Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Inherent Value of Disability in Higher Education
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1737
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1737
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 241-243
Author-Name: Benjamin J. Ostiguy
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Policy, Research, and Administration, University of Massachusetts, USA
Abstract: Evidence suggests that college students with disabilities (SWDs) continue to encounter attitudinal and physical barriers while institutions endeavor to offer reasonable supports—mainly in the form of accommodations and modifications. In practice, disability is largely treated as something external and ancillary, with most colleges administering measured allowances, but otherwise managing to avoid change. However, as we proceed into the 21st century, very little seems assured, least of all the status quo. Under the dominant neoliberal regime, virtually everything and everyone is valued in proportion with their perceived economic utility. No longer is higher education widely embraced as a public good. Instead, there is increased scrutiny of the academe with an eye for “value added”, and the returns students can expect with regard to careers and earning potential. Viewed through this narrow hegemonic lens, SWDs must assimilate or transcend their perceived impairments if they are to belong. In this commentary, I introduce key concepts from the environmental philosophy/theory of Deep Ecology to the scholarship of disability in higher education and assert that disability in academe has an “intrinsic value”, irrespective of expected economic utility. I conclude by discussing ways that the deep valuing of disability can lead to the identification of novel veins of inquiry, bolster critical analyses, and help facilitate meaningful change in uncertain times.
Keywords: disability; Deep Ecology; higher education; neoliberalism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:241-243

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Pursuing Inclusive Higher Education in Egypt and Beyond through the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1709
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1709
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 230-240
Author-Name: Janet E. Lord
Author-Workplace-Name: Harvard Law School Project on Disability, Harvard Law School, USA
Author-Name: Michael Ashley Stein
Author-Workplace-Name: Harvard Law School Project on Disability, Harvard Law School, USA
Abstract: Inclusive higher education is elusive for students with disabilities, especially in developing countries. The adoption and rapid ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) provides, if applied as its drafters intended, a “whole of institution” framework for its realization (CRPD Committee, 2016). Myriad legal, attitudinal, physical, and communication-based barriers limit or exclude participation. The individual impact of such discrimination is clear and carries lifelong consequences. Equally endemic are the broad societal and pedagogical effects of this exclusion. To illustrate: preventing persons with disabilities from Teacher Education courses impacts inclusive education in primary and secondary education; barring people with disabilities from academic programs in the sciences stifles innovation in assistive technology, health, and rehabilitation; and limiting access to studying the humanities hampers the emergence of disability studies as a rightful discipline. This article presents a framework for inclusive higher education in developing countries as contemplated by the CRPD. In doing so, we draw on field work conducting the first assessment of the accessibility of Egyptian public higher education to students with disabilities. We outline lessons that can be learned and pitfalls to be avoided both in Egypt and indeed for other countries in the Global South.
Keywords: accessibility; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; disability rights; Egypt; Global South; higher education; human rights; inclusive education; international development; students
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:230-240

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Everyone Is Normal, and Everyone Has a Disability”: Narratives of University Students with Visual Impairment
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1697
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1697
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 218-229
Author-Name: Nitsan Almog
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education and Societal Studies, Ono Academic College, Israel / Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Abstract: University students with visual impairment in Israel and worldwide face multiple academic and social barriers and must develop techniques, strategies and skills to adjust to the university environment. The current article is based on a longitudinal qualitative study aimed at incorporating students’ voices and offers some insight into the ways students experience their academic journeys. The research method combined grounded theory with the emancipatory disability research paradigm, which draws explicitly from people with disabilities’ collective experience and thus directly challenges this group’s widespread social oppression. This combination allowed the researcher to focus on students’ initial experiences as subjectively perceived. Sixteen students all defined as legally blind, from four universities in Israel, were interviewed over a 2-year period of their studies. The findings present two complementary narratives the interviewees used while configuring their identities. The article will focus on findings that suggest that during their academic journeys, students needed to manage a process of integrating their identity both as disabled and as students, choosing when and where to perform each identity and determining what the implications of each choice were along with each one’s related costs and benefits. The study’s implications and recommendations can help professionals and support services improve inclusion and equality in higher education.
Keywords: disability studies; higher education; identity; students; visual impairment
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:218-229

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Everywhere We Go, People Seem to Know”: Mad Students and Knowledge Construction of Mental Illness in Higher Education
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1683
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1683
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 207-217
Author-Name: Lieve Carette
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Belgium
Author-Name: Elisabeth De Schauwer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Belgium
Author-Name: Geert Van Hove
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Belgium
Abstract: Psychological wellbeing has received attention from academics and policymakers worldwide. Initiatives to improve psychoeducation, campaigns to raise awareness, and charity projects have been established as part of efforts to change public attitudes and behaviors toward mental health problems. The common goal of these initiatives is the prevention of mental health problems in order to reduce the global burden of mental health disease. Some target groups have benefited from such initiatives. However, little attention has been paid to side effects—including harm—of widespread knowledge sharing that is not accompanied by appropriate action. Young adults may be less afraid than older adults to disclose mental health illness and share their lived experiences of mental health. Like older adults, students try to protect their autonomy and privacy in disclosing mental health problems and associated diagnoses. However, many young adults view self-disclosure as a request for help. Confronted with rising demand to support students’ psychological well-being, many higher education providers have launched initiatives to improve students’ knowledge about mental illness. Instead of making assumptions about what students need to know in order to improve their overall psychological wellbeing, we asked ‘Mad students’ (that is, students who identify as mentally ill) about their knowledge construction and management of mental illness. Analyzing this process highlights that mental health promotion is more complicated than sharing appropriate information or applying effective strategies. Knowledge sharing has improved public knowledge of mental illness. However, mental health promotion that omits simple communication about expectations and needs around mental health, to co-produce a shared knowledge base, may lead to misunderstanding and failure in meeting the needs of target groups.
Keywords: higher education; knowledge management; mad studies; mental disability; mental health; mental illness; mental support
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:207-217

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Barriers to Higher Education for Students with Bipolar Disorder: A Critical Social Model Perspective
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1682
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1682
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 194-206
Author-Name: Allison K. Kruse
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, USA
Author-Name: Sushil K. Oswal
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, USA
Abstract: Employing some of the features of participatory research methodology, a disabled faculty joins a student with mental health diagnosis to examine the factors that hinder or enable success for this group. The theoretical framework or scholarly bearings for the study comes from the critical social model of disability, disability services scholarship in the United States, and education theory literature on “student success”. With a particular focus on students with bipolar disorder, the article highlights the gaps in disability scholarship on this specific group while underscoring the oppression experienced by them through the inclusion of an autoethnographic segment by the primary author in this collaborative, scholarly work. The model of access, we propose, moves beyond accommodations—which are often retrofits or after the thought arrangements made by an institution—and asks for environmental support, social and institutional inclusion, and consideration for students with psychiatric health diagnosis. This article not only presents an array of problems in the United States academy but also a set of recommendations for solving these problems. Going beyond the regime of retrofit accommodations, we ask for an overhaul of institutional policies, infrastructures, and curricula so that the academy is inclusive of neurodiverse bodies and appreciates their difference.
Keywords: academic ableism; autoethnography; bipolar disorder; critical social model; disability; disability accommodations; disclosure in higher education; psychiatric health diagnosis; retrofits; student success; students with mental disabilities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:194-206

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Fear of Stigmatisation among Students with Disabilities in Austria
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1667
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1667
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 182-193
Author-Name: Sarah Zaussinger
Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Education Research Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, Austria
Author-Name: Berta Terzieva
Author-Workplace-Name: Higher Education Research Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, Austria
Abstract: In Austria, 12% of all students in higher education report a disability that, at least somewhat, limits their study activities. As they still face many barriers throughout their studies, support services play a key part in their academic success. However, data from the Austrian Student Social Survey demonstrate that every second student with a disability is reluctant to contact fellow students, lecturers, or institutional support in case of study-related difficulties. One in four students with disabilities does not seek any assistance because of stigmatisation fear. With respect to these tendencies, our article examines factors that promote or inhibit the reluctance of students with disabilities to seek support due to fear of stigmatisation. For this purpose, we construct a binary indicator of stigma fear, which encompasses items concerning social isolation or drawbacks to academic opportunities, inhibitions about contacting people or disclosing one’s disability. In a regression model, we identify influential factors such as noticeability of disability and degree of study-related limitations as well as social factors like the feeling of anonymity and sense of belonging.
Keywords: Austria; disability; health impairment; higher education; stigma; student survey; support services
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:182-193

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Designing a Model for Facilitating the Inclusion of Higher Education International Students with Disabilities in South Africa
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1666
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1666
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 168-181
Author-Name: Nina (HG) du Toit
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Research, Innovation and Partnerships, Faculty of Informatics and Design, Cape Peninsula University of
Technology, South Africa
Abstract: Higher education in South Africa is regulated by several policies, and the obligation of increased access and participation of persons with disabilities into higher education is recognized in legislation (Department of Education, 1997; Department of Higher Education and Training, 2013). However, research indicates that the proportion of students with disabilities in higher education and in study programmes abroad is still very low worldwide (Fazekas, 2017; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2011). Study opportunities for these students in higher education institutions abroad, including South Africa, should therefore be increased to provide equal access and experience in an inclusive higher education environment. This study explores possible reasons for the low engagement of South African students with disabilities in international mobility programmes and the function of key role-players in supporting international students with disabilities studying in South Africa (incoming students) and South African students with disabilities studying abroad (outgoing students). This study also explores the ways by which the exchange process could be facilitated more effectively within the context of an inclusive higher education environment. Data on the support services offered to these students was obtained by means of questionnaires sent to the International Relations Offices and Disability Rights Units at higher education institutions in South Africa. The study culminated in the design of a model which specifies the roles of the various role-players in supporting international students with disabilities during their pre-departure, study and return phases.
Keywords: disability; higher education; international mobility programme; South Africa; student
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:168-181

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusion in Norwegian Higher Education: Deaf Students’ Experiences with Lecturers
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1656
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1656
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 158-167
Author-Name: Patrick Stefan Kermit
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway / NTNU Social Research, Norway
Author-Name: Sidsel Holiman
Author-Workplace-Name: Statped, Norwegian National Service for Special Needs Education, Norway / Department of Education and Lifelong Learning, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Abstract: Nordic research concerning disabled higher education students has suggested that inclusion often simply means placement among non-disabled peers. Individual disabled students are the ones who must bridge the gap between which accommodations are offered and what their felt needs are. The study presented in this article is based on semi-structured qualitative interviews with five deaf Norwegian master’s degree students. Teachers’ knowledge regarding visually oriented instruction and intercultural communication was central to the students’ perceived inclusion. The informants largely saw themselves as responsible for academic inclusion and would make demands for adjustments only when all other options were exhausted. Achieving results was given such priority and demanded so much effort that little energy was left for social activities and interaction with hearing peers. This article discusses the lack of experienced inclusion understood as a collective practice encompassing both academic and social aspects. Deaf students’ own experiences are resources for improvement that remain untapped by Norwegian universities.
Keywords: academic inclusion; classroom accommodation; deafness; disability; higher education; intercultural communication; Norway; social integration
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:158-167

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Mind the Gap Between Higher Education and the Labour Market for Students with a Disability in the Netherlands: A Research Agenda
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1655
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1655
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 149-157
Author-Name: Marjolein Büscher-Touwen
Author-Workplace-Name: Expert Centre Handicap + Studie, The Netherlands / CINOP, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Marian de Groot
Author-Workplace-Name: Expert Centre Handicap + Studie, The Netherlands / CINOP, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Lineke van Hal
Author-Workplace-Name: Verwey-Jonker Institute, The Netherlands
Abstract: The transition from higher education to the labour market is experienced as difficult by students with a disability. This gap between higher education and the labour market has tangible consequences for the participation of (young) people with a disability. Research shows that these students have a higher unemployment rate. This article addresses this gap by studying existing research data and by exploring experiences of students with a disability and other stakeholders as collected by the Dutch expert centre Handicap + Studie. We focus on the perspectives and responsibilities of the different parties involved: educational institutions, employers, municipalities, ministries and students with a disability. With this exercise, we want to contribute to putting this ‘gap’ and its stakeholders on the research agenda, arguing that more in-depth research on the transition from higher education to the labour market for students with a disability is needed. We will therefore conclude with themes that need to be researched in order to gain more knowledge for reducing the gap.
Keywords: disability; higher education; labour market transition; stakeholders; unemployment
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:149-157

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Learning Experiences of Students Who Are Hard of Hearing in Higher Education: Case Study of a South African University
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1643
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1643
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 137-148
Author-Name: Diane Bell
Author-Workplace-Name: Business School, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Author-Name: Estelle Swart
Author-Workplace-Name: Educational Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Abstract: Students who are hard of hearing (HOH) are being granted access to university increasingly, yet they remain significantly under-represented and under-supported, often resulting in poor academic outcomes with elevated levels of attrition. This situation places a growing obligation on universities to improve the support provided to these students in order to have a positive influence on their overall academic experience and eventual economic independence. This trend is relevant to South Africa, where Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are accepting and registering students with a hearing loss but are not providing adequate academic support and inclusive curricula. Furthermore, in South Africa, almost no research has been conducted concerning students who are HOH in higher education regarding their teaching and learning needs or the coping strategies which they use to survive academically. However, what is known is that, of those HOH students who do enter higher education, many do not graduate successfully (up to 75%) and, of those that do graduate, many continue to be excluded from professions. The aims of this article were to report on the teaching and learning experiences of students who are HOH at a South African university, who prefer to make use of spoken language, to share the daily barriers with which they are faced, and to provide recommendations for teaching and learning, as well as curricula transformation. This study adds to the existing body of knowledge on this topic in South Africa and could be relevant in similar contexts.
Keywords: deaf; disability; hard of hearing; higher education; inclusive curricula; hearing impairment; South Africa; teaching; university
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:137-148

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Disability in Higher Education: Explanations and Legitimisation from Teachers at Leipzig University
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1641
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1641
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 125-136
Author-Name: Robert Aust
Author-Workplace-Name: Equal Opportunity Office, Leipzig University, Germany
Abstract: In 2009, Germany ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN-CRPD) and committed itself to allow for “the full and effective participation [of people with disabilities] in society” (United Nations, 2006, §3), especially in education (United Nations, 2016, §24). The present article addresses the necessary follow-up question: which patterns of perception university teachers have of students with disabilities? A first project-based qualitative analysis of data from the EU-project “European Action on Disability within Higher Education” has been conducted on the grounds that disability can be described as a constructed sociocultural phenomenon (Tremain, 2005), showing that heterogenous concepts of disability can be reconstructed from the interviews (Aust, Trommler, &amp; Drinck, 2015). In an adaptation of theoretical sampling according to Grounded Theory (Glaser &amp; Strauss, 2010), interviews with teachers were selected for this article. The Explanatory Legitimacy Theory Model by DePoy and Gilson (2004, 2010) served as a pool of ideas for analysis. The four main areas of, 1) effective power of symbols or iconic figures, 2) performativity of attributions of disability, 3) dimension of time for concepts addressed, and 4) perpetuation of the medicine model can be reconstructed. The analysis indicates that the medicine model remains the dominant reference when teachers in higher education speak about disability. In conclusion, conditions that impede the proper implementation of the UN-CRPD in higher education must be identified so that higher education institutions can be further developed as multicultural organisations (Schein, 1984).
Keywords: disability; Explanatory Legitimacy Theory; Grounded Theory; higher education; medicine model; qualitative research
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:125-136

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Disability Awareness, Training, and Empowerment: A New Paradigm for Raising Disability Awareness on a University Campus for Faculty, Staff, and Students
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1636
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1636
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 116-124
Author-Name: Dana Roth
Author-Workplace-Name: Disability Services (Ross Center), University of Massachusetts, USA
Author-Name: Timothy Pure
Author-Workplace-Name: Learning Skills Program, Solebury School, New Hope, USA
Author-Name: Samuel Rabinowitz
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, USA
Author-Name: Carol Kaufman-Scarborough
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, USA
Abstract: A select committee of faculty, staff, administrators and students collaborated to create and implement the Disability Awareness, Training, and Empowerment (DATE) program on the campus of a midsize public state institution in the Northeastern United States. Based on studies of existing literature in the field, as well as campus climate information, the committee created a unique training program that has, to date, seen the training of over 350 faculty members, staff and administrators. This article will explore the literature that was surveyed to form the philosophical underpinnings of the program. The starting place for the training was No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement (Shapiro, 1993), as well as the research of Cole and Cawthon (2015), Hehir and Schifter (2015), and Oliver (1990). After surveying this supporting literature, the article will then explore the evolution and facilitation of the training program, including the various iterations of the training as it took its final form. The article will conclude with an exploration of possible new directions for disability awareness training programs on university campuses. The discussion also includes an expansion to the student body and a corresponding fulfillment of the university’s civic engagement course requirements.
Keywords: accessibility; accommodation; disability; disability awareness; disability rights; empowerment; faculty; higher education; student; training; university
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:116-124

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Contemporary Social Theory as a Tool to Understand the Experiences of Disabled Students in Higher Education
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1602
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1602
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 107-115
Author-Name: Jonathan Harvey
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Education, Plymouth Marjon University, UK
Abstract: This is a conceptual article which seeks to consider the use of contemporary social theory to help understand the experience of disabled students in higher education. The use of social theoretical insights has been criticised by many as demonstrating a lack of engagement with the everyday experiences of disabled people. Work which strives to embed theoretical insights into the study of disability has also been criticised for lacking engagement with the ‘reality’ of impairment. In this article I intend to address some of these criticisms by suggesting some ways in which the use of contemporary social theory may provide an explanatory tool which disentangles confusion regarding the journey undertaken by the disabled student. I will discuss how the writings of several social theorists may be helpful in making sense of disabled student journeys. I will begin by discussing why the work of Jacques Derrida can be useful in this regard. These writings will be considered alongside a debate which draws on the writings of Michel Foucault on the use of power in contemporary higher education institutions. I will critically discuss the theoretical insights of Deleuze and Guattari and their offerings on the notion of ‘becoming’. I will then critically interrogate the work of Rosi Braidotti and apply these to a re-imagining of the disabled student journey. The writings of these important theorists have been used before to explore the experiences of disabled people. However, this article is unique in that it proposes that these writings can be used to demystify the experiences of disabled students in higher education. I suggest some ways the work of Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari and Braidotti enable a greater understanding of my personal student journey. I suggest that they could be used to make sense of a far wider range of student journeys. I conclude the article by offering a model which utilises some important aspects of these theoretical insights.
Keywords: contemporary social theory; disability; higher education; postsecondary education; Social Security Disability Insurance; student; Supplemental Security Income
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:107-115

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Editorial: Students with Disabilities in Higher Education
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1792
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1792
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 103-106
Author-Name: Geert Van Hove
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Special Needs Education, Ghent University, Belgium / Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Centre/Amsterdam Public Health, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Alice Schippers
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Centre/Amsterdam Public Health, The Netherlands / Disability Studies in the Netherlands, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Minne Bakker
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Centre/Amsterdam Public Health, The Netherlands
Abstract: This editorial will at first present the thirteen different articles published in the issue. On a second level, we will focus on “overarching themes”. Those themes should be understood as links between the different articles in this volume.
Keywords: Disability Studies; higher education; students
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:103-106

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Sweden Has Been Naïve”: Nationalism, Protectionism and Securitisation in Response to the Refugee Crisis of 2015
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1512
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1512
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 95-102
Author-Name: Mathias Ericson
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cultural Sciences, Gothenburg University, Sweden
Abstract: Fake news, disinformation campaigns, xenophobia, political resentment, and a general backlash on equality issues mark the current political climate. In this context, the idealism of the Swedish welfare state has gained a specific symbolic value. This article investigates how the idealisation of Sweden as a modern and gender-equal country was articulated as a focal point in the establishment of threat and crisis narratives in the political debate of the refugee crisis of 2015. The article shows how progressive and egalitarian ideals were viewed as outdated and naïve, but at the same time put forward as core values worthy of protection. The title refers to the statement made by the Swedish Prime Minister in 2015 stating that “Sweden has been naïve” and serves as an example of how the myth of Sweden as an exceptionally modern, secular, and equal society was evoked in processes of securitisation, nationalistic protectionism, and normalisation of xenophobia. The article concludes that the articulation of Swedish exceptionalism in the establishment of threat and crisis narratives may reproduce and enhance social inequality and polarisation.
Keywords: gender; migration; neoliberalism; protectionism; refugee crisis; risk; securitisation; Sweden; welfare state
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:95-102

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Feminism as Power and Resistance: An Inquiry into Different Forms of Swedish Feminist Resistance and Anti-Genderist Reactions
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1545
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1545
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 82-94
Author-Name: Mona Lilja
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Author-Name: Evelina Johansson
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cultural Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract: This article explores how resistance and power are intertwined within the field of mainstream Swedish feminism, by analyzing some of its more visible expressions and strategies. These feminist resistance strategies could be described as circulating resistance (e.g., the #metoo campaign), public assemblies, the more subtle “disciplinary resistance”, and state feminism. The article illustrates how these different forms of resistance fuel different reactions from movements that reiterate different discourses of “anti-genderism”. In addition, some forms of feminism (state feminism and feminist disciplinary resistance) sometimes develop into, or overlap with, different technologies of power.
Keywords: anti-genderism; feminism; gender; popular assemblies; power; resistance; Sweden; state feminism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:82-94

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Solidarity in Head-Scarf and Pussy Bow Blouse: Reflections on Feminist Activism and Knowledge Production
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1563
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1563
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 67-81
Author-Name: Lena Gemzöe
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Ethnology, History of Religions and Gender Studies, Stockholm University, Sweden
Abstract: The author of this article discusses the ways in which gender equality and intersectionality are understood and enacted in two recent feminist campaigns in Sweden that use similar techniques to mobilise support for different causes. The first campaign is the so-called Hijab Call-to-Action, a solidarity action that took place in 2013 in which women in Sweden wore a hijab (the Muslim headscarf) for one day in defence of Muslim women’s rights. This campaign manifests the ways in which the notion of gender equality brings with it a norm of secularity, but also how the equation of equality and secularity is contested. The second feminist campaign discussed is the so-called Pussy Bow Blouse manifestation that aimed at taking a stand in the controversies surrounding the Swedish Academy as a result of the Metoo campaign in Sweden. The author looks at the political and discursive processes enfolded in these campaigns as a sort of collective learning processes that connect feminist activism and scholarship. A key concern is to critically analyse a binary model of powerless versus gender-equal or feminist women that figure in both debates. Further, the author shows that both campaigns appeal to solidarity through identification, but at the same time underscore the contingent and coalitional nature of identity in the act of dressing in a scarf or a blouse to take on a (political) identity for a day.
Keywords: gender equality; headscarf; feminism; Metoo campaign; Muslim; pussy bow blouse; religion; secularity; solidarity; women
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:67-81

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: When the Personal Is Always Political: Norwegian Muslims’ Arguments for Women’s Rights
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1518
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1518
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 59-66
Author-Name: Hannah Helseth
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Gender Research, University of Oslo, Norway
Abstract: For almost two decades, the public debate about Islam in Western Europe has been dominated by concerns about the lack of gender equality in the racialized Muslim population. There has been a tendency to victimize “the Muslim woman” rather than to encourage Muslim women’s participation in the public debate about their lives. This contribution to the study of discourses on Muslim women is an analysis of arguments written by Muslims about women’s rights. The data consists of 239 texts written by self-defined Muslims in major Norwegian newspapers about women’s rights. I will discuss two findings from the study. The first is an appeal to be personal when discussing issues of domestic violence and racism is combined with an implicit and explicit demand to represent all Muslims in order to get published in newspapers—which creates an ethno-religious threshold for participation in the public debate. The second finding is that, across different positions and different religious affiliations, from conservative to nearly secular, and across the timeline, from 2000 to 2012, there is a dominant understanding of women’s rights as individual autonomy. These findings will be discussed from different theoretical perspectives to explore how arguments for individual autonomy can both challenge and amplify neoliberal agendas.
Keywords: European Islam; feminism; Hannah Arendt; individualism; neoliberalism; Norway; public debate; traditional media; Wendy Brown; women’s rights
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:59-66

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Women’s Coalitions beyond the Laicism–Islamism Divide in Turkey: Towards an Inclusive Struggle for Gender Equality?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1546
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1546
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 48-58
Author-Name: Selin Çağatay
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gender Studies, Central European University, Hungary
Abstract: In the 2010s in Turkey, the ruling Justice and Development Party’s (AKP) authoritarian-populist turn accompanied the institutionalization of political Islam. As laicism was discredited and labeled as an imposed-from-above principle of Western/Kemalist modernity, the notion of equality ceased to inform the state’s gender policies. In response to AKP’s attempts to redefine gender relations through the notions of complementarity and fıtrat (purpose of creation), women across the political spectrum have mobilized for an understanding of gender equality that transcends the laicism–Islamism divide yet maintains secularity as its constitutive principle. Analyzing three recent attempts of women’s coalition-building, this article shows that, first, gender equality activists in the 2010s are renegotiating the border between secularity and piety towards more inclusive understandings of gender equality; and second, that struggles against AKP’s gender politics are fragmented due to different configurations of gender equality and secularity that reflect class and ethnic antagonisms in Turkish society. The article thereby argues for the need to move beyond binary approaches to secularism and religion that have so far dominated the scholarly analysis of women’s activism in both Turkey and the Nordic context.
Keywords: authoritarian populism; feminism; gender equality struggles; laicism–Islamism divide; piety; secularity; Turkey; women’s coalitions
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:48-58

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A New Service Class in the Public Sector? The Role of Femonationalism in Unemployment Policies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1575
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1575
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 36-47
Author-Name: Paula Mulinari
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Institution of Health and Society, Sweden
Abstract: This article aims to explore the content embedded in the figuration of ‘foreign-born unemployed women’ and how discourses of gender equality are used to create an emerging racialised service class within the Swedish public sector. Influenced by the concept of femonationalism, the article explores how the introduction of the Extra Services unemployment reforms facilitates the creation of a service class whose purpose is to make it possible for the regular workforce to continue to function despite cutbacks and the neoliberal management of professional care work in the public sector. The study identifies a shift in the discourse, where, while migrant women continue to be represented as victims in public discourses concerning unemployment, they are also represented as being lazy and unwilling to work, qualities that legitimate the need for more repressive interventions towards the group, often described as feminist interventions that will rescue migrant women and their children.
Keywords: femonationalim; gender equality; labour market; migrant women; unemployment; Sweden
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:36-47

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Gender and Struggles for Equality in Mining Resistance Movements: Performing Critique against Neoliberal Capitalism in Sweden and Greece
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1548
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1548
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 25-35
Author-Name: Angelika Sjöstedt Landén
Author-Workplace-Name: Department for Social Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Author-Name: Marianna Fotaki
Author-Workplace-Name: Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, UK
Abstract: This article explores the intersections of gender and centre–periphery relations and calls for theoretical and political involvement in gendered struggles against colonial and capitalist forces across different national contexts. The article raises questions about the possibility of resisting inequality and exploitation arising from capitalist expansion and extraction of natural resources in Sweden and Greece, outside of urban contexts. It does so by highlighting women’s role in protest movements in peripheral places and questioning power relations between centre and periphery. The article also argues that making visible women’s struggles and contributions to protest movements brings about vital knowledge for realizing democratic worlds that do not thrive on the destruction of natural resources and the institutionalization of inequalities.
Keywords: activism; capitalism; extractivism; gender; Greece; mining; neoliberalism; protest; Sweden; women
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:25-35

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Traps of International Scripts: Making a Case for a Critical Anthropology of Gender and Sexuality in Development
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1511
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1511
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 16-24
Author-Name: Rahil Roodsaz
Author-Workplace-Name: Gender and Diversity Studies, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Author-Name: An Van Raemdonck
Author-Workplace-Name: Social and Cultural Anthropology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract: In this article, we look at colonialities of gender and sexuality as concepts employed in international aid and development. These international arenas reveal not only strong reiterations of modernist linear thinking and colonial continuities but also provide insights into the complexities of the implementation and vernacularisation of gender and sexuality in practices of development. Using a critical anthropological perspective, we discuss case studies based on our own research in Egypt and Bangladesh to illustrate the importance of unpacking exclusionary mechanisms of gender and sexuality scripts in the promotion of women’s rights and sexual and reproductive health and rights in postcolonial development contexts. We provide a conceptual analysis of decolonial feminist attempts at moving beyond the mere critique of development to enable a more inclusive conversation in the field of development. To work towards this goal, we argue, a critical anthropological approach proves promising in allowing a politically-sensitive, ethical, and critical engagement with the Other.
Keywords: colonial; critical anthropology; development; gender; international aid; sexuality
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:16-24

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Basic Income: The Potential for Gendered Empowerment?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1487
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1487
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 8-15
Author-Name: Alison Koslowski
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
Author-Name: Ann-Zofie Duvander
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Sweden
Abstract: Basic income is likely to gain momentum as the next social welfare trend to sweep over the world with ideas of how to improve the fairness and efficiency of distributing money. Other earlier movements with similar ambitions to transform societies, ranging across the political spectrum from socialism to neo-liberalism, have led to very different consequences for strata of citizens, but have in common that they have de-prioritised gender equality in favour of other interests. Advocates of basic income suggest that in addition to pragmatic gains, such as a more efficient state administration, primarily a basic income will empower citizens, leading to the potential for greater human flourishing. Our question is whether this empowerment will be gendered and if so, how? So far, the basic income debate addresses gender only in so far as it would raise the income of the poorest, of whom a larger proportion are women. However, it is less clear how it might contribute to a transformation of gendered behaviour, making possible divergent shapes of life where binary and set notions of gender are not a restriction. We discuss the idea of basic income from a perspective of gender equality in the Swedish context.
Keywords: basic income; empowerment; feminism; gender equality; parental leave; Sweden; universal worker model
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:8-15

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Gender Equality and Beyond: At the Crossroads of Neoliberalism, Anti-Gender Movements, “European” Values, and Normative Reiterations in the Nordic Model
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1799
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i4.1799
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 4
Pages: 1-7
Author-Name: Katarina Giritli Nygren
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Author-Name: Lena Martinsson
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cultural Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Author-Name: Diana Mulinari
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Gender Studies, Lund University, Sweden
Abstract: The social-democratic-inspired “Nordic model”, with its agenda for gender equality, has been an important example for the development of political interventions to transform society but at the same time, it has been functioning as an emerging gender normalising and stabilising structure. The last decade it has also become focused by antigender movements and ethno-nationalistic parties both as emblematic for the Nordic nations as well as a threat that must be destroyed to save the nation. This issue will elaborate further on gender equality as a node, a floating signifier in powerful and often contradictory discourses situating the discussions within the tradition of scholarships of hope through a dialogue about articles that search for realistic utopias that might be considered to be “beyond gender equality”. The included articles engage with the messiness and crossroads of gender equality in relation to the work-line, territories, neo-liberalism, religion, the crisis of solidarity and the success of anti-genderism agenda.
Keywords: anti-genderism; gender equality; neo-liberalism; racism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:4:p:1-7

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Foreign Immigrants in Depopulated Rural Areas: Local Social Services and the Construction of Welcoming Communities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1530
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1530
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 337-346
Author-Name: Rosario Sampedro
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Valladolid, Spain
Author-Name: Luis Camarero
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology I, National Distance Education University, Spain
Abstract: Many rural areas in Spain suffer an acute problem of depopulation. In recent years the arrival of foreign immigrant workers has contributed to alleviating the situation. The social services in rural areas play a fundamental role in the reception of these new residents, and in attending to their needs. These immigrants find themselves in a very vulnerable situation. Added to the needs of any family group with very limited resources are the terms of being a foreigner in an environment in which the coethnic support networks are very scarce. The capacity of both rural councils and local social services to promote the social integration of the immigrants is very limited due to the lack of resources, and to the difficulties associated with the provision of social services in depopulated rural areas. Through in-depth interviews, carried out in a mountainous depopulated region in northern Spain, we analyse the discourses of mayors, social workers and members of civil organizations. The conclusions suggest that the construction of welcoming communities requires reinforcing the community dimension of social work in rural areas, and from an ecological perspective that enhances social participation and coordination among the social actors. Specifically directed initiatives are needed by means of cooperation among the different levels of government and between public and private actors.
Keywords: depopulation; foreigner; immigrant; migration; rural area; social integration; social services; support; Spain
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:337-346

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Housing First in Denmark: An Analysis of the Coverage Rate among Homeless People and Types of Shelter Users
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1539
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1539
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 327-336
Author-Name: Lars Benjaminsen
Author-Workplace-Name: The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Denmark
Abstract: A paradigm shift has taken place regarding the understanding of homelessness interventions in recent years as Housing First—early access to permanent housing in combination with intensive social support—has been shown to improve the chances of rehousing for homeless people. One of the largest Housing First programs in Europe was established with the Danish homelessness strategy from 2009 to 2013 and a follow-up program from 2014 to 2016. Results from the Danish program showed similar positive outcomes of Housing First as documented in other countries. However, evaluation research also uncovered barriers to scaling up and mainstreaming Housing First into the general welfare system. This article analyses the coverage rate of Housing First in the overall population of homeless people in Denmark. Results show that in the municipalities that were part of the program only one in twenty homeless people were enrolled in the program. Moreover, following Kuhn and Culhane’s (1998) typology of shelter users, the study examines the proportion amongst the transitional, episodic, and chronic shelter users that were enrolled in the Housing First program during the program period. Even in the primary target group for Housing First, the chronic shelter users, only 11% were included in the Housing First program.
Keywords: cluster analysis; Denmark; homelessness; Housing First; housing shortage; national homelessness strategy; shelter users
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:327-336

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Users’ Choice in Providing Services to the Most Vulnerable Homeless People
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1536
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1536
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 319-326
Author-Name: Inger Lise Skog Hansen
Author-Workplace-Name: Fafo Institute for Labour and Social Research, Norway
Abstract: Several municipalities in Norway have tried the Housing First model to facilitate permanent housing for homeless people with substance abuse problems and/or mental illness. This article discusses users’ experiences from receiving social support as part of the Housing First programme. In particular, the article discusses the users’ experiences with the model’s emphasis on users’ choice and self-determination. The analysis shows that what the programs practise is not entirely freedom of choice for the participants but a greater respect of the users’ knowledge, perspectives, and opinions as a starting point for interventions. The analysis shows that participants and staff engage in joint reflection work to help the participants take more reflected decisions in their life. The article discusses how this method can contribute to overcome a diagnostic approach to marginalised and often stigmatised users and provide more personalised and effective services. The discussions draw on data from an evaluation of two trial projects of the Housing First model. The article is mainly based on an analysis of 16 qualitative interviews with users that participated in the projects.
Keywords: drug problems; homelessness; Housing First; mental illness; Nordic model; user experience; user participation; welfare state
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:319-326

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Individual or Structural Inequality? Access and Barriers in Welfare Services for Women Who Sell Sex
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1534
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1534
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 310-318
Author-Name: Anette Brunovskis
Author-Workplace-Name: Fafo Institute for Labour and Social Research, Norway
Author-Name: May-Len Skilbrei
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law, University of Oslo, Norway
Abstract: It is often taken for granted that women who sell sex are vulnerable, that welfare services can and should alleviate this vulnerability, and as such, being defined as ‘vulnerable’ can be beneficial and associated with special rights that would otherwise be inaccessible. At the same time, ongoing debates have demonstrated that establishing individuals and groups as vulnerable tends to mask structural factors in inequality and has negative consequences, among them an idea that the path to ‘non-vulnerability’ lies in changing the ‘afflicted’ individuals or groups, not in structures or in addressing unequal access to resources. In this article, we take this as a starting point and discuss challenges for the welfare state in meeting the varied and often complex needs of sex sellers. Based on qualitative research with service providers in specialised social and health services in Norway, we examine access and barriers to services among female sex sellers as well as how vulnerability is understood and shapes what services are available. An important feature of modern prostitution in Norway, as in the rest of Western Europe, is that sex sellers are predominantly migrants with varying migration status and corresponding rights to services. This has influenced the options available to address prostitution as a phenomenon within the welfare state and measures that have previously been helpful for domestic women in prostitution are not easily replicated for the current target population. A starting point in a theoretical understanding that considers vulnerability to be a human predicament (rather than the exception to the rule or a deficit in individuals or groups) allows for a discussion that highlights the centrality of structural conditions rather than a need for change in the individual. In order to understand the limitations of the welfare state in addressing modern prostitution as such, it is highly relevant to look at the structural origin of vulnerabilities that may look individual.
Keywords: human trafficking; migration; prostitution; service access; vulnerability; welfare
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:310-318

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The UK Government’s Troubled Families Programme: Delivering Social Justice?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1514
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1514
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 301-309
Author-Name: Stephen Crossley
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, UK
Abstract: This article examines and reviews the evidence surrounding the UK Government’s Troubled Families Programme (TFP), a flagship social policy launched in 2011, following riots in towns and cities across England. The programme aims to work with over 500,000 ‘troubled families’ by 2020, using a ‘whole family’ intervention. It has been beset by controversy and criticism since its inception, but it has been described by the government as ‘promoting social justice’. Drawing on Nancy Fraser’s work around recognition and redistribution, this article assesses the subjective aims and achievements of the TFP and locates this analysis in the wider objective conditions experienced by disadvantaged families in the UK at the current time.
Keywords: austerity; disadvantaged families; family intervention; government aid; poverty; social justice; troubled families
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:301-309

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Between Idealism and Pragmatism: Social Policies and Matthew Effect in Vocational Education and Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Switzerland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1515
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1515
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 289-300
Author-Name: Delia Pisoni
Author-Workplace-Name: Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration (IDHEAP), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Abstract: Since the mid-1970s, research shows that less-disadvantaged individuals more frequently access social policy schemes when compared to their more-disadvantaged counterparts, a phenomenon called the Matthew effect. Through two indepth case studies, based on 60 semi-directive interviews, and document analysis, this study aims to more fully understand the mechanisms leading to a Matthew effect in Swiss Vocational Education and Training (VET) programmes for disadvantaged youth. Indeed, education is key to post-industrial labour markets access, and VET appears to facilitate schoolto-work transitions. A Matthew effect in this policy field might thus lead to particularly detrimental repercussions, and public authorities should be especially eager to contain it. Nevertheless, findings show that, under certain conditions, decision-makers push frontline-workers into cream-skimming practices, causing a Matthew effect. Additionally, structural challenges also lead to a Matthew effect, highlighting the general difficulty of the very mandate: (re-)inserting highly disadvantaged individuals into selective markets. Indeed, in contexts of tight public budgets, service oriented modern Welfare States tread a fine line between empowering and prioritising beneficiaries. Dealing with complex target groups, it seems crucial whether the rationale driving public authorities is more oriented towards credit-claiming or problem-solving: the former increasing and the latter decreasing the incidence of Matthew effects.
Keywords: disadvantaged youth; education; Matthew effect; social policy; Switzerland; Vocational Education and Training; welfare
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:289-300

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Sustainable Collaboration to Support Vulnerable Youth: Mental Health Support Teams in Upper Secondary School
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1525
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1525
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 282-288
Author-Name: Cecilie Anvik
Author-Workplace-Name: Nordland Research Institute, Norway
Author-Name: Ragnhild Holmen Waldahl
Author-Workplace-Name: Nordland Research Institute, Norway
Abstract: Schools play a central role in preventing mental health problems from affecting the development and educational opportunities of youth. While school health and social pedagogical support services have expanded in many countries, they are still not considered sufficient in meeting the needs of vulnerable youth. We find particular challenges in the development of sustainable collaboration to support the target group. In this article, we present and analyze empirical data from ongoing trailing research on an interprofessional team focusing on the health and psychosocial conditions of students in various upper secondary schools in Norway. In the article, we discuss what conditions need to be in place for inter-professional collaboration to succeed in the efforts to support students at risk of dropping out of upper secondary school. The article is theoretically influenced by boundary literature and analyzes challenges and opportunities in boundary crossing between different professions and service areas. In the article, we argue for the need to spend time on establishing a reflecting understanding of which qualities the various actors possess and what they should contribute with to create a collaboration that constitutes more than the coordination of what already exists, thereby creating intersecting practices; so-called third spaces.
Keywords: collaboration; drop out; interprofessional team; mental health; Norway; school; student; support; vulnerable youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:282-288

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Integration Journey: The Social Mobility Trajectory of Ethnic Minority Groups in Britain
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1542
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1542
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 270-281
Author-Name: Yaojun Li
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Empirical Social Science Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China / Department of Sociology and Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, UK
Abstract: This article studies the processes of social mobility by the main ethno-generational groups in Britain. We compare the origin-education-destination (OED) links between the first- and second- generation ethnic minority groups with those of whites, with a particular focus on whether the second generation are getting closer to whites than do the first generation in the links, hence becoming increasingly integrated into the socio-economic lives of British society. Using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study and adopting structural equation modelling (SEM) methods, we find strong evidence of first-generation setback, and some signs of second-generation catch-up. Indians and Chinese are making progress, but the two black groups and Pakistanis/Bangladeshis are lagging behind. The analysis shows persisting ethnic disadvantages in the labour market in spite of their high levels of educational achievement, and it also shows an emerging order of ethnic hierarchy, running from Indian, Chinese, black Caribbean, Pakistani/Bangladeshi to black African groups.
Keywords: ethnicity; generation; minorities; social mobility; UK
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:270-281

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Migration Project in Retrospect: The Case of the Ageing Zero Generation in Emirdağ
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1508
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1508
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 260-269
Author-Name: Christiane Timmerman
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Migration and Intercultural Studies, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Meia Walravens
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Migration and Intercultural Studies, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Joris Michielsen
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Migration and Intercultural Studies, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Nevriye Acar
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Migration and Intercultural Studies, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Author-Name: Lore Van Praag
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Migration and Intercultural Studies, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Abstract: In the twentieth century, Emirdağ (Turkey) witnessed extensive emigration and is now home to the ‘zero generation’: a group of elderly people who stayed behind when their children moved abroad. We investigate how these elderly people, with at least one child who left the country, evaluate their situation as they have grown older. Using fieldwork observations and in-depth interviews, we found that this group mainly associated the migration of their offspring with loneliness and exclusion from society, due to separation from their children and changes in the traditional family culture. The respondents clearly note a shift in the social position of family elders in Turkish culture, from highly respected to being ignored and looked down upon. While this change in status might be experienced by all elderly inhabitants of the region, feelings of distress were reinforced by an emerging discourse which suggests the migration project is a failed enterprise. The constraints their children experience in the immigrant country have led the zero generation to rely less on them and become more dependent on their own resources. Future research on ageing, migration and transnational care should focus on the different ways in which migration systems evolve, and the long-term effects on social inclusion of all generations.
Keywords: ageing; elderly; migration; Turkey; zero generation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:260-269

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Political Integration in Practice: Explaining a Time-Dependent Increase in Political Knowledge among Immigrants in Sweden
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1496
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1496
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 248-259
Author-Name: Per Adman
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Government, Uppsala University, Sweden
Author-Name: Per Strömblad
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, Linnaeus University, Sweden
Abstract: Scholarly findings suggest that immigrants in Western countries, in general, participate less in politics and show lower levels of political efficacy than native-born citizens. Research is scarce, however, when it comes to immigrants’ knowledge about politics and public affairs in their new home country, and what happens with this knowledge over the years. This article focuses on immigrants in Sweden, a country known for ambitious multicultural policies, but where immigrants also face disadvantages in areas such as labor and housing markets. Utilizing particularly suitable survey data we find that immigrants, in general, know less about Swedish politics than natives, but also that this difference disappears with time. Exploring the influence of time of residence on political knowledge, the article shows that the positive effect of time in Sweden among immigrants remains after controlling for an extensive set of background factors. Moreover, the article examines this political learning effect through the lens of an Ability–Motivation–Opportunity (AMO) model. The findings suggest that the development of an actual ability to learn about Swedish politics—via education in Sweden, and by improved Swedish language skills—is an especially important explanation for the increase in political knowledge.
Keywords: ability; education; immigrants; language skills; motivation; opportunity; political information; political knowledge; Sweden; time-related differences
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:248-259

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Fixed Narratives and Entangled Categorizations: Educational Problematizations in Times of Politicized and Stratified Migration
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1541
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1541
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 237-247
Author-Name: Kenneth Horvath
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Lucerne, Switzerland
Abstract: Western European migration and citizenship regimes have undergone profound transformations over the past decades. The massive politicization and stratification of migration are key features of these dynamics. Focusing on the case of Germany, this article investigates how these developments affect logics of educational practice. It is argued that teachers, faced with increasingly complex and uncertain situations, systematically draw on categories that combine political and educational logics. These “entangled categories” do hardly allow to unravel the complex configurations currently at stake at the intersection of migration and education. A secondary analysis of TIMSS-2015 data is performed to substantiate the article’s core hypothesis: these forms of categorization have crystallized into patterns of educational problematization that couple perceptions of educational challenges, professional self-images, and didactic approaches. These fixed narratives disproportionally affect migrant children from underprivileged social backgrounds. They hence have important implications both for our understanding of educational inequalities in times of politicized and stratified migration and for furthering professional reflexivity.
Keywords: differentiated citizenship; educational classification; educational problematization; migration regimes; politicization of migration; TIMSS-2015
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:237-247

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Passing the Test? From Immigrant to Citizen in a Multicultural Country
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1523
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1523
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 229-236
Author-Name: Elke Winter
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada
Abstract: Almost all Western countries have recently implemented restrictive changes to their citizenship law and engaged in heated debates about what it takes to become “one of us”. This article examines the naturalization process in Canada, a country that derives almost two thirds of its population growth from immigration, and where citizenship uptake is currently in decline. Drawing on interviews with recently naturalized Canadians, I argue that the current naturalization regime fails to deliver on the promise to put “Canadians by choice” at par with “Canadians by birth”. Specifically, the naturalization process constructs social and cultural boundaries at two levels: the new citizens interviewed for this study felt that the naturalization process differentiated them along the lines of class and education more than it discriminated on ethnocultural or racial grounds. A first boundary is thus created between those who have the skills to easily “pass the test” and those who do not. This finding speaks to the strength and appeal of Canada’s multicultural middle-class nation-building project. Nevertheless, the interviewees also highlighted that the naturalization process artificially constructed (some) immigrants as culturally different and inferior. A second boundary is thus constructed to differentiate between “real Canadians” and others. While not representative, the findings of this study suggest that the Canadian state produces differentiated citizenship at the very moment it aims to inculcate loyalty and belonging.
Keywords: Canada; citizenship; immigration; integration; interviews; migration; multiculturalism; nation-building; naturalization; qualitative research
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:229-236

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Becoming Citizen: Spatial and Expressive Acts when Strangers Move In
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1513
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1513
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 210-228
Author-Name: Peter Kærgaard Andersen
Author-Workplace-Name: Jamboy Art/Research collective, Denmark
Author-Name: Lasse Mouritzen
Author-Workplace-Name: Jamboy Art/Research collective, Denmark
Author-Name: Kristine Samson
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Communication and Art, Visual Culture and Performance Studies, Roskilde University, Denmark
Abstract: This article examines the conditions and expressions of how refugees in Denmark become citizens. Through visual and collaborative ethnographic fieldwork, which took place during 2017, the case study follows the everyday life of an Eritrean community living in a former retirement home in the town of Hørsholm. The article investigates how becoming citizen can be understood as mediatised, spatial and expressive negotiations between the refugees and the local society. We look at the conditions of becoming citizen through the local framing of the Eritrean community—understood as political, social, cultural and material framing conditions. We draw on Engin Isin’s concept of performative citizenship (Isin, 2017), and we suggest how everyday life and becoming potentially hold the capacity to re-formulate and add to the understanding of citizenship. We suggest that becoming citizen is not merely about obtaining Danish citizenship and civic rights nor tantamount with settling down. On the contrary, the analysis shows that becoming citizen is a process of expressed and performed desires connected to global becomings beyond the sedentary citizenship, and therefore holds capacity for transforming and diversifying the notion of citizenship.
Keywords: becoming; citizenship; cultural encounters; globalisation; performative citizenship
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:210-228

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: ‘Damn It, I Am a Miserable Eastern European in the Eyes of the Administrator’: EU Migrants’ Experiences with (Transnational) Social Security
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1477
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1477
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 201-209
Author-Name: Elisabeth Scheibelhofer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Author-Name: Clara Holzinger
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: The European Union has given itself unique worldwide regulations so that EU citizens can port their social rights transnationally in case of migration. Yet this political and legal statement becomes flawed once a sociological perspective is adopted to look into the actual experiences of migrants. TRANSWEL (2015–2018), an ongoing international research project—applying a mixed-method approach to compare four country-pairs (Bulgaria-Germany, Estonia-Sweden, Hungary-Austria, Poland-UK)—has shown that mobile EU citizens are confronted with exclusion and discrimination and that their belonging is put into question. Based on qualitative interviews with migrants, we argue that welfare institutions in the ‘old’ EU member states (partially) exclude and potentially discriminate against mobile EU citizens. Exclusion and discrimination are mainly based on two types of experiences: First, the difficulty to navigate through a complex system of (transnational) regulations and administrative structures, and second, the burden to prove that one falls into the competency of the member state in question. The article points out that the EU—commonly referred to as the global best-practice example in terms of the portability of social rights—reveals its flaws and limitations once the actual experiences of migrants are scrutinized in this multilevel system of governance.
Keywords: European Union; migration; qualitative interviews; social security; transnationalism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:201-209

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: No Recourse to Social Work? Statutory Neglect, Social Exclusion and Undocumented Migrant Families in the UK
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1486
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1486
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 190-200
Author-Name: Andy Jolly
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Policy, Sociology and Criminology, University of Birmingham, UK
Abstract: Families in the UK with an irregular migration status are excluded from most mainstream welfare provision through the no recourse to public funds rule, and statutory children’s social work services are one of the few welfare services available to undocumented migrant families. This article draws on semi-structured interviews with undocumented migrant families who are accessing children’s services support to illustrate the sometimes uneasy relationship between child welfare law and immigration control. Outlining the legislative and policy context for social work with undocumented migrant families in the UK, the article argues that the exclusion of migrant families from the welfare state by government policy amounts to a form of statutory neglect which is incompatible with the global social work profession’s commitment to social justice and human rights.
Keywords: children; destitution; families; irregular migration; neglect; social work; undocumented
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:190-200

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: On “Genuine” and “Illegitimate” Refugees: New Boundaries Drawn by Discriminatory Legislation and Practice in the Field of Humanitarian Reception in Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1506
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1506
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 172-189
Author-Name: Anne-Kathrin Will
Author-Workplace-Name: Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt-University, Germany
Abstract: A high number of legal changes accompanied the increase of people seeking asylum in Germany throughout the 18th legislative period from 2013–2017. These changes have transformed the field of humanitarian reception in Germany, especially along the axes of citizenship, integration performance and deviation from administrative and legal rules. Half of the legal measures from this period have led to differential rights for different groups of asylum seekers according to one of these three axes. The axis of citizenship has also structured the development of administrative procedures referred to as “integrated refugee management” which was established to speed up asylum seeking processes, classifying persons applying for a humanitarian residence visa in Germany into four clusters. This categorization, too, led to different entitlements regarding the admittance to state-financed German courses and integration measures focussed on education and the labour market. In this article I employ the notion of differential inclusion (Mezzadra &amp; Neilson, 2012) to analyse these legal and administrative changes. I show that they have reshaped the substructures impacting the lives of those categorized as “genuine” and “illegitimate” refugees and thus redrawn the boundaries and created hierarchies among those seeking humanitarian protection in Germany.
Keywords: differential inclusion; Germany; humanitarian reception; integration; refugee management
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:172-189

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Differentiation of Rights in the Norwegian Welfare State: Hierarchies of Belonging and Humanitarian Exceptionalism
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1520
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1520
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 162-171
Author-Name: Synnøve Bendixsen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, Norway
Abstract: Controlling mobility and borders has become a central, defining feature of the state today. Using the Norwegian welfare state as a case study, I argue that the differentiation of rights depending on status categories is an important way in which the state deals with irregular migration. It is also an integral element of border construction and how mobility is managed. How is the Norwegian welfare state differentiating the rights to work, health care, and economic welfare benefits and through which argumentations does the state legitimate these differentiations? This article argues that the practice of differentiation contributes to establishing hierarchies of belonging and enforces the nexus of welfare rights–migration management. Further, the exclusion of certain categories of people from accessing basic welfare services and, consequently, creating precarious lives, is legitimized by the discourse of humanitarian exceptionalism, through which migrants gain some support outside the welfare state system. This facilitates policies and regulations that are “tough on migration”, and produces the irregular subject as apolitical, a victim, and unwanted. The differentiation of rights and the discourses that the state uses to legitimate these differentiations are keys in the negotiation of who should be entitled to which rights in the future.
Keywords: asylum; borders; differentiated rights; health care rights; humanitarian exceptionalism; irregular migrants; Norway; welfare state
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:162-171

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Migration, Boundaries and Differentiated Citizenship: Contested Frameworks for Inclusion and Exclusion
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1692
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1692
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 153-161
Author-Name: Terry Wotherspoon
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
Abstract: Contemporary migration across borders is beset by contradictory pressures and challenges. Some borders remain relatively open, especially for potential immigrants with valued skills and assets or for humanitarian reasons, but in many other cases borders are becoming increasingly more regulated or impermeable. The differential capacities for mobility that accompany these developments are contributing to new categories and hierarchies of citizenship and belonging which are being shaped by and exacerbate significant social, economic and political inequalities. This editorial highlights core relationships that have emerged in the process of regulating geographical and social boundaries in different national contexts, focusing on the intersections between dynamics of social inclusion and exclusion and the construction of differential categories of citizenship. The editorial establishes a framework for the articles that follow in this thematic issue, emphasizing the contested, fragmented, variable and highly uneven nature of borders and citizenship regimes.
Keywords: citizenship; diversity; inclusion; migration; nation-state; rights
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:153-161

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Returns to Foreign and Host Country Qualifications: Evidence from the US on the Labour Market Placement of Migrants and the Second Generation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1509
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1509
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 142-152
Author-Name: Sergio Lo Iacono
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Italy
Author-Name: Neli Demireva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
Abstract: The integration of migrants in the US economic system is a central concern of policy-makers and scholars. A faster and smoother assimilation of valuable human capital would indeed benefit the labour market, increasing its efficiency. To investigate the integration of minorities and migrants in the US labour market, we employ data from the Current Population Survey from June 2016 (the primary source of labour force statistics in the US). We focus on the following ethnic groups: White, Black, Asian, and Other (a combination of Native Americans, Pacific and Mixed). For each ethnicity we consider if respondents are US born, 1st- or 2nd-generation of immigrant descent. Among 1st-generation migrants, we further differentiate between recent (in the country for 10 years or less) and long (in the country for more than 10 years) arrivals, as they are likely to have different levels of social capital and knowledge of the job market. We focus on three very relevant labour market outcomes: being employed, being employed in a public sector job and working in a professional or managerial position. Our results indicate better placement of individuals with tertiary degrees, an effect particularly important among women. Minorities in the public sector have made some important gains in terms of occupational attainment parity with the white majority.
Keywords: ethnic; foreign; host country; labour market attainment; minorities; private sector; public sector; qualifications
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:142-152

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Employment and Education–Occupation Mismatches of Immigrants and their Children in the Netherlands: Comparisons with the Native Majority Group
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1452
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1452
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 119-141
Author-Name: Yassine Khoudja
Author-Workplace-Name: European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Abstract: This study examines the labor market integration of immigrants and their children in the Netherlands focusing on employment and over- and underqualification. Using data from the first wave of the Netherlands Longitudinal Life-Course Study (NELLS), the analysis shows disadvantages in employment probabilities for men and women from different foreign origin groups compared to the Dutch majority even after accounting for differences in human capital. Ethnic differences in employment probabilities are lower, but still visible, when comparing only respondents who obtained post-secondary education in the Netherlands. Further, first-generation immigrant men from Turkey and Morocco are at higher risk of being overeducated than Dutch majority men whereas this is not the case for second generation men and first- and secondgeneration minority women. Substantial ethnic difference in the likelihood of being undereducated are not prevalent. Having a foreign compared to a Dutch degree is related to lower labor market outcomes, but this negative relation is more pronounced for women than for men. Finally, there is some indication that overeducation is somewhat less common in the public sector than in the private sector, but minorities do not benefit more from this than the Dutch majority.
Keywords: employment; immigrant integration; overeducation; public sector; returns to education; the Netherlands; undereducation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:119-141

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Incorporation of Immigrants and Second Generations into the French Labour Market: Changes between Generations and the Role of Human Capital and Origins
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1453
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1453
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 104-118
Author-Name: Yaël Brinbaum
Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire pour la Sociologie Economique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
(CNAM), France / Centre d’Études de l’Emploi et du Travail, CNAM, France
Abstract: This article analyses the labour market incorporation of migrants and second-generation minorities in France. Using the 2013–2017 French Labour Surveys and the 2014 adhoc module, we focus on labour market outcomes—activity, employment, occupation and subjective overqualification—and measure the gaps between ethnic minorities and the majority group by origins, generation and by gender. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these gaps and explain ethnic disadvantages for immigrants, we take into account different factors, such as education, and factors linked to migration—duration of stay in France, language skills, foreign qualifications, nationality—with additional controls for family, socioeconomic and contextual characteristics. We also investigate the returns to higher education among second-generation minority members compared to the majority population. We show large differences by country of origins, generation and gender. Across generations, most minority members have made clear progress in terms of access to employment and skilled jobs, but ethnic penalties remain for the descendants of North-Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey. In contrast, Asian second-generation men and women encounter slight advantages in attaining highly-skilled positions. Controlling for tertiary degrees even increases the gap with majority members mostly in access to highly-skills jobs.
Keywords: discrimination; employment; France; human capital; immigrants; labour market; returns to higher education; second generation; skilled workers
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:104-118

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Perfect for the Job? Overqualification of Immigrants and their Descendants in the Norwegian Labor Market
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1451
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1451
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 78-103
Author-Name: Edvard N. Larsen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Norway
Author-Name: Adrian F. Rogne
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Norway
Author-Name: Gunn E. Birkelund
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Norway
Abstract: Compared to the majority population, studies have shown that non-western immigrants are more likely to work in jobs for which they are overqualified. These findings are based on coarse measures of jobs, and an important question is how sensitive these findings are to the definition of jobs. By using detailed information from Norwegian register data 2014, we provide a methodological innovation in comparing individuals working in the same occupation, industry, sector, firm, and municipality. In this way, we measure the degree of overqualification among workers within more than 653,000 jobs. We differentiate between immigrants and their descendants originating from Western Europe, the New EU countries, other Western countries, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Africa and Asia (except MENA countries), and South and Central America, and compare their outcomes with the majority population holding the same jobs. We find that immigrants from all country of origin groups are more likely to be overqualified compared to the majority population and to descendants of immigrants. However, the prevalence of overqualification decreases with time since immigration.
Keywords: inequality; integration; labor markets; migration; overqualification
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:78-103

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Employment Returns to Tertiary Education for Immigrants in Western Europe: Cross-Country Differences Before and After the Economic Crisis
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1446
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1446
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 64-77
Author-Name: Raffaele Guetto
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Abstract: This article contributes to the literature on the models of immigrants’ labour market incorporation in Western Europe by analysing the employment returns to tertiary education for both natives and immigrants. By using yearly EU-LFS data (2005–2013) for a selection of Western European countries, cross-country differences in the employment returns to tertiary education are analysed separately by immigrant status and gender. In Continental Europe, where immigrant-native employment gaps before the crisis were much larger than in Southern Europe, immigrants are found to benefit more from tertiary education, and their returns are also higher than for natives, while the opposite holds in Southern European countries. The same pattern is found irrespective of gender, but cross-country differences are more pronounced among women. The article also documents that the crisis contributed to a cross-country convergence, although limited to men, in the degree of immigrant employment disadvantage, which increased substantially in Southern Europe while remaining unchanged or slightly declining in all other countries. Nevertheless, although immigrant-native employment gaps grew as high as in Continental Europe, immigrant men in Southern Europe are still found to benefit from lower returns to tertiary education than their native counterparts.
Keywords: economic crisis; education; ethnic inequality; labour market; migration; Western Europe
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:64-77

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Employment Outcomes of Ethnic Minorities in Spain: Towards Increasing Economic Incorporation among Immigrants and the Second Generation?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1441
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1441
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 48-63
Author-Name: Mariña Fernández-Reino
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Author-Name: Jonas Radl
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain / WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Germany
Author-Name: María Ramos
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Abstract: This article examines the labour market outcomes of immigrants in Spain, a country that has become a migration destination only since the end of the 1990s. Differentiating between first and second generation of immigrant descent, we compare the labour market involvement of the main ethnic groups with the majority group. One particular focus is to understand which minorities have been hit the hardest by the Great Recession. To this end, we use data from the European Union Labour Force Survey for the years 2008 and 2014, and more specifically the two ad-hoc modules on the labour market situation of migrants. Analysing men and women separately, we run a set of multivariate logistic regression models to control for compositional differences. In this way, we examine ethnic gaps not only in labour force participation but also in the degree of underutilisation of human capital, measured as workers’ level of over-education as well as the incidence of involuntary part-time employment. Our results show that while most origin groups do not show significantly lower employment participation than the majority group, the employment quality of immigrants in terms of involuntary part-time work and over-education is substantially worse, especially since the crisis.
Keywords: employment participation; ethnic inequality; involuntary part-time; migrant assimilation; over-education
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:48-63

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Poor Returns to Origin-Country Education for Non-Western Immigrants in Italy: An Analysis of Occupational Status on Arrival and Mobility
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1442
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1442
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 34-47
Author-Name: Ivana Fellini
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research
University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Author-Name: Raffaele Guetto
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research
University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Author-Name: Emilio Reyneri
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research
University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Abstract: Previous research on the Italian case has shown that non-Western immigrants are very likely to hold low-qualified jobs and that their occupational mobility chances are rather poor, which suggests low returns to education. In this paper, we investigate whether, and to what extent, immigrants’ different areas of origin moderate the returns to educational degrees obtained in the origin country. Data from a survey on the immigrant population (carried out in 2011‒2012) are used, and, differently from previous studies, we focus on returns to origin-country education with respect to both the socioeconomic status of the first job found on arrival and the subsequent occupational mobility. The results show that almost all non-Western immigrants experience remarkably low returns to post-secondary education on their first job. Contrary to other West-European countries, those returns in Italy are only slightly different by area of origin, which suggests that differences in the transferability and quality of skills are scarcely relevant in a strongly segmented labour market. Rather, the modes of labour market insertion―e.g., formal search methods or relying on contacts with natives―have a sizeable impact on the returns. Origin-country post-secondary degrees are also consistently associated with low returns on subsequent mobility, although highly educated immigrants from new EU member states experience higher chances of upward mobility. In line with some recent findings, recognition of educational credentials seems decisive for the very few non-Western immigrants who are able either to access better-qualified jobs on arrival or to improve their occupational status over time.
Keywords: educational credentials; human capital; immigration; labour market; returns to education
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:34-47

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: An Examination of Ethnic Hierarchies and Returns to Human Capital in the UK
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1457
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1457
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 6-33
Author-Name: Wouter Zwysen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Essex, UK
Author-Name: Neli Demireva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Essex, UK
Abstract: This article focuses on the returns to human capital of migrants and minorities in the UK. The question of whether skills and qualifications are properly utilized is very pertinent given the global competition for skilled migrants and the aim of European and British markets to attract such workers. Using data from Understanding Society (2009 to 2017) we find that there is a clear evidence of ethnic hierarchies with black Caribbean and black African minorities generally most disadvantaged, while other white UK-born have the best outcomes compared to the white British. Western migrants generally do very well, but new EU migrants have high levels of employment, and low returns to their qualifications and relatively high levels of over-qualification. Foreign qualifications are generally discounted, and more so for migrants with less certain legal status or low language skills. Public sector employment plays an important role and is associated with the higher economic placement of migrants and minorities in the UK. There are some worrying trends however. Highly skilled migrants, particularly black migrants as well as those from Eastern Europe, come in with high qualifications, but their jobs do not match their skill levels.
Keywords: ethnicity; international migration; labour market; over-qualification
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:6-33

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Returns to Human Capital and the Incorporation of Highly-Skilled Workers in the Public and Private Sector of Major Immigrant Societies: An Introduction
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1642
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i3.1642
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-5
Author-Name: Neli Demireva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Essex, UK
Author-Name: Ivana Fellini
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Abstract: Across the major immigrant societies of the European Union, EU-15 countries, migrants and minorities still experience economic disadvantage. This failure of economic integration poses significant questions about the utilization of human capital, the management of mobility and the competitiveness of European labour markets (Cameron, 2011; OECD, 2017). Using a variety of datasets, this special issue pushes the debate forward in several ways. We will consider the integration outcomes of both migrants and second generation minority members in comparison to majority members. Labour market outcomes will be considered broadly: the probability of employment but also overqualification will be taken into account. Offering both analysis of single country cases and a cross-national comparison, the special issue will build a comprehensive picture of the factors associated with labour market disadvantage of migrant men and women, and their descendants—particularly, differential returns to foreign qualifications and educational credentials, differences between public and private sectors placements, and where possible the period of the economic crisis will be examined as well.
Keywords: ethnic minorities; ethnic penalty; highly-skilled work; immigrant societies; returns to human capital
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:3:p:1-5

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “It’s Not Equality”: How Race, Class, and Gender Construct the Normative Religious Self among Female Prisoners
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1367
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1367
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 181-191
Author-Name: Rachel Ellis
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Missouri–St. Louis, USA
Abstract: Prior sociological research has demonstrated that religious selves are gendered. Using the case of female inmates—some of the most disadvantaged Americans—this article shows that dominant messages constructing the religious self are not only gendered, but also deeply intertwined with race and class. Data from 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork on religion inside a U.S. state women’s prison reveal that religious volunteers—predominately middle-class African American women—preached feminine submissiveness and finding a “man of God” to marry to embody religious ideals. However, these messages were largely out of sync with the realities of working class and poor incarcerated women, especially given their temporary isolation from the marriage market and the marital prospects in the socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods to which many would return. These findings suggest that scholars must pay attention to how race, class, and gender define dominant discourses around the religious self and consider the implications for stratification for those who fail to fulfill this dominant ideology.
Keywords: class; gender; prison; race; religion; religious self; stratification
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:181-191

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Systems over Service: Changing Systems of Inequality through Congregational Political Engagement
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1411
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1411
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 173-180
Author-Name: Rebecca Sager
Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, Loyola Marymount University, USA
Abstract: The role of religious groups in changing inequality has usually been a bottom up approach. Whether it was serving meals to the needy or sheltering the homeless, the vast majority of religious groups have addressed problems of inequality, not by addressing the causes of hunger and homelessness, but rather by offering assistance to those already in need. Rarely have religious groups become engaged in explicitly political activities that challenge structures that create large scale inequality. In this article, I examine the first state level efforts by LA Voice, a congregation-based community group that has worked to ameliorate inequality through political organizing with churches in largely poor minority communities throughout Los Angeles. Drawing on extensive qualitative data from field research and interviews during their first campaign season in 2012, I examine how these religious groups organized around a controversial political issue—an important move away from their traditional community-based organizing—and how their understandings of faith informed this work. Specifically, LA Voice helped pass a state-level initiative that directly challenged systems of inequality; Proposition 30, which raised taxes on the wealthy to fund public education. This political work highlighted long known internal struggles between congregation members who fought these actions and those who recognized the need in their communities and enthusiastically took up this work. This article ends with a discussion of how these early efforts resulted in further engagement by other member congregations.
Keywords: congregations; inequality; politics; religion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:173-180

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Rethinking Canadian Discourses of “Reasonable Accommodation”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1443
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1443
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 162-172
Author-Name: Amélie Barras
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Science, York University, Canada
Author-Name: Jennifer A. Selby
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Religious Studies, Memorial University, Canada
Author-Name: Lori G. Beaman
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Classics and Religious Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada
Abstract: This article maps the repercussions of the use of reasonable accommodation, a recent framework referenced inside and outside Canadian courtrooms to respond to religiously framed differences. Drawing on three cases from Ontario and Quebec, we trace how the notion of reasonable accommodation—now invoked by the media and in public discourse—has moved beyond its initial legal moorings. After outlining the cases, we critique the framework with attention to its tendency to create theological arbitrators who assess reasonableness, and for how it rigidifies ‘our values’ in hierarchical ways. We propose an alternative model that focuses on navigation and negotiation and that emphasizes belonging, inclusion and lived religion.
Keywords: Canada; lived religion; media; navigation; negotiation; reasonable accommodation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:162-172

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Muslim Employment Gap, Human Capital, and Ethno-Religious Penalties: Evidence from Switzerland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1395
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1395
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 151-161
Author-Name: Anaïd Lindemann
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences of Religions, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Author-Name: Jörg Stolz
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Social Sciences of Religions, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Abstract: In Europe, Muslims are more likely to be unemployed than non-Muslims. Many studies try to explain this employment gap by human capital and contextual factors on the one hand, and by ethno-religious penalties (discrimination due to religious affiliation, religiosity, or migration factors) on the other. In these studies, it is normally assumed that human capital mediates the effect of Muslim affiliation, and that controlling for human capital will therefore reduce the odds for Muslims of being unemployed. We replicate the well-known study by Connor and Koenig (2015) along these lines, using the most recent and representative Swiss data from 2014 (N = 16,487). Our key result is that Muslim affiliation does not mediate, but actually moderates, the effect of human capital on unemployment. We find a powerful interaction in that Muslims both with a very low and a very high level of education are disproportionally often unemployed. This is important because it means that raising the human capital of Muslims will not automatically lessen, but may instead actually widen, the employment gap. We discuss possible theoretical mechanisms that might explain this finding.
Keywords: discrimination; employment penalties; ethno-religious penalties; integration; Islamophobia; labor market; migration; Muslims; religious minority; religious penalties; unemployment; xenophobia
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:151-161

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “You’re Throwing Your Life Away”: Sanctioning of Early Marital Timelines by Religion and Social Class
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1397
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1397
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 140-150
Author-Name: Patricia Tevington
Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Abstract: In the midst of a shifting economic and cultural landscape, many young adults spend their twenties focused on individual achievement and self-actualization while delaying entrance into social roles such as marriage. Yet religion, particularly Evangelical Protestantism, places a high value on marriage as the legitimate context for sexuality and childbearing—which encourages earlier unions. This article, based on interviews with 87 dating, engaged, and married Evangelical young adults (aged 18 to 29), describes the social reaction to respondents’ marital timelines, which are typically at younger ages than their secular peers. Two sources of strong disapproval emerge. First, secular influences from outside of these respondents’ religious communities are almost unilaterally critical of early marriage plans. Second, even within religious communities, Evangelicals from middle class cultural milieus may face additional disapproval if their family formation plans are interpreted as compromising their educational goals. This article offers important insight on the intersecting roles of religion and social class in shaping the trajectories of young adults.
Keywords: Evangelical Protestantism; marriage; religion; social class; young adults
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:140-150

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “You Help Them Out and God Gets the Glory:” Social Class and Inequality in a Fundamentalist Christian Church
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1401
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1401
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 127-139
Author-Name: Lindsay W. Glassman
Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Abstract: Members of Full Truth Calvary Church (a pseudonym) say that they trust God for their material needs by relying on Him to send jobs, homes, and even occasional windfalls of cash. In doing so, they reject steps that might help them get ahead, such as higher education, credit cards, mortgages, or negotiations for higher pay. Members frame their circumstances—which would typically mark them as working class or poor—as indicators of faith. Using over three years of ethnographic and interview data, I explore how this fundamentalist religious community manages socioeconomic risk and inequality with a discourse of reliance on God. I present three key findings. First, I show how Full Truth teachings connect financial practices to faith, framing how members handle money as an important part of their Christian identity. Next, I show how those teachings mitigate inequality by discouraging educational or economic advancement that would place members outside of church community norms. Finally, I show how members with greater means give to their poorer brethren anonymously in an effort to keep the focus on God as the ultimate provider. Though members remain aware of inequity between families, these gifts ideally ease disparities without creating relationships of debt or resentment. My findings contribute to sociological understandings of how religious communities make meaning out of socioeconomic inequality.
Keywords: congregations; fundamentalism; inequality; religion; social class
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:127-139

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Religious Inequality in America
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1447
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1447
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 107-126
Author-Name: Melissa J. Wilde
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Author-Name: Patricia Tevington
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Author-Name: Wensong Shen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Abstract: Sociology has largely ignored class differences between American religious groups under the assumption that those differences “are smaller than they used to be and are getting smaller all of the time” (Pyle &amp; Davidson, 2014, p. 195). This article demonstrates that profound class differences remain amongst American religious groups. These differences are as large as—or larger than—commonly examined forms of inequality such as the gender pay gap and the race achievement gap. Using the most popular categorization of American religious groups, we find that regardless of the particular measure examined (years of education, income, socioeconomic index score, and proportion of members with at least a bachelor’s degree) Jews and Mainline Protestants are at the top of the socioeconomic ladder and Evangelical Protestants, both black and white, are at the bottom. Furthermore, religious group significantly predicts both years of education and the overall socioeconomic standing of respondents by itself with basic controls. Likewise, both socioeconomic indicators and education significantly predict the likelihood of being in a specific religious tradition on their own with basic controls. Some religious groups, namely Evangelical Protestants at the low end and Jews and the high end, are relatively educationally homogeneous. Others, such as Catholics, Mainline Protestants and the nonreligious are much more educationally heterogeneous. The picture is the same when socioeconomic heterogeneity is examined, except that Mainline Protestants emerge as more clearly advantaged socioeconomically. In sum, religious inequality remains in America, it is robust, and it appears to be quite durable.
Keywords: class; education; inequality; race; religious tradition; social class
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:107-126

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Complexity Beyond Intersections: Race, Class, and Neighborhood Disadvantage among African American Muslims
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1416
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1416
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 98-106
Author-Name: Pamela Prickett
Author-Workplace-Name: Department Sociology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract: This study uses the case of African American Muslims to examine the intersection of religious inequality with other forms of disadvantage. It draws on more than six years of ethnographic and historical research in an African American Muslim community in a poor neighborhood in Los Angeles, comparing the experiences of community members with existing research on first- and second-generation Muslim immigrants. It addresses the three most prominent axes of difference between African American and immigrant Muslims—race/ethnicity, class, and neighborhood disadvantage—to explicate the ways in which religion may compound existing inequalities, or in some cases create new forms of difference. It also shows how identifying as native-born Americans allows African American Muslims to claim religion as a cultural advantage in certain situations. Religion is complex not only when different forms of inequality intersect but when these intersections create a different way of understanding what religion means for people of faith.
Keywords: African Americans; American Islam; inequality; Muslim immigrants
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:98-106

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Colorblind Islam: The Racial Hinges of Immigrant Muslims in the United States
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1422
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1422
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 87-97
Author-Name: Jeffrey Guhin
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of California Los Angeles, USA
Abstract: Islam is increasingly theorized as a “racialized” category in the United States, yet these accounts can too often emphasize a top-down approach of racial identification and obfuscate the importance of the African-American Muslim experience. Using Maghbouleh’s (2017) concept of “racial hinges”, the author synthesizes previous work and provides evidence from his own ethnographic research to describe how immigrant Muslims in the United States leverage different racial “strategies of action” (Swidler, 1986), including white acculturation and black appropriation. In the conclusion, the author suggests a third strategy: brown solidarity.
Keywords: complex religion; ethnicity; immigration; Islam; race
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:87-97

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Editorial: “Complex Religion: Intersections of Religion and Inequality”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1606
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1606
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 83-86
Author-Name: Melissa J. Wilde
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Abstract: What is complex religion and how does it relate to social inclusion? Complex religion is a theory which posits that religion intersects with inequality, especially class, race, ethnicity and gender. The nine articles in this volume examine a wide array of ways that religion intersects with inequality, and how, as a result, it can create barriers to social inclusion. The issue begins with three articles that examine the role of religion and its intersection with race and racialization processes. It then moves to three articles that examine religion’s intersection with socioeconomic inequality. The issue closes with three studies of how religion’s relationship with the state creates and maintains various status hierarchies, even as some religious movements seek to combat inequality. Together, these articles enrichen our understanding of the complex task before anyone seeking to think about the role of religion in social inclusion.
Keywords: class; complex religion; gender; inequality; intersectionality; Islam; race; racialization; religion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:83-86

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Being a Disabled Patient: Negotiating the Social Practices of Hospitals in England
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1308
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1308
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 74-82
Author-Name: Stuart Read
Author-Workplace-Name: Norah Fry Centre for Disability Studies, University of Bristol, UK
Author-Name: Val Williams
Author-Workplace-Name: Norah Fry Centre for Disability Studies, University of Bristol, UK
Author-Name: Pauline Heslop
Author-Workplace-Name: Norah Fry Centre for Disability Studies, University of Bristol, UK
Author-Name: Victoria Mason-Angelow
Author-Workplace-Name: Norah Fry Centre for Disability Studies, University of Bristol, UK
Author-Name: Caroline Miles
Author-Workplace-Name: Norah Fry Centre for Disability Studies, University of Bristol, UK
Abstract: Accessing hospital care and being a patient is a highly individualised process, but it is also dependent on the culture and practices of the hospital and the staff who run it. Each hospital usually has a standard way of ‘doing things’, and a lack of flexibility in this may mean that there are challenges in effectively responding to the needs of disabled people who require ‘reasonably adjusted’ care. Based on qualitative stories told by disabled people accessing hospital services in England, this article describes how hospital practices have the potential to shape a person’s health care experiences. This article uses insights from social practice theories to argue that in order to address the potential problems of ‘misfitting’ that disabled people can experience, we first need to understand and challenge the embedded hospital practices that can continue to disadvantage disabled people.
Keywords: disability identification; disabled people; hospital; patient care; social practices
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:74-82

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: ‘Evidence’ of Neglect as a Form of Structural Violence: Parents with Intellectual Disabilities and Custody Deprivation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1344
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1344
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 66-73
Author-Name: Hanna Björg Sigurjónsdóttir
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
Author-Name: James G. Rice
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
Abstract: This contribution draws upon the findings from a multi-year project in Iceland entitled <em>Family Life and Disability</em>. One goal of the project was to analyse whether or not parents with intellectual disabilities (ID) experienced differential treatment in custody deprivation proceedings. The dataset consisted of the analysis of publicly available court documents concerning custody deprivation cases from 2012 to 2017. The project later expanded its dataset to include supplementary information provided by parents. The initial findings mirrored that of the international literature, that parents with ID faced disproportionate levels of permanent custody deprivation and prejudicial attitudes from the child protection system. This contribution critically explores the evidence of parenting neglect that forms of basis for custody deprivation in our dataset. Both authors noted a preponderance of evidence in our dataset that appeared strange and at times absurd, and generally did not appear in cases were ID was not a factor. We contend that this evidence played a prejudicial role in the outcome of these cases. In conclusion we argue that the patterned reliance upon this kind of ‘evidence’ is a form of structural violence which serves to unjustly exclude marginalised groups from the parenting role.
Keywords: child protection; custody deprivation; disability; Iceland; intellectual disability; structural violence
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:66-73

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Refamilialized System? An Analysis of Recent Developments of Personal Assistance in Sweden
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1358
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1358
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 56-65
Author-Name: Dietmar Rauch
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Author-Name: Elisabeth Olin
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Author-Name: Anna Dunér
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Work, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract: The Swedish system of disability support is often praised for its comparably well-developed Personal Assistance (PA) scheme. PA is formally prescribed as a social right for disabled people with comprehensive support needs in the <em>Act Concerning Support and Services to Persons with Certain Functional Impairments</em> (LSS). In the decade following the introduction of LSS in 1994, the PA-scheme expanded steadily to accommodate the support needs of more and more disabled people. It is commonly believed that the expansion of PA has substantially boosted the agency of both disabled people and their relatives. This article critically discusses in what direction the Swedish system of disability support has moved in the past decade. Is the common image of a system moving towards an ever increasing <em>defamilialization</em> of disability support still accurate? Or are there signs of stagnation, or even reversal towards refamilialization? What are the possible consequences of the more recent developments for disabled people and their relatives in terms of agency and equality? These questions will be discussed with the help of an analysis of the regulatory framework of disability support, statistical data and findings from public reports.
Keywords: agency; assistance allowance; defamilialization; disability support; equality; familialism; personal assistance; Sweden
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:56-65

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Deaf Learners’ Experiences in Malaysian Schools: Access, Equality and Communication
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1345
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1345
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 46-55
Author-Name: Khairul Farhah Khairuddin
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, UK / Faculty of Education, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia
Author-Name: Susie Miles
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, UK
Author-Name: Wendy McCracken
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Environment, Education and Development, University of Manchester, UK
Abstract: The Government of Malaysia has embraced international policy guidelines relating to disability equality, including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Its aim is to ensure that 75% of children with disabilities are included in mainstream classrooms by 2025 as part of a wider agenda to eliminate discrimination against people with disabilities. Including deaf children on an equal basis in the linguistically diverse, exam-oriented Malaysian school system is an ambitious and complex task given the difficulties they face in developing effective language and communication skills. The data presented here are taken from a larger study which explored teachers’, head teachers’, parents’, and children’s experiences of inclusion through in-depth interviews in three Malaysian schools. The study design was informed by a framework developed in the UK to guide best practice of educating deaf children in mainstream schools and focused specifically on the learning environment. This article presents contrasting educational experiences of two deaf adults, and then considers the experiences of four deaf children in their government-funded primary schools. A series of inter-related dimensions of inclusion were identified—these include curricular, organisational, social, acoustic and linguistic dimensions, which impact upon children’s ability to communicate and learn on an equal basis. Poor maintenance of assistive technology, insufficient teacher training and awareness, inflexibility of the education system, and limited home-school communication are some of the factors constraining efforts to promote equal participation in learning. There are promising signs, however, of teacher collaboration and the creation of more equitable and child-centred educational opportunities for deaf children.
Keywords: cochlear implants; communication; deaf equality; deaf learners; deafness; hearing aids; inclusion; Malaysia; schools; sign language
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:46-55

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Workplace Adaptations Promoting the Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities in Mainstream Employment: A Case-Study on Employers’ Responses in Norway
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1332
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1332
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 34-45
Author-Name: Yuliya Kuznetsova
Author-Workplace-Name: NOVA Norwegian Social Research, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
Author-Name: João Paulo Cerdeira Bento
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Abstract: This case-study conducted in Norway investigates employers’ responses to policy measures implemented throughout 2006–2015 and aimed at promoting the inclusion of persons with disabilities (PwDs) into mainstream employment by providing workplace adaptations. For this purpose, we apply a multi-method approach by combining in-depth qualitative interviews conducted with the managers at two large private companies in Norway and quantitative shift-share analysis performed on the Norwegian Disabled People LFS data. While the shift-share analysis has demonstrated positive effects in the employment of PwDs at the national level and in providing adaptations at work during 2011–2015 for ‘changes of working time’, ‘need for one or more adaptations’ and ‘changes of work tasks’, ‘physical adaptations’ remain negative. The qualitative interviews report that ‘flexibility’ or ‘changes of working time’ is the main workplace adaptation the managers at both companies provide to own employees who return to work after acquiring a disability or having a long-term illness. Both companies demonstrate high conformity to accessibility standards, however, the provision of workplace adaptations to PwDs without prior work experience remains limited or absent despite the disability policy measures in Norway in that period and the companies’ commitment to inclusion.
Keywords: accessibility; anti-discrimination; company; disability; employment; legislation; workplace adaptations
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:34-45

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Theorising Disability Care (Non-)Personalisation in European Countries: Comparing Personal Assistance Schemes in Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1318
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1318
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 22-33
Author-Name: Christoph Tschanz
Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
Abstract: This article examines four European countries (Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) with respect to their degree of disability care personalisation. The approach is embedded in a broader theoretical analysis, which in turn is inspired by the notion of bivalent social justice as presented by Nancy Fraser (2003). The theoretical argument is that claims for personal assistance are part of a broader movement toward emancipation. However, it is argued that the specific settings of welfare regimes provide structures that empower or mitigate the possible implementation of personal assistance schemes. The author argues that conservative-corporatist welfare regimes provide less-supportive opportunity structures for policy change pertaining to personal assistance than other welfare regimes. This heuristic argument is developed further by looking more closely at key figures of Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom as being ideal-typical welfare regime cases. Furthermore, the case of Switzerland is outlined in an in-depth manner as it seems to have conservative-corporatist characteristics regarding the organisation of disability care while simultaneously being difficult to theorise. It is the aim of this article to serve as a first heuristic undertaking for analysing the low level of disability care personalisation in certain continental European cases.
Keywords: comparative social policy; disability care; Nancy Fraser; personal assistance; personalisation; social movements; social services; social stratification; Switzerland; welfare state regimes
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:22-33

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Power, Ideology and Structure: The Legacy of Normalization for Intellectual Disability
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1264
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1264
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 12-21
Author-Name: Murray K. Simpson
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education and Social Work, University of Dundee, UK
Abstract: Since its first formulation in English, the ‘principle of normalization’ has had a profound impact on policy and practice in the field of intellectual disability. Over the past fifty years, normalization, and Social Role Valorization, have drawn on liberal humanist philosophy, adopting varied and complex positions in relation to it. This article will consider an apparent structural correspondence between a discourse of ‘liberal equality’ with versions of normalization that emphasised conformity to social norms, and those drawing primarily on ‘liberal autonomy’, emphasising independence and self-determination of people with intellectual disabilities. Despite this seeming correspondence, the article eschews a structuralist account in favour of a discursive and rhizomatic model, in which the philosophical elements are seen as tactical forces deployed in the pursuit of wider strategic ends. The article concludes by highlighting paradoxes in contemporary thinking that can be traced to the legacy of normalization, specifically, the tensions between sameness, difference, equality and independence.
Keywords: Deleuze; disability; discourse analysis; ethics; Foucault; ideology; intellectual disability; normalization principle; power; structuralism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:12-21

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Shallow Inclusion (or Integration) and Deep Exclusion: En-Dis-Abling Identities through Government Webpages in Hong Kong
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1282
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i2.1282
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-11
Author-Name: Alex Cockain
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Abstract: This article is primarily concerned with how government webpages in Hong Kong claiming to embrace social inclusion and provide services and support for persons with disabilities construct issues relating to disability. These texts are not read in isolation. Instead, they are considered in conjunction with discourse produced in several United Nations documents, especially the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, to which Hong Kong is a signatory. These documents appear to both proffer and retract social inclusion in ways that complicate, if not undermine entirely, their purportedly inclusionary intentions. This article also reflects upon commentary produced by university students at a public university in Hong Kong responding to government discourse. Such focus upon ‘non-disabled’ readers reveals how texts do more than merely mediate pre-existing messages. Instead, they constitute a “social location and organizer for the accomplishment of meaning”, thereby counting as “a form of social action” (Titchkosky, 2007, p. 27). Through the texts they conspire to make about disability, authors and readers become complicit in the production, maintenance, and reinforcement of non-disabled (or abled)/disabled identities and dis/ableist ideology in ways that implicate the entire population in exclusionary processes.
Keywords: barriers; dis/ableism; exclusion; Hong Kong; integration; non-disabled (or abled)/disabled identities; othering; rehabilitation; social inclusion; United Nations
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:2:p:1-11

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Who Undermines the Welfare State? Austerity-Dogmatism and the U-Turn in Swedish Asylum Policy
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1285
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1285
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 199-207
Author-Name: Simone Scarpa
Author-Workplace-Name: REMESO—Institute for Research on Migration, Ethnicity and Society, Linköping University, Sweden
Author-Name: Carl-Ulrik Schierup
Author-Workplace-Name: REMESO—Institute for Research on Migration, Ethnicity and Society, Linköping University, Sweden
Abstract: Within the EU, the so-called “refugee crisis” has been predominantly dealt with as an ill-timed and untenable financial burden. Since the 2007–08 financial crisis, the overarching objective of policy initiatives by EU-governments has been to keep public expenditure firmly under control. Thus, Sweden’s decision to grant permanent residence to all Syrians seeking asylum in 2013 seemed to represent a paradigmatic exception, pointing to the possibility of combining a humanitarian approach in the “long summer of migration” with generous welfare provisions. At the end of 2015, however, Sweden reversed its asylum policy, reducing its intake of refugees to the EU-mandated minimum. The main political parties embraced the mainstream view that an open-door refugee policy is not only detrimental to the welfare state, but could possibly trigger a “system breakdown”. In this article, we challenge this widely accepted narrative by arguing that the sustainability of the Swedish welfare state has not been undermined by refugee migration but rather by the Swedish government’s unbending adherence to austerity politics. Austerity politics have weakened the Swedish welfare state’s socially integrative functions and prevented the implementation of a more ambitious growth agenda, harvesting a potentially dynamic interplay of expansionary economic policies and a humanitarian asylum policy.
Keywords: asylum policy; austerity; crisis; refugee; Sweden; welfare state
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:199-207

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Dancing with ‘The Other’: Challenges and Opportunities of Deepening Democracy through Participatory Spaces for Refugees
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1300
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1300
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 188-198
Author-Name: Maria Charlotte Rast
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Halleh Ghorashi
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract: Due to the so-called refugee crisis and the Netherlands’ development into a ‘participation society’, refugee reception there has recently shifted its focus to early and fast participation. In this context, numerous community initiatives have emerged to support refugee reception and integration. Compared to earlier restrictive approaches, refugee reception through active engagement of newcomers in community initiatives seems to promise a more inclusive approach, a deepening of democracy. However, such initiatives have internal and external challenges that might inhibit refugees’ active participation and the initiatives’ adoption of inclusive approaches. In this qualitative research, we have explored the challenges and opportunities for active participation and inclusion of refugees in community initiatives, considering the context of normalizing exclusive discourses and increasingly neoliberal policies on refugee reception.
Keywords: community initiatives; deep democracy; exclusion; inclusion; power; reflection; refugees
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:188-198

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Politics of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: A Question of Inclusion and Exclusion through Citizenship
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1323
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1323
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 176-187
Author-Name: Sebnem Koser Akcapar
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Koç University, Turkey
Author-Name: Dogus Simsek
Author-Workplace-Name: College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Koç University, Turkey
Abstract: Turkey began to receive refugees from Syria in 2011 and has since become the country hosting the highest number of refugees, with more than 3.5 million Syrians and half a million people of other nationalities, mainly from Afghanistan, Iraq and Iran. An important turning point regarding the legal status of Syrian refugees has come with recent amendments to the Turkish citizenship law. Based on ongoing academic debates on integration and citizenship, this article will explore these two concepts in the case of Syrian refugees in Turkey. We will argue that the shift in the Turkish citizenship law is a direct outcome of recent migration flows. We further argue that the citizenship option is used both as a reward for skilled migrants with economic and cultural capital and as a tool to integrate the rest of the Syrians. It also reflects other social, political and demographic concerns of the Turkish government. Using our recent ethnographic study with Syrians and local populations in two main refugee hosting cities in Turkey, Istanbul and Gaziantep, we will locate the successes and weaknesses of this strategy by exemplifying the views of Syrian refugees on gaining Turkish citizenship and the reactions of Turkish nationals.
Keywords: citizenship; exclusion; inclusion; integration; refugees; Syrians; Turkey
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:176-187

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Facing Precarious Rights and Resisting EU ‘Migration Management’: South European Migrant Struggles in Berlin
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1301
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1301
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 166-175
Author-Name: Celia Bouali
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
Abstract: In this article, I trace struggles regarding EU internal mobility and migrant labour as they emerge in the mobilization of South European migrants in Berlin. The effects of the 2007–2008 financial crisis and European austerity politics have reoriented migration flows within the EU, increasing South-to-North migration with Germany as a prime destination. German public discourse on the matter reveals a view on (EU) migration that focuses on its economic ‘usefulness’ and tries to regulate it accordingly. EU citizenship turns out to be a key instrument of such EU internal ‘<em>migration management</em>’. The emergence of migrant activist groups, however, hints at another force at play. In their fight for social rights and better working conditions, migrant activists show they will not allow themselves to be easily ‘managed’ into precarious ‘productivity’. Against this background, I argue that EU internal mobility is a field of struggle where attempts to control migrant labour clash with moments of <em>autonomy</em> and resistance. My aim is to explore this field from a migration perspective, analysing rationales of EU <em>‘migration management’</em> and their impact on migrants’ lives as well as investigating the strategies that migrants develop in response. Based on an analysis of EU legislation and interviews with Italian activists in Berlin, I trace conflicts around EU internal mobility and migrant labour. Against the background of critical migration studies, I analyse EU internal <em>‘migration management’</em>, especially regarding the role of EU citizenship. Then, I look at EU migrant struggles in Berlin through the lens of <em>autonomy of migration</em>, drawing on the example of the Italian activist group <em>Berlin Migrant Strikers.</em>
Keywords: autonomy of migration; border regime; differential inclusion; migrant labour; migration management; migrant struggles
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:166-175

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Imperceptible Politics: Illegalized Migrants and Their Struggles for Work and Unionization
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1297
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1297
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 157-165
Author-Name: Holger Wilcke
Author-Workplace-Name: Berlin Institute of Migration and Integration Research, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
Abstract: This article argues that illegalized migrants carry the potential for social change not only through their acts of resistance but also in their everyday practices. This is the case <em>despite </em>illegalized migrants being the most disenfranchised subjects produced by the European border regime. In line with Jacques Rancière (1999) these practices can be understood as ‘politics’. For Rancière, becoming a political subject requires visibility, while other scholars (Papadopoulos &amp; Tsianos, 2007; Rygiel, 2011) stress that this is not necessarily the case. They argue that political subjectivity can also be achieved via invisible means; important in this discussion as invisibility is an essential strategy of illegalized migrants. The aim of this article is to resolve this binary and demonstrate, via empirical examples, that the two concepts of visibility and imperceptibility are often intertwined in the messy realities of everyday life. In the first case study, an intervention at the ver.di trade union conference in 2003, analysis reveals that illegalized migrants transformed society in their fight for union membership, but also that their visible campaigning simultaneously comprised strategies of imperceptibility. The second empirical section, which examines the employment stories of illegalized migrants, demonstrates that the everyday practices of illegal work can be understood as ‘imperceptible politics’. The discussion demonstrates that despite the exclusionary mechanisms of the existing social order, illegalized migrants are often able to find work. Thus, they routinely undermine the very foundations of the order that produces their exclusions. I argue that this disruption can be analyzed as migrants’ ‘imperceptible politics’, which in turn can be recognized as migrants’ transformative power.
Keywords: illegal migration; imperceptible politics; migration; mobile commons; political subjectivity; social change; trade union; Rancière
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:157-165

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Civil Society Dynamic of Including and Empowering Refugees in Canada’s Urban Centres
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1306
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1306
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 147-156
Author-Name: Oliver Schmidtke
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, University of Victoria, Canada
Abstract: This article addresses the critical role that civil society at the urban level plays in integrating and empowering immigrants and minorities in Canadian society. From a place-based approach, it investigates how key agencies in the local community have been instrumental in including immigrants in general and refugees in particular into the fabric of Canadian society. Empirically the analysis focuses on Neighbourhood Houses in Greater Vancouver and the Privately-Sponsored Refugee program in Canada. With the interpretative lens on the urban context, the article shows how immigrants and refugees have gained agency and voice in the public arena through place-based communities. The insight into these two empirical cases provides the basis for conceptualizing the socio-political dynamics of immigrant settlement and integration in terms of the effects generated by urban governance structures.
Keywords: Canada; civil society; immigration; integration; refugees
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:147-156

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Refugees’ Access to Housing and Residency in German Cities: Internal Border Regimes and Their Local Variations
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1334
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1334
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 135-146
Author-Name: Nihad El-Kayed
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
Author-Name: Ulrike Hamann
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
Abstract: This article examines how state regulations, market barriers, racist discrimination as well as NGOs interact and create internal border regimes by enabling, as well as restricting, access to social and civil rights connected to housing and the freedom of movement and settlement for refugees. Our contribution builds on an analysis of federal and state regulations on housing for refugees who are either in the process of seeking asylum or have completed the process and have been granted an asylum status in Germany. The analysis aims to dissect the workings of these regulations in order to develop a detailed understanding of how these internal border regimes define barriers and access to social and civil rights. In addition to legal and regulatory barriers at the federal, state, and local levels, we identify several other barriers that affect if, how, and when refugees are able to enter local housing markets. We will examine these barriers based on an exemplary analysis of the situation in the cities of Berlin and Dresden, whereby we will apply concepts from border as well as citizenship studies to obtain a deeper understanding of the processes at hand. While contributions to the realm of border studies have so far mostly concentrated on national or EU borders, our approach follows recent literature that emphasises the need to analyse the workings of borders <em>internal to</em> nation-states but has so far not addressed local variations of the ways in which refugees are able to access their right to housing. In taking up this approach, we also stress the need to look at local dimensions of an increasing civic stratification of refugee rights, which past research has also conceptualised primarily on the national level. In both cities, we have collected administrative documents and conducted interviews with refugees, NGOs, and representatives from the local administration. Based on this material, we analyse the workings of administrative barriers at the state and local levels along with market barriers and discriminatory practices employed by landlords and housing companies at the local level. In most cases, these conditions restrict refugees’ access to housing. We will contrast these obstacles with insight into the strategies pursued by refugees and volunteers in their efforts to find a place to live in the city.
Keywords: border studies; civic stratification; differential inclusion; Germany; housing; internal border regimes; refugees
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:135-146

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Municipal Responses to ‘Illegality’: Urban Sanctuary across National Contexts
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1273
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1273
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 124-134
Author-Name: Harald Bauder
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Ryerson University, Canada
Author-Name: Dayana A. Gonzalez
Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate Program in Immigration and Settlement Studies, Ryerson University, Canada
Abstract: Cities often seek to mitigate the highly precarious situation of Illegalized (or undocumented) migrants. In this context, “sanctuary cites” are an innovative urban response to exclusionary national policies. In this article, we expand the geographical scope of sanctuary policies and practices beyond Canada, the USA, and the UK, where the policies and practices are well-known. In particular, we explore corresponding urban initiatives in Chile, Germany, and Spain. We find that varying kinds of urban-sanctuary policies and practices permit illegalized migrants to cope with their situations in particular national contexts. However, different labels, such as “city of refuge,” “commune of reception,” or “solidarity city” are used to describe such initiatives. While national, historical, and geopolitical contexts distinctly shape local efforts to accommodate illegalized migrants, recognizing similarities across national contexts is important to develop globally-coordinated and internationally-inspired responses at the urban scale.
Keywords: migrants; municipalities; refuge; sanctuary cities; scale; solidarity cities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:124-134

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Mobile Peoples: Transversal Configurations
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1304
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1304
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 115-123
Author-Name: Engin Isin
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Politics and International Relations, UK / University of London Institute in Paris, France
Abstract: This essay is an attempt to think ‘mobile peoples’ as a political concept. I consider mobile peoples as a norm rather than an exception and as political subjects rather than subject peoples. After discussing the tension between ‘mobile’ and ‘peoples’, I draw on Ian Hacking’s historical ontology for understanding how <em>a</em> people comes to be. For understanding how <em>the</em> people comes to be, or rather, how the tension between a people that constitutes itself as a whole and those peoples that remain as residual parts, I draw on Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Rancière, and Ernesto Laclau as authors who identified this tension as a fundamental problem of ‘Western’ political thought. Yet, their inattention to <em>territory</em> draws me to James Scott whose work on early states challenges how we have come to understand the people as <em>sedentary</em> in the first place. His account of how ‘barbarians’ (mobile peoples) came to be seen as a threat to sedentary peoples enables us to understand that tension. Then a path opens toward thinking about mobile peoples as a political concept.
Keywords: a people; mobile peoples; territory; the people; state
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:115-123

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Transformative Forces of Migration: Refugees and the Re-Configuration of Migration Societies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1482
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1482
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 110-114
Author-Name: Ulrike Hamann
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Institute for Social Sciences, Germany
Author-Name: Gökçe Yurdakul
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Institute for Social Sciences, Germany
Abstract: In this thematic issue, we attempt to show how migrations transform societies at the local and micro level by focusing on how migrants and refugees navigate within different migration regimes. We pay particular attention to the specific formation of the migration regimes that these countries adopt, which structure the conditions of the economic, racialised, gendered, and sexualized violence and exploitation during migration processes. This interactive process of social transformation shapes individual experiences while also being shaped by them. We aim to contribute to the most recent and challenging question of what kind of political and social changes can be observed and how to frame these changes theoretically if we look at local levels while focusing on struggles for recognition, rights, and urban space. We bring in a cross-country comparative perspective, ranging from Canada, Chile, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and to Germany in order to lay out similarities and differences in each case, within which our authors analyse these transformative forces of migration.
Keywords: citizenship; migration; refugees; transformation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:110-114

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Social Inclusion through Community Living: Current Situation, Advances and Gaps in Policy, Practice and Research
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1211
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1211
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 94-109
Author-Name: Jan Šiška
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Charles University, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Julie Beadle-Brown
Author-Workplace-Name: Tizard Centre, University of Kent, UK
Author-Name: Šárka Káňová
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic
Author-Name: Pavlína Šumníková
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Charles University, Czech Republic
Abstract: This article draws on the findings of the EU Framework 7 project DISCIT to explore the living situation of people with disabilities a decade after the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in nine European countries representing different welfare state models and different stages in the process of deinstitutionalisation. A review of the research literature, policy and available statistics was combined with interviews with key informants in each country to explore the current living situation, changes over time and the barriers to, and facilitators for change. The article focuses in particular on whether people are experiencing opportunities for social inclusion on an equal basis with others. Although a lack of available data hampered conclusions on living situation, it was clear that there had been some change in terms of policy and funding streams available to support community living. Some countries had moved slightly towards community living, while others reported more people in institutions or the development of bigger services in the community. There was evidence of continued inequality in the living situation and full inclusion of people with disabilities, with those with intellectual disability and psychosocial disabilities being the most affected. In terms of barriers (and consequently facilitators) there were three sources: 1) policy, 2) social care and support systems, and 3) awareness, attitudes and advocacy. The need to involve people with disabilities in policymaking and the need for a co-ordinated approach between all actors in the disability sector was seen as critical for achieving further change.
Keywords: community living; disability; inclusion; policy
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:94-109

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Education, Work, and Motherhood in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Review of Equality Challenges and Opportunities for Women with Disabilities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1206
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1206
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 82-93
Author-Name: Belaynesh Tefera
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Resource Studies, Tilburg University, The Netherlands / School of Commerce, College of Business and Economics, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
Author-Name: Marloes L. van Engen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Resource Studies, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Alice Schippers
Author-Workplace-Name: Disability Studies Netherlands, The Netherlands / Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Arne H. Eide
Author-Workplace-Name: SINTEF Technology and Society, Norway / Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Author-Name: Amber Kersten
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Resource Studies, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Jac van der Klink
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Human Resource Studies, Tilburg University, The Netherlands / Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Abstract: This study looks at the equality challenges and opportunities for women with disabilities in low and middle income countries (LMICs) to participate and succeed in education, employment and motherhood. It is based on a systematic review of the literature from academic and non-governmental organization databases. The search of these databases yielded 24 articles, which were subsequently passed through open, axial, and selective coding. The resulting review found that women with disabilities in LMICs have severe difficulty participating and succeeding in education, employment and motherhood due to a number of interrelated factors: (i) hampered access to education, employment, intimacy and marriage, (ii) stigma and cultural practices resulting in discrimination and prejudice, and (iii) lack of support from family, teachers and institutions—all of which are exacerbated by poverty. Support from families, communities, the government, and non-governmental organizations improves women’s ability to fulfil their social roles (as students, employees and mothers), resulting in a better quality of life. Strategies that create awareness, minimize poverty and facilitate justice may improve the opportunities for women with disabilities in LMICs to participate in education, employment and motherhood, as well as their ability to succeed in these domains.
Keywords: capability; disability; education; employment; low and middle income countries; motherhood; social roles; women with disabilities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:82-93

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusions and Exclusions in Rural Tanzanian Primary Schools: Material Barriers, Teacher Agency and Disability Equality
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1203
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1203
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 73-81
Author-Name: Susie Miles
Author-Workplace-Name: Manchester Institute of Education, University of Manchester, UK
Author-Name: Jo Westbrook
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for International Education, University of Sussex, UK
Author-Name: Alison Croft
Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Consultant, UK
Abstract: This article begins with the assumption that the argument for the inclusion of children with disabilities in mainstream schools, championed by Sustainable Development Goal 4 and Article 24 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, has largely been accepted nationally and internationally by policy makers, and is increasingly being accepted by teachers. In interrogating the complex craft of developing inclusive and equal learning environments for children with disabilities, this article draws upon Kershner’s ‘core aspects of teachers’ knowledge and knowing’, and in particular, ‘the school as a site for the development of teaching expertise and the creation of knowledge’. Data is presented from in-depth interviews following videoed lesson observations with experienced teachers in 15 rural, urban and coastal primary schools in four districts in Tanzania. Findings indicate that the teachers’ practice is moving unevenly towards disability equality, and involves processes of inclusions and exclusions. This involves teacher autonomy, agency and reflective practice in the context of material, attitudinal, structural, pedagogic and curricular barriers. The teachers’ expertise has potential to inform national and international policy developments, and so reduce the evident rhetoric-reality gap. In conclusion, it is argued that inclusive education needs to grapple with disability as a social construct, and lessons are drawn for the further fulfilment of the rights of children with disabilities to equal participation in education.
Keywords: disability; inclusive education; pedagogy; primary school; rights; Sustainable Development Goals; Tanzania
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:73-81

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Rehabilitation as a Disability Equality Issue: A Conceptual Shift for Disability Studies?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1175
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1175
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 61-72
Author-Name: Tom Shakespeare
Author-Workplace-Name: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
Author-Name: Harriet Cooper
Author-Workplace-Name: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
Author-Name: Dikmen Bezmez
Author-Workplace-Name: College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Koç University, Turkey
Author-Name: Fiona Poland
Author-Workplace-Name: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
Abstract: Rehabilitation is a controversial subject in disability studies, often discussed in terms of oppression, normalisation, and unwanted intrusion. While there may be good reasons for positioning rehabilitation in this way, this has also meant that, as a lived experience, it is under-researched and neglected in disabilities literature, as we show by surveying leading disability studies journals. With some notable exceptions, rehabilitation research has remained the preserve of the rehabilitation sciences, and such studies have rarely included the voices of disabled people themselves, as we also demonstrate by surveying a cross-section of rehabilitation science literature. Next, drawing on new research, we argue for reframing access to rehabilitation as a disability equality issue. Through in-depth discussion of two case studies, we demonstrate that rehabilitation can be a tool for inclusion and for supporting an equal life. Indeed, we contend that rehabilitation merits disability researchers’ sustained engagement, precisely to ensure that a ‘right-based rehabilitation’ policy and practice can be developed, which is <em>not</em> oppressive, but reflects the views and experiences of the disabled people who rehabilitation should serve.
Keywords: concept; disability; equality; rehabilitation; rights
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:61-72

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Disability, Access to Food and the UN CRPD: Navigating Discourses of Human Rights in the Netherlands
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1160
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1160
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 51-60
Author-Name: Mitzi Waltz
Author-Workplace-Name: Disability Studies in Nederland, The Netherlands / Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Tanja Mol
Author-Workplace-Name: Disability Studies in Nederland, The Netherlands / Amsterdam Public Health Institute, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Elinor Gittins
Author-Workplace-Name: Disability Studies in Nederland, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Alice Schippers
Author-Workplace-Name: Disability Studies in Nederland, The Netherlands / Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Abstract: In 2016, the Netherlands ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD), one of the last developed nations to do so. In this article, we explore how equal access to food provides a lens through which barriers to implementing a rights-based approach to disability equality can be examined in countries that are historically resistant to such discourses. Through a literature review, policy research, and interviews with disabled people, representatives of disabled people’s organisations, Dutch legal scholars, food researchers, and foodbanks, we have explored barriers to equal food access in the Netherlands, and current approaches to overcoming social, economic and physical barriers. Our analysis indicates that implementation of the UN CRPD and other relevant international and EU policies continues to be limited in the Netherlands due to narrow interpretations, leading to policies and practices that do not foster equal access to resources and environments. Dutch understandings of disability equality are evolving, but encounter opposition from an entrenched system of separation and resistance to mandating change, including a reluctance to even collect data about inequality. From this basis, we identify knowledge gaps and make recommendations for steps the Netherlands could take to ensure equal access to food.
Keywords: accessibility; disability; economic rights; food; human rights; social rights
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:51-60

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Reasonable Accommodation as a Gateway to the Equal Enjoyment of Human Rights: From New York to Strasbourg
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1204
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1204
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 40-50
Author-Name: Delia Ferri
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Law, Maynooth University, Ireland
Abstract: The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) explicitly embeds the concept of reasonable accommodation within the principle of non-discrimination. Article 2 of the CRPD unambiguously recognizes that reasonable accommodation is vital in enabling persons with disabilities to enjoy and exercise their rights on an equal basis with others. This article argues that in the ten years since its entry into force, the CRPD has stimulated a process of cross-fertilization. In particular, it contends that the CRPD has played a crucial role in the advancement of disability equality, and in the recognition of reasonable accommodation as a gateway to the equal enjoyment of all human rights within the European human rights system. By adopting a legal perspective and a traditional doctrinal approach, this article focuses on relevant European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law. It shows the gradual adoption by the ECtHR of the concept of reasonable accommodation as an essential element to remove specific barriers or disadvantages to which a particular disabled individual would otherwise be subject. The primary emphasis of this short article is on the ECtHR case law and on the extent to which it has translated the CRPD and the work of the CRPD Committee into the European human rights system.
Keywords: disability; discrimination; equality; human rights; legislation; reasonable accommodation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:40-50

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Equality of What? The Capability Approach and the Right to Education for Persons with Disabilities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1193
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1193
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 29-39
Author-Name: Andrea Broderick
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of International and European Law, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
Abstract: The right to education is indispensable in unlocking other substantive human rights and in ensuring full and equal participation of persons with disabilities in mainstream society. The cornerstone of Article 24 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities seeks to ensure access to inclusive education for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others as well as the full development of human potential. Since the adoption of the Convention, there has been much theorising about inclusive education; however, there has been little focus on the meaning of equality in the context of the right to education for persons with disabilities. The capability approach, developed by Amartya Sen and further refined by Martha Nussbaum, focuses on ensuring equality and developing human potential. It is often viewed as a tool that can be used to overcome the limitations of traditional equality assessments in the educational sphere, which only measure resources and outcomes. This article explores whether the capability approach can offer new insights into the vision of educational equality contained in the Convention and how that vision can be implemented at the national level.
Keywords: capability approach; CRPD; disability; education; equality; inclusive education; United Nations
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:29-39

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Leveraging Employer Practices in Global Regulatory Frameworks to Improve Employment Outcomes for People with Disabilities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1201
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1201
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 18-28
Author-Name: Matthew C. Saleh
Author-Workplace-Name: K. Lisa Yang and Hock E. Tan Institute on Employment and Disability, ILR School, Cornell University, USA
Author-Name: Susanne M. Bruyère
Author-Workplace-Name: K. Lisa Yang and Hock E. Tan Institute on Employment and Disability, ILR School, Cornell University, USA
Abstract: Work is an important part of life, providing both economic security and a forum to contribute one’s talents and skills to society, thereby anchoring the individual in a social role. However, access to work is not equally available to people with disabilities globally. Regulatory environments that prohibit discrimination and support vocational training and educational opportunities constitute a critical first step toward economic independence. However, they have not proven sufficient in themselves. In this article, we aim to infuse deeper consideration of employer practice and demand-side policy reforms into global policy discussions of the right to work for people with disabilities. We begin by documenting the employment and economic disparities existing for people with disabilities globally, followed by a description of the international, regional, and local regulatory contexts aiming to improve labor market outcomes for people with disabilities. Next, we examine how policies can leverage employer interests to further address inequalities. We discuss employer policies and practices demonstrated in the research to facilitate recruitment, hiring, career development, retention, and meaningful workplace inclusion. The goal of the article is to synthesize existing international literature on employment rights for people with disabilities with the employer perspective.
Keywords: disability; disabled worker; employment; employment equity; employer practices; human resources; international disability policy
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:18-28

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Dis-Equality: Exploring the Juxtaposition of Disability and Equality
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1161
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1161
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 9-17
Author-Name: Bronagh Byrne
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen’s University Belfast, UK
Abstract: The (in)equality issues facing disabled people are extensive and long-enduring. The way(s) in which equality is conceptualised has important consequences for understandings of disability. The ambiguity of what I call <em>dis-equality</em> theory is two-fold; the apparent failure of mainstream equality theorising in, firstly, embracing disability concepts at all, and secondly, in fully incorporating the logistics of disability, particularly in relation to the social construction of such. Practices of institutional and more complex forms of discrimination are part of those deeper structures of domination and oppression which maintain disabled people in positions of disadvantage. Everyday practices, in the ‘ordinary order of things’ (Bourdieu, 2000), continue to be misrecognised as natural and taken for granted. This article critically explores the complexity of <em>dis-equality</em> theorising utilising a Bourdieusian lens which explicitly incorporates complex and subtle forms of discrimination, and by examining the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities’ approach to equality. I argue that the way forward for <em>dis-equality</em> theorising in today’s rights based era must be one that considers the nuances of the ‘rules of the game’ (Young, 1990) if it is to be effective in challenging the inequalities to which disabled people have long been subject.
Keywords: Bourdieu; disability; dis-equality; discrimination; equality; rights; UNCRPD
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:9-17

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Achieving Disability Equality: Empowering Disabled People to Take the Lead
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1180
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v6i1.1180
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 6
Year: 2018
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-8
Author-Name: Laufey Löve
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Disability Studies, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
Author-Name: Rannveig Traustadóttir
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Disability Studies, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
Author-Name: James Gordon Rice
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Disability Studies, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland / Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
Abstract: Achieving disability equality calls for transformative changes to society’s structures and norms. Recognizing the central role of disabled people and their organizations in this restructuring, and the call of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) for their full inclusion in all legal and policy decisions relating to their rights, this article focuses on how disability groups and organizations regard their ability to effect changes in line with the CRPD. The article draws on qualitative interviews with leaders of disability organizations and activist groups in Iceland in 2016 and 2017. The findings reflect frustration among the leaders with what they perceive to be a lack of sustained progress in the decade since the country signed the CRPD. In their view, this period has been characterized by a lack of meaningful involvement of disabled people in policymaking, and a lack of political will and interest in disability affairs, which has resulted in stagnation. As a result, leaders of disabled people’s organizations have begun to change their strategies and are taking steps to redefine their approaches, and reframe the issues and dialogue with authorities in a more progressive manner, demanding to have more say in the process of change.
Keywords: activist groups; CRPD; disabled people; disability equality; empowerment; policymaking; umbrella organizations
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v6:y:2018:i:1:p:1-8