Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nostalgic, Converted, or Cosmopolitan: Typology of Young Spanish Migrants File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2265 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2265 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 332-342 Author-Name: Rubén Rodríguez-Puertas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, History and Humanities, University of Almería, Spain Author-Name: Alexandra Ainz Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, History and Humanities, University of Almería, Spain Abstract: The high unemployment rate that is affecting Spain in recent years, along with the consolidation of labour market insecurity, have generated great changes in social behaviour, with a prominent tendency for young people to leave the country. With the aim of understanding, from the point of view of these new migrants, how their migration processes and sociocultural integration in their host countries are, this article follows the procedures of the Grounded Theory to analyse the discourses obtained through a discussion group and 41 in-depth interviews with young Spanish migrants while they were living abroad, during the period 2010–2015. The strength of this research lies in its construction of an empirical model consisting of three procedural categories: nostalgic adaptation, converted adaptation and cosmopolitan adaptation. These categories allow us to explain how the perception of young people about their home and host societies changes, as well as how their sociocultural adaptation to the new context is affected by the conducts and behaviours inherent to said perception. Keywords: adaptation; migration processes; sociocultural integration; Spanish emigration; young migrants Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:332-342 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contacts between Natives and Migrants in Germany: Perceptions of the Native Population since 1980 and an Examination of the Contact Hypotheses File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2429 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2429 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 320-331 Author-Name: Bryan Bohrer Author-Workplace-Name: GESIS—Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany Author-Name: Maria-Therese Friehs Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Germany Author-Name: Peter Schmidt Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Political Science, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Germany Author-Name: Stefan Weick Author-Workplace-Name: GESIS—Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany Abstract: For decades, migration to Germany has been a relevant social phenomenon resulting in an increasing share of foreigners and Germans with migration background in the German populace. Additionally, since 2015, Germany has experienced a substantial increase in the immigration of people seeking refuge and asylum from civil war, economic and environmental catastrophes, and other adverse living conditions. These developments can be assumed to have led to an increase in intergroup contact between Germans and foreigners. We investigate this phenomenon in a multifaceted fashion by combining a social indicator and monitoring approach using repeated cross-sections over time with a new panel approach using a short-time panel to study causal relations. As a first step, we descriptively analyze the development of intergroup contact experiences of the German population with foreigners in various areas of life using data from the ALLBUS survey collected over 36 years between 1980 and 2016. Specifically, we detail the diverging contact experiences of participants with and without migration background as well as participants in the former Eastern and Western part of Germany. In a second step, based on Allport’s intergroup contact theory that contact with outgroup members may improve attitudes towards these outgroups and other related findings, we examine the longitudinal processes between positive intergroup contact with foreigners and attitudes towards foreigners using four waves of the GESIS Panel collected over approximately one and a half years. We apply special rigor to these analyses by differentiating stable differences in intergroup contact experiences and attitudes between participants from within-person processes and discussing the implications of this differentiation. Keywords: ALLBUS; foreigners; Germany; intergroup contact theory; migrant background; migration Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:320-331 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: In Search of the Healthy Immigrant Effect in Four West European Countries File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2330 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2330 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 304-319 Author-Name: Dina Maskileyson Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany Author-Name: Moshe Semyonov Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Israel Author-Name: Eldad Davidov Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany / University Research Priority Program “Social Networks,” University of Zurich, Switzerland Abstract: The present research examines whether the ‘healthy immigrant effect’ thesis observed in the American context prevails also in the West European context. According to this thesis, immigrants are likely to be healthier than comparable nativeborn. Data for the analysis are obtained from the Generations and Gender Survey for the following countries: Austria, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Ordered logit regression models are estimated to compare the health of immigrants with the native-born population. The findings reveal that in all countries, immigrants tend to report poorer health than comparable third generation native-born Europeans, and that health disparities between second and third generation are smaller than health disparities between first-generation members and native-born regardless of second- or thirdgeneration membership. The findings in the West-European countries do not lend support to the healthy immigrant effect. We attribute the differences between the United States and the West European countries to differential selection processes and differences in healthcare policies. Keywords: comparative health; generation studies; healthy immigrant effect; immigrants; United States; Western Europe Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:304-319 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Feeling Blue by Extension: Intrafamily Transmission and Economic Pressures Explain the Native-Immigrant Gap in Well-Being among Youth in Switzerland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2344 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2344 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 293-303 Author-Name: Oriane Sarrasin Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Eva G. T. Green Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Gina Potarca Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Demography and Socioeconomics, University of Geneva, Switzerland Author-Name: Claudio Bolzman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, HES-SO—University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Switzerland Author-Name: Ursina Kuhn Author-Workplace-Name: FORS—Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences, Switzerland Abstract: Several factors explain the native-immigrant gap in well-being frequently found among adolescents and young adults. First, discrimination and integration challenges impact the psychological health of immigrants of all ages. Though rarely studied, low parental well-being is transmitted thereby also deteriorating youth well-being. Second, individuals with an immigrant background generally endure economic pressures to a greater extent than natives, which impact children through a lower parental well-being independently of origins. These factors—intrafamily transmission of negative affect and economic pressures—have been mostly studied separately (and only rarely for the former). Combining the two, the present study uses Swiss Household Panel data to examine the extent to which immigrant background and economic pressures relate to well-being of adolescents and young adults through the negative affect experienced by their mothers and fathers. In Switzerland, young people with an immigrant background—both immigrants and dual citizens—reported being more anxious, sad and depressed than natives. Path models showed that young people with foreign roots were more likely to live in a household that experienced economic pressures, which, in turn, related to impaired parental (mothers and fathers alike) well-being and finally their own. An immigrant background, economic pressures and parental well-being were also independently related to young people’s negative affect, highlighting the complexity of the factors underlying the well-known immigrant–native gap in well-being. Keywords: economic pressure; health; immigration; parental transmission; Swiss Household Panel; well-being Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:293-303 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Influence of a Migration Background on Attitudes Towards Immigration File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2317 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2317 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 279-292 Author-Name: Charlotte Clara Becker Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany / Cologne Graduate School in Management, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Cologne, Germany Abstract: Migration is an ever-increasing phenomenon that is unfailingly the topic of public discourse. Recently, empirical interest has expanded to include the study of attitudes towards immigration. However, the focus usually lies on the opinion of natives, that is, persons without a migration background. This is unfortunate, because in many countries the proportion of people with a migration background is quite high, and many of them hold the citizenship of the receiving country. I expect individuals with a migration background to have more favourable attitudes towards immigration than the general population because they can identify more strongly with other immigrants due to their own migration history. Furthermore, I expect this difference to decrease with each subsequent migrant generation, with earlier generations holding more positive attitudes than later generations. For the analyses, I pooled data from the 2008–2016 rounds of the American General Social Survey. The subsample used included 7,362 respondents, 2,811 of whom had a migration background. Moreover, the data set allowed the differentiation of three generations of migrants. The results support the theoretical expectations. Persons with a migration background had more favourable attitudes towards immigration compared to those without a migration background. However, a closer look revealed that this is the case only for first-generation immigrants. The attitudes of second- and third-generation immigrants differed from each other on the 5% level, but the attitudes of neither group differed from that of the general population when the migrants’ regional origins were controlled for. Keywords: attitudes towards immigration; immigration; migrant generation; American General Social Survey Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:279-292 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Political Interest among European Youth with and without an Immigrant Background File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2312 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2312 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 257-278 Author-Name: Oshrat Hochman Author-Workplace-Name: GESIS—Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany Author-Name: Gema García-Albacete Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain Abstract: Our article investigates political engagement among youth with and without an immigration background. Tapping to current debates on intergenerational assimilation processes in Europe, we look at differences in levels of political interest between immigrants, children of immigrants and natives. In particular, we argue that such differences are a function of respondents’ identification with the receiving society. We predict that among respondents with an immigrant background higher levels of national identification will be positively correlated with political interest. Among natives, political interest will not depend on levels of national identification. These expectations reflect the ideas of the social identity perspective according to which group identification increases adherence to group norms and adherence to norms is stronger among individuals who suffer from identity uncertainty. We test our model in four European countries: England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, using data from the CILS4EU project. Our findings indicate that interest in the politics of the survey country differs between respondents with and without an immigrant background. Respondents with an immigrant background who also have a strong national identification are more likely to report a political interest than natives. Respondents with an immigrant background who have a low national identification, are less likely to report a political interest than natives. The findings also reveal that political discussions at home and associationism positively predict political interest whereas girls show significantly lower odds to be politically interested. Keywords: assimilation; CILS4EU project; immigrant background; national identification; political interest; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:257-278 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Immigration from the Immigrants’ Perspective: Analyzing Survey Data Collected among Immigrants and Host Society Members File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2695 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2695 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 253-256 Author-Name: Alice Ramos Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal Author-Name: Eldad Davidov Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany / University Research Priority Program “Social Networks,” University of Zurich, Switzerland Author-Name: Peter Schmidt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, University of Giessen, Germany Author-Name: Marta Vilar Rosales Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal Author-Name: Dina Maskileyson Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology and Social Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany Abstract: Immigration has been one of the most crucial global phenomena, changing the fabric of many societies, and a topic of substantial research. Much of this research has focused on how the host society views immigrants and immigration, or on the societal factors influencing the latter. The goal of this thematic issue is to present different studies focusing on various aspects of immigration from a perspective that has not been often viewed under the magnifying glass so far, but which is of major importance: looking at immigration from the immigrants’ point of view. Keywords: adaptation; attitudes toward immigration; community; immigrants’ reception; integration; migrants’ perspective; perceived health; well-being Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:253-256 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Second Generation and Migrant Capital in the Transnational Space: The Case of Young Kurds in France File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2328 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2328 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 243-252 Author-Name: Mari Toivanen Author-Workplace-Name: The Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: Transnational ties, networks, and mobilities can constitute a social resource for diaspora communities. Resources available as a result of the migration process or transnational ties can potentially become capitalised by diaspora members. Yet, diaspora members cannot automatically capitalise on all transnational networks and ties, and only resources that are mobilisable within particular transnational networks constitute “migrant capital” (Anthias, 2007; Ryan, 2011). Migrants’ children have grown up in “transnational social space,” in a social setting that is embedded with multiple sets of interconnected networks of social relationships, memberships, identities, and mobilities of cross-border character (Levitt, 2009). Little is known on whether such transnational networks function as a mobilisable social resource, i.e., migrant capital, for the second generation. This study focuses on the transnational ties, practices, and mobilities of second-generation Kurds in France and examines whether those constitute a mobilisable resource for them. It specifically asks if second-generation members intent to or have capitalised on such resources in the transnational social space. The study sheds light on the workings of transnational resources in the lives of the second generation and asks about the extent to which they can be considered migrant capital. The analysis draws from a qualitative dataset such as interviews and observations collected with second-generation Kurds in France. Keywords: diaspora; France; Kurdish; migrant capital; second generation; transnationalism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:243-252 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transnational Social Capital in Migration: The example of Educational Migration between Bulgaria and Germany File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2390 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2390 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 232-242 Author-Name: Birgit Glorius Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for European Studies and History, TU Chemnitz, Germany Abstract: Focusing on student migration from Bulgaria to Germany, this article examines what types of social capital are accumulated, transformed and implemented through migration, who profits from the investment, and how. The empirical work consists of 60 narrative biographical interviews with migrants and returnees to Bulgaria. The research reveals that the accumulation and investment of social capital takes place throughout the migratory trajectory—starting well before leaving—and is embedded in a transnational social space. Transnational networks exist as family, peer and professional networks, and all of them have a specific meaning for the migrants. Family networks are naturally present; they provide bonding social capital and thus have a stabilizing function for the individual’s identity. Professional networks have a strongly bridging function, helping the young migrants to manage status transitions. After return the transnational social capital acquired during the migratory stay helps returnees to re-integrate and find their way into the Bulgarian labour market. It also encourages them to pursue activities which are meaningful for civil society development, or for innovative (social) entrepreneurship. Thus, transnational social capital helps migrants to align their biographical development to the future, considering the post-transformative environment of Bulgaria, thereby helping to manage transformative changes and supporting societal modernization processes. Keywords: Bulgaria; Germany; social capital; student migration; return migration; transnational approach Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:232-242 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Welfare beyond Borders: Filipino Transnational Families’ Informal Social Protection Strategies File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2309 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2309 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 221-231 Author-Name: Sanna Saksela-Bergholm Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish School for Social Science, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: Remittances and caregiving arrangements are among the most significant practices of informal social protection against social risks and exclusion among transnational families. This article argues that remittances can provide social protection in cases where formal welfare services do not reach the citizens properly. Furthermore, it illustrates how members of Filipino transnational families can create sustainable informal social protection and utilise it long-term. The transnational practices are analysed to show how migrant capital, particularly the intersection of economic and social capital (Bourdieu, 1986), is transferred to informal social protection through meaningful reciprocity between the senders and recipients of remittances. Successful allocation of remittances and negotiation of care arrangements depend on the realisation of reciprocity and its social context, such as life circumstances, moral obligations and migrants’ personal goals for migration. The data draw on observations and 41 qualitative interviews conducted both in Finland and in the Philippines. Keywords: caregiving; informal social protection; Filipino transnational families; migrant capital; social capital; reciprocity; remittances Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:221-231 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transnational Practices and Migrant Capital: The Case of Filipino Women in Iceland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2320 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2320 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 211-220 Author-Name: Unnur Dís Skaptadóttir Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Anthropology, University of Iceland, Iceland Abstract: Filipinos have been moving to Iceland in increasing numbers since the 1990s, primarily for employment opportunities and to reunite with relatives. They are the third largest group of immigrants in Iceland and the largest group from Asia. The majority of them work in low-income jobs in the service and production sectors where they do not utilize their education. Many arrived with the help of relatives already living in Iceland. Based on multi-sited ethnographic research, this article examines the diverse mobilization of migrant capital in Iceland and in the Philippines. The analysis draws on Bourdieu’s concepts of capital and transnational theories to highlight how Filipinos draw on formal and informal resources in Iceland and their transnational social field in mobilizing their capital. Their extended kin groups in Iceland and networks back in the Philippines are important in building migrant capital in Iceland and in the Philippines. The study shows that this mobilization is not only affected by structural factors in Iceland, such as racialization, but also by economic position and cultural capital in the Philippines. Keywords: Bourdieu; Filipinos; Iceland; migrant capital; social capital; transnationalism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:211-220 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Syrian Refugee Entrepreneurship in Turkey: Integration and the Use of Immigrant Capital in the Informal Economy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2346 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2346 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 200-210 Author-Name: Reyhan Atasü-Topcuoğlu Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Hacettepe University, Turkey Abstract: This study focuses on small-scale entrepreneurship of Syrian refugees in Turkey. It analyses in a Bourdieusian way how they utilize cultural, social, economic and symbolic capital, and reveals their start-up and sustainability strategies. It is based on 24 in-depth interviews with Syrian small entrepreneurs who started up new businesses after 2011, in Istanbul, Gaziantep, and Hatay. It describes the entrepreneurial opportunity structure and the significance of the informal economy and analyses Syrians’ utilization of various forms of capital in small entrepreneurship and relations to integration. The main finding indicates that the informal economy—as the main site of such entrepreneurship—eases the start-up process but limits on-going business and integration. Keywords: entrepreneurship; informal economy; integration; refugees; social capital; Syrian refugees; Turkey Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:200-210 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Locating Forced Migrants’ Resources: Residency Status and the Process of Family Reunification in Finland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2327 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2327 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 190-191 Author-Name: Johanna Hiitola Author-Workplace-Name: Migration Institute of Finland, Finland Abstract: This article investigates how forced migrants residing in Finland utilise different types of resources in their efforts to reunite with their families. The data includes 36 group and individual interviews (2018–2019) with 43 Iraqi, Afghan, Somali, and Ethiopian forced migrants holding residence permits in Finland, who were either seeking to reunite with their families, or had already brought their families to Finland, or had attempted but failed to achieve family reunification. The results show that a variety of resources are needed to navigate the bureaucracies involved in family reunification. Economic resources in one’s country of origin may be used to pay the high administrative and travel costs, as well as other fees required by government officials to obtain visas for family members. Cultural resources, such as education, are useful when one is trying to make sense of the complicated application process, or seeking work or educational opportunities in the new country. Different forms of social resources can be utilised to seek advice. However, the resources at the disposal of migrants are not the determining factor in attempts to successfully reunite with one’s family. Although they are important, the success of the reunification process depends more on one’s residency status and whether it allows family reunification without a high-income requirement. Keywords: family migration; family reunification; forced migration; income requirements; social capital Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:190-191 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Utilisation of Migrant Capital to Access the Labour Market: The Case of Swedish Migrants in Helsinki File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2325 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2325 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 181-189 Author-Name: Östen Wahlbeck Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Finland Author-Name: Sabina Fortelius Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: This article explains from a Bourdieusian perspective how migrants gain access to fields in which their resources are valued and their cultural and social capital can be mobilised. Interviews conducted among Swedish migrants in Helsinki (Helsingfors) illustrate how the migrants have been able to utilise various forms of capital to gain access to the local labour market. Knowledge of the Swedish language and society may constitute cultural capital, but only in specific occupations and social contexts. The article highlights the importance of access to social networks among Finnish spouses and friends in finding information about the jobs in which knowledge of the Swedish language and society is valued. The results indicate that the resources of migrants do not always constitute a valuable social capital, migrants also need to be able to mobilise their resources in a given social context. It is also argued that there may be specific forms of cultural and social capital that are only available to migrants as a consequence of their being migrants. This migrant capital consists of the various forms of capital that are connected to the migration process and are mobilisable by the migrants. Keywords: Bourdieu; employment; Finland; labour market; migrant capital; social networks; Swedish language Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:181-189 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Nordic Ties and British Lives? Migrant Capital and the Case of Nordic Migrants Living in London File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2333 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2333 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 171-180 Author-Name: Saara Koikkalainen Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish School of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: As a hub of finance, art, design and science, the city of London has long attracted migrants interested in study and career opportunities or simply excited about living in an open, global city. Over the last few decades, it has also been a key migration destination for Europeans originating from the Nordic countries. Based on survey data gathered through an online questionnaire, this article focuses on Nordic migrants currently living in London. Since the June 2016 referendum, the Brexit process has forced these voluntary and rather privileged migrants to question their inclusion in British society. This article discusses the role of migrant capital, i.e., the skills and resources created as a result of migration, at a time of uncertainty brought on by Brexit. It examines how these migrants see their position within the social hierarchy of the city and its job market, as well as within the local and transnational networks they maintain to their countries of origin. Their Nordic background is valuable thanks to the cultural capital embodied in their habitus as well as the social capital available via the Nordic networks in UK and transnationally. Keywords: Brexit; Europe; London; migration; migrant capital; Nordic countries Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:171-180 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Migrant Capital as a Resource for Migrant Communities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2658 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2658 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 164-170 Author-Name: Sanna Saksela-Bergholm Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Finland Author-Name: Mari Toivanen Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Finland Author-Name: Östen Wahlbeck Author-Workplace-Name: Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Finland Abstract: This thematic issue explores the processes and dynamics involved in how different forms of migrant capital are employed and how these relate to processes of social inclusion. Leaning on a Bourdieusian approach, we wish to move beyond existing descriptive studies and theorise the role migration plays in the accumulation, conversion and utilisation of various forms of capital by migrant communities and their members. The articles demonstrate how migrant capital can function as a resource created by migrants during the migration process, or as an outcome of it, and are potentially available to their family members. The articles illustrate via case studies from different national contexts how transnational migrants or members of migrant communities create, accumulate and employ diverse forms of capital in their efforts to achieve inclusion in destination and sending societies. Keywords: Bourdieu; convertibility; diaspora community; migrant capital; mobilisability; networks; resources; transnational ties Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:164-170 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diasporic Civic Agency and Participation: Inclusive Policy-Making and Common Solutions in a Dutch Municipality File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2379 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2379 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 152-163 Author-Name: Antony Otieno Ong'ayo Author-Workplace-Name: ISS–International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: With a growing presence in The Hague municipality, the sub-Sahara African diasporas like other minority groups face challenges related to integration, participation, representation, and social exclusion. The majority still find difficulties with the Dutch language, with access to education, the labour market, and public services. These concerns also inform initiatives by the municipality in search of joint solutions through citizen participation with the African diasporas. Equally, African diasporas engage in formal and informal initiatives targeting decision-maker in The Hague, seeking to reverse their sense of vulnerability and social exclusion in the city. Using data gathered through ethnographic fieldwork in The Hague from 2015 to 2017, this article examines how African diaspora organisations have sought to exercise their civic agency and to influence policy-making to become more inclusive, by proposing common solutions and collective initiatives. The aim is to understand how diaspora collective initiatives are informed by notions of civic agency, and how prospects can be generated for diasporas to secure the ‘right to have rights’ and ensure that the host municipality addresses concerns related to the diasporas’ exclusion. The concept of civic agency is also used to analyse dynamics influencing diasporic activities, the broader context of diaspora engagement, and some likely socio-political outcomes. I argue that collective diasporic initiatives are broadly aimed at ensuring more inclusive policy-making and that solutions are an expression of diasporic people’s collective energy and imagination. These collective initiatives demonstrate the significance of enacted citizenship in challenging broader conditions of social and economic exclusion that the African diasporas face in host municipalities like The Hague. Keywords: citizenship; civic agency; collective initiatives; diaspora engagement; inclusive policy-making; The Hague Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:152-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Hostile Immigration Policy and the Limits of Sanctuary as Resistance: Counter-Conduct as Constructive Critique File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2353 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2353 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 141-151 Author-Name: Cathy A. Wilcock Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: This article addresses the tense relationship between national and municipal approaches to the inclusion and exclusion of irregular immigrant ‘non-citizens.’ While national policies in the UK have created hostility for irregular migrants, municipallevel cities of sanctuary offer a ‘warm welcome’ which has been extolled as immanently progressive in the face of hostility. This article assesses the extent to which city-based sanctuary movements in the UK provide effective resistance to the national policies of hostility. Building on critiques of the City of Sanctuary (CoS) movement, effective resistance is redefined using a Foucauldian counter-conduct approach. Through applying a counter-conduct lens to a document analysis of the CoS newsletter archive and online resources, the article shows it is not easy to dismiss sanctuary as ineffective resistance, as some earlier critiques have argued. Rather, CoS is demonstrated as both effective and ineffective counter-conduct due to its uneven approach to the various discourses within the hostile environment. Keywords: cities of sanctuary; counter-conduct; hostile environment; UK immigration policy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:141-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Spaces of Urban Citizenship: Two European Examples from Milan and Rotterdam File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2341 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2341 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 131-140 Author-Name: Alba Angelucci Author-Workplace-Name: DESP–Department of Economics, Society, and Politics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Italy Abstract: This article aims to highlight the emergence of urban citizenship spaces in two European cities—Milan, Italy, and Rotterdam, the Netherlands—where marginality and social exclusion are faced and coped with through social participation, appropriation of space, and the construction of a peculiar place-based sense of belonging. To do so, the article will present the results of comparative research conducted in Milan and Rotterdam by means of 60 semi-structured interviews (30 in each city) with inhabitants of peculiar neighbourhoods in the two cities. The analysis will adopt an intersectional perspective (Crenshaw, 1989), paying attention to the intersection between personal characteristics and spatial features to highlight the processes occurring at the crossroads between the social and spatial categories. In particular, this work will present two examples, one from each city involved in the research, in which urban citizenship practices are enacted and create a Lefebvrian space of representation where dominant discourses and narratives are overcome and overturned by people otherwise excluded from dominant spaces and mainstream forms of urban citizenship. A comparison of the fieldwork from the two cities shows how in both cases, subaltern and/or marginalised groups (women, the poor, and migrants in particular) manage to appropriate interstitial spaces within the city where they can find room for expression and well-being and for the performance of urban citizenship practices. At the same time, though, external (political and economic) factors can transform those spaces of representation into self-constraining places which can expose these marginal groups to further vulnerability. Keywords: intersectionality; representation; right to the city; urban citizenship; urban spaces Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:131-140 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Acts for Refugees’ Right to the City and Commoning Practices of Care-tizenship in Athens, Mytilene and Thessaloniki File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2332 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2332 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 119-130 Author-Name: Charalampos Tsavdaroglou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Greece Author-Name: Chrisa Giannopoulou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Greece Author-Name: Chryssanthi Petropoulou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Greece Author-Name: Ilias Pistikos Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Greece Abstract: During the recent refugee crisis, numerous solidarity initiatives emerged in Greece and especially in Mytilene, Athens and Thessaloniki. Mytilene is the capital of Lesvos Island and the main entry point in the East Aegean Sea, Athens is the main refugee transit city and Thessaloniki is the biggest city close to the northern borders. After the EU–Turkey Common Statement, the Balkan countries sealed their borders and thousands of refugees found themselves stranded in Greece. The State accommodation policy provides the majority of the refugee population with residency in inappropriate camps which are mainly located in isolated old military bases and abandoned factories. The article contrasts the State-run services to the solidarity acts of “care-tizenship” and commoning practices such as self-organised refugee housing projects, which claim the right to the city and to spatial justice. Specifically, the article is inspired by the Lefebvrian “right to the city,” which embraces the right to housing, education, work, health and challenges the concept of citizen. Echoing Lefebvrian analysis, citizenship is not demarcated by membership in a nation-state, rather, it concerns all the residents of the city. The article discusses the academic literature on critical citizenship studies and especially the so-called “care-tizenship,” meaning the grassroots commoning practices that are based on caring relationships and mutual help for social rights. Following participatory ethnographic research, the main findings highlight that the acts of care-tizenship have opened up new possibilities to challenge State migration policies while reinventing a culture of togetherness and negotiating locals’ and refugees’ multiple class, gender, and religious identities. Keywords: care-tizenship; commoning; refugees; right to the city; solidarity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:119-130 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enabling Social Inclusion and Urban Citizenship of Older Adults through eHealth: The iZi Project in the Hague File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2343 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2343 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 108-118 Author-Name: Rachel Kurian Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Nicole Menke Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Culture and Wellbeing, Municipality of the Hague, The Netherlands Author-Name: Surrendra Santokhi Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Culture and Wellbeing, Municipality of the Hague, The Netherlands Author-Name: Erwin Tak Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Culture and Wellbeing, Municipality of the Hague, The Netherlands Abstract: While the elderly constitute a significant proportion of urban population, they are often not included in the decision-making processes concerning their health requirements. These exclusionary practices could be viewed as reflecting deficits in urban citizenship as well as a denial of what the French sociologist Henri Lefebvre defined in 1968 as the ‘right to the city’ (Lefebvre, 1968). This article is concerned with promoting the social inclusion of the elderly in urban spaces. It focuses on the potential of eHealth to facilitate their independent living in their own homes, an expressed priority of the elderly. It discusses a pilot project pioneered by the Municipality of The Hague where attention and space was given for the elderly to express their physical and emotional needs in different fora with relevant stakeholders, and reflect on ways in which eHealth could be of help to them. These ideas were important in creating the iZi Experience Home project, which also served as an important tool for creating awareness, enthusiasm and information about the possibilities of technology. The article examines the different processes involved in the development of eHealth applications, including the nature of the deliberations, the devices evolved and tried out in the homes of the elderly. Such methods also raised understanding regarding the challenges of using eHealth, such as the barriers faced by service providers, the costs associated with the gadgets and the resistance of caregivers to these techniques. The project demonstrated that traditional eHealth applications were indeed important in supporting the elderly through increased mobility, security and ability to remain in their homes. But these need to be complemented by community generation, spaces for sharing experiences and physical face-to-face interactions to bring about more comprehensive well-being and happiness. There is therefore the need to broaden the concept of eHealth to move beyond technical solutions only but to include the ideas of the patients, in this case the elderly, in policies, discussions with stakeholders, innovations and practices. In these ways, the elderly are supported to claim their rights to the city. The discussion contributes to understanding the challenges of exercising urban enacted citizenship amongst the elderly, and the need to include inclusion and democratic participation as rights and norms of ‘age-friendly’ cities. Keywords: eHealth; elderly; home experience; positive health; rights to the city; The Hague; urban citizenship; urban participation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:108-118 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contested Health Care System in Berlin: Are Illegalized Migrants Becoming Urban Citizens? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2331 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2331 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 100-107 Author-Name: Holger Wilcke Author-Workplace-Name: Berlin Institute of Migration and Integration Research, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Rosa Manoim Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Abstract: This article argues for an urban citizenship perspective which explores the struggle for rights and the everyday practices of illegalized migrants. Analyzing the concept of Anonymized Health Certificates as a result of such a struggle allows for examination of urban citizenship in this context. The implementation of the Anonymized Health Certificates program would facilitate access to medical care for people who live in the city of Berlin but are excluded from this right due to their lack of residency status. However, such a perspective also makes it possible to examine the limitation of the Anonymized Health Certificates, which would allow illegalized migrants in Berlin to circumvent access barriers, while at the same time the exclusion mechanisms of these barriers would remain uncontested at the national level. Whilst Anonymize Health Certificates will greatly improve access to medical care, illegalized migrants have by no means been passive subjects and have been actively rejecting their exclusion from health care: Practices include sharing health insurance cards with friends, visiting doctors who help for free as a form of solidarity, and sharing information about these doctors within their social networks. Even if they do not contest the social order visibly, they refuse to passively accept their social exclusion. Illegalized migrants perform such practices of urban citizenship in their everyday life as they actively take ownership of their rights to participate in urban life, even whilst being formally denied these rights. Keywords: Anonymized Health Certificates; illegalized migration; medical care; urban citizenship Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:100-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ‘From Sanctuary to Welcoming Cities’: Negotiating the Social Inclusion of Undocumented Migrants in Liège, Belgium File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2326 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2326 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 90-99 Author-Name: Sébastien Lambert Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium Author-Name: Thomas Swerts Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Cities have become important sites of sanctuary for migrants with a precarious legal status. While many national governments in Europe have adopted restrictive immigration policies, urban governments have undertaken measures to safeguard undocumented residents’ rights. Existing scholarship on sanctuary cities has mostly focused on how cities’ stance against federal immigration policies can be interpreted as urban citizenship. What is largely missing in these debates, however, is a better insight into the role that local civil society actors play in pushing for sanctuary and negotiating the terms of social in- and exclusion. In this article, we rely on a qualitative study of the 2017 Sanctuary City campaign in Liège, Belgium, to argue that power relations between (and among) civil society actors and city officials help to explain why the meaning and inclusiveness of ‘sanctuary’ shifted over time. Initially, radical activists were able to politicize the issue by demanding the social inclusion of the ‘sans-papiers’ through grassroots mobilization. However, the cooptation of the campaign by immigrant rights organizations led to the adoption of a motion wherein the local government depicted the city as a ‘welcoming’ instead of a ‘sanctuary’ city. By showing how immigrant rights professionals sidelined radical activists during the campaign, we highlight the risk of depoliticization when civil society actors decide to cooperate with local governments to extend immigrant rights. We also underline the potential representational gap that emerges when those who are directly implicated, namely undocumented migrants, are not actively involved in campaigns that aim to improve their inclusion. Keywords: civil society; depoliticization; politicization; right to the city; sanctuary cities; undocumented migration; urban citizenship Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:90-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Improvising “Nonexistent Rights”: Immigrants, Ethnic Restaurants, and Corporeal Citizenship in Suburban California File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2305 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2305 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 79-89 Author-Name: Charles T. Lee Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Transformation, Arizona State University, USA Abstract: Building on Henri Lefebvre’s radical concept of “right to the city,” contemporary literatures on urban citizenship critically shift the locus of citizenship from its juridical-political foundation in the sovereign state to the spatial politics of the urban inhabitants. However, while the political discourse of right to the city presents a vital vision for urban democracy in the shadow of neoliberal restructuring, its exclusive focus on democratic agency and practices can become disconnected from the everyday experiences of city life on the ground. In fact, in cities that lack longstanding/viable urban citizenship mechanisms that can deliver meaningful political participation, excluded subjects may bypass formal democratic channels to improvise their own inclusion, belonging, and rights in an informal space that the sovereign power does not recognize. Drawing on my fieldwork in the Asian restaurant industry in several multiethnic suburbs in Southern California, this article investigates how immigrant restaurant entrepreneurs, workers, and consumers engender a set of “nonexistent rights” through their everyday production and consumption of ethnic food. I name this improvisational political ensemble corporeal citizenship to describe the material, affective, and bodily dimensions of inclusion, belonging, and “rights” that immigrants actualize through their everyday participation in this suburban ethnic culinary commerce. For many immigrants operating in the global circuits of neoliberal capitalism, citizenship no longer just means what Hannah Arendt (1951) once suggested as “the right to have rights,” or what Engin Isin and Peter Nyers (2014) reformulate as “the right to claim rights,” but also the right to reinvent ways of claiming rights. I suggest such improvisation of nonexistent rights has surprising political implications for unorthodox ways of advancing democratic transformation. Keywords: corporeal citizenship; ethnic food; nonexistent rights; participation; right to the city; urban citizenship Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:79-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Enacting Citizenship and the Right to the City: Towards Inclusion through Deepening Democracy? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2654 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2654 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 71-78 Author-Name: Helen Hintjens Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Rachel Kurian Author-Workplace-Name: International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: In this introductory article, the main theoretical concerns guiding this thematic issue are briefly discussed, alongside an overview of relevant literature on rights and urban citizenship. We draw on the work of Engin on ‘enacted citizenship,’ and combine Hannah Arendt’s ‘right to have rights’ with Henri Lefebvre’s ‘right to the city,’ for inspiration. The hope is that these concepts or theoretical tools help our contributors explore the ‘grey areas’ of partial inclusion and exclusion, and to connect the informal with the formal, migrants with professionals, locals with those from elsewhere. Since the contributions in this issue come from practitioners as well as scholars, we are interested in very different forms of urban citizenship being enacted in a range of settings, in such a way as to overcome, or at least side-step, social, economic and political exclusion within specific urban settings. In this introduction we reflect on urban migrants organising and mobilising to enact their own citizenship rights within specific urban spaces, and present each of the eight published articles, briefly illustrating the range of approaches and urban citizenship issues covered in this thematic issue. The examples of urban enacted citizenship practices include efforts to construct economic livelihoods, gain access to health care, promote political participation, reweave the social fabric of poor neighbourhoods, and provide sanctuary. All of which, our contributors suggest, requires the engagement of the local urban authorities to allow room for the informal, and to accept the need for improved dialogue and improved access to public services. Keywords: cities; European cities; enacted citizenship; health; local government; right to the city; sanctuary Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:71-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Here, There, in between, beyond...": Identity Negotiation and Sense of Belonging among Southern Europeans in the UK and Germany File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2386 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2386 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 60-70 Author-Name: Fabio Quassoli Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Author-Name: Iraklis Dimitriadis Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Political Sciences, University of Milan, Italy Abstract: Whilst most of the research on intra-EU mobility has mainly focused on the reasons behind young Southern Europeans leaving their home countries, and secondly on their experiences within the new context, little is known about their sense of belonging and identities. This article aims to fill this gap by exploring Italian and Spanish migrants’ social identity repositioning and the cultural change characterising their existential trajectories. Drawing on 69 semi-structured interviews with Italians and Spaniards living in London and Berlin, this article shows that the sense of belonging to one or more political communities and boundary work are related to individual experiences and can change due to structural eventualities such as the Brexit referendum. While identification with the host society is rare, attachment to the home country is quite common as a result of people’s everyday experiences. Cultural changes and European/cosmopolitan identification are linked to exposure to new environments and interaction with new cultures, mostly concerning those with previous mobility experience, as well as to a sentiment of non-acceptance in the UK. However, such categories are not rigid, but many times self-identification and attachments are rather blurred also due to the uncertainty around the duration of the mobility project. This makes individual factors (gender, age, family status, employment, education) that are often considered as determinants of identification patterns all but relevant. Keywords: belonging; identity; Italians; migration; Southern Europe; Spaniards Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:60-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: (Self-)Reflecting on International Recruitment: Views on the Role of Recruiting Agencies in Bulgaria and Romania File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2287 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2287 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 49-59 Author-Name: Siyka Kovacheva Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Sociology, Plovdiv University Paisii Hilendarski, Bulgaria / New Europe Centre for Regional Studies, Bulgaria Author-Name: Boris Popivanov Author-Workplace-Name: New Europe Centre for Regional Studies, Bulgaria / Department of Political Science, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria Author-Name: Marin Burcea Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Urban and Regional Sociology, Romania / Department of Economic and Administrative Sciences, University of Bucharest, Romania Abstract: This article focuses on the recruiting practices of public and private agencies dealing with international labour mediation in Bulgaria and Romania. Based on interpretative analysis of 20 in-depth interviews with professionals working in migrant recruiting agencies in the two countries, we aim to understand their views on the advantages and disadvantages of their services in comparison with other mobility channels: such as informal networks, direct contacts with employers, or unofficial Internet sites. The article examines the ways in which international labour mediation practitioners construct their target group—migrants—in terms of motivation, human capital, and/or challenges of their adaptation to the new context. We then look at intermediaries’ perceptions of employers’ needs and expectations. We finish with uncovering recruiters’ underlying assessment of the national and European mobility policies and the outcomes they see for individual migrants, employers and the countries of departure and destination. Keywords: Bulgaria; European Union; labour market; labour mediation; migration; mobility; recruiting agencies; recruitment; Romania Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:49-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Before Landing: How Do New European Emigrants Prepare Their Departure and Imagine Their Destinations? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2381 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2381 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 39-48 Author-Name: Diego Coletto Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Author-Name: Giovanna Fullin Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Abstract: In migration studies, the preparation for the departure of people who decide to migrate has seldom been addressed as a distinct topic. This article aims at investigating how European migrants who moved or plan to move to another European country prepare their departure. It analyses stories of migrants who move from Italy, Spain, Romania, and Bulgaria. More specifically, attention is focused on departure preparation in order to investigate what migrants do before they depart and how the free mobility of work is perceived by Europeans and applied to their migration plans. Different from general statements about European integration and belonging or about obstacles to intra-EU mobility, the analysis of what individuals do in order to get ready to leave their country of origin provides a very realistic idea of how people perceive European Union and the mobility within it. Keywords: European Union; imaginaries; integration; migration; social media Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:39-48 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Patterns of Social Integration Strategies: Mobilising ‘Strong’ and ‘Weak’ Ties of the New European Migrants File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2286 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2286 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 28-38 Author-Name: Boris Popivanov Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria / New Europe Centre for Regional Studies, Bulgaria Author-Name: Siyka Kovacheva Author-Workplace-Name: New Europe Centre for Regional Studies, Bulgaria / Department of Applied Sociology, Plovdiv University Paisii Hilendarski, Bulgaria Abstract: The European mobility processes raise the issue of the integration strategies of new European migrants in their host societies. Taking stock of 154 in-depth interviews with migrants in the UK, Germany, Italy and Spain, we examine the social ties which they mobilise in order to adapt in a different social environment. The division between ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ ties established in the literature is particularly useful to assess migrants’ experiences in appropriation and transformation of social capital and the variety of their pathways in the labour market. Then we critically study the relative weight of social ties and skill levels in their choice of integration strategies. At the end, four types of strategies corresponding to the types of migrants’ interactions with the home and host contexts are outlined. Keywords: European mobility; migration; social capital; social integration; social ties Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:28-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Receiving Country Investments and Acquisitions: How Migrants Negotiate the Adaptation to Their Destination File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2352 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2352 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 18-27 Author-Name: Neli Demireva Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Essex University, UK Abstract: This article looks at the adaptation patterns of EU migrants—Bulgarian, Romanian, Italian and Spanish—in European markets, and uses several interviews of overseas non-EU migrants in the UK and Germany. The interaction of migrants with the receiving context is being considered. Drawing on several interviews with actual migrants and recruitment agents collected in the GEMM (Growth, Equal Opportunities, Migration and Markets) project in four major immigrant societies (Germany, UK, Spain and Italy), this article focuses on the receiving country acquisitions that facilitate the adaptation of migrants along their journeys. EU migrants have very different adaptation strategies to non-EU migrants, and this article comments on the differences observed as well as on the differences between them according to skill levels. Migrant adaptation challenges are acknowledged and studied dynamically. Thus, this unique data brings forward a multi-layered picture of the migrant adaptation process in Europe. Keywords: adaptation; EU migrants; migrant motivations; non-EU migrants; receiving society; skills Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:18-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Between ‘Labour Migration’ and ‘New European Mobilities’: Motivations for Migration of Southern and Eastern Europeans in the EU File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2334 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2334 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 7-17 Author-Name: Maricia Fischer-Souan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, University Carlos III de Madrid, Spain Abstract: This article investigates in comparative perspective different accounts of the motivations for migration offered by Bulgarian, Romanian, Italian and Spanish nationals living in another EU country, or planning to move. In-depth interviews yield a range of accounts for the decision to leave the home-country, from narrowly defined economic motivations, professional and ‘qualitative’ labour market considerations, to desires for cultural/lifestyle exploration. Both individual and country-level factors are mobilised in motivational accounts, which are also set against the backdrop of major external shocks, such as the 2007 enlargement of the European Union and the 2008 global financial crisis. Findings highlight the need to consider the interplay between macro and individual-level factors—that is, perceptions of cultural, economic, political and societal structures as well as individual characteristics—in studying migratory behaviour. Moreover, the findings to a certain extent support the distinction between the ‘classic’ labour migration behaviour of Bulgarian and Romanian respondents and the ‘new European mobilities’ of Italian and Spanish participants, who emphasise more the overlapping professional, affective, cultural and quality of life considerations that shape the decision to move. However, convergence across groups may be expected in the future as East-West movers become more socialised into ‘new’ cultures of European mobility and as South–North migration patterns increasingly reinforce some of the ‘periphery-core’ dynamics of contemporary intra-EU mobility. Keywords: economic crisis; European Union; mobility; motivations for migration; Central and Eastern Europe; Southern Europe Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:7-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Lived Experiences of Migration: An Introduction File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2568 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i4.2568 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-6 Author-Name: Neli Demireva Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Essex University, UK Author-Name: Fabio Quassoli Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy Abstract: This editorial presents a general overview of the thematic issue “The Lived Experiences of Migration: Individual Strategies, Institutional Settings and Destination Effects in the European Mobility Process,” based on the rich qualitative data produced in the Growth, Equal Opportunities, Migration and Markets (GEMM) project. The qualitative component of the project focused on the ‘lived’ experiences of migration. The main contribution of the articles in this issue is to demonstrate the multiplicity of actors and structures involved in the migration process, and to recognize the important role that space plays in the life-trajectories of people on the move. Perceiving the migration process as a learning experience allows for a deeper look into the complex renegotiation of cultural and political boundaries that migrants experience in the destination. Keywords: Central-Eastern Europe; cosmopolitanism; EU mobility; identity change; language; migrant motivations; migrant recruitment practices; social capital; social imagination; social networks; prospective migrants; Southern Europe Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:4:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "I Didn’t Have the Luxury to Wait": Understanding the University-to-Work Transition among Second-Generations in Britain File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2033 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2033 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 270-281 Author-Name: Jawiria Naseem Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education and Social Justice, University of Birmingham, UK Abstract: Second-generations—children of immigrants—experience particular university-to-work transitions in the UK, including precarious entry into the labour market This article examines the importance of intersecting social divisions, such as gender and ethnicity to these transitions, and also explores complexities within long-term economic progression. By comparing the educational achievement and labour market integration of British-born female graduates from one of the largest— Pakistani—and newly settled—Algerian—migrant groups and by focusing on long-term progression from the first job postgraduation to the most recent one. Using repeat semi-structured interviews with twelve British Pakistani and Algerian female graduates, this article produces a fine-grained analysis of key academic and economic stages. It reveals how the contextualised impact of intersecting social divisions—social class, ethnicity, as proxy for culture and religion, and gender— and the ability to maximise and increase one’s identity capital i prove employability, transforming initial disadvantages into pathways for success. Keywords: capital; ethnicity; female graduates; gender; second-generation; social class; UK labour market; university education Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:270-281 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Interplay between Education, Skills, and Job Quality File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2052 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2052 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 254-269 Author-Name: Alexandra Wicht Author-Workplace-Name: GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany Author-Name: Nora Müller Author-Workplace-Name: GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany Author-Name: Simone Haasler Author-Workplace-Name: GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Germany Author-Name: Alexandra Nonnenmacher Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany Abstract: Compared to general education, vocational education and training (VET) has been shown to facilitate young people’s integration into the labour market. At the same time, research suggests that VET falls short in teaching basic skills and, in turn, may lead to less adaptability to labour market changes and long-term disadvantages in individual labour market outcomes. To better understand the relationships between education, skills, and labour market outcomes, we examine to what extent job quality differs between individuals with general education and those with VET with respect to different skill levels. Furthermore, we investigate whether the relationship between type of qualification and job quality differs by skills. We broaden past research by considering four indicators of job quality: earnings, job security, job autonomy, and the match between respondents’ abilities and job demands. Using data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies for Germany, we demonstrate that individuals with academic education and advanced VET score higher in job quality concerning earnings and job autonomy as compared to individuals with initial VET. Comparing the two higher qualified groups, academic education is more associated with higher earnings than advanced VET, while the level of job autonomy is similar. Regarding the abilities-demands match, both groups score lower than individuals with initial VET. Moreover, higher literacy skills are associated with higher levels of job quality irrespective of the type and level of formal qualification. Finally, we find no empirical evidence that skills compensate for or reinforce disadvantages in job quality derived from professional qualifications. Keywords: adult competencies; dual training system; general education; Germany; job autonomy; job quality; job security; literacy skills; Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies; vocational education and training Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:254-269 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Vocational Education and Employment: Explaining Cohort Variations in Life Course Patterns File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2045 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2045 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 224-253 Author-Name: Fabian Kratz Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, University of Munich, Germany Author-Name: Alexander Patzina Author-Workplace-Name: IAB—Institute for Employment Research, Germany Author-Name: Corinna Kleinert Author-Workplace-Name: LIfBi—Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Germany / Sociology Department, University of Bamberg, Germany Author-Name: Hans Dietrich Author-Workplace-Name: IAB—Institute for Employment Research, Germany Abstract: A stylized finding on returns to vocational education is that vocational compared to general education generates a differential life course pattern of employability: while vocational education guarantees smooth transitions into the labour market and thus generates initial advantages, these erode with increasing age, leading to late-life reversals in employment chances. We contribute to this research by assessing cohort variations in life-cycle patterns and distinguishing two explanations for late-life reversals in employment chances. The adaptability argument states that this phenomenon is due to the lower adaptability and occupational flexibility of those with vocational education. In contrast, the health argument states that vocational education leads to physically more demanding occupations, faster health deterioration, and, thus, lower employability in later life. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we employ non-parametric state probability analysis to assess cohort variations in employment patterns, and mediation analysis to assess how much of the late-life reversal of employment patterns is due to a faster health deterioration among the vocationally educated. Results show that the early life advantage of vocational education increases across cohorts. Furthermore, those with vocational education exhibit faster health deterioration, and a small part of the late-life employment disadvantage of this group works through lower levels of health after midlife. Keywords: employment; Germany; life course methods; multi-cohort panel data; vocational education Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:224-253 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Does Vocational Education Give a Labour Market Advantage over the Whole Career? A Comparison of the United Kingdom and Switzerland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2030 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2030 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 202-223 Author-Name: Maïlys Korber Author-Workplace-Name: Life Course and Inequality Research Centre, University of Lausanne, Switzerland / Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract: Research suggests that vocational education and training (VET) tends to reduce youth unemployment by providing them with specific skills, thus smoothing the transition from education to work. However, we still know relatively little aboutwhether vocational education provides higher employment rate and wages over the entire working trajectory than holders of lower education; after several years of experience, both groups may indeed have similar skills and thus similar situations in the labour market. We compare the situation in the United Kingdom and Switzerland, two countries that share a tradition of vocational education but differ in the specificity and standardisation of their VET system. Creating a pseudo-cohort with repeated rounds of the United Kingdom and Swiss labour force surveys, we use regression models and compare the employment rate and hourly wage of our two groups of interest: individuals with vocational education at the upper secondary level and individuals with no more than compulsory education. We find that VET graduates fare better in terms of both employment and wages over the whole career. This advantage is larger for women than men and, contrary to our hypothesis, larger in the United Kingdom than in Switzerland with respect to employment prospects. Keywords: apprenticeship; earnings; employment; life course; Switzerland; United Kingdom; vocational education and training Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:202-223 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: ‘Virtuous’ and ‘Vicious’ Circles? Adults’ Participation in Different Types of Training in the UK and Its Association with Wages File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2039 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2039 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 177-201 Author-Name: Daria Luchinskaya Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, UK Author-Name: Peter Dickinson Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick, UK Abstract: The relationship between education, skills and labour market outcomes is becoming an increasingly pressing issue in many countries. In the UK, recent changes in education and skills funding structures and the ongoing consequences of the 2008 recession may have affected participation in training. ‘Virtuous’ and ‘vicious’ circles of learning may exist, whereby access to training is associated with social advantage, and training begets more training. We explore workers’ participation in different types of training and how this is associated with wages using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Our exploratory findings suggest that those working in lower-level occupations may not only be less likely to undertake training in general, but also less likely to have done types of training associated with wage increases (e.g., to meet occupational standards), and more likely to have done training associated with no or negative changes in wages (e.g., health and safety) compared to those working in higher-level occupations. We suggest that further research is needed to unpack the ‘black box’ of training and its impacts upon different groups of people. We discuss the implications of our findings to help break the ‘vicious’ circles. Keywords: adult skills; learning; social class; types of training; wages Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:177-201 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Signal and the Noise: The Impact of the Bologna Process on Swiss Graduates’ Monetary Returns to Higher Education File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2100 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2100 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 154-176 Author-Name: David Glauser Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology of Education, University of Bern, Switzerland Author-Name: Christoph Zangger Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology, University of Zurich, Switzerland Author-Name: Rolf Becker Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology of Education, University of Bern, Switzerland Abstract: Using longitudinal data on university leaver cohorts in the period from 2006 to 2016, we investigate the impact of the Bologna reform on Swiss graduates’ returns to higher education. Drawing on the job market signaling model, we expect lower returns for graduates who enter the labor market with a bachelor’s degree. Moreover, we expect that the initial wage difference between bachelor and master graduates will become less volatile over time, since employers constantly update their beliefs about graduates’ employability. Controlling for selection into employment and a number of different signals sent by the graduates, we find a persistent advantage of a master’s over a bachelor’s degree. The new degrees, and especially a bachelor’s degree, did indeed serve as a noisy signal about graduates’ productivity in the first years of the Bologna process. Keywords: Bologna reform; earnings; employment; higher education; labor market; signaling theory; Switzerland; university graduates Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:154-176 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Medium and Long-Term Returns to Professional Education in Switzerland: Explaining Differences between Occupational Fields File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2042 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2042 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 136-153 Author-Name: Fabian Sander Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Switzerland Author-Name: Irene Kriesi Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Switzerland Abstract: In Switzerland, initial vocational education and training graduates may enter a track of the tertiary system called professional education. Professional education represents about one-third of the tertiary system, includes numerous vocational training courses, and prepares for managerial or expert positions. Despite its prevalence, the long-term returns to professional education have rarely been investigated due to lacking data. In order to fill this gap, we will estimate the long-term returns to professional education based on a novel methodological design. Secondly, we aim to explain the differences in the returns to professional education between occupational fields by making use of the task-based approach of Autor, Levy and Murnane (2003). Analyses are based on the Swiss Labour Force Survey from 1991–2016. Based on a quasi-panel with cohort fixed effects and on linear regression models, our results reveal average short-term returns to professional education of 7% and long-term returns of 11%. However, we find considerable differences in the returns between training fields, which can partly be attributed to differences in the change of task composition after completion of professional education between occupations. Keywords: initial vocational education and training; professional education; returns to education; work tasks Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:136-153 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Putting Tasks to the Test: The Case of Germany File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2025 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2025 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 122-135 Author-Name: Daniela Rohrbach-Schmidt Author-Workplace-Name: FDZ—Research Data Center, BIBB–Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Germany Abstract: The demand for skills has changed throughout recent decades, favouring high-skilled workers that perform abstract, problem-solving tasks. At the same time, research shows that occupation-specific skills are beneficial for labour market success. This article explores (1) how education, workplace characteristics and occupations shape job task requirements, (2) how within-occupation job task content relates to wages, and (3) whether these relationships vary across types of tasks due to their presumably varying degrees of occupational specificity. Using worker-level data from Germany from 2011–2012 the article shows that a large part of task content is determined by occupations, but that task requirements also differ systematically within occupations with workers’ educational levels and workplace characteristics. Moreover, differences in task usage within occupations are robust predictors of wage differences between workers. Finally, the results suggest that non-routine manual tasks have a higher occupational specificity than abstract and routine tasks, and that manually skilled workers can generate positive returns on their skills in their specific fields of activity. Keywords: education; job tasks; occupational specificity; wages; worker-level Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:122-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Why Enrol in a Lifelong Learning Programme? A Comparative Study of Austrian and Spanish Young Adults File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2088 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2088 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 110-121 Author-Name: Domingo Barroso-Hurtado Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Pedagogy, University of Granada, Spain Author-Name: Ralph Chan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria Abstract: Lifelong learning (LLL) programmes can be perceived as a means of governing youth transitions. Young adults can use such programmes to try to overcome different constraints in their life course. This article explores the decisions of young adults in Vienna (Austria) and Malaga (Spain) who are participating in different LLL programmes that seek to address their transition from unemployment to employment. In order to understand these decisions, we want to explore: (1) how the young adult’s experiences influenced their decision to engage with an LLL programme, (2) what role these programmes played in their biographies and (3) how young adults imagine their future. We use two theoretical lenses to explore these questions: bounded agency and projectivity. A comparative study of these two regions provides insight into how different contextual conditions influence young adults’ decisions. We perform three different analyses: of the young people’s past trajectories and transitions, of their imagined futures, and of their decision to enrol in the programme. Exploring young people’s subjective accounts of their pasts and their imagined futures helps to improve our understanding of the role young people believe these programmes play in their lives, why they have decided to enrol in them, and how they use and interpret these pathways through, and in the framework of, different contextual conditions. Keywords: education; employability; learning programmes; life course; lifelong learning; young adults Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:110-121 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Adult Vocational Qualifications Reduce the Social Gradient in Education File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2026 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2026 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 95-109 Author-Name: Bernt Bratsberg Author-Workplace-Name: Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research, Norway Author-Name: Torgeir Nyen Author-Workplace-Name: FAFO—Institute for Labor and Social Research, Norway Author-Name: Oddbjørn Raaum Author-Workplace-Name: Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research, Norway Abstract: Many youth leave school early without an upper secondary education, impeding their chances in the labor market. Early school leavers come disproportionately from families with low parental education. In some countries, there are alternative routes to upper secondary qualifications as adults. Does adult attainment reduce initial social differences in educational attainment, or does it reinforce such differences? Norway is one of the countries where many attain upper secondary qualifications in adulthood. Using individual data from administrative registers, we follow five Norwegian birth cohorts (1973–1977) from age 20 to 40. We document that the association between parental education and upper secondary completion declines monotonically with age, ending at age 40 about 35% below that at age 20. We also document that the alternative routes to adult qualifications recruit students of different family backgrounds. In particular, adults who acquire vocational qualifications via the experience-based route come from families with lower education than other groups. Our evidence suggests that institutions that offer opportunities for certifying qualifications acquired at work mitigate social gradients, fostering more equal opportunities within the education system. Keywords: adult qualifications; family background; intergenerational education; vocational education and training Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:95-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Relationship between Educational Pathways and Occupational Outcomes at the Intersection of Gender and Social Origin File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2035 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2035 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 79-94 Author-Name: Barbara Zimmermann Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology, University of Bern, Switzerland Author-Name: Simon Seiler Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology, University of Bern, Switzerland Abstract: In this article, we are interested in the differences in the educational pathways and subsequent labour market outcomes by social origin and gender. We apply sequence analyses to model the educational trajectories and conduct regression analyses to determine how the individual’s own social status and the salary at labour market entry differs. First, our results show that educational pathways vary by parental status and gender when controlling for reading and mathematics/science skills. Men and pupils with a lower socioeconomic background are overrepresented in vocational education, whereas women and pupils with a more privileged socioeconomic background more often pursue general and academic tracks. Second, these different trajectories lead to unequal occupational status and income. Besides these indirect effects, significant direct effects of parental status and gender on the individual’s own occupational status and salary can be found. Together, these findings provide a broad overview of the emergence of inequalities by gender and social origin over the early life course, ranging from differences in skills learned in school to labour market outcomes. Keywords: education; gender; inequality; labour market; social origin; wage gap Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:79-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Does It Matter Where They Train? Transitions into Higher Education After VET and the Role of Labour Market Segments File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2043 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2043 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 65-78 Author-Name: Miriam Grønning Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Switzerland Author-Name: Ines Trede Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Switzerland Abstract: Due to a higher demand for tertiary education, continued educational achievement has become important for the career development of young people with vocational education and training (VET). In this article, therefore, we examine whether the labour market segment of the training firm influences VET diploma holders’ likelihood of entering tertiary education. In Switzerland, companies from a wide range of industries and with different institutional characteristics assume a large part of the responsibility for training. Thus, the training firm’s position in the labour market impacts apprentices’ education and training. Drawing upon segmentation theories, we argue that structural differences between training firms in different labour market segments result in varying opportunities and incentives for higher education. Our analyses are based on a longitudinal national survey of healthcare apprentices who were trained in the primary healthcare segment (hospitals) or in the secondary healthcare segment (nursing homes). Propensity score matching results show that VET diploma holders who were trained in the primary segment were more likely to enter tertiary education than those who were trained in the secondary segment. This finding implies that the structural conditions in the training firm matter for young workers’ careers by affecting further educational achievement. Keywords: apprenticeship; higher education; labour market; tertiary education; training firms; vocational education and training Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:65-78 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Types of Education, Achievement and Labour Market Integration over the Life Course File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2397 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2397 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 58-64 Author-Name: Irene Kriesi Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Development Department, Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Switzerland Author-Name: Juerg Schweri Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Development Department, Swiss Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Switzerland Abstract: Over the last 15 years, research on the effects of different types of education on labour market integration and labour market outcomes has evolved. Whereas much of the early work analysed school-to-work transition outcomes, the focus of more recent studies has shifted to the relationship between educational achievement and mid- and long-term labour market outcomes. The overarching question of this body of research asks whether the allocation to different types of education leads to different skill sets, to different employment opportunities and to jobs offering unequal wages, job autonomy or job security. However, pivotal issues related to the comparison of vocational and general types of education or upper-secondary and tertiary-level qualification remain ambiguous and are hampered by a lack of suitable data and methodological problems. The aim of this issue is to further this debate and to provide more insights into the relationship between individual and contextual factors, allocation within the educational system, educational achievement and labour market outcomes over the life course. The 12 articles collected in this issue highlight the importance of focussing on the specific features and functions of different education tracks and programs, of applying data and methods suitable for such analyses and of considering the interplay of different determinants of education outcomes, such as social origin, gender or ethnicity. Keywords: career trajectories; general education; labour market outcomes; returns to education; vocational education and training Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:58-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: A Critical Perspective on Ageism and Modernization Theory File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2371 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2371 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 54-57 Author-Name: Wouter De Tavernier Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Laura Naegele Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Gerontology, Department of Ageing and Work, University of Vechta, Germany Author-Name: Moritz Hess Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Dynamics of Inequality in Welfare Societies, University of Bremen, Germany Abstract: Modernization theory has often been used to explain country differences in levels of ageism. The commentary at hand questions its usefulness in the analysis of ageism today for two reasons. First, modernization theory was developed to discuss social status of older people, not ageism. Second, social policies and management practices that emerged with industrialization are being rolled back over the last decades. We therefore argue for the reconsideration of the relationship between modernization and ageism and to re-assess it in order to better explain country differences in ageism in the 21st century. Keywords: age discrimination; ageism; older population; modernization theory; social status; stereotypes Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:54-57 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Excluded from the Good Life? An Ethical Approach to Conceptions of Active Ageing File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1918 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.1918 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 44-53 Author-Name: Larissa Pfaller Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sociology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany Author-Name: Mark Schweda Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Ethics in Medicine, Department of Health Services Research, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Germany Abstract: Contesting previous deficit-oriented models of ageing by focusing on the resources and potential of older people, concepts of ‘successful’, ‘productive’, and ‘active ageing’ permeate social policy discourses and agendas in ageing societies. They not only represent descriptive categories capturing the changing realities of later phases of life, but also involve positive visions and prescriptive claims regarding old age. However, the evaluative and normative content of these visions and claims is hardly ever explicitly acknowledged, let alone theoretically discussed and justified. Therefore, such conceptions of ‘ageing well’ have been criticised for promoting biased policies that privilege or simply impose particular practices and lifestyles. This appears problematic as it can obstruct or even effectively foreclose equal chances of leading a good life at old age. Against this backdrop, our contribution aims to discuss current conceptions of active ageing from an ethical point of view. Starting from an analysis of policy discourses and their critique, we first examine the moral implications of prominent conceptions of active ageing, focusing on evaluative and normative premises. By employing philosophical approaches, we analyse these premises in light of a eudemonistic ethics of good life at old age and detect fixations, shortcomings, and blind spots. Finally, we discuss consequences for ethically informed active ageing research and policies, highlighting the interrelations between one-sided ideals of ageing well and social discrimination and exclusion. Keywords: active ageing; discourse; ethics; gerontology; good life; philosophy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:44-53 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Internalised Ageism and Self-Exclusion: Does Feeling Old and Health Pessimism Make Individuals Want to Retire Early? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1865 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.1865 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 27-43 Author-Name: Mariska van der Horst Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: An important current policy goal in many Western countries is for individuals to extend their working lives. Ageism has been identified as a possible threat to achieving this; furthermore, the ways in which ageism may affect this policy goal may have been underestimated. It has been claimed previously that ageism can be seen as discrimination against one’s future self and that a lifetime of internalising age stereotypes makes older people themselves believe the age stereotypes. The current article uses the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing to assess the degree to which internalised ageism is related to one’s preferred retirement age. For internalised ageism, assessments are made about the degree to which individuals consider themselves to be old; they agree that their age prevents them from undertaking activities; they are pessimistic about their own future health and that being old comes with deteriorating health more generally. Results show that health pessimism especially affects one’s preferred retirement age negatively, even when controlling for current health and other factors, and mainly for middle-educated women. Implications are discussed. Keywords: ageism; educational level; gender; health pessimism; internalised ageism; older worker; retirement; retirement age; stereotypes; UK Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:27-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: What Are the Structural Barriers to Planning for Later Life? A Scoping Review of the Literature File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1883 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.1883 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 17-26 Author-Name: Claire Preston Author-Workplace-Name: Humanities and Social Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Author-Name: Nick Drydakis Author-Workplace-Name: Economics, Finance and Law, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Author-Name: Suzanna Forwood Author-Workplace-Name: Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Author-Name: Suzanne Hughes Author-Workplace-Name: Nursing and Midwifery, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Author-Name: Catherine Meads Author-Workplace-Name: Nursing and Midwifery, Anglia Ruskin University, UK Abstract: The rollback of the welfare state in countries such as the UK, coupled with population ageing, have contributed to a situation in which responsibility for older people’s wellbeing is placed more heavily on the individual. This is exemplified in the notion in popular and policy circles that individuals should plan for later life, particularly financially, and a corresponding concern that they are not doing so sufficiently. This scoping review aimed to identify the structural factors which inhibit people from engaging in planning for later life. For the purposes of this review, we characterised planning as the range of activities people deliberately pursue with the aim of achieving desired outcomes in later life. This entails a future, as opposed to shorter-term, goal orientation. In study selection, we focused on planning at mid-life (aged 40 to 60). Systematic and snowball searching identified 2,317 studies, of which 36 were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The review found that limited financial resources were a key barrier to planning. Related factors included: living in rented accommodation, informal caring, and working part-time. A lack of support from employers, industry, regulators and landlords was also found to inhibit planning. The findings suggest that certain sections of society are effectively excluded from planning. This is particularly problematic if popular and policy discourse comes to blame individuals for failing to plan. The review also provides a critical perspective on planning, highlighting a tendency in the literature towards individualistic and productivist interpretations of the concept. Keywords: ageing; later life; mid-life; older people; planning; retirement; scoping review; structural barriers Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:17-26 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Exclusion and Mental Wellbeing in Older Romanians File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2008 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2008 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 4-16 Author-Name: Iuliana Precupetu Author-Workplace-Name: Research Institute for Quality of Life, Romanian Academy, Romania Author-Name: Marja Aartsen Author-Workplace-Name: NOVA Norwegian Social Research, OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Author-Name: Marian Vasile Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, University of Bucharest, Romania Abstract: In Romania, inequalities in health and wellbeing between younger and older Romanians are substantial, and an important reason for inequalities may be the higher risk of social exclusion among older adults. After the fall of Communism in 1989, the many transformations in economic structures and welfare regimes contributed to enhanced levels of social exclusion, in particular among the older generations. Social exclusion is a multidimensional problem with substantial effects on the mental wellbeing of people. The present study examines age differences in mental wellbeing and evaluates to what extent differences can be explained by age and social exclusion, while controlling for a number of potential confounders. Data are from the fourth wave (2016) of the European Quality of Life Survey. Data for Romania include 1004 people aged between 18 and 85 years old, of which 726 are included in the analyses (only complete cases). In the study sample, 259 were 55 years or older. Mental wellbeing was measured with The World Health Organization Wellbeing Index (WHO-5 scale), and social exclusion was measured in four domains: social relations, material resources, services and the neighbourhood. The results show that older Romanians have a statistically significant lower mental wellbeing than younger generations in Romania. All domains of social exclusion were associated with lower levels of mental wellbeing. These effects remained statistically significant after controlling for partner status, chronic diseases, having children, and level of education. Improving mental wellbeing of older Romanians would greatly benefit from increasing social inclusion by means of social transfers provided by the government, improving the neighbourhood and access to services, and providing facilities to enhance the social network. Keywords: ageing; mental wellbeing; post-Communist welfare; social exclusion; Romania Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:4-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Old-Age Exclusion: Active Ageing, Ageism and Agency File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2372 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i3.2372 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-3 Author-Name: Wouter De Tavernier Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium Author-Name: Marja Aartsen Author-Workplace-Name: NOVA–Norwegian Social Research, OsloMet–Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Abstract: This editorial serves a double purpose. It introduces the articles and commentary comprising this thematic issue on old-age exclusion, and simultaneously aims to make a concise contribution to the discussion on the relation between agency of older people and old-age exclusion. While indeed it is clear that limitations of agency due to a lack of resources in old age or age discrimination lead to exclusion of older people, the relationship between reduced agency and exclusion is less clear in the case of internalized age norms. It ends with a plea for surveys studying older populations to pay more attention to older people’s identities and life goals, opinions and reasons for action. Keywords: active ageing; ageism; agency; old-age exclusion; well-being Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:3:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reimagining a Transnational Right to the City: No Border Actions and Commoning Practices in Thessaloniki File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1973 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1973 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 219-229 Author-Name: Charalampos Tsavdaroglou Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Greece Abstract: Although there is extensive literature on State migration policies and NGO activities, there are few studies on the common struggles between refugees and local activists. This article aims to fill this research gap by focusing on the impact of the transnational No Border camp that took place in Thessaloniki in 2016. The border region of northern Greece, with its capital Thessaloniki, is at the heart of the so-called refugee crisis and it is marked by a large number of solidarity initiatives. After the sealing of the “Balkan corridor”, the Greek State relocated thousands of refugees into isolated and inappropriate camps on the outskirts of Thessaloniki. Numerous local and international initiatives, with the participation of refugees from the camps, self-organized a transnational No Border camp in the city center that challenged State policies. By claiming the right to the city, activists from all over Europe, together with refugees, built direct-democratic assemblies and organized a multitude of direct actions, demonstrations, and squats that marked the city’s social body with spatial disobedience and transnational commoning practices. Here, activism emerges as an important field of research and this article aims to contribute to activists’ literature on migration studies after 2015. The article is based on militant research and inspired by the Lefebvrian right to the city, the autonomy of migration, and common space approaches. The right to the city refers to the rights to freedom, socialization, and habitation, but also to the right to reinvent and change the city. It was recently enhanced by approaches on common spaces and the way these highlight the production of spaces based on solidarity, mutual help, common care, and direct democracy. The main findings of this study point to how the struggle of migrants when crossing physical and social borders inspires local solidarity movements for global networking and opens up new possibilities to reimagine and reinvent transnational common spaces. Keywords: commons; No Border camp; refugees; right to the city; Thessaloniki Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:219-229 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenging the Nation-State from within: The Emergence of Transmunicipal Solidarity in the Course of the EU Refugee Controversy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1994 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1994 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 208-218 Author-Name: Christiane Heimann Author-Workplace-Name: Migration Policy Research Group, University of Hildesheim, Germany Author-Name: Sandra Müller Author-Workplace-Name: Migration Policy Research Group, University of Hildesheim, Germany Author-Name: Hannes Schammann Author-Workplace-Name: Migration Policy Research Group, University of Hildesheim, Germany Author-Name: Janina Stürner Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Area Studies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany Abstract: In the context of the so-called refugee crisis, political disputes about solidarity become a central issue with member states applying competing concepts. At the same time, European cities use transnational networks to implement a new form of solidarity among municipalities via city diplomacy (Acuto, Morissette, & Tsouros, 2017). Analyzing the deadlock between member states and the emerging activities of cities, we scrutinize the limits of existing approaches to political solidarity (e.g., Agustín & Jørgensen, 2019; Knodt, Tews, & Piefer, 2014; Sangiovanni, 2013) to explain this phenomenon. Based on expert interviews and document analysis from a study on transnational municipal networks, we identify an emerging concept of solidarity that challenges the nation states as core providers of solidarity from within: transmunicipal solidarity focuses on joint action of local governments to scale out and scale up. Keywords: city networks; concepts of solidarity; European Union; integration policy; migration policy; refugee controversy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:208-218 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Solidarity Cities and Cosmopolitanism from Below: Barcelona as a Refugee City File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2063 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.2063 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 198-207 Author-Name: Óscar García Agustín Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture and Global Studies, Aalborg University, Denmark Author-Name: Martin Bak Jørgensen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture and Global Studies, Aalborg University, Denmark Abstract: The so-called ‘refugee crisis’ provoked a wave of solidarity movements across Europe. These movements contrasted with attitudes of rejection against refugees from almost all EU member states and a lack of coordinated and satisfactory response from the EU as an institution. The growth of the solidarity movement entails backlash of nationalized identities, while the resistance of the member states to accept refugees represents the failure of the cosmopolitan view attached to the EU. In the article, we argue that the European solidarity movement shapes a new kind of cosmopolitanism: cosmopolitanism from below, which fosters an inclusionary universalism, which is both critical and conflictual. The urban scale thus becomes the place to locally articulate inclusive communities where solidarity bonds and coexistence prevail before national borders and cosmopolitan imaginaries about welcoming, human rights, and the universal political community are enhanced. We use the case of Barcelona to provide a concrete example of intersections between civil society and a municipal government. We relate this discussion to ongoing debates about ‘sanctuary cities’ and solidarity cities and discuss how urban solidarities can have a transformative role at the city level. Furthermore, we discuss how practices on the scale of the city are up-scaled and used to forge trans-local solidarities and city networks. Keywords: Barcelona; cosmopolitanism; municipalism; refugee crisis; solidarity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:198-207 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Discursive Appeal to Solidarity and Partisan Journalism in Europe’s Migration Crisis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1963 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1963 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 187-197 Author-Name: Stefan Wallaschek Author-Workplace-Name: Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Germany / Institute of Social Sciences, University of Hildesheim, Germany Abstract: The article analyses the discursive appeal to solidarity in the mass media during the unfolding of Europe’s migration crisis. Solidarity was claimed by numerous actors in the public discourse to legitimise political decisions and mobilise public opinion. While it seems that the call for solidarity was shared by many actors, media studies show the ‘partisan journalism’ of media outlets. Thus, the political orientation of media outlets influences their coverage of public debates. Hence, to what extent do different quality newspapers cover the same solidarity claims in times of crisis? In order to answer this question, the crisis coverage of two German and two Irish newspapers with centre-left and centre-right political orientations is examined via the discourse network methodology. Germany is selected due to high political parallelism and a strong affectedness by the crisis, while Ireland is selected because of low political parallelism and a weak affectedness by the migration crisis. The findings demonstrate that partisan journalism persists during Europe’s migration crisis. Especially German party actors are present in both countries, underpinning the central position of Germany. Regarding the appeal to solidarity, political solidarity claims prevail in all four newspapers, indicating the political-institutional asymmetry in the Common European Asylum System. The study contributes to the strategic framing of concepts in public debates and demonstrates that the left-right distinction of media outlets is hardly affected by the migration crisis. Keywords: discourse networks; Europe; Germany; Ireland; migration crisis; partisan journalism; solidarity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:187-197 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Imagination of the Other in a (Post-)Sectarian Society: Asylum Seekers and Refugees in the Divided City of Belfast File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1980 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1980 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 176-186 Author-Name: Ulrike M. Vieten Author-Workplace-Name: The Senator George J. Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security and Justice, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Author-Name: Fiona Murphy Author-Workplace-Name: The Senator George J. Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security and Justice, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Abstract: This article explores the ways a salient sectarian community division in Northern Ireland frames the imagination of newcomers and the experiences of asylum seekers and refugees. We examine the dominant ethno-national Christian communities and how their actions define the social-spatial landscape and challenges of manoeuvring everyday life in Northern Ireland as an ‘Other’. We argue all newcomers are impacted to some degree by sectarianism in Northern Ireland, adding a further complexified layer to the everyday and institutional racism so prevalent in different parts of the UK and elsewhere. First, we discuss the triangle of nation, gender and ethnicity in the context of Northern Ireland. We do so in order to problematise that in a society where two adversarial communities exist the ‘Other’ is positioned differently to other more cohesive national societies. This complication impacts how the Other is imagined as the persistence of binary communities shapes the way local civil society engages vulnerable newcomers, e.g. in the instance of our research, asylum seekers and refugees. This is followed by an examination of the situation of asylum seekers and refugees in Northern Ireland. We do so by contextualising the historical situation of newcomers and the socio-spatial landscape of the city of Belfast. In tandem with this, we discuss the role of NGO’s and civil support organisations in Belfast and contrast these views with the experiences of asylum seekers and refugees. This article is based on original empirical material from a study conducted in 2016 on the experiences of asylum seekers and refugees with living in Northern Ireland. Keywords: asylum seekers; Belfast; ethnic identity; gender; imagination of the Other; nationalism; refugees; sectarian omni-presence Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:176-186 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: More or Less Political: Findings on a Central Feature of Local Engagement for Refugees in Germany File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1939 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1939 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 165-175 Author-Name: Verena Schmid Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for social Innovation and Investment, Max-Weber Institute, Heidelberg University, Germany Author-Name: Adalbert Evers Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for social Innovation and Investment, Max-Weber Institute, Heidelberg University, Germany Author-Name: Georg Mildenberger Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for social Innovation and Investment, Max-Weber Institute, Heidelberg University, Germany Abstract: The article is based on research in the region of Heidelberg—the city itself and two small municipalities nearby. It addresses three dimensions of local support movements for refugees: (1) the varying bundles of motives among those engaged, (2) the diversity of organizations concerned and (3) their interaction with the local political administration. A focal point of the study concerns features and processes that give actions and organizations a more or less political character. Our results reveal that, especially among newly engaged helpers and activists, political and apolitical motives coexist. Many people and their local organizations take positions in the country-wide controversial political debates on refugees, but for their practical action on location, moral concerns clearly prevail. Processes of politicization and depoliticization of refugee support largely depend on the ways and degrees to which nationwide political controversies and local developments intermesh. Politicization may take place due to controversies that call for more than a moral attitude, have an impact and build up at the local level. However, resistance to supportive action, be it by changing discourses or the persistence of traditional administrative routines, may also cause depoliticization, where volunteers and initiatives restrict themselves to acting as mere helpers that bring some human touch into an environment that longs to return to normality. Keywords: civil society; governance; local policy; migration; political engagement; refugee aid; volunteering Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:165-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rearranging Differential Inclusion through Civic Solidarity: Loose Coupling in Mentorship for “Unaccompanied Minors” File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1969 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1969 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 149-164 Author-Name: Eberhard Raithelhuber Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Science, University of Salzburg, Austria Abstract: This article looks into a community-based mentoring programme for unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs), launched in 2015 at the peak of refugee movement in Austria. Leaning on a long-term ethnographic study, it sheds light on dynamic developments in refugee support through civic solidarity. The article proposes that examining the programme from the point of view of dialectic processes of organizing provides a better standpoint for asking what was produced on the programme and what influences those outcomes have had on more contentious political dimensions. Following this, the focus is concentrated on “loose coupling” within a pilot youth mentoring scheme. This reveals how inbuilt ambiguities were given structure, how rationality and indetermination were interdependently organized and how the uncertain was ascertained through mentor training and matching. Thus, unequal but personal relationships were brought about and stabilized. The particular institutionalization of “godparenthoods for URMs” offered possible ways of integrating various elements of a support system in a way which could provide better support than other relationships amongst strangers. I argue that these specific forms of loose coupling opened up a corridor in which aspects relating to the differential inclusion of young refugees were (re-)arranged through adults volunteering, but with mixed results. Keywords: child and youth welfare; civic solidarity; loose coupling; organizational ethnography; refugee support; unaccompanied refugee minors; volunteering; youth mentoring Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:149-164 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Humanitarianism as Politics: Civil Support Initiatives for Migrants in Milan’s Hub File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1968 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1968 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 139-148 Author-Name: Giulia Sinatti Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Humanitarianism is increasingly used to address migration in Europe, from search and rescue operations at sea to reception on land. Scholars often interpret humanitarianism as a means for states to depoliticize migration and prioritize securitization. In this article, I analyze perspectives on humanitarianism among civil society volunteers and workers who, alongside institutions, deliver humanitarian support to migrants. Civil initiatives in this field by independent volunteers, non-governmental organizations and charities have surged, thus shifting tasks traditionally under the responsibility of the state to non-state actors. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in and around the premises of the Hub (a center providing humanitarian assistance to migrants transiting in the Italian city of Milan), I show that engaging in such civil support initiatives raises the levels of political awareness and activism among ordinary citizens. Through insight into the daily actions, motivations and aims of the men and women operating at the Hub, I show that their involvement in humanitarian assistance marks the beginning of a personal journey in which they gradually conceive what they do as far from being in support of depoliticizing state securitization policies and rather as politically loaded. Keywords: civil society; depoliticization; humanitarianism; migration; repoliticization Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:139-148 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Buddy Schemes between Refugees and Volunteers in Germany: Transformative Potential in an Unequal Relationship? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2041 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.2041 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 128-138 Author-Name: Inka Stock Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany Abstract: Since 2016, many German citizens have participated in so-called ‘buddy schemes’ in which volunteers provide personalised support to refugees to help them build their new lives in Germany. These relationships are characterised by ethnic, gender, and age differences between the two parties. This article looks at buddy schemes from the perspective of both volunteers and refugees and investigates whether their relationships open up spaces for transformative citizenship practices, or rather reinforce exclusionary discourses. Drawing on feminist theories of care, the article describes how volunteers and refugees attach meaning to their activities and roles in the relationship. On the one hand, values attached to caring relationships, such as emotional closeness, trust, and respect, contribute to migrants’ heightened sense of self-esteem and autonomy and foster volunteers’ sense of responsibility for fighting against inequality. On the other hand, both parties enter into particular logics of care that potentially reinforce power hierarchies between them. These ambiguous dynamics influence the possibility of transformative citizenship practices on both sides. While some volunteers and refugees develop and take a critical stance on restrictive migration policies in their relationships with others, others reinforce their exclusionist viewpoints on who deserves to be helped and by whom. Keywords: buddy schemes; citizenship; gender; migration; refugees; volunteering Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:128-138 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Taking Care of the Other: Visions of a Caring Integration in Female Refugee Support Work File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1964 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1964 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 118-127 Author-Name: Sophia Schmid Author-Workplace-Name: Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Abstract: European societies have been significantly challenged recently by intensifying debates around migration and integration. In Germany, the controversy around refugees has put the question of how to negotiate cultural differences back on the agenda. This article argues that female refugee support work volunteers in Germany have developed a compelling approach to handling cultural diversity in emotional, social and cultural practices. Building on interviews with female volunteers, this article demonstrates that research subjects’ interaction with refugees is guided by an ‘ethics of care’. Care ethics is characterised by the recognition of interdependence and relationships, attention to the context and to the particular, blurring of the public and the private and orientation towards the needs of others. The research subjects show that care values, such as responsibility and attentiveness, can serve as an alternative framework to integration and to the negotiation of diversity in everyday encounters. Data from quantitative studies on refugee support work in Germany then reveals that female volunteers politicise their care work to respond to racism and right-wing xenophobia. Ultimately, a political ethics of care has the potential to structurally, politically and emotionally change established understandings of integration and the relations between host societies and immigrants. Keywords: cultural difference; ethics of care; Germany; integration; refugees Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:118-127 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Eroding Rights, Crafting Solidarity? Shifting Dynamics in the State–Civil Society Nexus in Flanders and Brussels File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2010 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.2010 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 106-117 Author-Name: Robin Vandevoordt Author-Workplace-Name: Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, UK / Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium Abstract: In 2015, hundreds of new civil initiatives emerged to provide stopgap help to refugees arriving in Belgium. This article zooms out from this moment of solidarity and explores the broader socio-political conditions that allowed these initiatives to emerge and, in some cases, solidify into professional service-providers or powerful political actors. The article focuses on two case studies, one in Flanders and one in Brussels. In Flanders, the Hospitable Network brings together local civil initiatives which have drawn upon the networks and skills of senior citizens with considerable experience in civic associations, NGOs and social movements. While these initiatives have partly filled the gaps that were created by a series of neoliberal reforms in Flanders’ citizenship regime, the same neoliberal outlook has prevented these initiatives from being institutionalised. In Brussels, the Citizen Platform for the Support of Refugees has mobilised largely among the city’s super-diverse population. The Platform’s development has been shaped by Brussels’ continuing attractiveness to immigrants, as well as by the city’s complex governance structure, which has provided it with both material support and increasing opposition. As a result, the Platform has become a highly visible political actor offering partly professionalised support to refugees. Keywords: asylum policies; citizenship regime; mobilization; refugees; social movements; solidarity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:106-117 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “It’s That Kind of Place Here”: Solidarity, Place-Making and Civil Society Response to the 2015 Refugee Crisis in Wales, UK File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2002 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.2002 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 96-105 Author-Name: Taulant Guma Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, UK Author-Name: Michael Woods Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, UK Author-Name: Sophie Yarker Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Author-Name: Jon Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Abstract: This article examines the different ways in which local civil society has responded to refugees and asylum seekers in different parts of Wales in the wake of the recent “refugee crisis”. While the events of summer 2015 have generated a considerable amount of scholarly attention, including empirical accounts that look into local community responses to refugees and asylum seekers, the current research has tended to overlook the significance of place and the varied impact of “refugee crisis” across localities; this article aims to fill this gap in the existing research. It draws on findings from qualitative research carried out between 2017 and 2018 with refugee-supporting organisations based in three different locations in Wales. Taking a comparative look at these organisations, the article sheds light on the intensity and variation of civil society response in each of these localities, showing how this is informed by and closely interweaved with processes of place-making and place-framing, contributing to the reshaping of civil society networks and population profiles in these local areas. In conclusion, the article argues that humanitarian responses to “refugee crisis” can be understood not only as instances of hospitality and solidarity but also as practices of locality production. Keywords: asylum seekers; local civil society; place-making; refugees; solidarity; Wales Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:96-105 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Use-Values for Inclusion: Mobilizing Resources in Popular Education for Newly Arrived Refugees in Sweden File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1971 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1971 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 85-95 Author-Name: Nedžad Mešić Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Sweden Author-Name: Magnus Dahlstedt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Sweden Author-Name: Andreas Fejes Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Sweden Author-Name: Sofia Nyström Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Sweden Abstract: In times of market reforms and international migration, the Swedish welfare model has been seriously challenged. In the context of the arrival of refugees in 2015–2017, the state turned to civil society in facing up to the challenges. In this article, we direct our attention to the Workers’ Educational Association’s (ABF) state-funded work with refugees, with a specific focus on the activities conducted, the resources making them possible and the use-value of the resources mobilised. The article is based on observations and interviews with study circle leaders, managers and asylum seekers. The analysis illustrates that ABF, in line with its historical legacy, the broader workers’ movement, the strong notion of popular education as ‘free and voluntary’, has, with its well-established connections throughout the country, not solely taken on the task defined by the state. In solidarity, ABF has also responded to the needs of the refugees. As highlighted in the analysis, ABF has mobilized a wide range of resources, not least providing refugees with social networks and help in contacting the authorities. With such mobilization, opportunities were provided for the inclusion of refugees in Sweden. Keywords: asylum seeker; civil society; inclusion; migrants; popular education; refugee; Sweden model Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:85-95 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Solidarity as a Field of Political Contention: Insights from Local Reception Realities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1975 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1975 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 74-84 Author-Name: Miriam Haselbacher Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Austria Abstract: Reception realities are marked by contentious moves and a strong degree of politicization. Claims made for the inclusion/exclusion of asylum seekers frame the activities of local solidarity initiatives. Based on a set of data on newly opened accommodation centres since 2015 as well as comparative case studies conducted in small-scale and predominantly rural municipalities in Austria, this research explores the characteristics and manifestations of solidarity in the context of asylum. Results show how claims of solidarity are under pressure as they are deeply rooted in exclusionary frames of deservingness on the one hand and federal disputes about the adequate management of asylum systems on the other. Keywords: accommodation; asylum; Austria; contentious politics; deservingness; local reception; solidarity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:74-84 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Making Volunteering with Refugees Governable: The Contested Role of ‘Civil Society’ in the German Welcome Culture File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1979 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1979 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 64-73 Author-Name: Larissa Fleischmann Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Geography, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany Abstract: This article investigates the manifold attempts of governmental actors to make volunteering with refugees governable in light of the so-called German Welcome Culture in 2015. Driven by the notion of a need to interfere, authorities introduced numerous programmes and efforts seeking to order, coordinate, influence, and enhance volunteering with refugees in order to make it more “effective”. This investigation will suggest reading these interventions as attempts to (re)gain control and power over the conduct of committed citizens, making them complicit in the governance of asylum seekers, while co-opting potentially dissenting behaviour amongst them. Yet, it will also reveal how certain volunteers proved to contest their ascribed roles and responsibilities, demanding space for disagreement. Volunteering with refugees thus also constantly exceeded and defied governmental control and interference—and thereby remained, at least to a certain extent, ungovernable. Keywords: civil society; civic solidarity; European refugee crisis; Germany; governance; humanitarianism; refugees; volunteering; Welcome Culture Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:64-73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Responding to the Dutch Asylum Crisis: Implications for Collaborative Work between Civil Society and Governmental Organizations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1954 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1954 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 53-63 Author-Name: Robert Larruina Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Organization Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Kees Boersma Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Organization Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Elena Ponzoni Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Between 2015 and 2016, the Netherlands experienced an asylum crisis, one that directly affected organizations working with refugee reception and integration. Besides civil society and governmental organizations (CSOs and GOs), the period also saw individuals coming together to form emergent CSOs (ECSOs). We look at these organizations to determine whether their work brought a shift in Dutch practice and policy with regarding refugee reception. We also examine literature concerning crisis governance, participatory spaces, and refugee reception governance. Finally, we investigate the views and experiences of individuals from selected organizations that played an active role during the crisis. This explorative research is based upon a qualitative and interpretative study involving panel discussions, document analysis, and interviews, conducted between 2017 and 2018 by the Refugee Academy at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. We show circumstantial and interorganizational elements that enhanced and hampered interactions between ECSOs, CSOs, and GOs. We argue that shared activities during the crisis may have created possibilities for durable forms of collaboration and for the inclusion of civil society groups in a debate mostly dominated by GOs. Keywords: asylum crisis; civil society organizations; collaboration; crisis governance; governmental organizations; participation; refugee reception Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:53-63 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The European Refugee Controversy: Civil Solidarity, Cultural Imaginaries and Political Change File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2260 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.2260 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 48-52 Author-Name: Robin Vandevoordt Author-Workplace-Name: Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, UK / Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium Author-Name: Gert Verschraegen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Belgium Abstract: In the summer of 2015, a wave of solidarity washed across the European continent as 1.3 million refugees arrived. While many recent studies have explored how ‘ordinary’ men and women, NGOs and governments momentarily reacted to the arrival of refugees, this issue examines whether the arrival of refugees and the subsequent rise of civil support initiatives has also resulted in more structural cultural and political changes. The contributions assembled in this issue all delve into the enduring implications of Europe’s ‘long summer of migration’. They address four sites of change: the dynamics between civil and state actors involved in refugee protection; the gradual politicisation of individual volunteers and organisations; the reproduction of pre-existing cultural imaginaries; and the potential of cities to foster new forms of solidarity. Keywords: asylum; civil society; Europe; politicisation; refugees; refugee protection; solidarity; volunteering Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:48-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Religion, Gender, and Social Welfare: Considerations Regarding Inclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2259 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.2259 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 44-47 Author-Name: Susan Crawford Sullivan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, College of the Holy Cross, USA Abstract: There is increased interest in faith-based social service provision in recent years, both in the United States and across Europe. While faith-based organizations provide welcome and needed services, there are several potential problems of social inclusion which involve gender, including decreased availability of social services when faith-based organizations are expected to compensate for cuts in government spending, potential for religious discrimination in employment, and potential for religious discrimination against recipients. Keywords: gender; inclusion; religion; social welfare Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:44-47 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Making Gendered Healthcare Work Visible: Over-Looked Labour in Four Diverse European Settings File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1962 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1962 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 33-43 Author-Name: Hannah Bradby Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, Uppsala University, Sweden Author-Name: Jenny Phillimore Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Beatriz Padilla Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, University of South Florida, USA / CIES-IUL, ISCTE–University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal Author-Name: Tilman Brand Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology—BIPS, Germany Abstract: Healthcare has long been a gendered enterprise, with women taking responsibility for maintaining health and engaging with service providers. Universal healthcare provision notwithstanding, women nonetheless undertake a range of healthcare work, on their own account and on behalf of others, which remains largely invisible. As part of a multi-method comparative European study that looked at access to healthcare in diverse neighbourhoods from the point of view of people’s own health priorities, the concept of ‘healthcare bricolage’ describes the process of mobilizing resources and overcoming constraints to meet particular health needs. Bricolage mediates between different kinds of resources to meet particular challenges and describing these processes makes visible that work which has been unseen, over-looked and naturalised, as part of a gendered caring role. Drawing on 160 semi-structured interviews and a survey with 1,755 residents of highly diverse neighbourhoods in Germany, UK, Sweden and Portugal, this article illustrates the gendered nature of healthcare bricolage. The complex variations of women’s bricolage within and beyond the public healthcare system show how gendered caring roles intersect with migration status and social class in the context of particular healthcare systems. Keywords: bricolage; diversity; European welfare; gender; healthcare; migration Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:33-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Making Structural Change with Relational Power: A Gender Analysis of Faith-Based Community Organizing File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1961 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1961 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 24-32 Author-Name: Sarah B. Garlington Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Ohio University, USA Author-Name: Margaret R. Durham Bossaller Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Ohio University, USA Author-Name: Jennifer A. Shadik Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Ohio University, USA Author-Name: Kerri A. Shaw Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Ohio University, USA Abstract: This article presents research on faith-based community organizing in the US to examine how congregation members engage in structural change efforts related to marginalized populations. Examining the case of one organizing model, justice ministry, congregations focus on power defined through relationships, cultivated in informal spaces, and communicated through personal narrative (traditionally private, feminine spheres), and change is enacted by creating tension in public (traditionally masculine) spaces with decision-makers. A growing body of literature presents nuanced gender analyses of policy advocacy, social movements, and community change efforts both in terms of strategic models of action and revisiting our understanding of historical movements. We ask questions about how the expectations and work are constrained or facilitated by cultural expectations of gender roles and power dynamics. Examining the organizing model of justice ministry through a gender lens helps to understand how an emphasis on relational power (traditionally gendered as feminine) facilitates and strengthens the use of a range of tools, including publicly challenging authority (more frequently gendered as masculine). While the private/public, feminine/masculine dichotomy has severe limitations and risks oversimplification, the utility remains in helping name and challenge real power differentials based on gender. Keywords: faith-based community organizing; gender; justice ministry; power analysis; relational power; religion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:24-32 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Faith-Based Organisations as Welfare Providers in Brazil: The Conflict over Gender in Cases of Domestic Violence File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1977 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1977 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 14-23 Author-Name: Kim Beecheno Author-Workplace-Name: Brazil Institute, King’s College London, UK Abstract: What does the growth of faith-based organisations (FBOs) in social welfare mean for women’s rights and gender equality, especially within advocacy services for women experiencing domestic violence? Through empirical research within a Catholic-based organisation providing welfare services to abused women in São Paulo, Brazil, this article argues that FBOs can negatively impact the provision of women’s rights when conservative and patriarchal views towards gender and women’s roles in society are maintained. A heavily matrifocal perspective, where women’s identity and subjectivity are mediated through their normative roles as wives, mothers and carers of the family, appears to offer little possibility of change for abused women, who are encouraged to forgive violent husbands and question their own behaviour. Mediation between couples is promoted, undermining women’s rights upheld through Brazil’s domestic violence law (Lei Maria da Penha no 11.340). Furthermore, the focus of family preservation, supported by a patriarchal state, means that violence against women (VAW) appears to be subordinated to a focus on family violence and violence against children. In this case, faith-based involvement in social welfare rejects the feminist analysis of VAW as a gender-based problem, viewing it as a personal issue rather than a collective or political issue, making women responsible for the violence in their lives. Keywords: Brazil; Catholic church; domestic violence; faith-based organisations; gender; religion; violence; welfare; women; women’s rights Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:14-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Welfare State Supporter and Civil Society Activist: Church of Sweden in the “Refugee Crisis” 2015 File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1958 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.1958 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 4-13 Author-Name: Jonas Ideström Author-Workplace-Name: Church of Sweden Research Department, Sweden Author-Name: Stig Linde Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: 2015 was a year of an unprecedented migration from the Middle East to Europe. Sweden received almost 163,000 asylum applications. The civil society, including the former state church, took a notable responsibility. In a situation where the welfare systems are increasingly strained, and both the welfare state and the majority church are re-regulated, we ask: how does this play out in local contexts? This article reports from a theological action research project within a local parish in the Church of Sweden. The Lutheran church has from year 2000 changed its role to an independent faith denomination. The study describes the situation when the local authority and the parish together run temporary accommodation for young asylum seekers. For the local authority the choice of the church as a collaborator was a strategic choice. For the local parish this occasion verified the mission of the church. Confirming its former role as carrier of societal beliefs and values the Church of Sweden supports the welfare state. At the same time, the church explores a new role as a faith denomination and part of the civil society. Keywords: action research; Church of Sweden; civil society; diaconal work; parish; refugee; welfare state Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:4-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Exhausted Women, Exhausted Welfare and the Role of Religion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/2273 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i2.2273 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-3 Author-Name: Martha Middlemiss Lé Mon Author-Workplace-Name: Uppsala Religion and Society Research Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden Abstract: This themed collection is bound together by some foundational observations which have been well documented in earlier research. European post-war welfare systems face challenges related to aging populations, globalization, migration, changing patterns of family and gender roles. The post-war model of welfare dependent on the idea of stable heterosexual families, with male breadwinners and women carers is giving way to more individualized and mobile systems. The four articles and commentary in this issue provide glimpses of the issues within this field that unite contexts as diverse as the Nordic countries, Brazil and the United States. They explore the intersection of welfare, religion and gender charting gendered problems in welfare provision in relation to religious organisation, affiliation and identity. This issue provides examples of how the exhaustion of women and welfare systems is interconnected and the understanding of this crucial to any attempts to reform welfare systems to enhance social inclusion or reduce exclusion. Keywords: faith-based organisations; gender; religion; religious organisations; welfare; welfare systems Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:2:p:1-3 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contingent Control and Wild Moments: Conducting Psychiatric Evaluations in the Home File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1788 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1788 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 259-268 Author-Name: Robert M. Emerson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of California – Los Angeles, USA Author-Name: Melvin Pollner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of California – Los Angeles, USA Abstract: When social control and social service workers go into the field, into the “native habitat” of some problem, a variety of tacit structures and controls that mark office work with its standardized documents and formal meetings are weakened or absent entirely. As a result, compared to office settings, social control work in field settings tends to become open, contingent, unpredictable, and on occasion even wild. This article provides a strategic case study of the distinctive features of social control decision-making in the field, drawing on observations of field work by psychiatric emergency teams (PET) from the 1970s. PET typically went to the homes of psychiatrically-troubled persons in order to conduct evaluations for involuntary mental hospitalization. This article will analyze the varied, situationally-sensitive practices these workers adopted to evaluate such patients in their own homes. Keywords: clientization; field psychiatry; frontline decision-making; social control; home visits Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:259-268 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Things Left Unwritten: Interview Accounts versus Institutional Texts in a Case of Detention Home Violence File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1824 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1824 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 248-258 Author-Name: David Wästerfors Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: To write about clients is an established routine in countless institutional settings, regardless of the fact that clients themselves seldom feel that the produced texts mirror or summarize their experiences. But what, more specifically, is left unwritten when staff starts typing on the keyboard to insert a piece of daily life into the computer? This article draws on data on violent events in Swedish detention homes, covering, on the one hand, interview accounts collected by ethnographic researchers and, on the other hand, formal journal reports on the “same” event written by staff. The analysis of one case exemplifies what written versions of a violent ward drama omit or transform: staff members’ “separation work” of the fighting actors and their local manufacturing of accountability, the involved actors’ conflict explanations in terms of ethnicity, gang culture, and “the first blow”, young people’s way of linking their self-control to the institution’s privilege system, and moral emotions as well as the significance of crucial details in the depicted course of events. The argument is not that staff should merely improve their routines of documenting events to really cover these or other facets of social life that are left behind at a detention home. Rather, the article attempts to explore why and in what sense institutional writing is incompatible with more informal, personal, and local accounting procedures. Keywords: casebook journals; detention home; ethnography; institutional texts; interview; producing clients; total institution; written records Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:248-258 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “How Do We Put Him in the System?”: Client Construction at a Sport-Based Migrant Settlement Service in Melbourne, Australia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1803 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1803 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 238-247 Author-Name: Jora Broerse Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Australia Abstract: The empirical focus of this article is a sport-based settlement service targeting newly arrived migrants in Melbourne, Australia. This five-month study examines staff members’ everyday work routines with a focus on their participation in meetings and the production of documents. Embedded in the Australian immigration policy context, this article shows how staff members aim to empower clients while simultaneously falling back into stigmatising refugee/client identification through administrative practices. The results indicate that staffs’ everyday client constructions reinforce the othering and categorisation of ethnic minorities and support a reductionist deficit model of presenting clients. This may limit the opportunities for migrants to identify with and participate in wider Australian society and thus has the opposite effect of what governments and the sector aim to accomplish. Keywords: Australia; client construction; migrant settlement; policy design; sport-for-development Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:238-247 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Gendered Practices in Child Protection: Shifting Mother Accountability and Father Invisibility in Situations of Domestic Violence File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1768 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1768 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 228-237 Author-Name: Beth Archer-Kuhn Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Canada Author-Name: Stefan de Villiers Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Canada Abstract: This article reports on an exploratory, qualitative, multiple-methods study that included individual interviews and a focus group with child protection services (CPS) workers in a large city in Alberta, Canada. The findings illuminate current CPS worker practices in situations of domestic violence where inclusion and exclusion decisions are made for service provision, and the ways in which documents reflect these day-to-day practices; how service user descriptions are constructed and reconstructed, the social problem of domestic violence conceptualized, and the ways in which professional development training encourages critical thinking about existing practices to create new solutions for families experiencing domestic violence. Thematic analysis reveals three themes about CPS workers’ experience: 1) current practices reflect invisibility of men and accountability of women; 2) personal and professional shift in perspectives on who to work with, gender expectations, and how CPS are delivered; and 3) reflexive practice into potential intervention strategies and professional development training. The findings suggest specific recommendations for practice including the need to engage men in child welfare practice, shift perspective about service delivery with families experiencing domestic violence, and account for gender norms and practices in service delivery. Keywords: child protection; father invisibility; gender norms; masculinity; mother accountability; parental inclusion; professional development Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:228-237 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Blend Gaps through Papers and Meetings? Collaboration between the Social Services and Jobcentres File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1820 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1820 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 218-227 Author-Name: Renita Thedvall Author-Workplace-Name: Score-Stockholm Centre for Organizational Research, Stockholm University, Sweden Abstract: The policy word “collaboration” is a political buzzword omnipresent within human service organisations in Sweden and other countries. Collaboration stands for services working together toward a common goal. It is understood as the solution for a multitude of problems, putting the client at the centre and involving the services needed for making them financially self-sufficient. Public service collaboration assumes gaps between entities, whether they are organisations or professionals holding a particular kind of knowledge or available resources. Gaps are seen as omissions and pitfalls in activities which should be removed. My thesis is that putting the gap at the centre reveals not only the disjuncture of the gaps but also the productiveness of the gap in collaborative projects between organisations. The article demonstrates how documents and meetings work both as makers and blenders of gaps between social services and jobcentres. If gaps are productive spaces, what does it denote for collaboration between organisations? The article is placed ethnographically in documents and meetings set to enable collaboration between social workers and job coaches. I will focus on the gap, the space between documents and organisations, as productive spaces in collaborative projects. Keywords: documents; gaps; jobcentre; public service collaboration; social services Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:218-227 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Documenting Practices in Human Service Organisations through Information Systems: When the Quest for Visibility Ends in Darkness File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1833 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1833 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 207-217 Author-Name: Jochen Devlieghere Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Rudi Roose Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work and Social Pedagogy, Ghent University, Belgium Abstract: Over the last decades, transparency about what is happening on the ground has become a hot topic in the field of social work. Despite the importance of transparent social work, the realisation in practice is far from obvious. In order to create this transparency for a diversity of stakeholders, legislative bodies and human services increasingly rely on so-called electronic information systems. However, it remains unclear how frontline managers make use of these systems to create this transparent practice and which obstacles they might experience in doing so. Based on empirical data collected in Flanders (Belgium), we argue that frontline managers as well as practitioners, when confronted with the obligation to use electronic information systems to document their actions and create transparency, find a beneficial element in using such a tool for the purpose of transparency. However, we also argue that the idea of transparency through documenting human service practices by the use of electronic information systems seems to be nuanced, as tension or ambiguity occurs in daily practice. Our data show that many aspects of the service user’s life story become invisible because the documenting system is unable to grasp its complexity, resulting in a lack of transparency. Keywords: electronic information systems; human services; participation; social work; transparency Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:207-217 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Digital Clients: An Example of People Production in Social Work File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1814 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1814 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 196-206 Author-Name: Elizabeth Martinell Barfoed Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: Digital work has become part of social workers’ daily routines in countries where digitalisation is on the agenda. As a consequence, documentation practices are expanding—on paper as well as digitally—and include reporting detailed statistics about client interventions, filling in digital forms, and fulfilling local and national performance measurement goals. Standardised formulas with tick-box answers, fed into databases by the social worker, are examples of this digital endeavour. One example is the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), a questionnaire for estimating the client´s life situation and needs, used in addiction care. However, difficulties in making the social workers use the results of the standardised questionnaire in social work investigations, where a storied form is traditionally preferred, have made social workers reluctant to use them. To encourage the use of the ASI, a software program was invented to transform the binary data from the questionnaire into a computerised storyline, imitating the storied form. The aim of this article is to describe the context of the digital storyline production and to analyse the particular type of “digital client” it creates. Possible consequences are discussed, such as the absent (or distorted) client voice. It is proposed that documentation systems, in whatever form, should not be regarded as neutral carriers of information, but must be analysed for how clients are (re)presented and, ultimately, how social work is consctructed. Keywords: digital storytelling; digitalisation; documentation practices; narrative; people production; social work practice; standardisation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:196-206 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Work on the Whiteboard: Governing by Comparing Performance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1829 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1829 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 185-195 Author-Name: Teres Hjärpe Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: This article explores a number-based comparative logic unfolding around a particular kind of meeting in a social work setting: a daily and short gathering referred to as a “pulse meeting”. At such meetings, staff gather around a whiteboard visualizing individual statistics in terms of the number of client meetings performed or assistance decisions made. The statistics function as a basis for further division of work tasks. As such, it is a particular way of representing what social workers do at work. Ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the social services revealed how such openly exposed individual performance and the related number-based comparative logic can trump alternative logics ranging from the overall collective performance, competing views on clients’ needs and efficiency, and the social worker’s sense of professionalism. When participants of the study compared themselves to each other and in relation to standards and goals, certain conclusions were drawn about what should be done by whom and in what order. Such conclusions became embedded in an objectivity status difficult for anyone to argue against. Finally, the number-based logic also found its way into the counter-practices formulated by social workers unsatisfied with what was visualized on the whiteboard. Keywords: attention displacement; comparative performance; performance measurements; social work Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:185-195 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: "Producing People" in Documents and Meetings in Human Service Organizations File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1993 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1993 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 180-184 Author-Name: Malin Åkerström Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Lund University, Sweden Author-Name: Katarina Jacobsson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: This thematic issue is devoted to how human service work may be influenced by accentuated administrative processes, as well as reinforced by digitalization, in contemporary society. The public sector has expanded the requirements of documentation, auditing and evaluation practices. Policy, problems and persons are shaped and enacted in meetings and documents. Meetings and documents comprise the forum for making highly important decisions for the individual client or for various categories of clients. Still, people’s participation in meetings and their reading and production of documents are often overlooked in studies of human service organizations. In this thematic issue, empirically-oriented researchers describe and analyze human service workers’ administrative routines, particularly focusing on processes of client inclusion and exclusion. Keywords: administration; clients; digitalization; documents; field interaction; human service organization; meetings; professionals Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:180-184 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Equal Access to Make Emergency Calls: A Case for Equal Rights for Deaf Citizens in Norway and Sweden File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1594 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1594 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 173-179 Author-Name: Camilla Warnicke Author-Workplace-Name: University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Sweden Abstract: It is stipulated that deaf citizens have equal right to use social services as other citizens. One social service is the access to make an emergency call. Deaf citizens who cannot hear and use a signed language to communicate have to make emergency calls in another way rather than relying on listening and speaking via a telephone. However, the possible ways to call are not the same for deaf citizens in all countries. This commentary shows that there are options dedicated for deaf citizens to make emergency alarms in both Norway and Sweden: via telephone typewriters, Short Message Service, and Video Relay Service, although the design of the respective options differs between the countries. However, it is argued that deaf citizens in Norway do not have equal access to make emergency alarms as other citizens in Norway, whereas the situation for deaf citizens in Sweden may be seen as equal compared to other citizens in Sweden, although there still are limitations. Keywords: alarm call; deaf; equal rights; interpreter; Short Message Service; signed language; SOS phone; telephone typewriters; Video Relay Service Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:173-179 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Publicly-Researchable Accessibility Information: Problems, Prospects and Recommendations for Inclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1651 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1651 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 164-172 Author-Name: Carol Kaufman-Scarborough Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, Rutgers University-Camden, USA Abstract: Despite worldwide attempts to improve accessibility for consumers with disabilities, barriers still exist that exclude persons from consumer participation in daily life. Although legislation and lawsuits have addressed this issue, marketplaces designed for able-bodied persons are commonplace with minimal accessibility standards tied to costs rather than the needs of this overlooked group. The present article examines a seemingly obvious, but understudied aspect of inclusion: the provision of publicly-researchable accessibility information. Ironically, businesses and public venues may create accessible spaces, yet fail to provide the level of detail needed by consumers with disabilities when planning a shopping excursion, dinner and entertainment, or travel and overnight stays. That is, the provision of factual accessibility content has lagged and is not required by law. This article reports on an exploratory study in the United States that examined the accuracy and completeness of publicly-researchable accessibility information for restaurant and entertainment venues in a large metropolitan area in the Northeastern United States. Observations were gathered from websites and social media of specific venues, as well as travel rating services like TripAdvisor. Findings were mixed. While some venues provided full and factual accessibility information, others revealed just the opposite both in online and follow-up telephone interviews. Implications are discussed along with recommendations for future study. Keywords: accessibility; consumer planning; disabilities; information; online Issue Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:164-172 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Drake Music Project Northern Ireland: Providing Access to Music Technology for Individuals with Unique Abilities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1706 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1706 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 152-163 Author-Name: Koichi Samuels Author-Workplace-Name: Sonic Arts Research Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Abstract: Across the UK, a growing number of charity organisations, social enterprises, academic researchers and individuals have developed music technology-based music workshops and projects utilising Accessible Music Technology to address the issue of access to music-making for people with disabilities. In this article, I discuss my ethnographic study of The Drake Music Project Northern Ireland (DMNI), a charity which provides music workshop opportunities in inclusive ensembles at the community level. My methodology of participant observation involved undergoing the training necessary to become an access music tutor for DMNI, attending workshops and conducting interviews with people throughout the organisation. Key findings were that consumer music technology devices that were not designed to be accessible to a wide spectrum of users could be made accessible through adapting them with other devices or different sensor interfaces more suitable for people with unique abilities and specific needs. Throughout my study I found that it was not in the design of music technology devices that made them accessible. Rather, meaningful music-making emerged through the interrelations between the access music tutors, workshop participants and the music technology interfaces in the workshop environment. The broader implications of DMNI music-making activities and effects on social inclusion are also discussed. Keywords: accessibility; design; digital; digital musical instruments; disability; music; music technology; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:152-163 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: User Involvement of People with Mild Disabilities in Technology Innovations: Does It Make a Difference? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1597 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1597 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 136-151 Author-Name: Anita Borch Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway—SIFO, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Author-Name: Pål Strandbakken Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway—SIFO, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Abstract: In this study, we explored the role of people with mild forms of visual, hearing, physical, and cognitive impairments in innovation processes. Our research questions are: do the product evaluations by people with mild disabilities differ from those given by people without reported disabilities? If so, how? The analysis is based on eight focus group interviews conducted in Norway in 2016, in which 60 participants were asked to evaluate 11 energy-efficient product ideas. Four of the focus groups (two of men and two of women) were recruited based on the criteria of being mildly disabled. The remaining groups (two of men and two of women) had no such clause. The research results are ambiguous, indicating that the evaluations of new innovation by mildly disabled people correspond with those made by people without reported disabilities in some aspects and differ in others. However, the small size of the sample studied in this article suggests that the research results must be regarded as preliminary. Overall, the study reveals some interesting observations to be confirmed and disconfirmed in further research. Keywords: disability; energy products; focus group; innovations; product-evaluation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:136-151 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Dressing a Demanding Body to Fit In: Clean and Decent with Ostomy or Chronic Skin Disease File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1717 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1717 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 124-135 Author-Name: Kirsi Laitala Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway—SIFO, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Author-Name: Ingun Grimstad Klepp Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway—SIFO, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Abstract: This article discusses what kind of strategies people with a stoma or various chronic skin conditions, such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis, use to find clothes that fit and enable them to fit in. Based on qualitative interviews in Norway, we study how they manage to dress with a demanding body, a poor market and limited economic resources. This includes describing how purchases take place, which clothes fit, how much clothing is needed, and which laundry practices are used. Their main strategy was to reduce the requirements for their own appearance rather than to cleanliness and body odours. If they were unable to appear appropriately dressed, as a minimum odourless and stain free, they reduced their participation in social life. Keywords: apparel; cleanliness; clothing; consumption; dermatitis; disability; laundry; odour; ostomy; psoriasis Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:124-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Disabled Mothering? Outlawed, Overlooked and Severely Prohibited: Interrogating Ableism in Motherhood File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1551 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1551 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 114-123 Author-Name: Julia N. Daniels Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education, University of Sheffield, UK Abstract: The ideology of motherhood precludes disabled people in various ways: sometimes outlawing it completely, in the case of enforced or coerced sterilisation; sometimes condemning it through the sanctioned removal of children and/or adoption; and at other times complicating it severely through lack of access to accessible goods and services that all mothers require to function in their day-to-day lives—such as pushchairs/prams, baby-changing equipment and baby-wearing apparatus. Ableism, “compulsory able-bodiedness” (Campbell, 2009; McRuer, 2013), will be used as an interrogative tool to aid in the ‘outing’ of the ‘able’: to tease out the values and principles undergirding this exclusionary perception of motherhood. As such I will be drawing on autoethnographic material, in conjunction with a Studies in Ableism (SiA; Campbell, 2009) approach to analyse the bypassing of disabled mothers and to suggest tentative ways forward. In the UK 1.7 million parents identify as disabled (Morris & Wates, 2006) and perhaps many more would do so if there were no fear of censure (see, especially, Booth & Booth, 2005; Llewellyn, McConell, & Ferronato, 2003; Sheerin, 2001; Swain, French, & Cameron, 2003) and their requirements need to be recognised, heard and provided for in the consumer market. The following article will articulate how disabled mothers are barred from the sacred hallow of motherhood, and delineate the need for the media, governmental organisations and marketing corporations to address their culpability in this blatant discrimination. Keywords: ableism; disability; ideology; motherhood; normativity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:114-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: People with Disabilities: The Overlooked Consumers File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1952 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1952 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 111-113 Author-Name: Kirsi Laitala Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway—SIFO, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Author-Name: Anita Borch Author-Workplace-Name: Consumption Research Norway—SIFO, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway Abstract: This thematic issue aims at developing and disseminating knowledge about how consumption can promote and inhibit social participation and social inclusion through increased access to and use of marketplaces, goods and services. This editorial briefly presents the topic and summarises the different articles published in the issue. Keywords: accessibility; consumption; disability; equal rights Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:111-113 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Open House? Class-Specific Career Opportunities within German Universities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1621 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1621 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 101-110 Author-Name: Frerk Blome Author-Workplace-Name: Leibniz Center for Science and Society, Leibniz University Hannover, Germany Author-Name: Christina Möller Author-Workplace-Name: Applied Social Sciences, Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany Author-Name: Anja Böning Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Law, FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany Abstract: This article focuses on the development of class-specific inequalities within German universities. Based on data on the social origin of students, doctoral students, and professors in the long-term cross-section, the article views the empirically observable dynamic of social closure of higher education since the 1950s. The focus of interest is on the level of the professorship. Data show that career conditions for underprivileged groups have deteriorated again. This finding is discussed in the context of social closure theories. The article argues that closure theories consider social closure processes primarily as intentional patterns of action, aimed at a strategic monopolization of participation, and securing social power. Such an analytical approach means that unintended closure processes remain understudied. Our conclusion is that concealed modes of reproduction of social structures ought to be examined and theorized more intensively due to their importance for the elimination of social inequality within universities. Keywords: career; Germany; higher education; inequality; social background; social class; university Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:101-110 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Equal Access to the Top? Measuring Selection into Finnish Academia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1620 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1620 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 90-100 Author-Name: Jouni Helin Author-Workplace-Name: Finnish Institute for Educational Research, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Author-Name: Kristian Koerselman Author-Workplace-Name: Finnish Institute for Educational Research, University of Jyväskylä / Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Author-Name: Terhi Nokkala Author-Workplace-Name: Finnish Institute for Educational Research, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Author-Name: Timo Tohmo Author-Workplace-Name: Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Author-Name: Jutta Viinikainen Author-Workplace-Name: Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Abstract: In this article, we draw a parallel between equality of opportunity in educational transitions and equality of opportunity in academic careers. In both cases, many methodological problems can be ameliorated by the use of longitudinal rather than cross-sectional data. We illustrate this point by using Finnish full-population register data to follow the educational and academic careers of the 1964–1966 birth cohorts from birth to the present day. We show how the Finnish professoriate is highly selected both in terms of parental background and in terms of gender. Individuals of different backgrounds differ greatly in the likelihood of completing different educational and academic transitions, but much less in the age at which they make these transitions. By contrast, women’s academic careers differ from those of men both in terms of timing and in terms of rates, with women’s PhDs and full professorships seemingly delayed compared to those of men. We additionally show with the help of a 2015 cross-section of Finnish professors how such differences are easily overlooked in cross-sectional data. Keywords: academia; academic career; educational transition; equality; Finland; gender; higher education Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:90-100 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reliability of Longitudinal Social Surveys of Access to Higher Education: The Case of Next Steps in England File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1631 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1631 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 80-89 Author-Name: Nadia Siddiqui Author-Workplace-Name: Durham University Evidence Centre for Education, Durham University, UK Author-Name: Vikki Boliver Author-Workplace-Name: Durham University Evidence Centre for Education, Durham University, UK Author-Name: Stephen Gorard Author-Workplace-Name: Durham University Evidence Centre for Education, Durham University, UK Abstract: Longitudinal social surveys are widely used to understand which factors enable or constrain access to higher education. One such data resource is the Next Steps survey comprising an initial sample of 16,122 pupils aged 13–14 attending English state and private schools in 2004, with follow up annually to age 19–20 and a further survey at age 25. The Next Steps data is a potentially rich resource for studying inequalities of access to higher education. It contains a wealth of information about pupils’ social background characteristics—including household income, parental education, parental social class, housing tenure and family composition—as well as longitudinal data on aspirations, choices and outcomes in relation to education. However, as with many longitudinal social surveys, Next Steps suffers from a substantial amount of missing data due to item non-response and sample attrition which may seriously compromise the reliability of research findings. Helpfully, Next Steps data has been linked with more robust administrative data from the National Pupil Database (NPD), which contains a more limited range of social background variables, but has comparatively little in the way of missing data due to item non-response or attrition. We analyse these linked datasets to assess the implications of missing data for the reliability of Next Steps. We show that item non-response in Next Steps biases the apparent socioeconomic composition of the Next Steps sample upwards, and that this bias is exacerbated by sample attrition since Next Steps participants from less advantaged social backgrounds are more likely to drop out of the study. Moreover, by the time it is possible to measure access to higher education, the socioeconomic background variables in Next Steps are shown to have very little explanatory power after controlling for the social background and educational attainment variables contained in the NPD. Given these findings, we argue that longitudinal social surveys with much missing data are only reliable sources of data on access to higher education if they can be linked effectively with more robust administrative data sources. This then raises the question—why not just use the more robust datasets? Keywords: higher education; household income; longitudinal study; missing data; sampling bias; Next Steps Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:80-89 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Refugee Students’ Access to Three European Universities: An Ethnographic Study File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1622 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1622 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 71-79 Author-Name: Katrin Sontag Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Cultural Anthropology and European Ethnology, University of Basel, Switzerland Abstract: The article presents an ethnographic fieldwork carried out at three universities in Switzerland, Germany, and France, and analyses how access to higher education for refugees was addressed in the three cases, how and which institutional change and activities were initiated, and by which actors. The article argues that the topic cannot be addressed in isolation but has to consider four intersecting areas: the personal biography and migratory history of the students, the asylum system, the educational system, and the funding situation. For the refugee students, the challenge is that these areas need to be taken into account simultaneously, but what is more challenging is that they are not well in tune with one another. Solutions need to take this complex—and place-specific—situation into account. Keywords: access to higher education; asylum; migration; refugee students; university Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:71-79 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Widening Participation Agenda in German Higher Education: Discourses and Legitimizing Strategies File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1605 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1605 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 61-70 Author-Name: Julia Mergner Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Higher Education, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany Author-Name: Liudvika Leišytė Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Higher Education, Technical University of Dortmund, Germany Author-Name: Elke Bosse Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of Hamburg, Germany Abstract: Although participation in higher education (HE) has expanded in Europe, social inequalities remain a major political challenge. As HE expansion has not led to equal access and success, the mechanisms behind policies seeking to reduce inequalities need to be examined. Focusing on the widening participation agenda, this article investigates how universities translate political demands to their local contexts. The translation perspective is adopted to study the German HE system as an example characterized by high social exclusion. Based on policy document analysis, the study first explores the rationales underlying the discourse on widening participation. Second, a multiple case study design is used to investigate the organizational responses to the demand of widening participation. The findings indicate that the political discourse is dominated by two perspectives that regard widening participation as either a means to bring about social justice or to ensure a reliable pool of skilled labor. The study further reveals that different legitimizing strategies serve to link the policy of widening participation to local contexts. This study contributes to research on social inequalities in HE by introducing a translation perspective that permits analysis at both macro and organizational levels, while acknowledging institutional variations in organizational responses to political demands. Keywords: German higher education; legitimizing strategies; policy discourse; qualitative content analysis; Scandinavian institutionalism; translation perspective; widening participation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:61-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Achievement of University Access: Conversion Factors, Capabilities and Choices File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1615 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1615 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 52-60 Author-Name: Melanie Walker Author-Workplace-Name: SARCHI Chair in Higher Education & Human Development Research Programme, University of the Free State, South Africa Abstract: In the light both of persistent inequality of education opportunities for low income families and a wide equality gap in South Africa, this article explores students’ university access by applying Amartya Sen’s capability approach to a South African case study. The article demonstrates empirically that access is more than an individual project, shaped both by objective conditions and subjective biographies, that is by general conversion factors and a person’s social and personal options. Key conversion factors are material (income) and social (family, community, school, information), which produce an interlocking system of opportunity. Access thus requires more than formal opportunity to enable social mobility for all. The case study comprises qualitative interviews with diverse students in their first year at one university; illustrative narratives are selected to show different pathways, conversion factors and choices. Agency and self-efficacy emerge as especially important for making choices but also for constructing a higher education pathway where none exists for that person and her family. The article suggests that higher education has the potential to advance social mobility provided that it moves in the direction of expanding the capabilities of all students to have the choice of higher education. Keywords: capability approach; fair access; South Africa; university Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:52-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Who Goes to College via Access Routes? A Comparative Study of Widening Participation Admission in Selective Universities in Ireland and England File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1647 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1647 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 38-51 Author-Name: Katriona O’Sullivan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Adult and Community Education, Maynooth University, Ireland Author-Name: Delma Byrne Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Maynooth University, Ireland Author-Name: James Robson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Oxford, UK Author-Name: Niall Winters Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Abstract: This article explores changing national widening participation (WP) policy and responses from Higher Education institutions (HEIs) from a cross-national perspective. Specifically, the use of contextualised admissions and the provision of foundation year programmes in selective universities in Ireland and England are the key foci of interest. Using data gathered from WP students in two selective universities in Ireland and England, we explore how student characteristics differ according to the WP route undertaken. In an attempt to generate more knowledge of how HEIs enact WP policy, we draw on interviews conducted with staff involved in admission decision-making to explore how those with responsibility for admission within each institutional context perceive the WP pathways and their aims. The findings highlight how important it is for selective universities to adopt multiple WP pathways given that the use of contextualised admission and the provision of foundation years attract quite diverse student intakes. In both contexts, those entering through foundation years have experienced greater levels of disadvantage in terms of family history of education and family occupation compared to their contextualised admission counterparts. The qualitative findings reveal that those with responsibility for admission perceive the WP admission routes in different ways, highlighting a clash between institutional culture and the goals of WP. Keywords: access; England; higher education admission; Ireland; selective universities; social class; widening participation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:38-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Second-Chance Alternatives and Maintained Inequality in Access to Higher Education in Israel File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1612 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1612 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 28-37 Author-Name: Eyal Bar-Haim Author-Workplace-Name: PEARL Institute for Research on Socio-Economic Inequality, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Author-Name: Carmel Blank Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Israel / School of Applied Social Sciences, Durham University, UK Abstract: Students are expected to obtain a matriculation diploma during their high school years. Throughout the world, it is considered as a precondition to gaining access to higher education. However, those who failed to meet this criterion can employ, in some cases, “second-chance” alternatives—either to obtain a diploma at an older age, or to enter specific academic programs that do not require one. The literature on second-chance alternatives tends to concentrate on these programs’ evaluation. It rarely addresses the overall effect of these programs on inequality of educational opportunities (IEO). The current study focuses on Israelis who failed to gain a matriculation diploma at their high school graduation and contemplate on the effects that ethnic differences between them play on their chances to enter higher education. Based on a new Panel survey (2012–2016), we found that Israelis from affluent ethnic backgrounds were able to increase their chances to access higher education using “second-chance alternatives”. Those from minority groups, most notably Arabs, were less likely to benefit from these alternatives. While originally aimed at improving higher education enrolment for people from disadvantaged backgrounds, these “second-chance alternatives” resulted in an increase of ethnic-based IEO. Considering the lower rates of Israelis who utilise them, we deduct that these programs “failed” to accomplish their original purpose. However, we argue that they merit further research since their understanding can benefit researchers and policy makers. Keywords: education; enrolment; inequality; Israel; second-chance; Higher education Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:28-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: School Market in Quebec and the Reproduction of Social Inequalities in Higher Education File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1613 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1613 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 18-27 Author-Name: Pierre Canisius Kamanzi Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of Montreal, Canada Abstract: The purpose of this article is to show that the stratification of the Quebec high school market contributes to the reproduction of social inequalities in higher education. The results obtained from a sample (N = 2,677) of a cohort of students born in 1984 and observed up to the age of 22 show that the influence of social origin operates in large part via mediation of the type of institution attended. Students enrolled in private or public institutions offering enriched programs (in mathematics, science or languages) are significantly more likely to access college and university education than their peers who attended a public institution offering only regular programs. Additional analyses reveal that the probability of attending a private or public institution offering enriched programs is strongly correlated with the social origin of the student. The influence of the education market itself operates through differences in performance and educational aspirations that characterize students in three types of establishments. Keywords: education; education market; higher education; Quebec; school; social inequality; student Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:18-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Expanding Access to Higher Education and Its (Limited) Consequences for Social Inclusion: The Brazilian Experience File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1672 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1672 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 7-17 Author-Name: Elizabeth Balbachevsky Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil Author-Name: Helena Sampaio Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Education, State University of Campinas, Brazil Author-Name: Cibele Yahn de Andrade Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Public Policy Studies, State University of Campinas, Brazil Abstract: This article adopts an historical institutionalism perspective (Pierson, 2011; Pierson & Skocpol, 2002; Thelen, 2014). Its main goal is to understand the lasting dynamics and path dependency processes that constrain the impact of expanding access to higher education (HE) in changing the pattern of social inequalities in a given country. To do this, the article will explore two different aspects of the impact of education on social inclusion: the dynamics associated with production and distribution of portable skills and competences, and the dynamics associated with social stratification. The study follows the experience of Brazilian HE over the last 15 years. In this period, the country experienced a rapid expansion, coming from a total undergraduate enrolment of 2.7 million in 2000 up to nine million in 2016. Nevertheless, the design of this expansion assumed a very conservative pattern. Following a well-ingrained domestic pattern, most of this expansion was absorbed by the country’s huge demand-driven private sector, and into less than half a dozen very traditional types of bachelor programs. Thus, the article argues that by failing to diversify, and by preserving old institutional hierarchies, expanding access to HE in Brazil has rendered less impact than one would expect on the country’s social inequalities. Keywords: access; Brazil; competences; diversification; dualization; education; higher education; skills; social stratification Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:7-17 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Access to Higher Education: An Instrument for Fair Societies? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1841 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v7i1.1841 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 7 Year: 2019 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-6 Author-Name: Gaële Goastellec Author-Workplace-Name: LACCUS, OSPS, LIVES, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Author-Name: Jussi Välimaa Author-Workplace-Name: Finnish Institute for Educational Research, University of Jyväskylä, Finland Abstract: Access to higher education (HE) has a long history. To offer a view on the current debates and worldwide issues regarding access to HE, this editorial depicts how the control of educational access has historically been used as an instrument of governance at the interface of two processes: social stratification and the territorialisation of politics. Access to HE has remained embedded in these large structural processes even though HE has expanded from a highly elitist institution into mass education systems with equity of educational opportunities having become a desirable goal across societies. Analysing these processes helps understand the complex mechanisms producing inequalities in HE today, which are brought together by the ten articles composing this special issue. Tacking stock of how inequalities in access are produced in different continents, countries, HE Institutions, applying to different social groups though evolving mechanisms, these articles document the importance of contrasting methodological and theoretical approaches to produce comprehensive knowledge on this sensitive issue for democratic societies. Keywords: fair access; higher education; inequality; methodology; theory Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v7:y:2019:i:1:p:1-6