality and the transformation of gender relations result from the continuous interplay of local power relations, market dominance, and unchallenged patrilocal institutions. Through adopting a life course perspective, it challenges too strict a differentiation between migrant and left behind women in existing literature.
Keywords: gender relations; migration; patriarchy; rural Chinese women Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:58-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Left Behind? Migration Stories of Two Women in Rural China File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2673 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2673 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 47-57 Author-Name: C. Cindy Fan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of California, USA Author-Name: Chen Chen Author-Workplace-Name: Asian Demographic Research Institute, Shanghai University, China Abstract: Women being left behind in the countryside by husbands who migrate to work has been a common phenomenon in China. On the other hand, over time, rural women’s participation in migration has increased precipitously, many doing so after their children are older, and those of a younger generation tend to start migrant work soon after finishing school. Although these women may no longer be left behind physically, their work, mobility, circularity, and frequency of return continue to be governed by deep-rooted gender ideology that defines their role primarily as caregivers. Through the biographical stories of two rural women in Anhui, this article shows that traditional gender norms persist across generations. Yingyue is of an older generation and provided care to her husband, children, and later grandchildren when she was left behind, when she participated in migration, and when she returned to her village. Shuang is 30 years younger and aspires to urban lifestyle such as living in apartments and using daycare for her young children. Yet, like Yingyue, Shuang’s priority is caregiving. Her decisions, which are in tandem with her parents-in-law, highlight how Chinese families stick together as a safety net. Her desire to earn wages, an activity much constrained by her caregiving responsibility to two young children, illustrates a strong connection between income-generation ability and identity among women of the younger generation. These two stories underscore the importance of examining how women are left behind not only physically but in their access to opportunities such as education and income-generating activity. Keywords: caregiving; China; left behind; rural–urban migration; women Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:47-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Grandmothers’ Farewell to Childcare Provision under China’s Two-Child Policy: Evidence from Guangzhou Middle-Class Families File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2674 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2674 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 36-46 Author-Name: Xiaohui Zhong Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, School of Government, Sun Yat-Sen University, China Author-Name: Minggang Peng Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Government and Public Administration, Guangzhou University, China Abstract: As China’s one-child policy is replaced by the two-child policy, young Chinese women and their spouses are increasingly concerned about who will take care of the ‘second child.’ Due to the absence of public childcare services and the rising cost of privatised care services in China, childcare provision mainly relies on families, such that working women’s choices of childbirth, childcare and employment are heavily constrained. To deal with structural barriers, young urban mothers mobilise grandmothers as joint caregivers. Based on interviews with Guangzhou middle-class families, this study examines the impact of childcare policy reform since 1978 on childbirth and childcare choices of women. It illustrates the longstanding contributions and struggles of women, particularly grandmothers, engaged in childcare. It also shows that intergenerational parenting involves a set of practices of intergenerational intimacy embedded in material conditions, practical acts of care, moral values and power dynamics. We argue that the liberation, to some extent, of young Chinese mothers from childcare is at the expense of considerable unpaid care work from grandmothers rather than being driven by increased public care services and improved gender equality in domestic labour. Given the significant stress and seriously constrained choices in later life that childcare imposes, grandmothers now become reluctant to help rear a second grandchild. This situation calls for changes in family policies to increase the supply of affordable and good-quality childcare services, enhance job security in the labour market, provide supportive services to grandmothers and, most importantly, prioritise the wellbeing of women and families over national goals. Keywords: childcare; intergenerational parenting; older women; two-child policy; urban China Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:36-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Women in China Moving Forward: Progress, Challenges and Reflections File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2690 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2690 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 23-35 Author-Name: Juhua Yang Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Minzu University of China, China Abstract: While China’s socialist revolution has been credited with improving the status of women, gender inequality remains. Drawing on macro data, this article provides an overview of gender equality in China, focusing on labor force and political participation in the past 70 years, particularly since 1978, the onset of socioeconomic reform. Specifically, the article describes, compares, and examines the progress and challenges that women face in accessing economic opportunities and political resources. We find a more equal relationship between male and female when resources are relatively adequate, but that females are disadvantaged when resources are scarce, for example, including representation in more prestigious occupations, higher income, and political positions. These findings illustrate how inequality is maintained and reproduced, and suggest that despite China’s progressive socialist agenda, its gender revolution remains ‘stalled.’ Keywords: China; gender inequality; labor force participation; political participation; resources; women Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:23-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Falling behind the Rest? China and the Gender Gap Index File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2810 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.2810 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 10-22 Author-Name: Binli Chen Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, China Author-Name: Hailan He Author-Workplace-Name: Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, China Abstract: China’s rank falling in the Global Gender Gap Index of the World Economic Forum has aroused the domestic scholar’s controversy. Based on the data provided by the Global Gender Gap Report, this article will describe the gender inequality in China by comparing its overall index scores and scores in the fields of economic participation and opportunity, education attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment with other countries, and then examining the reasons for China’s falling in rank through the score changes of sub-dimensions and indicators. Analysis of the data suggests that China has not kept up with the rate of improvement in the overall index, and in the four fields, compared to the original 112 countries, the upper-middle income countries, and the Asian and Pacific countries. Over the 13 years covered by the report, China’s score experienced a rapid improvement from 2006 to 2009 and a decline after 2013. China’s high sex ratio at birth, further expansion of gender inequality in active life expectancy, and an enlarged gender gap in secondary education caused China’s lagging overall score and ranking. In addition, the inclusion of measures such as secondary education enrollment, political empowerment, and other indicators also led to the backward ranking of China to some extent. Keywords: China; gender gap; gender inequality Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:10-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Left Behind? The Status of Women in Contemporary China File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/3038 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i2.3038 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-9 Author-Name: Robert Walker Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, China Author-Name: Jane Millar Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Policy Research, University of Bath, UK Abstract:The status of women in China has deteriorated markedly since 2006 relative to other countries, according to the World Economic Forum Gender Gap Index. Taking a longer view, the position of women has greatly improved since the founding of the People’s Republic of China but, after the ‘opening up’ of the economy, the logic of the market and the legacy of patriarchy have worked to the detriment of women. After briefly reviewing trends in China’s economic, demographic and social development, this editorial follows the structure of the thematic issue in focusing on the processes which may have caused women to slip behind. Socio-economic and political factors are considered first before focusing on the impact of unprecedently large scale migration. The circumstances and experiences of women ‘left outside’ mainstream society are explored next before reflecting on the lives of women left behind in poverty.
Keywords: China; economic development; employment; family; gender; marketisation; migration; patriarchy; poverty; women Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:2:p:1-9 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Managing Multiplicity: Adult Children of Post-Independence Nigerians and Belonging in Britain File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2473 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2473 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 314-323 Author-Name: Julie Botticello Author-Workplace-Name: School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, UK Abstract: Migration remains a contentious and divisive topic, particularly with the rise of xenophobia and far right ideologies, which seek to demonize migrants as neither belonging nor welcome in the host society. This reduction leaves the realities of postcolonial migrants as misunderstood and misrepresented. Particularly misunderstood are the children of post-colonial migrants, who were born and raised in the UK by families seeking to better themselves in the ‘Mother land,’ while also aiming to maintain connectivity to traditions and practices from homelands. For some children born in the UK to Nigerian émigrés, family crises precipitated the need for alternative care arrangements, entailing recourse to fostering, boarding schools, or institutional care for periods of time during childhood. Conflicts between British society’s and parents’ cultural values, overt racism and hostility from host society, and differential experiences of extra-family care have impressed upon these children, now adults, both their multiple exclusions and potential belongings. As a result of their traumatic experiences, these adults, now in their 50s and 60s, embody multiculturalism in their abilities to embrace, navigate, and endure in a host country that expresses unwillingness at best and outright hostility at worst toward their presence as UK nationals and progeny of the project of Empire. While continuing to be framed by harsh micro- and macro-conditions, these adult children reveal that belonging can be self-determined through choices on how and with whom they choose to live and grow. Keywords: belonging; children; decolonization; family; fostering; migration; Nigerians; post-colonialism; racism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:314-323 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transnationalism and Belonging: The Case of Moroccan Entrepreneurs in Amsterdam and Milan File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2456 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2456 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 300-313 Author-Name: Giacomo Solano Author-Workplace-Name: Migration Policy Group, Belgium / Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy / Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Raffaele Vacca Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, USA Author-Name: Matteo Gagliolo Author-Workplace-Name: Group for Research on Ethnic Relations, Migration & Equality (GERME), Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Author-Name: Dirk Jacobs Author-Workplace-Name: Group for Research on Ethnic Relations, Migration & Equality (GERME), Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Abstract: Research on migrant transnationalism has mostly focused on particular transnational activities, their salience in various contexts and populations, and their relationship with migrant incorporation. Less attention has been paid to the interplay between the different domains of transnationalism (economic, political, and socio-relational) and to the way in which they affect migrants’ identity. This study investigates whether and how one domain of migrant transnationalism—transnational entrepreneurship—influences migrants’ (1) transnational involvement in other domains and (2) sense of belonging to different social groups and places. Focusing on the case of Moroccan entrepreneurs in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Milan, Italy, we compare transnational migrant entrepreneurs, whose business is based on cross-border relationships and exchanges, with domestic migrant entrepreneurs, who are active exclusively in the destination country. Combining quantitative and qualitative data, we find that transnational entrepreneurs differ from domestic entrepreneurs mostly in terms of socio-relational transnational involvement. On the other hand, transnational entrepreneurship does not substantially change transnational practices in other domains or sense of belonging among Moroccan migrants. Keywords: belonging; migrant entrepreneurship; Moroccan migrants; transnational entrepreneurship; transnationalism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:300-313 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Great Secession: Ethno-National Rebirth and the Politics of Turkish–German Belonging File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2437 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2437 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 285-299 Author-Name: Özgür Özvatan Author-Workplace-Name: Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Abstract: Germany is facing a contemporary mainstreaming of the far right, which has a long tradition of wanting “Turks out!” Turkish immigrants have been the main strangers in Germany following the guest-worker treaty signed in 1961, physically close as friends, yet culturally distant as foes. From September 2015 onwards, German–Turkish politics of belonging, the Turkish issue, underwent a contentious period resulting in secessions between German and Turkish authorities in September 2017. Against this background, this article asks: How did mainstream political actors in Germany emplot the Turkish issue while a far-right challenger party sought to establish a far-right narrative of ethno-national rebirth? The temporal unfolding of the Turkish issue is explored by drawing on media analysis (n = 1120), interpretive process-tracing and narrative genre analysis of claims raised by political actors in German and Turkish newspapers. In order to visualize how the Turkish issue evolved between 2000 and 2017 in media discourse, 546 articles in the mainstream quality newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung were collected. The Great Secession period between 2015 and 2017 was selected for an in-depth case study. To conduct interpretive process-tracing and narrative genre analysis of this case, another 574 articles in the German Süddeutsche Zeitung and Turkish Hürriyet were analysed. In so doing, this article contributes to (1) the study of belonging and identity by adopting a novel approach to boundary studies, combining narrative genre analysis with Habermas’ communicative action theory, and (2) the study of political strategies of adapting, ignoring or demarcating far-right contenders by, again, introducing a narrative approach to political communication and mobilization processes. The analysis shows that, in the first stage of the Great Secession period, inclusionary and exclusionary boundaries competed, while in later stages inclusionary boundaries were cast aside by exclusionary boundaries after reputable mainstream party-political actors adopted and thus legitimized far-right story elements. Keywords: belonging; boundary studies; exclusion; far right; Germany; identity; immigrant integration; inclusion politics; narrative theory; Turkey Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:285-299 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Home Is Where I Spend My Money”: Testing the Remittance Decay Hypothesis with Ethnographic Data from an Austrian-Turkish Community File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2435 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2435 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 275-284 Author-Name: Silke Meyer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of History and European Ethnology, University of Innsbruck, Austria Abstract: Remittances—money sent back by migrants to their place of origin—are considered to be both economic and social practices mapping out a transnational space of migration. By sending and receiving money, objects, ideas, and social norms, migrants and non-migrants strengthen their social ties and express their multiple belongings. Remittances can thus be read as a practice of multi-local participation and inclusion. When remittance develops a negative trend, the remittance decay hypothesis thus concludes a shift in belonging: The longer migrants stay in their host country and build a life there, the less they remit. In this article, the remittance decay hypothesis is tested with ethnographic data from interviews and participant observation in the migration nexus between Uşak, Turkey, and Fulpmes, Austria. Remittance to Turkey has declined markedly in the last two decades from a record high of 574 USD million in September 1998 to a record low of 11 USD million in August 2019. Ethnographic data with members of three generations of Turkish-Austrians in Fulpmes can help to explain this process from a diachronic perspective: for changing remittance practices and a transformation in remittance scripts, e.g., as investment, compensation, help, gift or charity donation, demonstrate that there is more to the story than a fading sense of belonging. Keywords: Austrian-Turkish labor migration; remittance decay; remittances; social script; transnationalism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:275-284 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Socio-Economic Participation of Somali Refugees in the Netherlands, Transnational Networks and Boundary Spanning File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2434 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2434 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 264-274 Author-Name: Ilse van Liempt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Gery Nijenhuis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Abstract:In this article we analyse the socio-economic participation of Somali refugees in the Netherlands. Unemployment is higher among Somalis than any other refugee or immigrant group in the Netherlands and they face many obstacles when it comes to social and economic participation. At the same time, they are known for having a strong transnational orientation. We were interested to learn whether and, if so, how Somalis use their transnational networks to overcome obstacles on the Dutch labour market and how boundaries around formal labour markets are negotiated in order to access employment and to participate. We did so by focusing on two strategies employed to participate, namely through Somali organizations in the Netherlands and elsewhere, and by Somalis moving to the UK. In doing so, we looked at Somalis’ ability to span boundaries to create opportunities. The concept of transnational networks is helpful in understanding Somalis’ daily realities, but conceptually it does not seem to fit entirely as these networks usually only refer to connections with the ‘homeland.’ We argue that Somalis’ boundary-spanning activities move beyond national levels and involve various scales, sites, and settings. The data we refer to are derived from focus group discussions with 66 Somali people in Amsterdam and 20 interviews with experts who work with the Somali community in the Netherlands. These discussions and interviews were held in 2013–14. We also draw on 20 interviews with Somali organizations in the Netherlands about their transnational orientation, which were conducted between 2010 and 2013 in the context of another research project.
Keywords: boundary spanning; socio-economic participation; Somalis; transnational networks Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:264-274 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Split Households, Family Migration and Urban Settlement: Findings from China’s 2015 National Floating Population Survey File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2402 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2402 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 252-263 Author-Name: C. Cindy Fan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of California–Los Angeles, USA Author-Name: Tianjiao Li Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of California–Los Angeles, USA Abstract: For decades, China’s rural migrants have split their households between their rural origins and urban work locations. While the hukou system continues to be a barrier to urban settlement, research has also underscored split households as a migrant strategy that spans the rural and urban boundary, questioning if sustained migration will eventually result in permanent urban settlement. Common split-household arrangements include sole migration, where the spouse and children are left behind, and couple migration, where both spouses are migrants, leaving behind their children. More recently, nuclear family migration involving both the spouse and children has been on the rise. Based on a 2015 nationally representative “floating population” survey, this article compares sole migrants, couple migrants, and family migrants in order to examine which migrants choose which household arrangements, including whether specific household arrangements are more associated with settlement intention than others. Our analysis also reveals differences between work-related migrants and family-related migrants. The findings highlight demographic, gender, economic, employment, and destination differences among the different types of migrant household arrangements, pointing to family migration as a likely indicator of permanent settlement. The increase of family migration over time signals to urban governments an increased urgency to address their needs as not only temporary dwellers but more permanent residents. Keywords: China; family migration; rural–urban migration; settlement; split households Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:252-263 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Beyond Legal Status: Exploring Dimensions of Belonging among Forced Migrants in Istanbul and Vienna File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2392 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2392 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 241-251 Author-Name: Susan Beth Rottmann Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Özyeğin University, Turkey Author-Name: Ivan Josipovic Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria Author-Name: Ursula Reeger Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria Abstract: Migrants with precarious legal statuses experience significant structural exclusion from their host nations but may still feel partial belonging. This article explores two dimensions potentially relevant for this group’s sense of belonging: city-level opportunity structures and public political discourses. Specifically, we examine perceptions of belonging among forced migrants with similarly precarious legal statuses located in Istanbul and Vienna. Drawing from semi-structured interviews, we argue that opportunity structures in the cities provide a minimal sense of social normalness within a period of life otherwise considered anomalous or exceptional. Any articulations of belonging in this context however remain inherently tied to the conditions of legal limbo at the national level. With regard to public political discourses, migrants display a strong awareness of the role of religion within national debates on culture and integration. In a context where religion is discussed as a mediator of belonging, we found explicit affirmations of such discourses, whereas in a context where religion is discussed as a marker of difference, we found implicit compliance, despite feelings of alienation. Overall, this article shows the importance of differentiating belonging, and of cross-regional comparisons for highlighting the diverse roles of cities and public political discourses in facilitating integration. Keywords: asylum; belonging; city; culture; integration; Istanbul; legal limbo; Vienna Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:241-251 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Boundary Spanning and Reconstitution in Migration File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2984 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2984 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 238-240 Author-Name: Anya Ahmed Author-Workplace-Name: School of Health and Society, University of Salford, UK Abstract: The focus of this thematic issue is on migrants’ experiences of belonging and non-belonging, and how communities are constructed in the destination country. It includes a group of international scholars across disciplines who are studying migration in a range of different contexts. Migration spans multiple disciplines and encompasses a variety of epistemological, ontological and methodological orientations. Despite such divergent approaches and positions however, there is consensus across the social sciences that understanding the dynamics of migration and mobilities is central to illuminating social relations within societies. Keywords: belonging; community; identity; networks; non-belonging; place Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:238-240 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mutuals on the Move: Exclusion Processes in the Welfare State and the Rediscovery of Mutualism File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2125 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2125 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 225-237 Author-Name: Eva Vriens Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Tine De Moor Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Economic History, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Abstract: Declining welfare states and increasing privatization of the insurance sector are leaving an increasing number of people, particularly in Europe, without insurance. In many countries, new initiatives like Friendsurance (Germany), Broodfonds (the Netherlands), and Lemonade (US) have emerged to fill this gap. These initiatives, sometimes called peer-to-peer insurance, aim to make insurance fair, transparent, and social again. Resembling 19th-century mutuals, they pool premiums in (small) risk-sharing pools. We compare eleven new mutuals with respect to their institutional, resource, and member characteristics and find two broad typologies. The first bears the most resemblance to the 19th-century mutuals: Members are (partly) responsible for governance, there is no risk differentiation, premiums are fixed and low, and insurance payouts cover basic expenses only and are not guaranteed. The second group, while also applying risk-sharing and redistribution of unused premiums, is organized more like the present-day commercial insurers it reacted against, e.g., with refined InsurTech methods for risk differentiation and a top-down organization. We thus pose that, while both groups of new insurers reinvent the meaning of solidarity by using direct risk-sharing groups (as is central to the concept of mutuals), they have different projected development paths—especially considering how, in case of further growth, they deal with problems of moral hazard and adverse selection. Keywords: collective action; institutions; insurance; mutualism; resilience; risk-sharing; solidarity; welfare state Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:225-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Meeting Boundaries: Exploring the Faces of Social Inclusion beyond Mental Health Systems File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2193 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2193 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 214-224 Author-Name: Carole Heather Walker Author-Workplace-Name: Health and Society Institute, UCLouvain, Belgium Author-Name: Sophie Thunus Author-Workplace-Name: Health and Society Institute, UCLouvain, Belgium Abstract: This article examines social inclusion in the context of the deinstitutionalisation of mental health care. It draws on a scientific evaluation of the Belgian reform of mental health care (2010), designed to assess the influence of organisational mechanisms on the social and care trajectories of service users. The findings highlight the ongoing challenge for mental health systems to support the inclusion of service users within the community, and the increasingly difficult access to mental health care for people with complex and chronic mental health problems. Drawing from Systems Theory (Luhmann, 2013) and the analysis of subjective experiences, this article delves into the complex processes of social inclusion using the empirically-grounded concepts of the patient role and the impatient role. By acknowledging the relational dimensions of social inclusion, this article argues that complementarities between two faces of the mental health system are key to achieving inclusion beyond the walls of institutions and within society at large. Keywords: deinstitutionalisation; ethnography; mental health care; social inclusion; systems theory Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:214-224 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Factors Influencing the Ability to Achieve Valued Outcomes among Older Long-Term Unemployed People File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2114 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2114 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 203-213 Author-Name: Nienke Velterop Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands / Centre of Applied Labour Market Research, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Author-Name: Jac van der Klink Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands / Tilburg School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg University, The Netherlands / Optentia, North-West University, South Africa Author-Name: Sandra Brouwer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health Sciences, Community and Occupational Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands / Centre of Applied Labour Market Research, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Author-Name: Hilbrand Oldenhuis Author-Workplace-Name: Centre of Applied Labour Market Research, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Author-Name: Louis Polstra Author-Workplace-Name: Centre of Applied Labour Market Research, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands Abstract: This qualitative study aims to explore the valuable functionings—things that people consider to be important—of the older long-term unemployed and their ability to achieve valued outcomes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 long-term unemployed people aged 45 and over. Participants were included through purposeful sampling. The theoretical frameworks of the latent deprivation theory and the capability approach were used to develop an interpretive analysis. Nine valuable functionings were identified: social contact, feeling appreciated, structure, feeling useful, meaningfulness, autonomy, financial resources, paid work, and being active. These valuable functionings were partly accessible through the activities that people performed, varying from physically active and physically passive activities to informal work. The functionings of meaningfulness, autonomy, financial resources, and paid work seemed to be difficult to achieve. We identified three groups. The first consisted of people whose work status changed when they entered the benefit system; for them paid work was still a valuable functioning, and they experienced the most difficulties in achieving valued outcomes. The second group also experienced a change in work status once they started to receive benefits, but those people adapted to their new situation by attributing greater value to other functionings. The third group had no change in work status, e.g., housewives who had applied for a benefit because they were not able to make ends meet after a divorce. This group did not experience a loss of functionings due to unemployment, nor did they try to achieve other functionings. The results of this study indicate a need for a more personalized, tailor-made approach, with an emphasis on an individual’s valued outcomes instead of on rules and obligations. Keywords: benefits; capability approach; latent deprivation theory; long-term unemployment; inclusion; older people; valuable functionings; welfare Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:203-213 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How the Architecture of Housing Blocks Amplifies or Dampens Interethnic Tensions in Ethnically Diverse Neighbourhoods File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2109 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2109 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 194-202 Author-Name: Maurice Crul Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Carl H. D. Steinmetz Author-Workplace-Name: Expats & Immigrants Amsterdam B.V., The Netherlands Author-Name: Frans Lelie Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: This article explores how the architecture of neighbourhoods influences interethnic tensions in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. We found that people of Dutch descent living in apartments in four storey walk-ups in ethnically diverse innercity neighbourhoods seem less likely to feel threatened by ethnic diversity than people living in in similarly diverse suburbs characterized by larger housing blocks featuring inner courtyards and galleries. Further analysis reveals that the residents of these suburbs share various types of semi-public spaces and have competing interests in using them, whereas the residents of inner-city neighbourhoods share fewer semi-public spaces and therefore have more scope to choose when and how to engage in interethnic contact with other residents. We also explore residents’ housing histories and examine differences between people who either have more negative or more positive views on diversity with regard to their active participation in various organizations. This last piece of the puzzle will be used to analyse the potential for both negative and positive messages about ethnic diversity to spread. Based on the empirical findings, we will formulate some building blocks that can help to further explain the level of perceived ethnic tensions in ethnically diverse neighbourhoods. Keywords: diversity; ethnic tensions; housing; interethnic contact; neighbourhoods Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:194-202 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enforcing Your Own Human Rights? The Role of Social Norms in Compliance with Human Rights Treaties File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2166 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2166 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 184-193 Author-Name: Violet Benneker Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Political Science, Leiden University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Klarita Gërxhani Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Italy Author-Name: Stephanie Steinmetz Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: Although scholars are increasingly able to explain why states (do not) comply with human rights treaties, the role of social norms in compliance has been neglected. This is remarkable because human rights often directly address social norms. Our study aims to contribute to the existing literature by providing quantitative and qualitative evidence on the relationship between citizens’ social norms and compliance with human rights treaties. The quantitative results provide strong support for such a relationship. The findings from the additional qualitative analysis suggest that bargaining over (and thus changing) social norms is an important process through which compliance with human rights can be influenced. Keywords: bargaining approach; compliance; human rights; human rights treaties; social norms Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:184-193 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Institutions of Inclusion and Exclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2935 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2935 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 178-183 Author-Name: J. Cok Vrooman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands / The Netherlands Institute for Social Research Author-Name: SCP, The Netherlands Author-Name: Marcel Coenders Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands / The Netherlands Institute for Social Research Author-Name: SCP, The Netherlands Abstract: This thematic issue aims to shed light on the connections between institutions (and related forms of organisation) and social inclusion and exclusion. In this editorial we briefly introduce the concepts, summarise the various articles and provide some general conclusions. Keywords: institutions; organisations; social inclusion; social exclusion; welfare state Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:178-183 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Paradoxes of Universalism: The Case of the Swiss Disability Insurance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2499 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2499 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 168-177 Author-Name: Emilie Rosenstein Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Geneva, Switzerland Author-Name: Jean-Michel Bonvin Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Geneva, Switzerland Abstract: Social policies rely on specific expectations vis-a-vis their beneficiaries, who have to abide by certain eligibility criteria or behavioral standards to access the benefits or services provided. As such, they draw boundaries between the deserving and undeserving, which results in the following paradox: While social policies claim to be universal, they actually exclude potential beneficiaries by imposing on them the compliance with these eligibility criteria and behavioral standards. In other words, purportedly universal social policies may have exclusionary effects, in the form either of selectivity (street-level bureaucrats select what they perceive as legitimate beneficiaries) or of self-exclusion and non-take-up (people entitled do not claim benefits or services). Based on the case of the Swiss disability insurance, this article explores the extent of, and the reasons underlying, the paradoxes of universalism within active social policies. It relies on a mixed-methods research design, combining sequence analysis (showing the selectivity of active reforms regarding people’s access to disability benefits) and in-depth interviews. The conclusion of this article suggests that not all forms of universalism are equally exposed to such paradoxes and proposes a hypothesis to be explored in further research: The more requiring and precise in terms of eligibility criteria and behavioral standards social policies and activation strategies are (hard universalism), the higher the risk that they lead to selective practices in contradiction with their universal ambition. By contrast, fuzzier eligibility or behavioral criteria (soft universalism), which allow for adjustment to individual circumstances, may lead to more genuinely universal and inclusive social policies. Keywords: activation; capability; disability policies; selectivity; social policies; universalism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:168-177 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Competing Institutional Logics and Paradoxical Universalism: School-to-Work Transitions of Disabled Youth in Switzerland and the United States File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2373 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2373 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 155-167 Author-Name: Christoph Tschanz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Social Policy and Global Development, Faculty of Humanities, University of Fribourg, Switzerland Author-Name: Justin J. W. Powell Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Education & Society, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Abstract:Disablement is a complex social phenomenon in contemporary societies, reflected in disability policies oriented towards contrasting paradigms. Fraught with ambivalence, disability raises dilemmas of classification and targeted supports. Paradoxical universalism emphasizes that to achieve universality requires recognizing individual dis/abilities and particular contextual conditions and barriers that disable. Myriad aspects of educational and disability policies challenge both conceptualization and realization of universal policies, such as compulsory schooling, with widespread exclusion or segregation prevalent. Resulting tensions between providing support and ubiquitous stigmatization and separation are endemic, and particularly evident during life course transitions that imply shifting memberships in institutions and organizations. Particularly visible among disabled youth, school-to-work transitions are fundamentally challenged by contrasting policies, institutional logics, and institutionalized organizations. Analyzing institutional logics facilitates understanding of the lack of coordination that hinders successful transitions. Examining such challenges in the United States and Switzerland, we compare their labor markets and federal governance structures and contrasting education, welfare, and employment systems. Whereas lacking inter-institutional coordination negatively impacts disabled young adults in the United States, Switzerland’s robust vocational education and training system, while not a panacea, does provide more coordinated support during school-to-work transitions. These two countries provide relevant cases to examine ambivalence and contestation around the human right to inclusive education as well as the universality of the right (not) to work.
Keywords: comparative education; comparative social policy; disability; disability policy; education; educational policy; institutions; institutional logics; organizations; school-to-work transitions Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:155-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Is There Room for Targeting within Universalism? Finnish Social Assistance Recipients as Social Citizens File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2521 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2521 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 145-154 Author-Name: Paula Saikkonen Author-Workplace-Name: Social Policy Research, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland Author-Name: Minna Ylikännö Author-Workplace-Name: Kela—Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Finland Abstract: This article focuses on the role of means-tested social assistance in Finland, which is often considered one of the Nordic welfare states described as having a universal welfare model. The article scrutinises the capacity of the final safety net to enhance the social citizenship of social assistance recipients. The Finnish social security system combines social insurance (earnings-related benefits), universal benefits (flat-rate benefits), free or affordable public services, and social assistance as a means-tested and targeted element, and thus it is a discussion on the degree of universalism that best captures the nature of universalism in the Finnish welfare state. Because the final safety net includes public services (especially social work) and income transfers (especially social assistance), its ability to strengthen social citizenship depends on both elements—separately and as a combination—as there may be a simultaneous need for financial aid and services. Whilst national registers provide data on social assistance, there is no national register data on municipal social services, which is why a survey was conducted. In this study, the heterogenic clients supported by the final safety net were described based on an open-ended question in the survey data. Statistics were then used to evaluate the frequency of client groups (capable clients, persistent clients, invisible clients, safety net dropouts). The article concludes that universalism as a social policy principle is challenged by the diversity of the clientele. Keywords: social assistance; social citizenship; social security; universalism; welfare state Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:145-154 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Seeking the Ideal of Universalism within Norway’s Social Reality File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2535 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2535 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 133-144 Author-Name: Lydia Mehrara Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Nord University, Norway Abstract: How much inequality in policy instruments can a universalist welfare state tolerate in its pursuit of equity? This article reviews the nuances of universalism as a concept through examination of its meaning and application in Norwegian health policy, with a contextual focus on migrant maternal health in Norway. The Nordic welfare model is generous and dedicated to achieving equality through the universal provision of social services; however, there are increasing gray areas that challenge the system, invoking the conundrum of equality versus equity. Universalism is a central principle in Norwegian health policy, however changes in the socio-political environment have meant the concept as originally conceived requires a more nuanced articulation. Population changes in particular, such as a growing and diverse migrant settlement, present challenges for how to achieve the equality desired by universalist measures, while maintaining the equity demanded by diversity. This article uses an example of a Norwegian program that delivers maternal health services to migrant women to question the concept of universalism as a theoretical and practical construct, as historically and currently applied in Norwegian health policy. This example illustrates how healthcare as an organization functions in the country, and the role of its key players in adapting policy instruments to meet the Norwegian welfare state’s universal policy aims. The scholarly contribution of this article lies in promoting a critical reflection on the evolving definition of universalism, and in contributing to a discussion on the need to retheorize the concept in Norwegian health policy to attain equity. Keywords: diversity; health policy; maternal health; migration; Norway; universalism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:133-144 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Understanding Universality within a Liberal Welfare Regime: The Case of Universal Social Programs in Canada File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2445 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2445 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 124-132 Author-Name: Daniel Béland Author-Workplace-Name: McGill Institute for the Study of Canada, McGill University, Canada Author-Name: Gregory P. Marchildon Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Canada / Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, University of Toronto, Canada Author-Name: Michael J. Prince Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Human & Social Development, University of Victoria, Canada Abstract:Although Canada is known as a liberal welfare regime, universality is a key issue in that country, as several major social programs are universal in both their core principles and coverage rules. The objective of this article is to discuss the meaning of universality and related concepts before exploring the development of individual universal social programs in Canada, with a particular focus on health care and old-age pensions. More generally, the article shows how universality can exist and become resilient within a predominantly liberal welfare regime due to the complex and fragmented nature of modern social policy systems, in which policy types vary from policy area to policy area, and even from program to program within the same policy area. The broader analysis of health care and old-age pensions as policy areas illustrates this general claim. This analysis looks at the historical development and the politics of provincial universal health coverage since the late 1950s and at the evolution of the federal Old Age Security program since its creation in the early 1950s. The main argument of this article is that universality as a set of principles remains stronger in health care than in pensions yet key challenges remain in each of these policy areas. Another contention is that there are multiple and contested universalisms in social policy.
Keywords: Canada; health care; liberal welfare regime; old-age pensions; social policy; universality Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:124-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Universalism in Welfare Policy: The Swedish Case beyond 1990 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2511 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2511 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 114-123 Author-Name: Paula Blomqvist Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Government, Uppsala University, Sweden Author-Name: Joakim Palme Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Government, Uppsala University, Sweden Abstract: Despite its broad usage, universalism as a concept is not always clearly defined. In this article, a multidimensional definition of universalism in social policy is developed, based on four policy characteristics: inclusion, financing, provision, and the adequacy of benefits. In the empirical part of the article, the feasibility of this definition is tested by an analysis of recent changes in the Swedish welfare state, which is typically described as universal but has undergone substantive reforms since 1990. Four social policy areas are examined: pensions, social insurance, health care, and family policy. The results indicate that Swedish welfare policies retain their universalistic character in some dimensions but have become less universalistic in others. This demonstrates that a multidimensional approach is best suited to capture in full the nature and implications of welfare state reform. Keywords: family policy; health care; pensions; social insurance; social protection; Sweden; universalist welfare; welfare state reform Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:114-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Welfare State as Universal Social Security: A Global Analysis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2509 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2509 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 103-113 Author-Name: Kerem Gabriel Öktem Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany Abstract: Over the past decades, the geography of comparative welfare state research has transformed. Whereas scholars used to focus on a limited number of advanced industrialised democracies, they now increasingly study developments in Europe’s periphery, East Asia, and Latin America. So, does this mean that the welfare state has spread around the world? To answer this question, we analyse different ways to measure welfare states and map their results. With the help of International Labour Organization and International Monetary Fund data, we explore measurements based on social expenditures, social rights, and social security legislations and show that each of them faces serious limitations in a global analysis of welfare states. For some measurements, we simply lack global data. For others, we risk misclassifying the extent and quality of some social protection systems. Finally, we present a measurement that is grounded in the idea that the welfare state is essentially about universalism. Relying on a conceptualisation of the welfare state as collective responsibility for the wellbeing of the entire population, we use universal social security as a yardstick. We measure this conceptualization through health and pension coverage and show that a growing number of countries have become welfare states by this definition. Yet, it is possible that at least some of these cases offer only basic levels of protection, we caution. Keywords: social protection; social rights; universal social security; universalism; welfare effort; welfare state Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:103-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Calls for Universal Social Protection by International Organizations: Constructing a New Global Consensus File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2569 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2569 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 90-102 Author-Name: Lutz Leisering Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Institute for World Society Studies, Bielefeld University, Germany Abstract: Universalism has become a lead idea of global social politics, and of global social security in particular, first voiced in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and renewed in recent calls for “Social Security for All” and “Universal Health Coverage,” and in the Global Partnership for Universal Social Protection to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals launched by the World Bank and the International Labour Organization in 2016. This article analyses the idea of a universal right to social protection, as recently articulated by international organizations. According to J. W. Meyer’s neo-institutionalist theory of world society (Krücken & Drori, 2009; Meyer, 2007), universalism is a world-cultural norm, and international organizations are proponents of world culture. This article is based on the assumption that the meaning of universalism is not fixed, but that international organizations construct the norm in changing ways to secure worldwide acceptance and applicability, considering that states have very diverse socio-economic conditions and socio-cultural backgrounds. Accordingly, the article analyses how international organizations construct the cultural idea of universalism as well as institutional models of universal social protection. The finding is that the recent calls for universalism represent a new interpretation of universalism that refers to individual entitlements to benefits rather than collective development, and that this global consensus was reached by constructing the norm in a way to leave room for interpretation and adaptation. However, the price of consensus is the attenuation of the norm, by allowing particularistic interpretations and by weakening the content of the right to social protection. The article also seeks to explain the rise of the new global consensus and identify its limitations. Keywords: human rights; international organizations; social policy; social protection; social rights; social security; universalism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:90-102 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Universalism in Social Policies: A Multidimensional Concept, Policy Idea or Process File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2963 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2963 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 86-89 Author-Name: Monica Budowski Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Social Policy and Global Development, University of Fribourg, Switzerland Author-Name: Daniel Künzler Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Social Policy and Global Development, University of Fribourg, Switzerland Abstract: This issue of Social Inclusion takes the dazzling and fuzzy term ‘universalism’ to scrutiny. The editorial introduces different usages of the term in the academic debate. It first discusses universalism as an idea, then as a process, and finally its dimensions. The articles published in this issue are situated in the debate. Keywords: de-universalization; liberal welfare regimes; Nordic welfare states; social policy; universalization; universalism; varieties of universalism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:86-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exploring the ‘Spoiled’ and ‘Celebrated’ Identities of Young and Homeless Drug Users File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2311 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2311 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 76-85 Author-Name: Jennifer Hoolachan Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, UK Abstract: Young people experiencing homelessness and who use drugs are vulnerable to being attributed with ‘spoiled identities’ due to stigmatising attitudes by wider society. This article is underpinned by a symbolic interactionist account of self-identity and stigma. It draws upon ethnographic research in a UK-based supported accommodation hostel for young people and explores how the residents in the hostel related to the labels of ‘homeless,’ ‘drug user’ and ‘youth’ and how these were expressed through their self-identities. Over a period of seven months, in-depth participant-observation, semi-structured interviews and a focus group were conducted involving 22 hostel residents, aged 16 to 21 years old. The data highlight how the residents engaged in processes of ‘distancing’ or ‘othering’ by making disparaging remarks about other people in similar situations based on stereotyping. These processes reinforced spoiled identities while enabling the residents to disassociate from them. However, residents also appeared to embrace and celebrate certain features of each label, indicating an acceptance of these more positive features as forming a part of their self-identities. The article concludes by arguing for a nuanced approach to understanding stigma and identity among homeless people, one that accounts for more than just a person’s housing situation. Keywords: drug use; Goffman; homelessness; spoiled identity; stigma; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:76-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Trailer Trash” Stigma and Belonging in Florida Mobile Home Parks File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2391 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2391 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 66-75 Author-Name: Margarethe Kusenbach Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of South Florida, USA Abstract:In the United States, residents of mobile homes and mobile home communities are faced with cultural stigmatization regarding their places of living. While common, the “trailer trash” stigma, an example of both housing and neighborhood/territorial stigma, has been understudied in contemporary research. Through a range of discursive strategies, many subgroups within this larger population manage to successfully distance themselves from the stigma and thereby render it inconsequential (Kusenbach, 2009). But what about those residents—typically white, poor, and occasionally lacking in stability—who do not have the necessary resources to accomplish this? This article examines three typical responses by low-income mobile home residents—here called resisting, downplaying, and perpetuating—leading to different outcomes regarding residents’ sense of community belonging. The article is based on the analysis of over 150 qualitative interviews with mobile home park residents conducted in West Central Florida between 2005 and 2010.
Keywords: belonging; Florida; housing; identity; mobile homes; stigmatization; territorial stigma Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:66-75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “A Good Place for the Poor!” Counternarratives to Territorial Stigmatisation from Two Informal Settlements in Dhaka File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2318 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2318 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 55-65 Author-Name: Kazi Nazrul Fattah Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Australia Author-Name: Peter Walters Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Australia Abstract:With many cities in the Global South experiencing immense growth in informal settlements, city authorities frequently try to assert control over these settlements and their inhabitants through coercive measures such as threats of eviction, exclusion, blocked access to services and other forms of structural violence. Such coercive control is legitimized through the discursive formation of informal settlements as criminal and unsanitary, and of the residents as migrants and as temporary and illegitimate settlers. Using findings from ethnographic research carried out in two informal settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this article explores how informal settlement residents engage with and resist territorial stigma in a rapidly growing Southern megacity. Findings show residents resist stigmatising narratives of neighbourhood blame by constructing counternarratives that frame informal settlements as a “good place for the poor.” These place-based narratives emerge from shared experiences of informality and associational life in a city where such populations are needed yet unwanted. While residents of these neighbourhoods are acutely aware of the temporariness and illegality of unauthorised settlements, these narratives produce solidarities to resist eviction and serve to legitimise their claim to the city.
Keywords: counternarratives; Dhaka; informal settlements; megacity; territorial stigma Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:55-65 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Place Narratives and the Experience of Class: Comparing Collective Destigmatization Strategies in Two Social Housing Neighborhoods File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2310 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2310 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 44-54 Author-Name: Lotta Junnilainen Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland Abstract: A growing body of literature has investigated the various ways in which residents of stigmatized neighborhoods respond to and cope with stigmatization. However, these approaches have fallen short in tackling the question of how particular places shape responses to stigmatization. In this article, I take seriously the question of context and, based on a comparative ethnography of two social housing neighborhoods in Finland, show how residents in similar social structural positions differed in terms of the cultural milieus they inhabited, presenting them with different cultural resources for dealing with stigmatization. In the article, I suggest that non-recognition is an understudied but significant consequence of stigma related to social housing neighborhoods. Further, I suggest that depending on the historical and cultural context of the neighborhood, different destigmatization strategies are employed when residents face non-recognition. My data shows that locally lived collective place narratives informed residents’ experiences of class: In one neighborhood, the defining element of the locally acknowledged place narrative was class struggle, whereas in the other it was middle-class aspiration. These narratives served as building blocks for their destigmatization strategies. Keywords: class; culture; destigmatization; ethnography; housing; non-recognition; place narrative; social housing; stigma; territorial stigma Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v8:y:2020:i:1:p:44-54 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Historical and Spatial Layers of Cultural Intimacy: Urban Transformation of a Stigmatised Suburban Estate on the Periphery of Helsinki File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2329 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v8i1.2329 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 8 Year: 2020 Issue: 1 Pages: 34-43 Author-Name: Pekka Tuominen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Media and Communication Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: Kontula, a suburban estate at the margins of Helsinki, Finland, has been plagued by a notorious reputation since its construction in the 1960s. At different moments in history, it has reflected failed urbanity, with shifting emphases on issues such as rootlessness, segregation, intergenerational poverty, and unsuccessful integration of immigrants. Unlike many other suburban estates in Helsinki, it has become a potent symbol of the ills of contemporary urbanity in the vernacular geography of the city. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this article explores how its inhabitants experience the dynamic between the internalised stigma and their responses to it. The focus is on how historically formed and spatially defined senses of belonging and exclusion shape their everyday lives and how they have found ways to challenge the dominant perceptions about their homes and neighbourhoods. I argue that an understanding of cultural intimacy, conceptually developed by Michael Herzfeld, offers a useful way to approach the tension between essentialised categories and lived realities. Rather than simply limiting their agency, the shared stigma enables inhabitants to form powerful senses of belonging. The article emphasises how culturally intimate understandings employ both complex historical trajectories and shifts in relative location to question and confront the stigma in the language of mutual trust and belonging.