Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Transport-Based Social Exclusion in Rural Japan: A Case Study on Schooling Trips of High School Students
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1079
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1079
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 235-250
Author-Name: David Perez-Barbosa
Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan
Author-Name: Junyi Zhang
Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan
Abstract: The well-being of young people—particularly aspects such as physical and mental health—has become an increasing concern for Japan’s government due, in part, to the aging and declining depopulation that Japan has been experiencing in recent years. Considering this, a survey of well-being and travel-to-school behavior was carried out in four high schools of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan; between May and September 2016 with 1,017 valid samples. The respondents’ ages vary between 15 and 19 years old. We argue that transport-based social exclusion results from not only situations of transport disadvantage, but also reduced or deteriorated individual well-being. Here, well-being is measured by using constructs grouped into three main categories: happiness, healthy lifestyle propensity, and social exclusion. We found the following potential issues of transport-based social exclusion: residents in depopulating areas experience lower levels of well-being than people in non-depopulating areas. Travel times longer than 30 minutes have negative effects on happiness, traffic safety perception, health conditions, and personal health habits. Bicycle users tend to experience higher levels of well-being in general, whereas bus and car users tend to experience less in comparison. Special attention should be paid to improving affordability and flexibility of bus services for students.
Keywords: depopulation; high school; Japan; rural area; social exclusion; student; transport; well-being
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:235-250

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Navigating Urban Life in Lisbon: A Study of Migrants’ Mobilities and Use of Space
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1105
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1105
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 226-234
Author-Name: Franz Buhr
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Author-Name: Jennifer McGarrigle
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract: Besides a more general concern over transport infrastructure, its quality and availability, mobility is also a pre-condition for city dwellers to access urban resources, facilities, employment, local services and leisure. Moreover, mobility allows urban inhabitants to uncover a city’s potentialities and to fully participate in urban life. Migrants, nevertheless, face the issue of learning to do mobility in a new environment together with the urgency for settlement, finding work, making personal connections and attending to the mundane needs of everyday life that require one to move about. This article looks at migrants’ urban mobilities in Lisbon, Portugal, from two perspectives. First, we look at migrants’ urban knowledge and skills and at how they employ their abilities to use Lisbon’s urban resources. Second, we address some of the ways place-specific urban resources of a religious nature sustain and are sustained by various (im)mobility practices. More specifically, we look to a suburban mosque run by Guinean migrants and to a Sikh Gurdwara. This mobile/place-based contrast points to the variegated (and often overlooked) forms of mobility (or lack of) that are put to practice by migrants and to how they shape the everyday of migration journeys and their capacities to enjoy city-living.
Keywords: integration; migrant; mobility; navigation; religion; transport; urban; wellbeing
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:226-234

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Analysing the Role of Social Visits on Migrants’ Social Capital: A Personal Network Approach
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1164
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1164
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 209-225
Author-Name: Gil Viry
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
Author-Name: Olga Ganjour
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Author-Name: Jacques-Antoine Gauthier
Author-Workplace-Name: Life Course and Inequality Research Centre, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Author-Name: Emmanuel Ravalet
Author-Workplace-Name: Laboratory of Urban Sociology (LaSUR), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
Author-Name: Eric D. Widmer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Abstract: There are concerns that migrants may be embedded in far-flung networks with support being less collective. The spatial dispersion of their relatives and friends would result in fragmented networks with lower solidarity and lower mutual trust than densely connected networks based on geographical proximity. This may be particularly true for migrants who rarely meet their relatives and friends face-to-face. Yet, it is unclear what role, if any, distant visits play in migrants’ social capital. This article examines these issues using representative data from Switzerland and a combination of network and sequence analysis. Results show that migrants have more spatially dispersed networks, which, in turn, are associated with higher number of emotional support ties compared to respondents with spatially close networks, yet they are characterised by low cohesion and low trust. Distant visits only partly moderate the influence of spatial dispersion on social capital. People who frequently visit or host their far-flung relatives and friends have more transitive networks and fewer supportive ties than those who see them less often, but they do not have higher trust in them. Overall, distant visits have relatively little impact on social capital, suggesting a network effect that goes beyond dyadic relationships.
Keywords: distance; migration; network geography; personal networks; sequence analysis; social capital; social network analysis; social support; social visits; travel
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:209-225

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Transport Infrastructure and Social Inclusion: A Case Study of Tourism in the Region of Gilgit-Baltistan
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1084
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1084
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 196-208
Author-Name: Asif Hussain
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, New Zealand
Author-Name: David Fisher
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, New Zealand
Author-Name: Stephen Espiner
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, Lincoln University, New Zealand
Abstract: Until the building of the Karakorum Highway (1958–78), the region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, was extremely isolated, thus preserving distinct cultural traits. The few tourists accessing the area were primarily experienced mountaineers. The highway was established to provide a land link with China, principally as a result of turbulent geo-political rivalry. Once built, however, the road created a connexion to the outside world and allowed for many more visitors to the region. Whilst the road was not built with tourism in mind, it allowed easier access for tourists and necessitated the development of a service sector to provide for those using the road. As a consequence, a once subsistence and self-reliant economy became monetised, and modern consumer goods were introduced to the region. Increased access and mobility has facilitated change in the Gilgit-Baltistan, contributing to a degree of social inclusion not previously possible. Whilst there are multiple drivers of change observed here, tourism has provided an important means by which some of the more profound changes have occurred. Local people have adapted their livelihoods to the new, monetary economy resulting in a decline in traditional agricultural practices. More importantly, however, tourism has enabled the outside world to enter into the consciousness of local people. Visitors have become conduits of change and the world is now viewed via technologies made possible by the spoils of tourism. The road has also allowed for much easier movement of local people out of and back to Gilgit-Baltistan, thereby facilitating increased social inclusion with the wider world.
Keywords: development; Gilgit-Baltistan; mobility; Pakistan; road; social inclusion; tourism; transport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:196-208

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Kindness of Strangers: Exploring Interdependencies and Shared Mobilities of Elderly People in Rural Japan
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1125
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1125
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 183-195
Author-Name: Fuyo (Jenny) Yamamoto
Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan
Author-Name: Junyi Zhang
Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan
Abstract: For over forty years, most residents in rural areas of Japan have relied on private vehicles to meet their mobility needs. Today, however, the rapid ageing of the population, coupled with low birth rates and migration of young people to urban areas, is posing a variety of new transport challenges. Most notably, the proportion of drivers to non-drivers is getting smaller. This means that non-drivers who relied on family and neighbours for trips in the past, as well as elderly residents who give up their licenses, have fewer people to drive them. Current policy debates tend to focus on technological “solutions”, and underestimate the complex social, cultural and inter-personal relationships which underlie transport dependencies in these environments. Using a qualitative semi-structured survey, the current study explores the current mobilities of older people living in a small rural district in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The resulting analysis reveals how cultural attitudes and social norms affect the ways in which older people manage their mobilities.
Keywords: ageing; cultural attitudes; driving; elderly; Japan; mobility; transport; older people; rural transportation; social exclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:183-195

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Mobility-Related Economic Exclusion: Accessibility and Commuting Patterns in Industrial Zones in Turkey
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1147
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1147
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 175-182
Author-Name: Nihan Akyelken
Author-Workplace-Name: Sustainable Urban Development Programme, Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, UK
Abstract: Geographers have long examined the assumption that women are locally constricted and what this means for women taking up of economic opportunities. These studies have provided valuable insights into the understanding of the spatial dimension of social exclusion. However, the investigation of the role of wider economic, physical and social contexts on women’s mobility and accessibility constraints has mainly concerned the countries in North America and Western Europe. Through a mixed methods study of two industrial zones in Turkey, this article looks at how women and men from different social backgrounds access the zones with the aim of identifying the specific constraints that women face in their everyday life in accessing economic opportunities. The results show that while gender seems to play a role in the choice of place of residence and the employers’ perception of time use, women’s socioeconomic and educational backgrounds seem to be more important predictors of their commuting patterns and access to the zones. The study confirms that gendered daily travel patterns are a useful unit of analysis for investigating unequal access to economic opportunities. It further argues that the complex nature of everyday mobilities of women should be interpreted in conjunction with the perceptions of employers on women’s work spaces and time use.
Keywords: accessibility; commuting; female labour; industrial zones; labour markets; mobility; Turkey
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:175-182

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Understanding Capabilities, Functionings and Travel in High and Low Income Neighbourhoods in Manila
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1083
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1083
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 161-174
Author-Name: Robin Hickman
Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK
Author-Name: Mengqiu Cao
Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK
Author-Name: Beatriz Mella Lira
Author-Workplace-Name: Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK
Author-Name: Alexis Fillone
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, The Philippines
Author-Name: Jose Bienvenido Biona
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Engineering and Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, The Philippines
Abstract: Transport plays an important role in helping people to access activities and participate in life. The availability of transport networks, the modes available, new infrastructure proposals, and the type of urban development can all impact on and change activity participation, and hence contribute to social equity in the city. This article uses surveys in low and high income neighbourhoods in Manila, the Philippines, to assess the social equity implications of differential access to transport. The analysis demonstrates how the theoretical framework of the Capability Approach (Nussbaum, 2003; Sen, 1985, 1999, 2009) can be used to assess what individuals might be able to access (capabilities) versus their actual travel (functionings). The spatial patterns of travel and access to activities are assessed, demonstrating significant differences by gender, age, income and neighbourhood, in terms of travel mode and cost of travel; health, physical and mental integrity; senses, imagination and thoughts; reasoning and planning; social interaction; natural environment; sustainable modes; and information. This approach to assessing the transport dimensions of social equity offers much potential, based not only on access to resources or consumption of mobility, but also in the opportunities that people have in relation to their activity participation. The case study context is also informative, with Manila providing an example of an Asian city with high levels of private car usage, high levels of congestion, and large spatial and income differentials in travel and associated social equity.
Keywords: Capability Approach; income; Manila; mobility; neighbourhood; social equity; transport; travel
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:161-174

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: ‘Forced Car Ownership’ in the UK and Germany: Socio-Spatial Patterns and Potential Economic Stress Impacts
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1081
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1081
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 147-160
Author-Name: Giulio Mattioli
Author-Workplace-Name: Sustainability Research Institute and Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK
Abstract: The notion of ‘forced car ownership’ (FCO), born out of transport research on UK rural areas, is used to define households who own cars despite limited economic resources. FCO is thought to result in households cutting expenditure on other necessities and/or reducing travel activity to the bare minimum, both of which may result in social exclusion. Social exclusion research, on the other hand, has paid much attention to ‘material deprivation’, i.e., the economic strain and enforced lack of durable goods arising from low income. However, the FCO phenomenon suggests that, among households with limited resources, the <em>enforced possession</em> and use of a durable good can be the cause of material deprivation, economic stress and vulnerability to fuel price increases. In this study, we use 2012 EU ‘Income and Living Conditions’ data (EU-SILC) to shed light on FCO in two European countries (UK and Germany). Through secondary data analysis we are able to show: the social and spatial patterns of FCO; key differences between FCO and ‘car deprived’ households; the intensity of social exclusion, material deprivation, and economic strain among FCO households; and overlaps between FCO and economic stress in other life domains (domestic fuel poverty, housing cost overburden). The results also show contrasting spatial patterns of FCO in Germany (higher incidence in rural areas) and UK (similar incidence in urban and rural areas), which can be explained in light of the different socio-spatial configurations prevalent in the two countries. We conclude by discussing implications for future research and policy-making.
Keywords: car use; economic stress; forced car ownership; material deprivation; social exclusion; transport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:147-160

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Visualizing the Impacts of Movement Infrastructures on Social Inclusion: Graph-Based Methods for Observing Community Formations in Contrasting Geographic Contexts
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1099
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1099
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 132-146
Author-Name: Jamie O'Brien
Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London, UK
Author-Name: Laura García Vélez
Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London, UK
Author-Name: Martin Zaltz Austwick
Author-Workplace-Name: The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London, UK
Abstract: In this article we describe some innovative methods for observing the possible impacts of roads, junctions and pathways (movement infrastructures), on community life in terms of their affordances and hindrances for social connectivity. In seeking to observe these impacts, we combined a range of visualization research methods, based on qualitative points-data mapping, graphic representation and urban morphological analysis at local and global geographic scales. Our overall aim in this study was to develop exploratory methods for combining and visualizing various kinds of data that relate to urban community formations in contrasting urban contexts. We focused our enquiry on the perspectives of adolescents in two urban contexts: Liverpool, UK, and Medellín, Colombia. While they contrast in their geo-political and cultural characteristics, these two cities each present polarized socio-economic inequalities across distinctive spatial patterns. We found that adolescents in these cities offer generally localized, pedestrian perspectives of their local areas, and unique insights into the opportunities and challenges for place-making in their local community spaces. We gathered the communities’ local perspectives through map-making workshops, in which participants used given iconographic symbols to select and weight the social and structural assets that they deemed to be significant features of their community spaces. We then sampled and visualized these selective points data to observe ways in which local community assets relate to infrastructural affordances for movement (in terms of network integration). This analysis was based on the theory and method of Space Syntax, which provides a model of affordances for movement across the urban network over various scales of network configuration. In particular, we sought to determine how city-scale movement infrastructures interact with local-scale infrastructures, and to develop methods for observing ways in which these interactions have positive or negative consequences for community formations.
Keywords: movement infrastructures; participatory methods; urban morphology; Space Syntax; visualization research methods
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:132-146

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Indicators of Socio-Spatial Transport Disadvantage for Inter-Island Transport Planning in Rural Philippine Communities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1098
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1098
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 116-131
Author-Name: David Cao
Author-Workplace-Name: Transport for New South Wales, Australia
Author-Name: John Stanley
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, Business School, University of Sydney, Australia
Author-Name: Janet Stanley
Author-Workplace-Name: Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, Melbourne School of Design, University of Melbourne, Australia
Abstract: This article seeks to identify areas of relative transport disadvantage within an archipelagic region of the Philippines, so its people can be privileged through the provision of faster inter-island journeys to support social inclusion. It assesses the constraints that limit travel between cities and townships by undertaking a small travel behavior survey and trip generation/distribution model across four population centres, to observe how physical isolation from larger centres of social confluence can be reflected by lower trip volumes and associated increases in risks of social exclusion. The article’s methodology makes use of limited information to identify where reductions in inter-island travel time can be proposed for people living in areas of greater relative transport, social and economic disadvantage, so that individual economic and personal travel opportunities can be made more accessible, reducing exclusion risks and promoting well-being.
Keywords: intermodal transport; island; mobility; Philippines; regional development; social exclusion; transport disadvantage
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:116-131

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Importance of Transport for Social Inclusion
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1289
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1289
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 108-115
Author-Name: Janet Stanley
Author-Workplace-Name: Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
Author-Name: John Stanley
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies,Business School, University of Sydney, Australia
Abstract: Links between mobility, social exclusion and well being, and matters related thereto, have been an important focus of research, planning and policy thinking in the land use transport field for about the past two decades, in places such as the UK, Australia, South Africa, North America and parts of South America. This introductory paper to the journal volume on <em>Regional and Urban Mobility: Contribution to Social Inclusion</em> summarizes some of the key literature in the field during that period, illustrating how research sometimes takes a place-based approach and at other times focuses on groups of people likely to be at risk of mobility-related social exclusion. The ten articles in this journal volume explore aspects of these relationships, mainly through the lens of at risk groups, across a number of social-spatial settings. Articles draw on case studies from the Philippines, UK/Germany, UK/Colombia, Lisbon, Gilgat-Baltistan, Turkey and Japan, providing a broad set of contexts. The different language and frameworks used by researchers from different professional backgrounds, as illustrated in this volume, highlights some of the barriers that need to be confronted in progressing policy to improve the lot of people experiencing mobility-related social exclusion.
Keywords: cars; mobility; public transport; social inclusion; transport; urban design; walking; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:108-115

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Fostering Social Inclusion through Multilingual Habitus in Estonia: A Case Study of the Open School of Kalamaja and the Sakala Private School
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1149
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1149
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 98-107
Author-Name: Svetlana L’nyavskiy-Ekelund
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Language and Literature, Lund University, Sweden
Author-Name: Maarja Siiner
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Multilingualism in the Society across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, Norway
Abstract: After the restoration of independence in 1991, Estonia continued with a parallel school system with separate public schools operating for Russian- and Estonian-speaking children. Seen as a developmental ‘growing pains’ of a transitional state, during the last 27 years the separate school system has contributed to infrastructural difficulties, educational injustice, and societal segregation. This article investigates the role of private schools in addressing this injustice from the analytical angle of new institutionalism, structuration and intergroup contact theories. How do these institutions challenge and aim at changing the state language regime or path dependency in the language of education? Two case studies are presented in this article: The Open School, established in 2017 for children with different home language backgrounds and targeting trilingual competences; The Sakala Private School, established in 2009, offering trilingual education with Russian as a medium of instruction. During this period of nation-state rebuilding and globalization, we investigate whether developing a multilingual habitus is a way to address the issue of social cohesion in the Estonian society in. So far, no other studies of private initiatives in Estonian language acquisition planning have been done.
Keywords: democratization; Estonia; integrated school; language acquisition planning; multilingual habitus; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:98-107

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Why Context Matters: Social Inclusion and Multilingualism in an Austrian School Setting
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1139
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1139
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 87-97
Author-Name: Ulrike Jessner
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of English, University of Innsbruck, Austria, and Doctoral School of Multilingualism, Institute of Hungarian and Applied Linguistics, University of Pannonia, Hungary
Author-Name: Kerstin Mayr-Keiler
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research and Knowledge Management, Pedagogical University Tyrol, Austria
Abstract: This article draws attention to language choice and language use of Austrian bi- and multilingual school children. We explore some implications of their linguistic practices with regard to social inclusion in an Austrian educational school setting. Pursuing a Dynamic Systems and Complexity Theory approach, we hypothesise that before language users actually use a language within a certain context, they have to evaluate the respective communicative situation by taking multiple contextual factors into consideration, meaning language users choose to use, or not to use, a language based on the socio-contextual information at hand. We consider these contextual factors to be most relevant as they provide the basis on which speakers can actually make use of a certain language within a given context. By drawing on examples of empirical data obtained through a language background survey, we examine some of the complex and dynamic interactions of contextual parameters influencing language choice and language use in the formal educational setting of classroom instruction. Based on the results of this study, we display a selection of the dynamic and complex interactions of pupils’ language use in one specific context as well as their language preferences and how these relate to social inclusion.
Keywords: complexity; context; education; language use; multilingualism; social inclusion; sociolinguistics
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:87-97

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Language Provision in Education: A View from Scotland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1150
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1150
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 78-86
Author-Name: Róisín McKelvey
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh, UK
Abstract: A tension between mobility and inclusion can be seen in public sector attempts to respond to the increasingly multilingual nature of the Scottish population. Increased mobility has contributed to greater linguistic diversity, which has led to growing demand for multilingual public services. Legal instruments and education policy in Scotland provide a promising framework in terms of promoting language learning and multilingualism, but implementation is not always successful and responding to linguistic diversity among pupils is beset with challenges. This article will consider some of these challenges, both practical and attitudinal, reflecting on language teaching in Scotland and on issues raised during interviews with officials from the English as an additional language (EAL) services in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Language teaching often does not take into account the linguistic diversity present—despite the opportunity for a more inclusive approach offered by Scottish Government strategy—and this risks reinforcing negative beliefs about significant allochthonous languages in Scotland. In these circumstances, meeting the linguistic needs of increasingly multilingual school populations in an inclusive way is a challenging task.
Keywords: education; English; inclusion; language; mobility; multilingualism; school; Scotland; teaching
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:78-86

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Language Use and Social Inclusion in International Retirement Migration
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1133
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1133
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 69-77
Author-Name: Per Gustafson
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, Sweden
Author-Name: Ann Elisabeth Laksfoss Cardozo
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cultural Studies and Languages, University of Stavanger, Norway
Abstract: The migration of older people in search for improved quality of life has become an important form of human mobility, and popular retirement destinations are often highly multilingual settings. This article explores language use and social inclusion in international retirement migration through a case study of Scandinavian retirees in the Alicante province in Spain. It examines the linguistic landscape they meet, their language use and their inclusion in their new home country. Interviews with retired migrants and key local individuals show that many migrants try to learn the host country language, but that these attempts are often not very successful. As a result, they frequently use either their native language or English for everyday communication. This article elaborates on three theoretical and political notions of inclusion—assimilation, multiculturalism and civic integration—and discusses how retired migrants’ language use can be interpreted in the light of these notions.
Keywords: international retirement migration; language; multilingualism; social inclusion; Spain
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:69-77

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Accommodating Multilingualism in Macedonia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1129
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1129
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 60-68
Author-Name: Renata Treneska-Deskoska
Author-Workplace-Name: Iustinianus Primus Faculty of Law, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Macedonia
Abstract: The period since the independence of the Republic of Macedonia in 1991 has shown the political importance of language, as well as the political tensions that can arise over language-related issues. For a long time, multilingualism in Macedonia was a problem that threatened the unity and stability of the country. In 2001 the armed conflict in Macedonia showed that governmental policies of ignoring certain issues fueled ethnic divisions and facilitated a climate of insecurity. In order to terminate the armed conflict, Macedonia has since introduced constitutional changes relevant to linguistic diversity. The constitutional amendment regulating the official use of languages in Macedonia was as a result of a necessary compromise to terminate the armed conflict. The amendment is formulated in a vague and contradictory manner; full of loopholes, views provided on official languages leads to different interpretations and is still subject to disputes between experts, as well as party leaders in Macedonia. This vagueness led to politicians using the topic of the official use of languages as a talking point in every electoral campaign since 2001. This article will examine the challenges and possibilities that came from the constitutional amendment on the use of languages in Macedonia. It will also analyze the loopholes of the legal norms on the use of languages, and the problems of its implementation.
Keywords: ethnic rights; language policy; language rights; Macedonia; multilingualism; official language
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:60-68

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Politics of Multilingualism in Roma Education in Early Soviet Union and Its Current Projections
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1128
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1128
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 48-59
Author-Name: Elena Marushiakova
Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St. Andrews, UK
Author-Name: Vesselin Popov
Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St. Andrews, UK
Abstract: This article presents the history of the politics of multilingualism (or lack thereof) in regard to Roma (formerly known as ‘Gypsies’). In the 1920s and 1930s in the newly established Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, against a backdrop of proclaimed principles of full equality of all peoples living in the new state, commenced a rapid creation of schools for Roma children with instruction in Romani mother-tongue along with special training of Roma teachers. The results achieved were impressive in regard to the general literacy of Roma communities, but nevertheless in 1938 the ‘Gypsy schools’ have been closed and Roma children were enrolled into mainstream schools lacking any elements of multilingualism. After World War II individual countries of Eastern Europe implemented various forms of special education for Roma children, neither of which however with elements of multilingualism. Only after the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, in the conditions of transition and the subsequent Euro-integration, various singular countries in the region have developed individual elements of multilingualism and educational policies targeting Roma children (e.g., introducing under various forms a Romani language instruction). Sporadically there even appeared proposals for teaching instruction conducted entirely in Roma mother-tongue, which were debated and rejected (including by Roma themselves).
Keywords: education; Gypsies; language; multilingualism; Roma; Romani language; school; USSR
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:48-59

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Beyond the Nation-State? The Ideology of the Esperanto Movement between Neutralism and Multilingualism
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1140
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1140
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 38-47
Author-Name: Federico Gobbo
Author-Workplace-Name: Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication (ACLC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Humanities (StudiUm), University of Turin, Italy, and Department of Educational Human Sciences “Riccardo Massa”, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Abstract: Since its launch, Esperanto has attracted people involved in language politics. For them Esperanto provides an equitable solution when international problems are discussed, overcoming the barrier posed by the use of national languages and identities. However, its relation with the nation-state is far from being straightforward. Although a significant majority of the Movement claims Esperanto to be a <em>neŭtrala lingvo</em>, a neutral language, this has been fiercely contested by Esperanto activists committed to advancing particular programs for changing the world. From a sociolinguistic point of view, all Esperanto speakers are at least bilingual and quite often multilingual, without exception, so they always belong at least to one speech community in some way connected with a nation-state. This article illustrates the different facets of the Esperanto Movement from its beginning in 1887. Particular attention is paid to the concept of neutralism and how it has evolved in time. From the <em>belle époque,</em> Esperanto has been forced to re-define its position according to changes in sociopolitical contexts. In the current era of ‘glocalization’, where the spread of English worldwide is counterbalanced with old and new forms of local identities often linked with minority languages, Esperanto represents an alternative to the idea that global English leads to more social inclusion.
Keywords: Esperanto; globalization; glocalization; language; language politics; linguistic justice; minority language; mobility; nation-state; neutral language
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:38-47

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Language Planning and Policy, Law and (Post)Colonial Relations in Small Island States: A Case Study
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1134
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1134
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 29-37
Author-Name: Herman Bröring
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Law, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Eric Mijts
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Law, University of Aruba, Aruba, Faculty of Arts, University of Antwerp, Belgium, and Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, University of Ghent, Belgium
Abstract: Language planning and policy (LPP) in postcolonial island states is often strongly (co)determined by the former colonizer’s state tradition. Comparable to the examples of the development of LPP in Cabo Verde (Baptista, Brito, &amp; Bangura, 2010), Haiti (DeGraff, 2016), and Mauritius (Johnson, 2006; Lallmahomed-Aumeerally, 2005), this article aims to illustrate and explain in what way the current situation of the dominance of Dutch in governance, law and education in Aruba (and Curaçao) can only be explained through path dependency and state tradition (Sonntag &amp; Cardinal, 2015) in which, time and again, critical junctures, have not led to decisions that favour the mother tongue of the majority of the population (Dijkhoff &amp; Pereira, 2010; Mijts, 2015; Prins-Winkel, 1973; Winkel, 1955). In this article, three perspectives on LPP in small island states are explored as different aspects of the continuation of the former colonizer’s state tradition and language regime. The first part will focus on the (non-)applicability of international treaties like the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) on the challenges of small island states. The point will be made that international treaties, like the ECRML, do not (currently) provide sufficient basis for the protection of languages in former colonial islands and for the empowerment of individuals through language rights. The second part explores the meaning of fundamental legal principles and specific demands, deduced from international treaties. The point will be made that the structure of the Kingdom of the Netherlands brings with it several limitations and obstacles for the autonomous development of LPP. The third part will focus on the way in which current Aruban legislation reflects the dominance of Dutch in governance, the judiciary and education. While bearing in mind that choices for legislation on language for governance, the judiciary and education are rooted in very diverse principles, a critical reading of existing legislation reveals an interesting dynamic of symbolic inclusive legislation and exclusive practices through language restrictions that favour the Dutch minority language. Recent research, however, demonstrates that law/policy and practice are not aligned, as such creating an incoherent situation that may call for a change in legislation and policy.
Keywords: colony; Dutch; island; language; law; planning; policy
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:29-37

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Hindi Bayani/Not a Hero”: The Linguistic Landscape of Protest in Manila
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1151
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1151
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 14-28
Author-Name: Jennifer Monje
Author-Workplace-Name: College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, University of the City of Manila, The Philippines
Abstract: This article examines the linguistic landscape of Manila during a protest march in November 2016 in response to the burial of deposed president Ferdinand Marcos at the <em>Libingan ng mga Bayani</em> (Heroes’ Cemetery). This article is situated among linguistic landscape of protest research (Kasanga, 2014; Seals, 2011; Shiri, 2015) where data is composed of mobile posters, placards, banners, and other ‘unfixed’ signs, including texts on bodies, t-shirts, umbrellas, and rocks. Following Sebba (2010), this article argues that both ‘fixed’ linguistic landscape and ‘mobile’ public texts are indices of the linguistic composition of cities, linguistic diversity, and ethnolinguistic vitality (Landry &amp; Bourhis, 1997). Through a qualitative analysis of selected pictures produced during the protest march and uploaded onto social media, the multilingual nature of Manila is rendered salient and visible, albeit temporarily, and strategies of dissent are reflective of the language of the millennials who populated the protests.
Keywords: ethnolinguistic vitality; linguistic landscape; ‘mobile’ public texts; multilingualism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:14-28

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Urban Multilingualism and the Civic University: A Dynamic, Non-Linear Model of Participatory Research
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1137
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1137
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 5-13
Author-Name: Yaron Matras
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, University of Manchester, UK
Author-Name: Alex Robertson
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, University of Manchester, UK
Abstract: Drawing on the example of Multilingual Manchester, we show how a university research unit can support work toward a more inclusive society by raising awareness of language diversity and thereby helping to facilitate access to services, raise confidence among disadvantaged groups, sensitise young people to the challenges of diversity, and remove barriers. The setting (Manchester, UK) is one in which globalisation and increased mobility have created a diverse civic community; where austerity measures in the wake of the financial crisis a decade ago continue to put pressure on public services affecting the most vulnerable population sectors; and where higher education is embracing a neo-liberal agenda with growing emphasis on the economisation of research, commodification of teaching, and a need to demonstrate a ‘return on investment’ to clients and sponsors. Unexpectedly, perhaps, this environment creates favourable conditions for a model of participatory research that involves co-production with students and local stakeholders and seeks to shape public discourses around language diversity as a way of promoting values and strategies of inclusion.
Keywords: language; Manchester; multilingualism; social responsibility; participatory research; university
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:5-13

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Multilingualism and Social Inclusion
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1286
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i4.1286
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 4
Pages: 1-4
Author-Name: László Marácz
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Department of International Relations, Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Author-Name: Silvia Adamo
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Abstract: This is a thematic issue on the relation between multilingualism and social inclusion. Due to globalization, Europeanization, supranational and transnational regulations linguistic diversity and multilingualism are on the rise. Migration and old and new forms of mobility play an important role in these processes. As a consequence, English as the only global language is spreading around the world, including Europe and the European Union. Social and linguistic inclusion was accounted for in the pre-globalization age by the nation-state ideology implementing the ‘one nation-one people-one language’ doctrine into practice. This lead to forced linguistic assimilation and the elimination of cultural and linguistic heritage. Now, in the present age of globalization, linguistic diversity at the national state level has been recognized and multilingual states have been developing where all types of languages can be used in governance and daily life protected by a legal framework. This does not mean that there is full equality of languages. This carries over to the fair and just social inclusion of the speakers of these weaker, dominated languages as well. There is always a power question related to multilingualism. The ten case studies in this thematic issue elaborate on the relation between multilingualism and social inclusion. The articles in this issue refer to this topic in connection with different spaces, including the city, the island, and the globe; in connection with different groups, like Roma in the former Soviet-Union and ethnic Albanians in Macedonia; in connection with migration and mobility of Nordic pensioners to the south of Europe, and language education in Scotland; and finally in connection with bilingual education in Austria and Estonia as examples of successful practices including multilingualism under one and the same school roof.
Keywords: communication; education; English; Esperanto; language; minorities; multilingualism; global languages; linguistic spaces; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:4:p:1-4

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Youth Reflexivity as Participatory Research in Senegal: A Field Study of Reciprocal Learning and Incremental Transformations
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/991
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.991
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 251-261
Author-Name: Richard Maclure
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Canada
Abstract: There is now widespread appreciation that children are capable of functioning as key protagonists of their own development, and that this capacity can be enhanced if they are afforded opportunities to participate in forms of inquiry that stimulate reflexivity amongst themselves and with outside researchers. There is likewise common acceptance that youth participation in research on issues that relate to their well-being can contribute to evidence-based knowledge that has multiple benefits. Rather more ambiguous, however, are questions concerning the nature of youth–researcher relationships and whether—or to what extent—youth participation in research can be characterized as a transformative process. Such questions are particularly salient in countries of the global South where the notion of youth participation tends to run counter to the persistence of hierarchical power arrangements, and where there are substantial socio-cultural differences between youth participants and professional researchers, many of whom are associated with international aid. This article addresses these questions by recounting a field study that engaged eight groups of youth living in rural communities and urban neighbourhoods in Senegal. Through processes of reflexivity that entailed analysis of issues they deemed to be socially problematic, and through subsequent dissemination of their analyses in narrative performances of their choosing, the youth attained a remarkable degree of project ownership. As a result, the field study also fostered a process of reciprocal learning among the participants and the researchers that contributed to the genesis of incremental transformations.
Keywords: incremental transformations; learning-by-doing; participatory research; reciprocal learning; reflexivity; Senegal; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:251-261

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Advocating for a More Relational and Dynamic Model of Participation for Child Researchers
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/966
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.966
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 240-250
Author-Name: Christina R. Ergler
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand
Abstract: Primary school children participating as researchers has become a moral obligation to meet the goal of children’s participation rights. Yet, critical voices rarely question the ethical and practical implications of turning young children into mini-clones of adult researchers. While enabling and constraining aspects of participatory methods and inherent power issues per se are widely discussed, adult researchers still seem to struggle to critically engage with celebratory accounts of children as researchers. In particular, the practical obligations, ethical challenges and tensions that impact on primary school children’s research experiences, are underexplored. Findings from two projects on play, which engaged children as active researchers, suggest that more attention needs to be paid to the messy realities of becoming and being a child researcher. In particular, researchers should be more attuned to children’s capabilities and the ethical hurdles for child and adult researchers. This article argues therefore for a more dynamic, meaningful and realistic model of participation, that speaks to the messy realities of becoming and being a child-researcher. In other words, the article questions the dominant orthodoxy of children as researchers as the ‘gold standard’ of participatory research with children.
Keywords: children; ethics; participation; research
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:240-250

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Saying It Like It Is? Power, Participation and Research Involving Young People
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/967
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.967
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 228-239
Author-Name: Emma Davidson
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research on Families and Relationships, University of Edinburgh, UK
Abstract: Developments in the conceptualisation of childhood have prompted a fundamental shift in young people’s position within social research. Central to this has been the growing recognition of children’s agency within the landscapes of power between child participants and adult researchers. Participatory research has rooted itself in this paradigm, gaining status from its principles of social inclusion and reciprocity. While participatory research has benefitted from a growing theoretical analysis, insight can be deepened from reflexive accounts critiquing participation ‘in the field’. This article presents one such account, using the example of an ethnographic study with young people living in a ‘disadvantaged’ housing estate in the UK. It describes how efforts to ‘enable’ young people’s participation were simultaneously embraced, contested, subverted and refused. These, often playful, responses offered rich insight into how the young participants viewed themselves, their neighbourhood, and ‘outsiders’ efforts to give them voice. The article concludes by emphasising the importance of conceptualising participation not simply as a set of methods, but as a philosophical commitment which embraces honesty, inclusivity and, importantly, the humour that can come from this approach to research.
Keywords: children’s rights; power; participation; resistance; UK; voice; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:228-239

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Doing It Write: Representation and Responsibility in Writing Up Participatory Research Involving Young People
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/957
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.957
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 219-227
Author-Name: Catherine Wilkinson
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, UK
Author-Name: Samantha Wilkinson
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Science and Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
Abstract: This article adopts a reflexive stance as the authors look back on their doctoral research projects; the first author exploring young people’s relationships with community radio, and the second author studying young people’s alcohol consumption practices and experiences, both in the North West of England, UK. The authors discuss the methods of data collection they employed, which enabled young people the opportunity to participate in meaningful ways. However, drawing on snapshots from their PhD theses, the authors question whether decisions made when writing up related to protecting anonymity, (re)presenting speech characteristics, and editing, independently of participants, potentially undid some of the hard work exerted in creating an equitable space for young people’s contributions, resultantly perpetuating the regulation of young people and keeping them ‘in their place’. The authors propose some recommendations for facilitating the inclusion of young people in the writing up of participatory research.
Keywords: dissemination; inclusion; methods; participatory research; qualitative research; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:219-227

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Achieving Child Friendly Justice through Child Friendly Methods: Let’s Start with the Right to Information
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1043
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.1043
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 207-218
Author-Name: Helen Stalford
Author-Workplace-Name: European Children’s Rights Unit, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, UK
Author-Name: Liam Cairns
Author-Workplace-Name: European Children’s Rights Unit, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, UK
Author-Name: Jeremy Marshall
Author-Workplace-Name: European Children’s Rights Unit, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, UK
Abstract: Making the justice process ‘child friendly’ is a key priority for the children’s rights community. An abundance of commentary has been produced by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child to highlight how justice proceedings can be made more accessible for children and, in 2010, the Council of Europe issued its comprehensive ‘Guidelines on Child Friendly Justice’. Despite these efforts, children remain ill-informed, not just about the nature of justice proceedings in which they may be implicated, but about the very existence and scope of their rights and how to enforce them. Despite unequivocal acknowledgement that the availability and accessibility of information is the crucial starting point in a children’s rights-based approach to dispensing justice, there has been surprisingly little attempt to scrutinise the availability, quality and accessibility of information about laws and policies affecting children. This article takes a closer look at what, exactly, ‘child friendly’ information means in practice. In doing so, we argue that attempts to develop child friendly information have yet to progress beyond adult-driven, largely tokenistic and superficial re-branding exercises. As such, efforts to develop child friendly resources are often of limited value in empowering young people to develop their legal literacy and realise their rights in practice. We reflect on our attempt to develop an explicitly children’s rights-based approach to the development of child friendly resources with a view to enhancing their purchase. This took place in the context of a pilot project, commissioned by the Council of Europe in June 2014, to create a child friendly version of their Child Friendly Justice Guidelines.
Keywords: child friendly; information; justice; online media; participation; right to information
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:207-218

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Educating Future Planners about Working with Children and Young People
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/974
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.974
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 195-206
Author-Name: Julie Rudner
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Inquiry, La Trobe University, Australia
Abstract: Planning and urban design professionals should ensure they engage children/young people in their work so planning systems and strategic policy can be more inclusive of the needs and aspirations of children/young people. Yet practitioners do not necessarily view children/young people as legitimate stakeholders, and professionals do not necessarily have the skills to be inclusive. To shift current policy and practice, planners and designers need to be better educated so they can facilitate children’s/young people’s contributions as well as advocate effectively for systemic change. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the UNICEF Child Friendly Cities provide legitimacy and direction for current and future professionals about why engagement with children/young people should be a fundamental part of professional practice. However, it’s important that students and practitioners learn how to engage with children/young people ethically. A key starting point is the way in which education is constituted as ethical practice when conducting research and engagement activities with children/young people. Lansdown’s (2011) requirements for ethical engagement are applied to reflexively evaluate the design and implementation of a university subject, delivered in Victoria, Australia, that trains future planners about how to work with children and young people.
Keywords: children; education; friendly city; young people; planning; urban design
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:195-206

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Incorporating Children and Young People’s Voices in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services Using The Family Model
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/951
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.951
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 183-194
Author-Name: Benjamin Hoadley
Author-Workplace-Name: Child & Youth Mental Health Service, Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia
Author-Name: Freya Smith
Author-Workplace-Name: Child & Youth Mental Health Service, Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia
Author-Name: Cecilia Wan
Author-Workplace-Name: The Brolga Unit, Hornsby Hospital, Australia
Author-Name: Adrian Falkov
Author-Workplace-Name: Child & Youth Mental Health Service, Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia
Abstract: Mental illness in children and young people is increasing in frequency and complexity, is emerging earlier and is persisting into adulthood. This is a global issue with implications for research, policy and practice. Children and young people require the experience of safe, nurturing relationships for optimal lifelong outcomes. Despite awareness of this in Child and Adolescent Mental Health services, a focus on the relational context in which children and young people present is not universal. A challenge in family focused practice is to ensure that no individual’s voice is ‘too loud’ and that children and young people’s voices are heard. This article illustrates how a balance between individual and systems understanding can be achieved in therapeutic work by incorporating the voices of children and young people and concerns of other family members. This article describes an approach to improving family focused practice in a public Child and Adolescent Mental Health service. Use of The Family Model, as a family focused practice tool, is presented across three service settings. The Family Model intervention is briefly described, outlining the way in which it supports collaborative practice and assists clinicians to achieve the balance described above. Vignettes will demonstrate how children and young people’s voices are explicitly incorporated in formulating mental health issues with two generations to generate developmentally informed care plans.
Keywords: adolescent; children; family focused practice; mental health; psychology; The Family Model; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:183-194

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusion as Ethics, Equity and/or Human Rights? Spotlighting School Mathematics Practices in Scotland and Globally
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/984
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.984
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 172-182
Author-Name: Dalene M. Swanson
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK
Author-Name: Hong-Lin Yu
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Stirling, UK
Author-Name: Stella Mouroutsou
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK
Abstract: Mathematics education has been notoriously slow at interpreting inclusion in ways that are not divisive. Dominant views of educational inclusion in school mathematics classrooms have been shaped by social constructions of ability. These particularly indelible constructions derive from the perceived hierarchical nature of mathematics and the naturalised assumption that mathematisation is purely an intellectual exercise. Constructions of ability, therefore, emanate from the epistemic structures of mathematics education as predominantly practiced worldwide, and the prevalence of proceduralism and exclusion in those practices. Assumptions about ‘ability’ have become a truth to mathematical aptitude held by mathematics teachers in schools. This includes schools across Scotland. In Scotland, the government owes the ‘included pupil’ a legal obligation to provide additional support for learning under section 1(1) of the Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004. However, classroom practices deployed around socially-constructed notions of ability have seen schools moving away from an emphasis on ‘additional’ to an expansive interpretation of ‘different from’ in the language of section 1(3)(a) of the Act 2004. This shift, therefore, reinstalls exclusionary effects to school mathematics practices by creating the conditions for some pupils, constructed in terms of disabilities or low ability, to be afforded a more inferior education than others. While philosophical conversations around whether these practices are ethical, egalitarian or democratic might ensue, there is also the human rights angle, which asks whether such practices are even lawful.
Keywords: ability; Additional Support Needs; classroom practices; education; equality; equity, inclusion, law; mathematics; policy; school; social construction; streaming
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:172-182

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Political Space for Children? The Age Order and Children’s Right to Participation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/969
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.969
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 164-171
Author-Name: Jeanette Sundhall
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cultural Sciences, Gothenburg University, Sweden
Abstract: This article discusses how adulthood is naturalized and how adulthood norms set limits on the possibilities of including children in democratic processes and understanding them as political subjects. The article examines the kind of resistance children and youth can meet when participating in democratic processes, with examples of speech acts from the Gothenburg Youth Council. It also discusses the theoretic concept of <em>childism</em> (Wall, 2008, 2010) and how childism can be a way to escape the dominance of adulthood norms. The concept of childism means addressing children’s experiences by transforming understandings and practices for all humans, not only for non-adults. How is it possible to create a political space for children and involve children in defining what should count as politically important?
Keywords: adulthood norms; age order; childism; participation; youth council
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:164-171

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Acknowledging Children’s Voice and Participation in Family Courts: Criteria that Guide Western Australian Court Consultants
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/964
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.964
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 155-163
Author-Name: Vicki Banham
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Author-Name: Alfred Allan
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Author-Name: Jennifer Bergman
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Attorney General, Family Court Counselling and Consultancy Service, Australia
Author-Name: Jasmin Jau
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Australia
Abstract: The Australian family courts introduced Child Inclusive Conferencing after the country adopted the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The legislation governing these conferences is minimalistic but the Family Court Consultants in the Family Court of Australia and the Federal Circuit Court have well-developed and documented guidelines. The Family Court of Western Australia is, however, a separate entity and in the absence of regulatory guidelines its Family Consultants developed their own process and criteria. This model is unique, in Australia at least, because it has been organically developed by the practitioners providing the Child Inclusive Conferences with very little, if any, statutory and regulatory guidance. This model therefore serves as an example of how practitioners think child inclusive services should be offered. The model is, however, not documented and the aim of this study was to understand and document Family Consultants’ decision making regarding if and when they will conduct a Child Inclusive Conference in the Family Court of Western Australia. Ten Family Consultants were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis was conducted on the transcripts of the interviews identifying 12 themes. Overall the data suggested that Family Consultants take into account a range of criteria and although they were very cognisant of the importance for the child to be engaged in decision making they noted specific challenges regarding how they could use Child Inclusive Conferencing to do this. These findings provide a basis for the development of regulations that ensure that Child Inclusive Conferences are used optimally to improve the inclusion of children in the family court procedures in Western Australia and potentially elsewhere. Further research is, however, necessary before such regulations can be finalised.
Keywords: children; court; participation; rights; voice of the child
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:155-163

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Views of the Child Reports: Hearing Directly from Children Involved in Post-Separation Disputes
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/922
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.922
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 148-154
Author-Name: Rachel Birnbaum
Author-Workplace-Name: King’s University College, Western University, Canada
Abstract: Views of the Child reports are being increasingly used in Canada and other countries as a means of directly obtaining the child’s perspective on disputes between their parents and/or guardians. The reports provide information about the child’s perspective based on one or more interviews with a social worker. Yet, little research exists about their use and impact, the benefits and limitations of the approach, and less about what factors need to be considered in establishing practices and protocols to safely advance children’s views before the court. This article draws on the direct experiences of 24 children between the ages of 6–17 years about their views and preferences during family breakdown. The children describe how they wanted to speak to someone about their views and preferences, raised questions about the accuracy of the reporting of their views, the need for protecting their confidentiality by having a say of what is included in the report, and their support for children’s participation in decision-making post-separation. Practice, research and policy considerations are also highlighted in order for children’s participation to be truly meaningful to them, their parents and the courts.
Keywords: child custody; children; dispute; divorce; family; participation; rights; separation; Views of the Child
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:148-154

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Voice or Voice-Over? Harnessing the Relationship between a Child’s Right to Be Heard and Legal Agency through Norwegian Bullying Cases
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/970
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.970
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 131-147
Author-Name: Sevda Clark
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, Norway
Abstract: This article offers an analysis of the child’s right to be heard under Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its application in Norway, through a case study of bullying. The methodology combines a “top-down” legal interpretation of Article 12 in addition to an analysis of Section 9a of the <em>Education Act</em>, juxtaposed with bottom-up approaches. First, a legal analysis of Article 12 and the General Comments of the Convention on the Rights of the Child Committee is provided, with a view to demonstrating the strength of the connection between agency and voice. Looking from the bottom up, therefore, the article then pursues the voices of the bullied children themselves. It places its ear to the ground, so to speak, through an examination of complaints submitted by children to the Ombudsman for Children, in order to “hear” the voices of children subjected to bullying at school, before they are formulated in legal terms before judicial bodies. Finally, I offer a close reading of the report on Section 9a commissioned by the Norwegian Government, published in a 2015 Report (the “Djupedal Report”) in tandem with the leading Supreme Court 2012 decision on bullying, so as to critically examine the fulfilment of Article 12 in Norway. In the final analysis, I argue that in Norwegian bullying cases, though the child has the legal right to be heard, there is no voice, due to the limitations of legal agency for children pursuant to Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Keywords: bullying; child rights; legal agency; Ombudsman; right to be heard
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:131-147

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Children’s Participation: Questioning Competence and Competencies?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/986
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.986
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 122-130
Author-Name: Carine Le Borgne
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
Author-Name: E. Kay M. Tisdall
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
Abstract: While Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child has encouraged children’s participation in collective decision-making, the literature is replete with the challenges as well as successes of such participation. One challenge is adults’ perceptions of children’s competence and competencies. These are frequently used as threshold criteria, so that children viewed as incompetent or lacking competencies are not allowed or supported to participate. Despite this casual elision between children’s participation and their (perceived) competence and competencies, the latter are rarely explicitly defined, theorised or evidenced. This article draws on research undertaken in Tamil Nadu (South India) and Scotland (UK), with two non-governmental organisations supporting children’s participation in their communities. The article examines how staff members can validate and enhance children’s competence and competencies, by scaffolding children to influence decision-making and recognising and adding to children’s knowledge. These empirical findings suggest the need for increased scrutiny of the concepts of competence and competencies, recognising their disempowering potential. The findings argue that competence is situationally and socially constructed rather than a set and individual characteristic.
Keywords: adults; children; community; competence; competencies; family; participation; school; social competence
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:122-130

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Voices of Young Carers in Policy and Practice
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/965
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.965
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 113-121
Author-Name: Daniel Phelps
Author-Workplace-Name: Research and Knowledge Exchange Centre, University of Winchester, UK, and www.youngcarers.info, UK
Abstract: This article presents examples from England of the participation of children with caring responsibilities (young carers) in policy and practice at both local and national levels. The ‘voices' of young carers themselves have become more prominent at many levels and in diverse contexts such as through local young carers’ fora and through dialogue with decision makers, including social care commissioners and Members of Parliament. This participation has for a number of years in England, been strongly advocated for and facilitated by voluntary sector services in particular. Drawing on a number of practice examples, the article will highlight a range of young carers' participatory activity and the extent to which this is woven into policy development and practice. It will consider the processes and protocols of recruitment and safeguarding and the outcomes of young carers' participation, including the influence of their ‘voices’ in bringing about real change and the impacts on themselves as individuals. Consideration will be given as to whether the voices of young carers has been truly representative of children and young people with caring responsibilities and where particular attention may need to be focused when listening to their voices. The potential risks of young carers' participation at a practical level will be explored as well as the barriers to participation for young carers and approaches for enhancing their participation.
Keywords: caring; child’s voice; involvement; participation; policy; practice; young carers
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:113-121

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Consultations with Children and Young People and Their Impact on Policy in Ireland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/959
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.959
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 104-112
Author-Name: Deirdre Horgan
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork, Ireland
Abstract: This article will examine the participatory structures for consulting with children in Ireland. It provides a background with reference to the National Strategy on Children and Young People’s Participation in Decision-making (Department of Children and Youth Affairs, 2015)—the first of its kind in Europe—its key objectives, and recent progress in meeting these. Examples of two consultations with children, on health and afterschool care, and their impact on policy, will be discussed. The potential for consultations of this kind to influence and child-proof policy will be reflected on; the argument in this article is that there are different levels of participation for different purposes. The author worked with colleagues on two national consultations in 2015 and 2016 involving children between 5 to 17 years of age utilising a variety of child-centred activities. The methods are strengths-based consultative approaches that allow children to identify and explore issues based on what they know and experience in their everyday lives. Initial reflections indicate that consultations with children can be an important and challenging tool in accessing their views on policy issues of importance to them which help to child-proof policy and ensure it is in the best interests of children.
Keywords: child participation; children’s rights; consultations; Ireland; policymaking
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:104-112

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Clash of Conventions? Participation, Power and the Rights of Disabled Children
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/955
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.955
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 93-103
Author-Name: Ralph Sandland
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Law, University of Nottingham, UK
Abstract: This article considers the neglected topic of the relationship between the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, with regard to the participation rights of disabled children. It analyses key articles in both conventions and considers relevant general comments from both convention committees (the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities), and their interpretation by academic contributors. The article argues that much work on this topic fails to develop an adequate understanding of power relations, and that the ‘social model of disability’ which underpins the disabilities convention, when applied to ‘childhood’ (as opposed to ‘children’) suggests that the implications of that convention for the participation rights of all children, not only disabled children, are profound. This is because the disabilities convention rejects the relevance of tests of capacity and ‘best interests’ for disabled adults, for reasons which are equally germane to disabled children, and children in general. The article concludes with discussion of the difficulties in implementing the insights derived from the analysis of the disabilities convention in substantive law in the absence of a right to freedom from age discrimination for children, and suggests other, less far-reaching, reforms that could be made this notwithstanding.
Keywords: childhood; children; disability; participation; rights; social model
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:93-103

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Introduction to the Issue: “Promoting Children’s Participation in Research, Policy and Practice”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1157
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.1157
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 89-92
Author-Name: Jo Aldridge
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
Abstract: It is more than twenty years since the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child gave governments and states an international mandate to ensure the safety and wellbeing of children and young people and to promote their participation in decisions that affect their lives. Considerable advances have been made since that time that have, in some but not all instances, seen transformations in the status, roles and responsibilities of children and young people and in the ways in which they are perceived and treated. These advances have included greater inclusion of children’s voices in research, policy and practice underpinned by children’s rights to participation and ‘best interests of the child’ decision-making. Bringing together a unique collection of international articles from authors with considerable expertise in researching and working with children and young people, this thematic issue explores some of the ways in which facilitating constructive dialogues with children and young people, and engaging them more directly in consultation about their lives, has led to genuine improvements in the way they are treated and understood. It also considers some of the barriers that exist to prevent children and young people from full participation in public life, some of which occur as a result of structural or systemic factors, while others are the result of the decisions adults make on their behalf.
Keywords: children; children’s rights; inclusion; participation; participatory research; vulnerability; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:89-92

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Migration Regimes and the Translation of Human Rights: On the Struggles for Recognition of Romani Migrants in Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/894
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.894
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 77-88
Author-Name: Jure Leko
Author-Workplace-Name: Käte Hamburger Center for Advanced Study in the Humanities “Law as Culture”, University of Bonn, Germany
Abstract: The current claims for asylum and refugee protection of Roma from the so-called “Western Balkan states” are rejected by the German state. Based on this practice, Romani migrants are not recognized as genuine refugees but classified as irregular migrants and thus labeled as “bogus” asylum seekers. This article discusses the discursive process through which the legal status of Romani migrants is irregularized within the German migration regime. Furthermore, through an empirical study, the article shows how Romani organizations and migrants are struggling for a collective right to remain in Germany. In their political-legal struggles for recognition, Roma reinterpret not only their legal status as irregular migrants, but also their legal-cultural practices: by appropriating the semantics of human rights through the lenses of their cultural backgrounds. This, in turn, shifts the analytical focus to the productivity of human rights discourses. They are assumed to be an effective tool to enforce legal claims against the German migration regime. In this context, the article examines legal-cultural practices, which become visible in the struggle, by exploring six justification narratives—through these, the Roma’s political-legal belonging to the German nation-state shall be legitimized.
Keywords: asylum; human rights; migration; migration regime; refugee; Roma
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:77-88

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Transnational Solidarity—Not Aid: The Perspective of Migration on the Hype about Migration&Development
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/950
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.950
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 69-76
Author-Name: Maria Schwertl
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for European Ethnology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
Abstract: Migrants have organized transnational support for non-migrants, stay-at-homes, citizens and noncitizens, as well as for developmental or integrationist nation state projects for decades. These solidarities have been framed as “cultural programs,” “autochthone support of hometowns,” “development aid” or “diaspora politics.” Since the turn of the century especially those projects that could be framed as “development aid” have gained a lot of interest from official development aid and its agencies. More and more programs have been launched to coordinate and professionalize the transnational support labor of migrants under the aegis of development. This is what I call the hype about migration&amp;development. In this article, I want to show why the notion of “migrant development aid” used in the hype falls short of what is at stake when it comes to transnational migrant solidarities. Thereby, I want to argue that looking at migration through its governance and through migration or development politics is short-sighted and insensitive towards the desires, ethics and politics of migration. This is the reason that a perspective of migration—such as that propagated by the autonomy of migration approach—needs to be brought into debates on migration&amp;development.
Keywords: autonomy of migration; development; migration; migration&development; regime; solidarity
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:69-76

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Under Control? Or Border (as) Conflict: Reflections on the European Border Regime
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1004
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.1004
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 58-68
Author-Name: Sabine Hess
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Cultural Anthropology/European Ethnology, University of Göttingen, Germany
Author-Name: Bernd Kasparek
Author-Workplace-Name: bordermonitoring.eu, Germany
Abstract: The migrations of 2015 have led to a temporary destabilization of the European border and migration regime. In this contribution, we trace the process of destabilization to its various origins, which we locate around the year 2011, and offer a preliminary assessment of the attempts at re-stabilization. We employ the notion of “border (as) conflict” to emphasize that crisis and exception lies at the very core of the European border and migration regime and its four main dimensions of externalization, techno-scientific borders, an internal mobility regime for asylum seekers, and humanitarization.
Keywords: asylum; border conflict; borders; externalization; humanitarianism; migration; smart borders
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:58-68

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Noborder Movement: Interpersonal Struggle with Political Ideals
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/968
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.968
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 49-57
Author-Name: Leslie Gauditz
Author-Workplace-Name: SOCIUM Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, and BIGSSS Bremen Graduate School of Social Sciences, University Bremen, Germany
Abstract: Over the last decade, self-organized refugee protests in Europe have increased. One strand of activism in Europe, noborder, involves a transnational network of people who are heterogeneous with regards to legal status, race, or individual history of migration, but who share decolonial, anti-capitalist ideals that criticize the nation-state. Noborder activists embrace prefigurative strategies, which means enacting political ideals in their everyday life. This is why this article asks: How do noborder activists try to meet their political ideals in their everyday practices, and what effects do these intentions entail? Noborder practices take place at the intersection of self-organization as a reference to migrants’ legal status or identity, on the one hand, and self-organization as anti-hierarchical forms of anarchist-autonomous organization, on the other. On the basis of empirical findings of a multi-sited ethnography in Germany and Greece, this article conceptualizes that noborder creates a unique space for activists to meet in which people try to work productively through conflicts they see as being produced by a global system of inequalities. This demanding endeavor involves social pressure to self-reflect and to transform interpersonal relationships. Broader society could learn from such experiences to build more inclusive, heterogeneous communities.
Keywords: activism; asylum; everyday politics; noborder; prefiguration; protest; refugee protest; self-organization; social movements
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:49-57

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Decolonial Perspectives on Charitable Spaces of “Welcome Culture” in Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1025
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.1025
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 38-48
Author-Name: Katherine Braun
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cultural Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Germany
Abstract: This article focusses on the relationships between volunteers and refugees in the German “welcome culture”. I highlight the continuities between historical and colonial notions of feminine charity and contemporary volunteering efforts in support of refugees in Germany. The “welcome culture” is conceived here as a charitable space that is historically sedimented by specific understandings of gender, racial and class difference. In particular, the difference between the modern emancipated female volunteer and the female oppressed refugee plays a central role. The question of female self-determination, then, becomes an important social arena in the German “welcome culture”, through which the rate and terms of participation of refugees in social life are negotiated. Thus I draw on decolonial thought as well as theoretical insights from post-development scholarship and critical studies of humanitarianism in order to consider the multitemporal and transnational character of current “welcome culture” as well as to gain a better understanding of the entailed power relations. These are more contingent than might first appear. Presenting findings from my ongoing fieldwork I conclude that the notion of “welcome culture” allows for the emergence of new forms of sociality.
Keywords: colonial difference; decolonial approaches; feminine charity; refugees; volunteer; welcome culture
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:38-48

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Demand and Deliver: Refugee Support Organisations in Austria
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1003
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.1003
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 28-37
Author-Name: Sara de Jong
Author-Workplace-Name: Citizenship & Governance SRA, The Open University, UK
Author-Name: Ilker Ataç
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: This article analyses four emerging refugee support organisations in Austria, founded before the so-called refugee crisis in 2015. It argues that these organisations have managed to occupy a middle space between mainstream NGOs and social movements with structures of inclusive governance, a high degree of autonomy, personalised relationships with refugees, and radical critique combined with service delivery. Based on interviews with the founders of each organisation, we show that their previous NGO and social movement experience formed a springboard for the new initiatives. It not only allowed them to identify significant gaps in existing service provision, but also provided the space of confrontation with the asylum system inspiring a strong sense of outrage, which in turn developed into political critique. We argue that this critique combined with identifying the needs of asylum seekers and refugees has produced a new type of organisation, which both delivers services and articulates radical demands. Each organisation offers a space of encounter, which undoes the ‘organised disintegration’ of the asylum system.
Keywords: asylum seekers; Austria; autonomy; civil society; funding; governance; NGOs; refugees; social movements
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:28-37

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Myth of Apolitical Volunteering for Refugees: German Welcome Culture and a New Dispositif of Helping
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/945
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.945
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 17-27
Author-Name: Larissa Fleischmann
Author-Workplace-Name: Department for Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Konstanz, Germany
Author-Name: Elias Steinhilper
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Scuola Normale Superiore, Italy
Abstract: During the so-called “refugee crisis”, the notion of an unparalleled German hospitality toward asylum seekers circulated within the (inter)national public sphere, often encapsulated by the blurry buzzword “Welcome Culture”. In this article, we scrutinize these developments and suggest that the image of the so-called “crisis” has activated an unprecedented number of German citizens to engage in practices of “apolitical” helping. We argue that this trend has contributed to the emergence of what we term a new<em> dispositif of helping, </em>which embeds refugee solidarity in<em> humanitarian parameters</em> and often avoids an explicit political, spatial, and historical contextualization. This shift has activated individuals from the socio-political centre of society, well beyond the previously committed radical-left, antiracist, and faith-based groups. However, we aim to unmask forms of “apolitical” volunteering for refugees as a powerful <em>myth</em>: the new dispositif of helping comes with ambivalent and contradictory effects that range from forms of <em>antipolitics</em> to transformative political possibilities within the European border regime.
Keywords: civil society; Germany; humanitarianism; migration regime; refugee crisis; solidarity; volunteering
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:17-27

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Feeling the Scope of Solidarity: The Role of Emotions for Volunteers Supporting Refugees in Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1008
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.1008
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 7-16
Author-Name: Serhat Karakayali
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
Abstract: In recent political debates in Germany, volunteers and citizens who support the cause of refugees are often accused of being “too emotional”. Based mainly on empirical evidence from 10 group discussions and 35 individual interviews with volunteers, conducted in 2016, this article undertakes a sociological analysis of the role of emotions for volunteers.
Keywords: emotion; Germany; refugees; solidarity; volunteers
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:7-16

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Perspectives on the European Border Regime: Mobilization, Contestation and the Role of Civil Society
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1127
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i3.1127
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-6
Author-Name: Eva Youkhana
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for Development Research, University of Bonn, Germany
Author-Name: Ove Sutter
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Archeology and Cultural Anthropology, University of Bonn, Germany
Abstract: This issue examines politics and practices that challenge the European border regime by contesting and negotiating asylum laws and regulations, practices of separation in refugee camps and accommodation centers, as much as political acts by undocumented migrants and activists seeking alternative ways of cohabitation. The different contributions all highlight the role of civil society initiatives during the migration movements in 2015 and 2016 in Europe by discussing critical perspectives on the European border regime and by looking at migration as a contesting political force. Topics related to mobilization and the appropriation of public spaces to actively declare one’s solidarity, political activism to contest borders and boundary-making approaches (no border movements) and the engagement into voluntary work are critically reflected.
Keywords: border; civil society; contestation; Europe; mobilization
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:3:p:1-6

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Our Sports Clubs: The Sport-for-All Dream in Crisis? Book Review of Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis. By Robert Putnam. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015, 400 pp.; ISBN: 1476769893.
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/849
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.849
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 250-253
Author-Name: Reinhard Haudenhuyse
Author-Workplace-Name: Sport & Society Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: This review investigates the potential implications of Putnam’s recent book <em>Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis</em> for the field of social sport sciences. The main themes in Putnam’s <em>Our Kids </em>are class segregation and the widening ‘opportunity’ gap between the ‘have’ and ‘have nots’ in American society. The question can and needs to be asked: what the impact of class-based segregation has been on ‘our sport clubs’? Furthermore, Putnam also discusses the importance and unequal provision of Extracurricular activities. Putnam sees such activities as contexts for developing social skills, a sense of civic engagement and even for generating upward mobility. An important advantage of such activities is, according to Putnam, the exposure to caring adults outside the family, who can often serve as valuable mentors. However, throughout the book, Putnam uses a rather judgmental and moralizing language when talking about the parents of the ‘have nots’. The lesson that sport researchers can learn from this is to be sensitive and critical to moralizing approaches and deficiency discourses regarding the inclusion <em>in</em> and <em>through</em> sport of children and youth living in poverty.
Keywords: elite; inequality; social class; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:250-253

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Policing the Void: Recreation, Social Inclusion and the Baltimore Police Athletic League
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/904
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.904
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 241-249
Author-Name: Jacob J. Bustad
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, USA
Author-Name: David L. Andrews
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Abstract: In this article, we explore the relationship between public recreation policy and planning and the transformation of urban governance in the context of the Police Athletic League centers in Baltimore, Maryland. In light of contemporary discussions of the role of youth programs for sport and physical activity within post-industrial cities, the origination, development, and eventual demise of Baltimore’s network of Police Activity League centers is an instructive, if disheartening, saga. It illustrates the social and political rationales mobilized in justifying recreation policy and programming, the framing of sport and physical activity as preventative measures towards crime and juvenile delinquency, and the precarity of such initiatives given the efficiency-driven orthodoxies of neoliberal urban entrepreneurialism (Harvey, 1989). This analysis emphasizes how the PAL centers were designed to ‘fill the void’ left by a declining system of public recreation, thereby providing an example of a recreation program as part of the “social problems industry” (Pitter &amp; Andrews 1997).
Keywords: neoliberalism; police; physical activity; recreation; social problems industry; sport; urban
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:241-249

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Football for Inclusion: Examining the Pedagogic Rationalities and the Technologies of Solidarity of a Sports-Based Intervention in Sweden
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/839
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.839
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 232-240
Author-Name: David Ekholm
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Sweden
Author-Name: Magnus Dahlstedt
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Sweden
Abstract: Sports practices have been emphasised in social policy as a means of responding to social problems. In this article we analyse a sports-based social intervention performed in a “socially vulnerable” area in Sweden. We examine the formation of includable citizens in this project, based on interviews with representatives involved in the project. The material is analysed from a governmentality perspective, focusing on how problems and solutions are constructed as being constitutive of each other. The focus of the analysis is on social solidarity and inclusion as contemporary challenges, and how sport, specifically football, is highlighted as a way of creating social solidarity through a pedagogic rationality—football as a means of fostering citizens according to specific ideals of solidarity and inclusion. The formation of solidarity appears not as a mutual process whereby an integrated social collective is created, but rather as a process whereby those affected by exclusion are given the opportunity to individually adapt to a set of Swedish norms, and to linguistic and cultural skills, as a means of reaching the “inside”. Inclusion seems to be possible as long as the “excluded” adapt to the “inside”, which is made possible by the sports-based pedagogy. In conclusion, social problems and social tensions are spatially located in “the Area” of “the City”, whose social policy, of which this sports-based intervention is a part, maintains rather than reforms the social order that creates these very tensions.
Keywords: football; pedagogy; segregation; social inclusion; solidarity; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:232-240

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Inclusion Conundrum: A Critical Account of Youth and Gender Issues Within and Beyond Sport for Development and Peace Interventions
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/888
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.888
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 223-231
Author-Name: Holly Collison
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
Author-Name: Simon Darnell
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada
Author-Name: Richard Giulianotti
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK, Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Educational Science, University College of Southeast Norway, Norway
Author-Name: P. David Howe
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
Abstract: The sport for development and peace (SDP) sector is made up of various development-focused policies and programs that seek to engage, stabilise, empower and create social and economic change. SDP projects, most often run by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), have been implemented in regions enduring physical conflicts, health pandemics, major gender divisions and other social crises that have a great impact on youth. In this context, sport has been accorded the difficult task of facilitating greater access for marginal, vulnerable or community groups whilst positively contributing to the attainment of diverse development objectives. While the ‘where’ and ‘why’ of SDP has been largely accounted for, the attention in this article is on the ‘who’ of SDP in relation to the notion of inclusion. Drawing on extensive research conducted in Jamaica, Kosovo, Rwanda and Sri Lanka, the idea of SDP as an inclusionary practice is critically investigated. While SDP may ‘give voice’ to participants, especially to individuals with athletic ability or sporting interests, the extent to which this creates social contexts that are fundamentally inclusive remains open to discussion. In this sense, while targeting populations, groups or individuals remains an attractive strategy to achieve specific goals, for example youth empowerment or gender equality, empirical assessments complicate the presumption that SDP programming leads to inclusion, particularly at a larger societal level. The article considers a matrix of inclusion criteria, potential outcomes, and the tensions arising between targeted SDP programming and the often-exclusionary dimensions of sport more broadly, with a focus on youth and gender issues.
Keywords: gender; NGOs; sport for development and peace; volunteers; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:223-231

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Urban Sport-for-Development Initiatives and Young People in Socially Vulnerable Situations: Investigating the ‘Deficit Model’
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/881
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.881
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 210-222
Author-Name: Zeno Nols
Author-Workplace-Name: Sport & Society Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Rein Haudenhuyse
Author-Workplace-Name: Sport & Society Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Marc Theeboom
Author-Workplace-Name: Sport & Society Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: Critical scholars have indicated that the assumptions underlying most sport-for-development (SFD) initiatives tend to align with a ‘deficit model’ of youth: young people from disadvantaged areas are uniformly deficient and in need of development, which can be achieved through sport (Coakley, 2011; Coalter, 2013). In this article, we investigated these assumptions within six urban SFD initiatives that work with young people in socially vulnerable situations in a ‘first’ world nation, Belgium. We conducted a survey at two moments in time amongst 14- to 25-year-old participants in order to test two assumptions: i) ‘participants are deficient and in need of development’; and ii) ‘participation in SFD initiatives leads to positive personal development’. We operationalised ‘development’ as the commonly used outcomes of perceived self-efficacy and self-esteem. These are ‘household words’ both inside and outside SFD research, practice, and policy and carry the assumption that boosting them will by itself foster positive outcomes. The findings refute the supposition that young people from disadvantaged urban areas are uniformly in need of more perceived self-efficacy and self-esteem and show that there is no simple and predictable change in participants’ ‘development’. We suggest that, in designing and researching programs, SFD stakeholders start from an open-ended bottom-up approach which is tailored to the actual life situations of young people and their individual differences and consider more interpersonal and critical conceptualisations of ‘development’.
Keywords: deficit model; disadvantaged communities; self-efficacy; self-esteem; sport; sport-for-development, urban areas; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:210-222

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Exploring the Sports Experiences of Socially Vulnerable Youth
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/864
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.864
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 198-209
Author-Name: Sabina Super
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Carlijn Q. Wentink
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Kirsten T. Verkooijen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Maria A. Koelen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Abstract: Sports participation is considered beneficial for the development of socially vulnerable youth, not only in terms of physical health but also in terms of cognitive, social and emotional health. Despite the strong belief that sports clubs offer a setting for positive youth development, there is limited knowledge about how socially vulnerable youths experience their participation in these clubs. Interviews were conducted with 22 socially vulnerable youths that play a sport at a local sports club. An inductive content analysis was conducted and three themes were discovered that are included in the positive and negative sports experiences: the extent to which the youths experienced visibility of their skills, the extent to which the youths felt confident while playing their sport, and the extent to which the youths felt that sport was a challenge they liked to take on. More importantly, there was a fragile balance within each of the themes and the sports coaches played an important role in installing and maintaining a supportive environment in which the youths could have meaningful, consistent and balanced sports experiences. It is not self-evident that for socially vulnerable youth sports experiences are positive and supporting.
Keywords: health development; salutogenesis; socially vulnerable youth; sports coach; sports participation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:198-209

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Conditions for Successfully Increasing Disadvantaged Adolescents’ Engagement in and Development through Volunteering in Community Sport
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/895
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.895
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 179-197
Author-Name: Evi Buelens
Author-Workplace-Name: Research group Sport & Society, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Marc Theeboom
Author-Workplace-Name: Research group Sport & Society, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Jikkemien Vertonghen
Author-Workplace-Name: Research group Sport & Society, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Kristine De Martelaer
Author-Workplace-Name: Research Group of Motor Skills and Didactics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, and Division of Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Abstract: A considerable number of adolescents in Western societies live in socially vulnerable situations. Approaches to improve this situation ultimately aim to make institutional changes through a focus on individual development. With regard to the latter, there have been high expectations regarding sport volunteering’s contribution to human capital development. Nevertheless, little understanding of the underlying conditions for, and possible outcomes of sport volunteering exists. This study’s aim was twofold: (1) to assess the conditions necessary to develop the human capital of disadvantaged adolescents through volunteering in community sport, and (2) to assess to what extent human capital can be developed. A qualitative research design was used to attain deeper insight into these conditions within eight community sport programs in Flanders (Northern Dutch-speaking region of Belgium), a setting that is not often used for youth developmental practices. Data were collected on repeated occasions over the course of each program through qualitative methods with local sport services and social partner organizations (N = 26) and participating adolescents (N = 26). Inductive analysis identified two categories of necessary conditions, (1) valuing and recognizing adolescents, and (2) informal and experiential learning. Results further showed the achievement of two types of perceived human capital developmental outcome (i.e., personal and interpersonal competences) through the fulfilment of these conditions. Findings also showed that although two of these programs made use of a more critical pedagogical approach to youth development by encouraging participants, not only to reflect on, but also to critically take part in the transformation of their own position within society; critical youth empowerment was not reached in the majority of the programs.
Keywords: community sport; disadvantaged adolescents; human capital; volunteering
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:179-197

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Peer- and Coach-Created Motivational Climates in Youth Sport: Implications for Positive Youth Development of Disadvantaged Girls
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/870
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.870
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 163-178
Author-Name: Hebe Schaillée
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Marc Theeboom
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Jelle Van Cauwenberg
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Belgium, and Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Belgium
Abstract: The relationship between coach- and peer-created motivational climates and Positive Youth Development is largely unexplored. This is especially true for the latter and in particular with regard to disadvantaged girls. The present study was designed to examine the relationships between perceived coach- and peer-created climates and reported developmental gains among disadvantaged girls participating in sports programmes, and to determine whether these relationships were moderated by personal characteristics. Two hundred young women aged between 12 and 22 completed a questionnaire which included the ‘Youth Experience Survey for Sport’ (MacDonald, Côté, Eys, &amp; Deakin, 2012), the ‘Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports’ (Smith, Cumming, &amp; Smoll, 2008), the ‘Peer Motivational Climate in Youth Sport Questionnaire’ (Ntoumanis &amp; Vazou, 2005), and questions regarding participants’ socio-economic characteristics. Multilevel regression analyses were performed to take into account the hierarchical data structure. The analysis revealed that a mastery-oriented coach climate is a very strong predictor of perceived Positive Youth Development. This is based on both the number of developmental domains on which it had a significant impact and the explained variance based on the PRV values of the multi-level models. Unlike previous research on disadvantaged youth in general and disadvantaged girls in particular, the observed interaction effects did not show that disadvantaged girls necessarily gain more from their involvement in organised activities such as sport.
Keywords: coach; disadvantaged girls; motivational climate; peers; Positive Youth Development; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:163-178

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Complicating Gender, Sport, and Social Inclusion: The Case for Intersectionality
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/887
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.887
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 159-162
Author-Name: Gamal Abdel-Shehid
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Canada
Author-Name: Nathan Kalman-Lamb
Author-Workplace-Name: Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, USA
Abstract: The following opinion piece concerns a reading of the work of Angela Davis and its application to the research on sport and social inclusion. It has the following aims: first, we use her work to argue that racism, as constituted via economics, helps to construct gender; second, we suggest that research on sport and social inclusion would do well to consider the work of Davis in forming a more complex reading of what it means to invite the participation—or inclusion—of women and girls in sport, both racialized and non-racialized.
Keywords: class; gender; race; social inclusion; slavery; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:159-162

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Capability Approach to Understanding Sport for Social Inclusion: Agency, Structure and Organisations
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/905
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.905
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 150-158
Author-Name: Naofumi Suzuki
Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate School of Social Sciences, Hitotsubashi University, Japan
Abstract: Despite the global diffusion of the term social inclusion, as well as the use of sport to promote it, questions have been raised regarding the extent to which sport is able to contribute to transforming the exclusive nature of the social structure. The lack of analytical clarity of the concept has not helped to address these questions. This article proposes a conceptual framework based on Amartya Sen’s capability approach, considering social exclusion as the denial of social relations that leads to serious deprivation of important capabilities. A person’s capabilities could potentially be improved through micro-, meso-, and macro-level social processes. At the micro level, sport-based social inclusion programmes could offer such social relations to varying degrees, though sport’s values are only relative to other leisure activities. The scale of impact depends primarily on the meso-level processes, in which the size and quality of each programme can be improved through organisational learning, and secondarily on the macro-level processes whereby the organisational population is institutionalised. It is argued that more research needs to be done on the meso and macro levels, as they are concerned with the ultimate potential of sport to facilitate structural transformation towards more socially inclusive society.
Keywords: capability approach; legitimation; social change; social inclusion; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:150-158

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Sport and Social Inclusion: Evidence-Based Policy and Practice
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/852
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.852
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 141-149
Author-Name: Fred Coalter
Author-Workplace-Name: Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, UK, and Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: This commentary reflects on my experience of compiling the <em>Value of Sport Monitor</em>—an on-line resource of policy-relevant, research on the social impacts of sport—for eight years. The commentary critically evaluates the assumption of the <em>Value of Sport Monitor</em> that social science research in sport is cumulative and it explores sports interest groups’ varying attitudes to the nature of evidence. It illustrates that widespread conceptual and methodological inconsistencies and weaknesses in research greatly reduce the ability to identify best practice and ‘best buys’ as a basis for policy. The commentary concludes by proposing that a way forward for research to contribute to policy and practice is via theory-based evaluation.
Keywords: evidence-based policy; methodological weaknesses, sports research; theory-based evaluation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:141-149

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A New Model for Inclusive Sports? An Evaluation of Participants’ Experiences of Mixed Ability Rugby
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/908
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.908
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 130-140
Author-Name: Martino Corazza
Author-Workplace-Name: International Mixed Ability Sports, UK
Author-Name: Jen Dyer
Author-Workplace-Name: Sustainability Research Institute, University of Leeds, UK
Abstract: Sport has been recognised as a potential catalyst for social inclusion. The Mixed Ability Model represents an innovative approach to inclusive sport by encouraging disabled and non-disabled players to interact in a mainstream club environment. However, research around the impacts of the Model is currently lacking. This paper aims to contribute empirical data to this gap by evaluating participants’ experiences of Mixed Ability Rugby and highlighting implications for future initiatives. Primary qualitative data were collected within two Mixed Ability Rugby teams in the UK and Italy through online questionnaires and focus groups. Data were analysed using Simplican et al.’s (2015) model of social inclusion. Data show that Mixed Ability Rugby has significant potential for achieving inclusionary outcomes. Positive social impacts, reported by all participants, regardless of (dis)ability, include enhanced social networks, an increase in social capital, personal development and fundamental perception shifts. Factors relevant to the Mixed Ability Model are identified that enhance these impacts and inclusionary outcomes. The mainstream setting was reportedly the most important, with further aspects including a supportive club environment and promotion of self-advocacy. A ‘Wheel of Inclusion’ is developed that provides a useful basis for evaluating current inclusive sport initiatives and for designing new ones.
Keywords: disability; inclusive sports; Mixed Ability Model; rugby; social inclusion; social networks; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:130-140

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Part of and Apart from Sport: Practitioners’ Experiences Coaching in Segregated Youth Sport
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/889
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.889
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 120-129
Author-Name: Nancy Spencer-Cavaliere
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Canada
Author-Name: Jennifer Thai
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Canada
Author-Name: Bethan Kingsley
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Canada
Abstract: Sport can present a site of exclusion for many youth who experience disability even when it has a focus on inclusion (Fitzgerald, 2009). While sport practitioners can play a critical role in creating inclusive environments, they frequently struggle to do so. As a consequence, the sport opportunities for young people who experience disability are often inadequate and inequitable. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of youth sport practitioners who teach and coach youth in primarily segregated settings. The overall goal was to gain a better understanding of how sport practitioners think about disability and sport within the context of their practices. Guided by the method of interpretive description, we interviewed 15 sport practitioners. Analysis of the data led to the overarching theme, ‘a part of and apart from sport’, highlighting the ways in which segregated youth sport was understood to be more or less inclusive/exclusive by sport practitioners. Within this overarching theme, four subthemes were drawn: a) authentic connections, b) diversity and adaptations, c) expectations same…but different, and d) (dis)ability and competitive sport. While highlighting the need for self-reflective and knowledgeable coaches, our findings also bring attention to the concepts of ability and ableism and their impacts on the sport opportunities of youth who experience disability. Our discussion highlights the need to question assumptions underlying segregated sport.
Keywords: adapted physical activity; coach; disability; exclusion, inclusion; segregation; sport; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:120-129

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Interculturalism and Physical Cultural Diversity in the Greater Toronto Area
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/891
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.891
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 111-119
Author-Name: Yuka Nakamura
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Canada
Author-Name: Peter Donnelly
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Canada, and Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada
Abstract: The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is one of the most multicultural communities in the world. Frequently, this description is based on ethnic, linguistic, and culinary diversity. Physical cultural diversity, such as different sports, martial arts, forms of dance, exercise systems, and other physical games and activities, remains ignored and understudied. Based on a living database of the GTA’s physical cultural diversity, this study identifies the trajectories of the lifecycle of activities that have been introduced into the GTA’s physical culture by immigrants. These pathways differ based on whether the activity is offered in a separate setting, where individuals may be participating with other immigrants of the same ethnocultural group, or mixed settings, where people are participating with people from outside of their ethnocultural group. We argue that the diversity and the lifecycle trajectories of physical cultural forms in the GTA serve as evidence of interculturalism and the contribution by immigrants to the social and cultural life of Canada.
Keywords: diversity; immigrants; interculturalism; physical culture; sport; Toronto
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:111-119

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Being Able to Play: Experiences of Social Inclusion and Exclusion Within a Football Team of People Seeking Asylum
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/892
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.892
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 101-110
Author-Name: Darko Dukic
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Australia
Author-Name: Brent McDonald
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Australia
Author-Name: Ramón Spaaij
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Australia, and Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract: Australian policy makers and funding organisations have relied heavily on sport as a vehicle for achieving the goals of social cohesion and social inclusion. The generally accepted premise that sport includes individuals in larger social contexts, and in doing so creates positive social outcomes, remains largely untested and uncontested. This article considers the ways in which playing in an asylum seeker football team, located in Melbourne, Australia, facilitates both inclusive and exclusive experiences for its participants. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, life histories, and policy analysis, this article identifies the often-ignored importance of a sporting habitus and physical capital in individuals’ experiences of playing. The success or failure of the asylum seeker team to foster social inclusion is somewhat tenuous as the logic of competition can create conditions counter to those that would be recognised as inclusive. Further, such programmes are faced with sustainability problems, as they are heavily reliant on individuals within the organisation and community to “make things happen”. However, we suggest that for many men, the asylum seeker team provides an important site for the development and appreciation of ‘poly-cultural’ capital that contributes to forms of resilience and the achievement of other indicators of social inclusion.
Keywords: asylum seeker; exclusion; football; inclusion; poly-cultural capital; refugee; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:101-110

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Promoting Social Inclusion through Sport for Refugee-Background Youth in Australia: Analysing Different Participation Models
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/903
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.903
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 91-100
Author-Name: Karen Block
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Author-Name: Lisa Gibbs
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Abstract: Sports participation can confer a range of physical and psychosocial benefits and, for refugee and migrant youth, may even act as a critical mediator for achieving positive settlement and engaging meaningfully in Australian society. This group has low participation rates however, with identified barriers including costs; discrimination and a lack of cultural sensitivity in sporting environments; lack of knowledge of mainstream sports services on the part of refugee-background settlers; inadequate access to transport; culturally determined gender norms; and family attitudes. Organisations in various sectors have devised programs and strategies for addressing these participation barriers. In many cases however, these responses appear to be ad hoc and under-theorised. This article reports findings from a qualitative exploratory study conducted in a range of settings to examine the benefits, challenges and shortcomings associated with different participation models. Interview participants were drawn from non-government organisations, local governments, schools, and sports clubs. Three distinct models of participation were identified, including short term programs for refugee-background children; ongoing programs for refugee-background children and youth; and integration into mainstream clubs. These models are discussed in terms of their relative challenges and benefits and their capacity to promote sustainable engagement and social inclusion for this population group.
Keywords: integration; migrant; participation; refugee; social inclusion; sport; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:91-100

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Introduction to the Issue “Sport for Social Inclusion: Questioning Policy, Practice and Research”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1068
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.1068
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 85-90
Author-Name: Reinhard Haudenhuyse
Author-Workplace-Name: Sport & Society Group, Department Sport & Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: An aspect of sport which is often highlighted is its capacity to alleviate processes of social exclusion that are experienced in different areas of life. Despite its acclaimed inclusionary nature, sport remains a site of multiple and diverse exclusionary processes (Spaaij, Magee, &amp; Jeanes, 2014). To better understand sport's wider inclusionary outcomes, Ekholm (2013) argued that we should problematize and critically expose the underlying assumptions, distinctions, ideologies, and research positions that constitute the conceptions surrounding sport as a means for social inclusion. If such problematizing and exposing is not empirically done, sport-based social inclusion policies and programs are likely to become inadequate in the face of the exclusionary forces which such schemes seek to combat (Collins &amp; Haudenhuyse, 2015). It is precisely the aim of this thematic issue to scrutinize such issues in relation to sport and its acclaimed potential to facilitate social inclusion and combat processes of social exclusion. The issue brings together a unique collection of international articles, written by both rising and leading scholars in the field of social sport sciences. The articles cover a wide variety of themes, theoretical perspectives, and research methods in relation to social in-/exclusion and sport.
Keywords: critical pedagogy; sport; exclusion; inclusion; sport policy; sport research
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:85-90

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Corrigendum: What Makes a Difference for Disadvantaged Girls? Investigating the Interplay between Group Composition and Positive Youth Development in Sport
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1055
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.1055
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 254
Author-Name: Hebe Schaillée
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Marc Theeboom
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Jelle Van Cauwenberg
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Belgium, Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, and Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Belgium
Abstract: This is a corrigendum to the article “What makes a difference for disadvantaged girls? Investigating the interplay between group composition and positive youth development in sport”, authored by Hebe Schaillée, Marc Theeboom and Jelle Van Cauwenberg, and published in <em>Social Inclusion</em>, <em>3</em>(3).
Keywords: disadvantaged girls; group composition; peers; positive youth development; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:254

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Fight Against Human Trafficking
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/924
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.924
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 81-84
Author-Name: Christina Bain
Author-Workplace-Name: Initiative on Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery, Babson College, USA
Abstract: There has been much discussed and written on the benefits of entrepreneurship education, as well as the importance of early access to this type of learning. But how can entrepreneurship education train and inspire the next generation of anti-trafficking leaders? How can entrepreneurship also be a driver for prevention and a source of economic stability for those at-risk and survivors of human trafficking? At present, there are entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs-in-training at multiple age levels coming from a variety of backgrounds, incomes, and circumstances who will develop groundbreaking strategies and solutions in the fight against trafficking. These current and future entrepreneurs can also provide fresh perspectives to those in government and business while building more effective tri-sector coalitions and partnerships that address human trafficking. This article explores how and why entrepreneurship can be a key vehicle for social change and innovations in combating human trafficking, along with providing a multi-ingredient recipe of prosperity for those most vulnerable.
Keywords: business; education; entrepreneurship; human trafficking; secondary education; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:81-84

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Identifying Victims of Human Trafficking at Hotspots by Focusing on People Smuggled to Europe
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/896
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.896
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 69-80
Author-Name: Matilde Ventrella
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
Abstract: Research has shown that smuggling of migrants is associated with human trafficking. Hence, victims of human trafficking amongst smuggled migrants should be identified by EU Member States at hotspots established by the European Commission, to overcome the migrant and refugee crisis. Identified victims should be given a visa and a programme of protection to escape their traffickers. In order to achieve these objectives, research suggests that EU law on migrant smuggling should be amended and the Temporary Protection Directive should be applied to smuggled persons when there is an indication that they may be victims of human trafficking. This approach should be adopted by the EASO in cooperation with police forces investigating smuggling and trafficking at hotspots.
Keywords: European Union; human trafficking; smuggling; Temporary Protection Directive
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:69-80

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Child Labor Trafficking in the United States: A Hidden Crime
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/914
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.914
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 59-68
Author-Name: Katherine Kaufka Walts
Author-Workplace-Name: Center for the Human Rights of Children, Loyola University Chicago, USA
Abstract: Emerging research brings more attention to labor trafficking in the United States. However, very few efforts have been made to better understand or respond to labor trafficking of minors. Cases of children forced to work as domestic servants, in factories, restaurants, peddling candy or other goods, or on farms may not automatically elicit suspicion from an outside observer as compared to a child providing sexual services for money. In contrast to sex trafficking, labor trafficking is often tied to formal economies and industries, which often makes it more difficult to distinguish from "legitimate" work, including among adolescents. This article seeks to provide examples of documented cases of child labor trafficking in the United States, and to provide an overview of systemic gaps in law, policy, data collection, research, and practice. These areas are currently overwhelmingly focused on sex trafficking, which undermines the policy intentions of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), the seminal statute criminalizing sex and labor trafficking in the United States, its subsequent reauthorizations, and international laws and protocols addressing human trafficking.
Keywords: adolescent; child; child trafficking; crime; human trafficking; labor trafficking; involuntary servitude; USA
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:59-68

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: International Human Trafficking: Measuring Clandestinity by the Structural Equation Approach
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/909
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.909
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 39-58
Author-Name: Alexandra Rudolph
Author-Workplace-Name: German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE), Germany
Author-Name: Friedrich Schneider
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria
Abstract: Worldwide human trafficking is the third most often registered international criminal activity, ranked only after drug and weapon trafficking. This article focusses on three questions: 1) How can human trafficking be measured? 2) What are the causes and indicators of this criminal activity which exploits individuals? 3) Which countries observe a high (or low) level of human trafficking inflow? We apply the Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes structural equation model to measure human trafficking inflows in a way which includes all potential causes and indicators in one estimation model. The human trafficking measurement focusses on international human trafficking. We use freely available existing data and thus generate an objective measure of the extent of trafficking. Countries are ranked according to their potential to be a destination country based on various characteristics of the trafficking process.
Keywords: human trafficking; international crime; latent variable; measurement; Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes model; structural equation model
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:39-58

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Trafficking and Syrian Refugee Smuggling: Evidence from the Balkan Route
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/917
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.917
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 28-38
Author-Name: Danilo Mandic
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Harvard University, USA
Abstract: As of March 2016, 4.8 million Syrian refugees were scattered in two dozen countries by the civil war. Refugee smuggling has been a major catalyst of human trafficking in the Middle East and Europe migrant crises. Data on the extent to which smuggling devolved into trafficking in this refugee wave is, however, scarce. This article investigates how Syrian refugees interact with smugglers, shedding light on how human smuggling and human trafficking interrelated on the Balkan Route. I rely on original evidence from in-depth interviews (n = 123) and surveys (n = 100) with Syrian refugees in Jordan, Turkey, Greece, Serbia, and Germany; as well as ethnographic observations in thirty-five refugee camps or other sites in these countries. I argue that most smugglers functioned as guides, informants, and allies in understudied ways—thus refugee perceptions diverge dramatically from government policy assumptions. I conclude with a recommendation for a targeted advice policy that would acknowledge the reality of migrant-smuggler relations, and more effectively curb trafficking instead of endangering refugees.
Keywords: anti-smuggling; anti-trafficking; asylum; Balkan Route; forced migration; migrants; refugees; Syrian; smuggling; trafficking
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:28-38

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The UK’s Modern Slavery Legislation: An Early Assessment of Progress
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/833
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.833
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 16-27
Author-Name: Gary Craig
Author-Workplace-Name: Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation, University of Hull, UK, and Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, UK
Abstract: In 2015, the Westminster UK government introduced a Modern Slavery Act described by its proponents as ‘world-leading’. This description was challenged at the time both inside and outside the UK. Two years on, it is possible to make a preliminary assessment of  progress with the Act and its two counterparts in Scotland and Northern Ireland. This article reviews the origins of discussions about modern slavery in the UK, describes the process leading to the passage of the Modern Slavery Act(s) and attempts an early evaluation of its effectiveness. It concludes that much remains to be done to ensure that they achieve their goal of abolishing slavery in the UK.
Keywords: forced labour; human trafficking; legislation; modern slavery
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:16-27

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Freedom, Commerce, Bodies, Harm: The Case of Backpage.com
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/925
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.925
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 3-15
Author-Name: Elizabeth Swanson
Author-Workplace-Name: Arts and Humanities Division, Babson College, USA
Abstract: This article situates lawsuits against Backpage.com in the context of changing laws and norms of sexual commerce and trafficking, and of evolving legal interpretations of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Section 230 has been used repeatedly to shield internet service providers such as Backpage.com from liability for content generated by third parties that has led to criminal harm to others; in this case, the trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of minors. Moving to a critique of the law as at times grievously detached from the realities it addresses, I compare the legal strategies and decisions in three prominent cases brought against Backpage.com in St. Louis, Tacoma, and Boston, respectively. This critique identifies the evacuation of gendered bodies and the harm done to them from the court opinions as an example of what Robert Cover has called the “interpretive violence” of the law, and of the judges who interpret and dispense it. I conclude by calling for courts and Congress to act together to disrupt the accumulation of interpretive precedent favoring freedom of commerce and speech over the protection of bodies from harm.
Keywords: Backpage.com; Communications Decency Act; human trafficking; legal theory; minors; sex trafficking; sexual commerce
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:3-15

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/1048
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i2.1048
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 2
Pages: 1-2
Author-Name: Siddharth Kara
Author-Workplace-Name: Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, USA
Abstract: Migration, technology, law, and measurement are each among the most topical areas of enquiry in the global human trafficking field, with much work remaining to be done in these and other areas. Beneath these particular intersections lies a crucial truth—slavery is a global business that thrives on the callous exploitation of the labor activity of a vast and highly vulnerable subclass of people whose brutalization is tacitly accepted by every participant in the global economy, from corporations to consumers. I am deeply gratified to edit <em>Social Inclusion</em>’s second issue on human trafficking and modern slavery. The level of scholarly interest in these topics continues to grow, and in this issue the authors explore some of the most pressing manifestations of human trafficking around the world.
Keywords: child trafficking; forced labor; human trafficking; labor trafficking; migration; sex trafficking; slavery
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:2:p:1-2

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Design of Migrant Integration Policies in Spain: Discourses and Social Actors
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/783
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.783
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 117-125
Author-Name: Belén Fernández Suárez
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of A Coruña, Spain
Abstract: Spain is one of the countries with the lowest social spending within the EU-15, and its welfare state has developed later and with less intensity. At the end of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Spain became an immigration country, reaching 5.7 million immigrants in 2011. This article explores how the definition of migrant ‘integration’ is based more on a concept of universal rights and social cohesion by the main actors (political parties, trade unions, third sector organizations and immigrant associations) than on a notion of a cultural type. We will also analyze how the influence of European policies and restrictive liberalism have led to the implementation of programmes which aim to make civic integration compulsory for the renewal of residence and work permits. The empirical evidence for this article stems from 60 qualitative interviews with social actors in migrant integration policies during 2010 and 2011. The impact of the economic crisis on the foreign population, especially regarding its position in the labor market, will also be considered, explaining the reduction of specific and general policies targeting the migrant population. This cut in social spending has involved a deinstitutionalization of this particular policy field.
Keywords: actors; culture; discourse; immigration; institutionalization; integration; policies; political parties; Spain
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:117-125

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Identification Paradoxes and Multiple Belongings: The Narratives of Italian Migrants in the Netherlands
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/779
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.779
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 105-116
Author-Name: Marjo Rouvoet
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Melanie Eijberts
Author-Workplace-Name: Amsterdam University College, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Halleh Ghorashi
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract: In a time identified by many as one of “multicultural backlash,” we can observe a growing negative discourse on the integration of migrants with Islamic backgrounds in most European countries. Criticisms are rooted in the assumptions that cultural and religious differences are the source of social problems and that these migrants are unwilling to integrate. The aim of this article is threefold. First, it criticizes the linear and simplistic assumptions of integration informing the present negative dominant discourse in the Netherlands. Second, it shows that sources of belonging are more layered than the often-assumed exclusive identification with national identity. Third, it broadens the scope of discussion on integration (which is now mainly fixated on Islamic migrants) by showing the somewhat similar experiences of Italian migrants on their path toward integration and belonging within the Dutch context. Through this study, we argue that the process of ethnic othering in the Netherlands is broader than the often-assumed cultural difference of non-Western migrants.
Keywords: discourse; identification; integration; migrants
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:105-116

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Who We Are Is What We Believe? Religion and Collective Identity in Austrian and German Immigrant Integration Policies
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/766
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.766
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 93-104
Author-Name: Astrid Mattes
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Political Science, University of Vienna, Austria
Abstract: Immigrant integration is a contested policy field in which boundaries of membership are drawn and re-negotiated whereby groups of immigrants are partially included and excluded. Building on the concept of collective identity and theories of boundary making, this paper illustrates how religion functions as a category to mark and fill notions of self and otherness. As several studies have shown, immigrants in Europe are increasingly addressed as Muslims, a development that also serves the promotion of a Christian ‘us’. Focusing on Austria and Germany, two countries where this is especially observable, the paper outlines the functioning of religion as symbolic boundary. The empirical study on national integration policies demonstrates how—within the relational process of boundary drawing against Muslims—a Christian identity narrative is established, how it functions as a marker of unity and how it relates to liberal and secular notions. Results from the qualitative content analysis of governmental policy programs from 2005 onwards show different patterns of boundary drawing on religion and the way they shape and limit the possibilities of inclusion. To understand this development, we have to look at Christian-democratic policy-makers, who currently dominate the political struggle for the power to define features of collective identity in immigrant integration policies.
Keywords: boundary making; collective identity; Christian-democrats; immigrant integration; Islam; religion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:93-104

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Academic Integration of Mainland Chinese Students in Germany
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/824
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.824
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 80-92
Author-Name: Hanwei Li
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, University of Tampere, Finland, and Bielefeld Graduate School in History and Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Germany
Abstract: This article presents an analysis of the academic integration experiences of mainland Chinese tertiary-level students in Germany. Using Tinto’s model, the article explores the challenges that Chinese students face during their academic integration, the strategies they employ, and the relationship between academic and social integration. The data were collected in spring 2016 by interviewing 26 mainland Chinese students studying either in German universities or universities of applied sciences. Four major challenges were identified and analyzed: language barrier, knowledge gap, pedagogical differences, and cultural differences. An important outcome of the study presented is that social integration serves as a facilitator for enhancing academic integration, but is not a prerequisite for academic success. Group learning with peers was found to enhance learning outcomes. Overall, Chinese students have exploited their own advantages in academic integration by exploring feasible strategies and benefiting from their past learning experiences. It is suggested that academic integration as a long and challenging process for international students should be acknowledged by the German HEIs, and that more institutional support and guidance are needed.
Keywords: academic integration; Chinese student; Germany; higher education; social integration
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:80-92

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Social Capital and Citizens’ Attitudes towards Migrant Workers
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/798
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.798
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 66-79
Author-Name: Abdoulaye Diop
Author-Workplace-Name: Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Qatar
Author-Name: Yaojun Li
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Manchester, UK, and Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, UK
Author-Name: Majed Mohammmed H. A. Al-Ansari
Author-Workplace-Name: Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Qatar
Author-Name: Kien T. Le
Author-Workplace-Name: Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Qatar
Abstract: This study examines Qatari citizens’ attitudes toward migrant workers. While much research has been conducted on citizens’ attitudes toward the abolition, tightening, or loosening of the Kafāla system in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries with regard to migrant workers’ residency rights, and on their contribution to the economic development of these countries, little is known about how citizens’ religiosity and social engagement impact their acceptance of migrant workers. In the present study, we address this question by examining the effects of religious and social capital on Qatari citizens’ preferences for having Arab and Western migrant workers as neighbours, drawing on data from two nationally representative surveys in Qatar. The results indicate that, even after controlling for a wide range of socio-demographic attributes, social capital in terms of trust and bridging social ties has a strong effect on the Qatari nationals’ preferences.
Keywords: Gulf Cooperation Council countries; kafāla system; migrant workers; public attitudes, social capital
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:66-79

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Professionals Made in Germany: Employing a Turkish Migration Background in High-Status Positions
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/780
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.780
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 55-65
Author-Name: Ali Konyali
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Maurice Crul
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University, The Netherlands
Abstract: This article emphasises the experiences of the prospective elite among the second generation in Germany by analysing empirical data collected through in-depth interviews across three occupational fields (law, education and corporate business). In spite of their disadvantaged background, some children of lower educated migrant parents from Turkey managed to occupy prestigious leadership positions. Many use their ethnic capital in creative and strategic ways to seek opportunities and obtain access to leading positions. They are now embracing new professional roles and have moved into new social circles due to their steep upward mobility. However, they still have to contend with the fact that their individual mobility stands in contrast to the low-status of the group to which they belong.
Keywords: ethnic capital; occupational achievement; professional identity; second generation; social disadvantage; social mobility
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:55-65

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Social Stratification of Education by Ethnic Minority Groups over Generations in the UK
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/799
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.799
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 45-54
Author-Name: Laurence Lessard-Phillips
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Research into Superdiversity, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, UK
Author-Name: Yaojun Li
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Manchester, UK, and Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, UK
Abstract: A large body of research has been conducted both on the social stratification of education at the general level and on the educational attainments of ethnic minority groups in the UK. The former has established the increasing fluidity in the class–education association, without paying much attention to ethnicity, whilst the latter has shown reinvigorated aspirations by the second generation without fine-grained analyses. This paper adds to this literature by examining the relationship between family class, ethno-generational status and educational attainment for various 1<sup>st</sup>, 1.5, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 2.5, 3rd and 4<sup>th</sup> generations in contemporary UK society. Using data from Understanding Society, we study the educational attainment of different ethno-generational groups. Our analysis shows high educational selectivity among the earlier generations, a disruptive process for the 1.5 generation, high second-generation achievement, and a ‘convergence toward the mean’ for later generations. Parental class generally operates in a similar way for the ethno-generational groups and for the majority population, yet some minority ethnic groups of salariat origins do not benefit from parental advantages as easily. An ‘elite, middle and lower’ structure manifests itself in the intergenerational transmission of advantage in educational attainment. This paper thus reveals new features of class-ethno relations hitherto unavailable in UK research.
Keywords: class; educational attainment; ethnicity; minorities; multiple-generation groups; social stratification; UK
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:45-54

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Diverse Outcomes: Social Citizenship and the Inclusion of Skilled Migrants in Australia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/777
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.777
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 32-44
Author-Name: Juliet Pietsch
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Politics and International Relations, Australian National University, Australia
Abstract: The sociology of citizenship is concerned with the social and economic conditions of citizens of a national community. Drawing on T. H. Marshall’s contribution to the theory of social citizenship this article argues that some groups of migrants and ethnic minorities in Australia, particularly those from non-British and European Backgrounds, face a number of social and institutional barriers which prevent them from reaching their full potential as members of Australia’s multicultural community. Evidence from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Census data shows different socioeconomic outcomes for migrants from British and European backgrounds compared with migrants from Asian backgrounds, despite having similar educational qualifications and length of time living in Australia. As such, it is argued that achieving social membership and inclusion continues to be a struggle for particular groups of migrants. A deeper commitment to the core principles of citizenship that is beyond mere notions of formal equality is needed if Australia is to address this important social issue.
Keywords: Australia; inclusion; migrants; social citizenship; socioeconomic status
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:32-44

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Minority Embeddedness and Economic Integration: Is Diversity or Homogeneity Associated with Better Employment Outcomes?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/825
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.825
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 20-31
Author-Name: Neli Demireva
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Essex, UK
Author-Name: Anthony Heath
Author-Workplace-Name: Nuffield College, University of Oxford, UK
Abstract: Using data from the Managing Cultural Diversity Survey 2010 and the Ethnic Minority British Election Study 2010, we explore the activity and employment outcomes of majority and minority individuals in the UK, and examine their association with a variety of ethnic embeddedness measures. We do not find that white British respondents living in areas of high deprivation and diversity experience lower levels of economic activity or bad jobs. Deprivation rather than minority embeddedness stands out as the factor that serves to compound both majority and minority disadvantage. In the case of minorities, embeddedness does have some negative effects, although these are greatly attenuated once one takes into account the level of area deprivation.
Keywords: activity; employment; occupational attainment; migrants; minorities
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:20-31

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Double Disadvantages: A Study of Ethnic and Hukou Effects on Class Mobility in China (1996–2014)
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/857
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.857
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-19
Author-Name: Yaojun Li
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Manchester, UK, and Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, UK
Author-Name: Yizhang Zhao
Author-Workplace-Name: Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Abstract: This paper examines the ethnic and household registration system (<em>hukou</em>) effects on intergenerational social mobility for men in China. Using national representative surveys covering almost two decades (1996–2014), we assess both absolute and relative rates of mobility by ethnicity and <em>hukou</em> origin. With regard to absolute mobility, we find that minority men had significantly lower rates of total and upward mobility than Han men, and those from rural <em>hukou</em> origins faced more unfavourable chances. With regard to relative mobility, we find men of rural ethnic origins significantly less likely to inherit their parental positions. Even with parental and own educational qualifications and party memberships controlled for, we still find ethnic minority men of rural <em>hukou</em> origins behind others in access to professional-managerial positions. Overall, our findings suggest that the preferential policies have largely removed the ethnic differences in the urban sector but ethnic minority men from rural <em>hukou</em> origins are faced with double disadvantages: in addition to the inequality of opportunity rooted in the institutional divide which they share with the majority group from similar backgrounds, they face much greater inequalities in conditions, namely, in having poorer socio-economic and cultural resources.
Keywords: China; ethnicity; household registration system (hukou); social mobility
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:5-19

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Socio-Economic Integration of Ethnic Minorities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/943
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v5i1.943
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 5
Year: 2017
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-4
Author-Name: Yaojun Li
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Manchester, UK, and Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, UK
Author-Name: Anthony Heath
Author-Workplace-Name: Nuffield College, Oxford University, UK
Abstract: One of the most striking features of the contemporary world is the scale and complexity of international and internal migration and the rapidly increasing size of indigenous ethnic minorities in the national populations of many countries. International migration continues to be mainly from poor to rich nations but the more recent years have seen migration patterns becoming multidirectional, with migration flows moving between developed countries, amongst developing countries as well as from developing to developed countries. The scale of internal migration in some countries is dazzling. For instance, an estimated 260 million ‘peasant workers’ have moved to cities in China. The number of indigenous ethnic minorities in the country has also grown substantially, now reaching 106 million. These and other features of population change pose a serious challenge to policy-makers and the general population in many counties, in terms of making and implementing policies of social inclusion for migrant and indigenous ethnic minorities, ensuring equal access to educational and occupational opportunities, and taking measures to facilitate societal acceptance of the ethnic minority groups. With this in mind, we have, in this thematic issue, collected papers that address issues of ethnic integration in both developed and developing countries.
Keywords: ethnic minority; migration; social inclusion; socio-economic equality
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v5:y:2017:i:1:p:1-4