Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Writing Disability into Colonial Histories of Humanitarianism File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/706 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.706 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 188-196 Author-Name: Paul van Trigt Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for History, Leiden University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Susan Legêne Author-Workplace-Name: Department of History, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: In this paper, the relation between humanity and disability is addressed by discussing the agency of people with disabilities in colonial histories of humanitarianism. People with disabilities were often—as indicated by relevant sources—regarded and treated as passive, suffering fellow humans, in particular in the making and distribution of colonial photography. In the context of humanitarianism, is it possible to understand these photographs differently? This paper analyzes one photograph—from the collection of the Tropenmuseum Amsterdam—of people with leprosy in the protestant leprosarium Bethesda, in the Dutch colony Suriname, at the beginning of the twentieth century. It discusses the way the sitters in the photograph have been framed, and how the photograph has been made and used. The photograph makes it difficult to register agency, but easily reaffirms existing colonial categories. Therefore, this paper also uses another strategy of analysis. By following Actor-Network Theory, focusing on non-human actors, the second part of this paper offers a new and more convincing interpretation of the photograph. This strategy (a) understands agency as a phenomenon of interdependence instead of independence, and (b) approaches photographs as both real and performed. Combining the written history of humanitarianism and disability, it allows new histories of people with disabilities to develop, histories that move beyond the categories of colonialism. Keywords: actor; Actor-Network Theory; agency; colonialism; disability; humanitarianism; leprosy; photography Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:188-196 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Role of Human Values and Relations in the Employment of People with Work-Relevant Disabilities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/696 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.696 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 176-187 Author-Name: Lieke Kuiper Author-Workplace-Name: Health Sciences, VU University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Minne Bakker Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands Author-Name: Jacques van der Klink Author-Workplace-Name: Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, The Netherlands Abstract: The aim of this study is to discuss the role of human values and relations in the employment of people with work-relevant disabilities. Purpose: Finding and maintaining a paid job is known to be more difficult for people with a disability. The aim of the study is to explore the use which people with a disability make of their private and professional network in finding and maintaining a paid job and the role values play in these relations. This was placed in the context of three complementary perspectives: a perspective that stresses the importance of other than merely rationalistic values, a perspective that stresses the importance of values in work and an interpersonal perspective in which ‘the Other’ is central. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were held with 8 people with a working disability. As well, 4 interviews were held with people from their private network (family and partner) and 4 interviews with people from their professional network (colleagues and employers). All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. A framework analysis was used to identify the different values in the interviews. This was done with use of MAXqda. Results: The interviews showed that both romantic and rational values and arguments were mentioned by the employers in the context of hiring people with a work-relevant disability; they need to be willing to adjust. The importance of human relations was emphasised in the values mentioned by the respondents when talking about having a paid job. Moreover, ‘the Other’ played an important role in the employment process of people with a work-relevant disability. People with such a disability asked their private network to help them and to provide emotional support. Conclusion: Enabling values and relations had more chance if they were in line with the mission and central value of the organisation. This was one of the first studies on the role that human values and relations play in maintaining a paid job for people with a work-relevant disability. The study gives a first impression of how human values and relations play a role, but more research is needed to provide more detailed insights, for example in different groups (e.g. non-employed people with a disability). Keywords: disability; employment; human relations; values; work Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:176-187 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Challenging Standard Concepts of ‘Humane’ Care through Relational Auto-Ethnography File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/704 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.704 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 168-175 Author-Name: Alistair Niemeijer Author-Workplace-Name: Ethics of Care, University of Humanistic Studies, The Netherlands Author-Name: Merel Visse Author-Workplace-Name: Ethics of Care, University of Humanistic Studies, The Netherlands Abstract: What is deemed ‘good’ or ‘humane’ care often seems to be underpinned by a standard ideal of an able-bodied, autonomous human being, which not only underlies those ‘social and professional structures within which narratives and decisions regarding various impairments are held’ (Ho, 2008), but also co-shapes these structures. This paper aims to explore how a relational form of auto-ethnography can promote good care. Rather than being based on and focused toward this standard ideal, it challenges ‘humanity’ by showing how illness narratives, public discourse, and policy are framed by ethical questions. It illustrates how normative ideas dictate policy and public discourse. It critically questions this constitutive power by shifting attention to the lived experiences of people with chronic illness and disability. By highlighting and reflecting together on the first author’s life with a chronic illness and his son’s disability, and thereby framing the narrative, it will be argued that, in order to improve care practices, personal illness and disability narratives and the way they interlock with public narrative and auto-ethnographic methodologies should be investigated. Keywords: auto-ethnography; care ethics; disability; chronic illness; humane care Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:168-175 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Differences in Itself: Redefining Disability through Dance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/699 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.699 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 160-167 Author-Name: Carolien Hermans Author-Workplace-Name: Art and Economics, Utrecht School of the Arts, The Netherlands Abstract: This paper brings together two different terms: dance and disability. This encounter between dance and disability might be seen as an unusual, even conflicting, one since dance is traditionally dominated by aesthetic virtuosity and perfect, idealized bodies which are under optimized bodily control. However, recently there has been a growing desire within dance communities and professional dance companies to challenge binary thinking (beautiful-ugly, perfect-imperfect, valid-invalid, success-failure) by incorporating an aesthetic of difference. The traditional focus of dance on appearance (shape, technique, virtuosity) is replaced by a focus on how movement is connected to a sense of self. This notion of the subjective body not only applies to the dancer's body but also to disabled bodies. Instead of thinking of a body as a thing, an object (Körper) that is defined by its physical appearance, dance is more and more seduced by the body as we sense it, feel it and live it (Leib). This conceptual shift in dance is illustrated by a theoretical analysis of The Cost of Living, a dance film produced by DV8. Keywords: dance; difference in itself; disability; Körper; Leib; lived body; lived experience Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:160-167 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Weighing Posthumanism: Fatness and Contested Humanity File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/705 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.705 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 150-159 Author-Name: Sofia Apostolidou Author-Workplace-Name: Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Author-Name: Jules Sturm Author-Workplace-Name: Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract: Our project on fatness begins by turning attention to the multiple cultural instances in which fatness has been intrinsically linked with notions such as self—neglect and poor self—management. In Foucauldian terms, we analyse the fat subject as a failed homo economicus, an individual who has failed to be an “entrepreneur of himself, being for himself his own capital, being for himself his own producer, being for himself the source of [his] earnings” (Foucault, 2008, p. 226). From this perspective, we analyse instances of collective hatred towards fat subjects as direct results of the biopolitical triplet of responsibility, rationality, and morality. Morality is our bridge into the field of posthumanism, in which, as we demonstrate, these biopolitical imperatives also apply, reinforced by the field’s fascination with prosthetics and enhancement. Where, by biopolitical standards, fat subjects have failed to manage themselves, posthuman subjects find themselves guilty of not responsibly, rationally, and morally manipulating themselves to optimal productivity. Using criticism that disability studies scholars like Sarah S. Jain and Vivian Sobchack have voiced about posthumanism, we demonstrate the ways in which, within posthumanism, all subjects can be found as lacking when compared to their potential, enhanced post­human version. Keywords: biopolitics; disability studies; fat studies; posthumanism; prosthesis Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:150-159 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “I Am Human Too!” ‘Probeerruimte’ as Liminal Spaces in Search of Recognition File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/701 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.701 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 140-149 Author-Name: Fiona MacLeod Budge Author-Workplace-Name: To-The-Point Consultancy, The Netherlands Author-Name: Harry Wels Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands, African Studies Centre Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands, and Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Abstract: This paper explores the Dutch concept ‘probeerruimte’ in relation to the statement ‘human as a contested concept’, a highly relevant topic in disability studies. Probeerruimte encompasses the idea that people need space to ‘try things out’, a liminal space that facilitates personal development. It was conceived in a context where institutional practices exerted restrictive control over the lives of people with learning difficulties, denying them rights to self-determination and personal growth, rights that are integral to experiences of ‘being human’. The concept emerged about 20 years ago, and was revived during two studies conducted in 2014 and 2015.  The studies, commissioned by Disability Studies in Nederland (DSiN), explored perceptions of social inclusion. Study findings reveal the significance of associated concepts, inclusive of connectivity, citizenship, liminal spaces, and ‘risk taking’. Of critical importance is the need to challenge hegemonic practices that all too often disempower people with learning difficulties, remove their rights and, relegate their status to below citizenship. This paper addresses the relevance of probeerruimte for people with learning difficulties, from their perspectives, and examines how institutions can facilitate this process. Opinions from ‘all people’ involved in the conversation are used as data so as not to ‘label’ or make too strict a distinction between people with or without learning difficulties. The authors affirm the need to create probeerruimte to facilitate varied ways of existing. Ideally these ways of existing will promote opportunities for people with learning difficulties to engage in meaningful spaces, affirm their rights to citizenship and recognise their humanity. Keywords: citizenship; disability; learning difficulties; probeerruimte Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:140-149 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Value of Inequality File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/689 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.689 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 129-139 Author-Name: Gustaaf Bos Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Centre/EMGO+, The Netherlands Author-Name: Doortje Kal Author-Workplace-Name: National Support Centre Kwartiermaken, The Netherlands Abstract: Over the last two decades, inclusion and participation have become leading policy concepts within the Dutch chronic care and social welfare sector. People with an intellectual or psychiatric disability ought to get a chance to participate in, and belong to, the mainstream of our society—on the basis of equality and equivalence. Although on an international level this pursuit has been going on for at least five decades, it still raises all kinds of questions and debates. What does it mean if we want people with intellectual and/or psychiatric disabilities to participate in our society? Based on which idea(l)s about humanity do we define equality and equivalence? And by doing so, how much space is left for individual differences? In the following dialogue the two authors navigate the tension between similarity and difference in thinking about—and working towards—more space for marginalized people. In an attempt to withstand the contemporary dominance of equality thinking, marked by a strong focus on tenability and autonomy—and by extension an increasing climate of taboo around vulnerability and dependency—both authors stress the importance of recognizing and valuing difference, while discussing encounters between people with and without a severe intellectual and/or multiple disability. Keywords: dependency; (in)equality; encounter; reflection; relational otherness; responsive ethics; severe intellectual and/or multiple disability; space for difference; suspension; vulnerability Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:129-139 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Humanity as a Contested Concept: Relations between Disability and ‘Being Human’ File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/754 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.754 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 125-128 Author-Name: Paul van Trigt Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for History, Leiden University, The Netherlands Author-Name: Jacqueline Kool Author-Workplace-Name: Disability Studies in the Netherlands, The Netherlands Author-Name: Alice Schippers Author-Workplace-Name: Disability Studies in the Netherlands, The Netherlands, and Department of Medical Humanities, VU University Medical Centre, The Netherlands Abstract: This editorial presents the theme and approach of the themed issue “Humanity as a Contested Concept: Relations between Disability and ‘Being Human’”. The way in which the concept of humanity is or must be related to disability is critically investigated from different disciplinary perspectives in the themed issue, which is, moreover, situated in the field of disability studies and related to discussions about posthumanism. The argument is made that humanity is a concept that needs to be constantly reflected upon from a disability studies perspective. Finally, the contributions of the themed issue are briefly outlined. Keywords: ableism; disability; humanity; posthumanism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:125-128 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The 'Arc of Prosperity' Revisited: Homelessness Policy Change in North Western Europe File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/675 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.675 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 108-124 Author-Name: Isobel Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Evelyn Dyb Author-Workplace-Name: Urban and Regional Research Institute, Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway Author-Name: Joe Finnerty Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork, Ireland Abstract: This paper compares continuity and change in homelessness policy in Ireland, Scotland and Norway with a particular focus on the period of post-crisis austerity measures (2008–2016). The analytical approach draws on institutional theory and the notion of path dependency, which has rarely been applied to comparative homelessness research. The paper compares welfare and housing systems in the three countries prior to presenting a detailed analysis of the conceptualisation and measurement of homelessness; the institutions which address homelessness; and the evidence of change in the post-2008 period. The analysis demonstrates that challenges remain in comparing the nature of homelessness and policy responses across nation states, even where they have a number of similar characteristics, and despite some EU influence towards homelessness policy convergence. Similarly, national-level homelessness policy change could not be interpreted as entirely a result of the external shock of the 2008 general financial crisis, as existing national policy goals and programmes were also influential. Overall, embedded national frameworks and institutions were resilient, but sufficiently flexible to deliver longer term policy shifts in response to the changing nature of the homelessness problem and national policy goals. Institutionalism and path dependency were found to be useful in developing the comparative analysis of homelessness policy change and could be fruitfully applied in future longitudinal, empirical research across a wider range of countries. Keywords: homelessness; institutionalism; path dependency; policy change Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:108-124 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outsiders Within: Claiming Discursive Space at National Homelessness Conferences in Canada File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/670 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.670 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 97-107 Author-Name: Emily Paradis Author-Workplace-Name: Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, Toronto University, Canada Abstract: Homelessness in Canada is a large and growing problem affecting more than 235,000 men, women, youth, and families per year, in urban, suburban, rural and Northern communities. Though it is produced by economic and policy drivers including colonization, income insecurity, and state withdrawal from housing provision, policies on homelessness tend to focus on service provision rather than addressing root causes. This article reviews activist, advocacy, service and policy responses to homelessness in Canada, and in particular, homeless sector conferences. Taking as its starting-point a demonstration at a 2014 national conference on homelessness, it examines these conferences as important sites of governance in which service organizations collaborate in the development and delivery of policy. Conferences’ normative culture, and their discursive construction of homelessness as a technical problem, tend to leave unchallenged the prevailing economic, social, political and institutional arrangements that produce homelessness. Recent interventions by people facing homelessness and their allies, though, have claimed discursive space at national homelessness conferences for outsider perspectives and demands. These interventions open possibilities for new alliances, analyses, and tactics that are necessary for ending homelessness. Keywords: activism; conferences; governance; homelessness; lived experience Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:97-107 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Preventing, Reducing and Ending LGBTQ2S Youth Homelessness: The Need for Targeted Strategies File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/669 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.669 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 86-96 Author-Name: Alex Abramovich Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Canada Abstract: Gender non-conforming and sexual minority youth are overrepresented in the homeless youth population and are frequently discriminated against in shelters and youth serving organizations. This paper provides a contextual understanding of the ways that institutional and governmental policies and standards often perpetuate the social exclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and 2-Spirit (LGBTQ2S) youth, by further oppression and marginalization. Factors, including institutional erasure, homophobic and transphobic violence, and discrimination that is rarely dealt with, addressed, or even noticed by shelter workers, make it especially difficult for LGBTQ2S youth experiencing homelessness to access support services, resulting in a situation where they feel safer on the streets than in shelters and housing programs. This paper draws on data from a qualitative Critical Action Research study that investigated the experiences of a group of LGBTQ2S homeless youth and the perspectives of staff in shelters through one-on-one interviews in Toronto, Canada. One of the main recommendations of the study included the need for governmental policy to address LGBTQ2S youth homelessness. A case study is shared to illustrate how the Government of Alberta has put this recommendation into practice by prioritizing LGBTQ2S youth homelessness in their provincial plan to end youth homelessness. The case study draws on informal and formal data, including group activities, questions, and surveys that were collected during a symposium on LGBTQ2S youth homelessness. This paper provides an overview of a current political, social justice, and public health concern, and contributes knowledge to an under researched field of study by highlighting concrete ways to prevent, reduce, and end LGBTQ2S youth homelessness. Keywords: homelessness; homophobia; LGBTQ2S youth; policy change; social inclusion; transphobia Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:86-96 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Rural Homelessness in Western Canada: Lessons Learned from Diverse Communities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/633 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.633 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 73-85 Author-Name: Jeannette Waegemakers Schiff Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Canada Author-Name: Rebecca Schiff Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Canada Author-Name: Alina Turner Author-Workplace-Name: Turner Research and Strategy Inc., Canada Abstract: Until recently, there was little acknowledgement that homelessness existed in rural areas in Canada. Limited research and scarce data are available to understand the scope and dynamics of rural homelessness in Canada. As suggested in our previous work, there is a need for rural homelessness research to examine themes from a provincial perspective. The aim of this research was to contribute to expanding the knowledge base on the nature of rural homelessness at a provincial level in the Canadian province of Alberta. In order to understand the dynamics of homelessness in rural Alberta, we conducted interviews with service providers and other key stakeholders across Alberta. We examined homelessness dynamics and responses to rural homelessness in 20 rural communities across the province. Across all of the communities in the study, homelessness was reported however, the magnitude of the issue and its dynamics were distinct depending on the local contexts. We also identified several themes which serve as descriptors of rural homelessness issues. We note a number of recommendations emerging from this data which are aimed at building on the experiences, capacities, and strengths of rural communities. Keywords: Canada; disaster management; domestic violence; homelessness; Housing First; immigrant; indigenous persons; rural; seniors; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:73-85 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Prevalence of Rough Sleeping and Sofa Surfing Amongst Young People in the UK File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/597 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.597 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 60-72 Author-Name: Anna Clarke Author-Workplace-Name: Cambridge Centre for Housing & Planning Research, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, UK Abstract: Whilst data on statutory homelessness is well recorded in the UK, there is a lack of data on informal homelessness (such as ‘sofa surfing’) and rough sleeping, other than that which relies on partial information and street counts. This paper presents findings from a recent online survey of young people and helps to fill this gap. It found that rates of sofa surfing and rough sleeping among young people were much higher than previously thought. Twenty-six percent of young people (aged 16–25) had slept rough at some point in their life and 35 percent had ‘sofa surfed’ (stayed with friends or family on their floor or sofa because they had nowhere else to go). The paper explores the implications of this for how we conceptualise homelessness. It suggests that homelessness may often be neither cause nor consequence of wider forms of exclusion, but that we may need to explore further the factors that enable some people to move swiftly out of homelessness more easily than others. Keywords: boomerang generation; hidden homelessness; rough sleeping; sofa surfing; street homelessness; youth homelessness Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:60-72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Japanese Social Exclusion and Inclusion from a Housing Perspective File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/628 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.628 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 51-59 Author-Name: Yoshihiro Okamoto Author-Workplace-Name: School of Business and Public Policies, Chukyo University, Japan Abstract: This paper examines conditions of social exclusion and attempts at social inclusion in Japan from a housing perspective. Companies, households and the government have previously supported housing in Japan. However, corporate welfare was withdrawn following the globalization of the economy from the 1990s onwards, support from families and communities declined due to a reduction in household size, and governmental housing support has shifted away from direct support. A reduction in income and unstable work left many people with unstable housing. Certain workers, such as foreigners performing dispatched labour, could not maintain continuous work under the influence of the Lehman Brothers’ bankruptcy in 2008. Household size has shrunk according to changes in the industrial structure, and the number of households that cannot sustain housing is increasing. Such vulnerable households—elderly people, the handicapped, low-income earners and single parents—can become excluded from the rental housing market. On the other hand, governmental measures are promoting local dwellings and maintaining the condition for a dwelling service. Activities, such as local community support of the homeless have been initiated by various Non-profit Organisations (NPOs) and NPO activities are increasingly exemplifying measures to achieve social inclusion. Keywords: corporate welfare; economic poverty; housing perspective; informal mutual aid; Non-profit Organisations Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:51-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Contradictory and Intersecting Patterns of Inclusion and Exclusion of Street Youth in Salvador, Brazil File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/667 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.667 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 39-50 Author-Name: Marit Ursin Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Centre for Child Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Abstract: Drawing on longitudinal qualitative research in Brazil involving participant observation and narrative interviews with young homeless persons, and semi-structured interviews with middle class residents, local businesses, and patrolling police officers, three overlapping yet contradictory dimensions of inclusion and exclusion are developed. First the hegemonic exclusionary discourse that tends to produce stigmatizing labels on poor people in general, and boys and young men on the street in particular, is mapped out. Second, socio-spatial exclusionary mechanisms involving architectural measures, surveillance cameras and violent policing, guarding the neighbourhood from stigmatised ‘others’ are examined. Third, the less recognised but equally important inclusionary mechanisms, facilitating street life and enabling a sense of belonging among young homeless people are explored. A simplistic and unidimensional conceptualisation of social exclusion is critiqued while demonstrating the multifaceted, intertwined, and contradictory character of homeless people’s social relationships with middle class residents, businesses, and police. Furthermore, the exclusion/inclusion dualism that is vivid in the existing literature is questioned. It is suggested that a nuanced picture is vital to increasing our understanding of the everyday lives of homeless populations and that further investigation and theorization of their exclusion as well as inclusion is needed. Keywords: Brazil; homelessness; social exclusion; social inclusion; street youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:39-50 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Complex Needs or Simplistic Approaches? Homelessness Services and People with Complex Needs in Edinburgh File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/596 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.596 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 28-38 Author-Name: Manuel Macias Balda Author-Workplace-Name: Academy of Government, University of Edinburgh, UK, and School of Sociology, University of Guayaquil, Ecuador Abstract: This research addresses how homelessness services from the statutory and voluntary sector are working for people with complex needs in the City of Edinburgh. Using a qualitative approach, it analyses the service providers’ perspectives on the concept, challenges and what works when dealing with this group of people. It also explores the opinions of a sample of service users, categorised as having complex needs, regarding the accommodation and support they are receiving. After analysing the data, it is argued that homelessness agencies do not have an appropriate cognitive nor institutional framework that facilitates an effective approach to work with people with complex needs. The lack of a sophisticated understanding that recognises the relational difficulties of individuals and the presence of structural, organisational, professional and interpersonal barriers hinder the development of positive long-term relationships which is considered as the key factor of change. For this reason, it is recommended to address a set of factors that go beyond simplistic and linear approaches and move towards complex responses in order to tackle homelessness from a broader perspective and, ultimately, achieve social inclusion. Keywords: complex needs; complexity; homelessness; public policy; Scotland; social exclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:28-38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Intentions to Move from Homelessness to Social Inclusion: The Role of Participation Beliefs, Attitudes and Prior Behaviour File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/643 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.643 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 16-27 Author-Name: Julie Christian Author-Workplace-Name: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Dominic Abrams Author-Workplace-Name: School of Psychology, University of Kent, UK Author-Name: David Clapham Author-Workplace-Name: Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK Author-Name: Daniella Nayyar Author-Workplace-Name: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK Author-Name: Joseph Cotler Author-Workplace-Name: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK Abstract: A key aim of homelessness services is not only to ensure that homeless people attain a secure home, but that this is a pathway to wider social inclusion. However, relatively little is known about the psychological elements that are essential for homeless people to engage with these pathways, nor whether these elements combine in ways that are predictable from previous research. In the present work, we examined both demographic and behavioural precursors, and contemporaneous psychological predictors, of a set of 49 homeless men’s intentions to engage with a programme to move them toward long-term housing and social inclusion. Contrary to predictions based on subjective utility and rational choice theories, we found that normative pressure and did not directly predict the men’s intentions. Instead, we found that intentions were predicted by their attitudes towards the services, and their specific beliefs about the benefits of particular courses of action (efficacy beliefs), and to a more restricted extent their experience (sociodemographics); and in those with high prior service use histories, only participatory beliefs guided future service use intentions. These findings suggest that it is important to focus on intentions as a highly relevant outcome of interventions, because beliefs about interventions can break the link between past behaviour or habitual service use and future service use. Such interventions may be particularly effective if they focus on the evaluative and efficacy-related aspects of behaviour over time and better understand the benefits the men evaluated the services as offering them. Keywords: attitudes; homelessness; service use; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:16-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Housing First and Social Integration: A Realistic Aim? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/672 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.672 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 5-15 Author-Name: Deborah Quilgars Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Housing Policy, University of York, UK Author-Name: Nicholas Pleace Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Housing Policy, University of York, UK Abstract: Housing First is now dominating discussions about how best to respond to homelessness among people with high and complex needs throughout the EU and in several countries within the OECD. Whilst recognised internationally as an effective model in addressing homelessness, little attention has been given as to whether Housing First also assists previously homeless people become more socially integrated into their communities. This paper reviews the available research evidence (utilising a Rapid Evidence Assessment methodology) on the extent to which Housing First services are effective in promoting social integration. Existing evidence suggests Housing First is delivering varying results in respect of social integration, despite some evidence suggesting normalising effects of settled housing on ontological security. The paper argues that a lack of clarity around the mechanisms by which Housing First is designed to deliver ‘social integration’, coupled with poor measurement, helps explain the inconsistent and sometimes limited results for Housing First services in this area. It concludes that there is a need to look critically at the extent to which Housing First can deliver social integration, moving the debate beyond the successes in housing sustainment and identifying what is needed to enhance people’s lives in the longer-term. Keywords: evaluation; homelessness; Housing First; housing sustainment; social integration Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:5-15 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Researching Homelessness: Challenging Exclusion? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/774 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i4.774 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-4 Author-Name: Isobel Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Social Sciences, University of Stirling, UK Author-Name: Masa Filipovic Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Author-Name: Joe Finnerty Author-Workplace-Name: School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork, Ireland Abstract: This themed issue of Social Inclusion provides a timely opportunity to reflect on how contemporary research is addressing the multi-dimensional issue of homelessness around the world. The papers presented here provide a wide range of new evidence on homelessness including theoretical, methodological and empirical contributions. They draw on a range of national experiences in Europe and beyond, and addressing the issue of social inclusion and social exclusion of homeless or previously homeless people from a range of perspectives and approaches. It is hoped that the contributions to this themed issue will prove influential in terms of both scholarship and potential to enhance policy making and service delivery to some of our most excluded citizens. Keywords: hidden homelessness; homelessness policy-making; homelessness research; policy evaluation; research networks; service user participation; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:4:p:1-4 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “I Like to Play with My Friends”: Children with Spina Bifida and Belonging in Uganda File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/630 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.630 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 127-141 Author-Name: Femke Bannink Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Author-Name: Richard Idro Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Uganda Author-Name: Geert van Hove Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Special Needs Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Abstract: This paper describes experiences of living and belonging from the perspectives of Ugandan children with spina bifida and their siblings and parents. We explored belonging at micro, meso and macro level taking into consideration African Childhood Disability Studies, central concepts of family, cultural conceptions of disability, poverty, and the notion of ‘ubuntu’, and using child-friendly culturally adjusted interview methods including play. Whilst children with spina bifida had a strong sense of belonging at household level, they experienced more difficulties engaging in larger social networks, including school. Poverty and stigma were important barriers to inclusion. We propose strengthening the network at family level, where the environment is more enabling for the children to find a place of belonging and support, and expanding investment and awareness at community and national level. Keywords: daily functioning, development assistance; disability; hydrocephalus; inclusive education; poverty; social discrimination; spina bifida; Uganda Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:127-141 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Does a Rise in Income Inequality Lead to Rises in Transportation Inequality and Mobility Practice Inequality? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/485 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.485 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 110-132 Author-Name: Joko Purwanto Author-Workplace-Name: Transport & Mobility Leuven, Belgium Abstract: Social and economic inequalities have sharpened in the late 20th century. During this period, Europe has witnessed a rising unemployment rate, a declining wages for the least qualified workers, a slowing of income growth, and an increasing gap between the richest and the poorest. Based on the hypothesis of the relation between socio-economic condition and mobility behaviour, it is necessary to ask how these socio-economic inequalities manifest themselves in transportation: does a rise in income inequality lead to a rise in transportation inequality and mobility practice inequality? This question is particularly relevant today as some European countries are facing high socio-economic inequalities following the financial crisis that started in 2008. Using results from transport, car ownership and mobility surveys as well as household surveys from the Paris (Île-de-France) region between eighties and late nineties, this paper tries to answer this question. The results show how inequalities in transportation and mobility practice have decreased during the period in spite of an increase in income inequalities. We find that the evolution of socio-economic inequality, most specifically income inequality was simply one of the determining factors of the evolution of inequalities in transportation and mobility practice. In fact, the most important role in that evolution is not played by the evolution of income inequality but by the evolution of elasticity between transportation and income. Reducing the effects of this elasticity should be the main target of transport policies to diminish inequality in transportation and mobility practice. Keywords: car ownership; income inequality; mobility practice; Paris region; social inequality; transportation; travel budget; travel costs; travel time; trips frequency Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:110-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mobility, Transport and Social Inclusion: Lessons from History File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/461 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.461 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 100-109 Author-Name: Colin Pooley Author-Workplace-Name: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Abstract: This paper argues that although it is now possible to travel more quickly and easily than ever before, transport-related social exclusion is more likely than it was in the past. Using evidence drawn from life writing and oral testimonies I examine the ways in which people accessed everyday transport over the past two centuries. In the early nineteenth century mobility options were limited and most people travelled in similar ways, though the rich always had access to the fastest and most comfortable transportation. From the mid-nineteenth century the railways provided fast travel for most people. Progressively, in the twentieth century British society became car dependent so that those without access to a car were disadvantaged. Such transport-related social exclusion was exacerbated by the denuding of public transport, and by heightened expectations for mobility which often could not be achieved. It is argued that a return to a less differentiated mobility system could increase transport-related social inclusion. Keywords: Britain; historical perspective; mobility; social inclusion; transport policies; travel diaries Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:100-109 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bicycle and Car Share Schemes as Inclusive Modes of Travel? A Socio-Spatial Analysis in Glasgow, UK File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/510 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.510 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 83-99 Author-Name: Julie Clark Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, UK Author-Name: Angela Curl Author-Workplace-Name: Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, UK Abstract: Public bicycle and car sharing schemes have proliferated in recent years and are increasingly part of the urban transport landscape. Shared transport options have the potential to support social inclusion by improving accessibility: these initiatives could remove some of the barriers to car ownership or bicycle usage such as upfront costs, maintenance and storage. However, the existing evidence base indicates that, in reality, users are most likely to be white, male and middle class. This paper argues that there is a need to consider the social inclusivity of sharing schemes and to develop appropriate evaluation frameworks accordingly. We therefore open by considering ways in which shared transport schemes might be inclusive or not, using a framework developed from accessibility planning. In the second part of the paper, we use the case study of Glasgow in Scotland to undertake a spatial equity analysis of such schemes. We examine how well they serve different population groups across the city, using the locations of bicycle stations and car club parking spaces in Glasgow, comparing and contrasting bike and car. An apparent failure to deliver benefits across the demographic spectrum raises important questions about the socially inclusive nature of public investment in similar schemes. Keywords: Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:83-99 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Quest for Gender-Sensitive and Inclusive Transport Policies in Growing Asian Cities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/479 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.479 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 72-82 Author-Name: Marie Thynell Author-Workplace-Name: School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Abstract: In cities all over the world, growing numbers of women are working or studying further away from home than ever before. This article presents policies by the World Bank and recommendations by the United Nations to improve conditions for women’s mobility in cities. Although these stress different factors affecting women’s experiences of traffic and transport, they all agree about the importance of enabling women’s mobility. However, gender-sensitive policies have been largely unsuccessful. This article presents examples of conditions for women in New Delhi and other rapidly growing Asian cities that illustrate how gender norms operate. This study uses the perspectives of development research and gender studies to examine economic and political initiatives and the way women act and interact with transport in local contexts. It facilitates critical reflection upon existing transport policies and suggests ‘how’ women’s needs may be effectively addressed. More in-depth knowledge about women’s needs and the problems they face when travelling will be useful for designing of policies that address more than simply the harassments of women. More inclusive urban access would enhance conditions for women and enable them to make choices according to their needs. In this way, social science and policy will cross-pollinate one another. Keywords: development banks; development research; gender; mobility; policy; public transport; sustainable transport; transport equality; United Nations; urban Asia Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:72-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transport and Access to Inclusive Education in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/502 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.502 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 61-71 Author-Name: Maria Kett Author-Workplace-Name: Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, University College London, UK Author-Name: Marcella Deluca Author-Workplace-Name: Leonard Cheshire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, University College London, UK Abstract: Lack of accessible transportation is considered a major barrier to education for children with disabilities—children already far less likely to attend school. While millions of children face challenges with getting to school, including long distances, poor roads, lack of transport and safety issues, these can be compounded for children with disabilities. Yet there is little data from low and middle-income countries on the nature and extent of this exclusion, or on attempted solutions. This paper explores some practical options for improving transport as part of providing inclusive education for children with disabilities in low income countries, as well applying concepts of transport-related social exclusion in such contexts. The paper reviews a project designed to improve sustainable transportation to school for children with disabilities in four districts in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The most common solution was three wheel motorbikes (tricycles) with trailers. Whilst not been unproblematic, teachers, parents and the wider communities overwhelmingly agree that they have supported children with disabilities to attend school. Obviously tricycles are not the only component needed for an inclusive education system, but they are a start. The paper also highlights some crucial gaps in current approaches, key among which is the fact the most government departments work in silos. Whilst inclusive education is strongly supported by the Zimbabwean Government, there is a lack of joined up thinking between transport and education ministries. Without stronger collaboration across ministries children with disabilities will continue to experience avoidable barriers and transport-related social exclusion. Keywords: accessibility; children with disabilities; inclusive education; participation; social exclusion; tricycles; transport solutions; Zimbabwe Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:61-71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Framing Social Inclusion as a Benchmark for Cycling-Inclusive Transport Policy in Kisumu, Kenya File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/546 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.546 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 46-60 Author-Name: Walter Alando Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Transport Planning, Faculty of Spatial Planning, Technische Universität Dortmund University, Germany Author-Name: Joachim Scheiner Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Transport Planning, Faculty of Spatial Planning, Technische Universität Dortmund University, Germany Abstract: Cycling in many cities of the Global South faces unending exclusion from street spaces despite the on-going transport policy reforms. This exclusion worsens the marginalisation of the poor majority who use this mode. In this paper, we formulate social inclusion as a policy tool for reconciling transport policy to the cycling needs of Kisumu, Kenya. We draw from social quality theory and Lefebvre’s right to the city concept to assemble the ideals of social inclusion. These ideals form the benchmark for a qualitative content analysis of the policy pronouncements contained in the Kenya Vision 2030 and the Integrated National Transport Policy to ascertain the opportunities presented by these policies for cycling inclusion. Findings from interviews held with transport professionals in government and private practice support this content analysis. Results show that while the Kenya Vision 2030 focuses on economic growth, the Government has prioritised the implementation of its projects, thus diminishing the fragile opportunity for cycling inclusion presented by the transport policy. To consolidate this opportunity, we propose different policy recommendations to improve the terms for cyclists to claim and produce street spaces. Keywords: cycling; Kisumu; social exclusion; transport-led exclusion; transport planning Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:46-60 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Perceived Accessibility of Public Transport as a Potential Indicator of Social Inclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/481 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.481 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 36-45 Author-Name: Katrin Lättman Author-Workplace-Name: SAMOT/CTF—Service Research Center & Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Sweden Author-Name: Margareta Friman Author-Workplace-Name: SAMOT/CTF—Service Research Center & Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Sweden Author-Name: Lars E. Olsson Author-Workplace-Name: SAMOT/CTF—Service Research Center & Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Sweden Abstract: Perceived accessibility has been acknowledged as an important aspect of transport policy since the 70s. Nevertheless, very few empirical studies have been conducted in this field. When aiming to improve social inclusion, by making sustainable transport modes accessible to all, it is important to understand the factors driving perceived accessibility. Unlike conventional accessibility measures, perceived accessibility focuses on the perceived possibilities and ease of engaging in preferred activities using different transport modes. We define perceived accessibility in terms of how easy it is to live a satisfactory life with the help of the transport system, which is not necessarily the same thing as the objective standard of the system. According to previous research, perceived accessibility varies with the subjectively-rated quality of the mode of transport. Thus, improvements in quality (e.g. trip planning, comfort, or safety) increase the perceived accessibility and make life easier to live using the chosen mode of transport. This study (n=750) focuses on the perceived accessibility of public transport, captured using the Perceived Accessibility Scale PAC (Lättman, Olsson, & Friman, 2015). More specifically, this study aims to determine how level of quality affects the perceived accessibility in public transport. A Conditional Process Model shows that, in addition to quality, feeling safe and frequency of travel are important predictors of perceived accessibility. Furthermore, elderly and those in their thirties report a lower level of perceived accessibility to their day-to-day activities using public transport. The basic premise of this study is that subjective experiences may be as important as objective indicators when planning and designing for socially inclusive transport systems. Keywords: perceived accessibility; public transport; social exclusion; social inclusion; subjective well-being; transport planning Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:36-45 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Effect of Transport Accessibility on the Social Inclusion of Wheelchair Users: A Mixed Method Analysis File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/484 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.484 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 24-35 Author-Name: Raquel Velho Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London, UK Author-Name: Catherine Holloway Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Computer Science, University College London, UK Author-Name: Andrew Symonds Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University College London, UK Author-Name: Brian Balmer Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London, UK Abstract: In recent years the accessibility of London buses has improved with the introduction of ramps and wheelchair priority areas. These advances are meant to remove physical barriers to entering the bus, but new conflicts have arisen particularly over the physical space aboard. We aimed to research the barriers faced by wheelchair users in public transport using a mixed methods approach to establish the breadth of issues faced by wheelchair users. To this end we quantified the push-force used alight a bus and a study to understand the coping mechanisms used by people to propel up a ramp. This quantitative approach found push forces which resulted in a load of 2 to 3 times body weight being transferred through people’s shoulders, forces which can be directly linked to shoulder injury. This could disable the user further, preventing them from being able to push their wheelchair. Alongside the quantitative study, we conducted qualitative research comprising of a number of in-depth interviews with wheelchair users about the barriers they face in public transport. Our main claim, highlighted through this interdisciplinary collaboration, is that proposed ‘solutions’ to accessibility, such as ramps, often generate problems of their own. These barriers can affect the life of wheelchair users, impacting on their confidence and causing social isolation. These can be long-term in nature or immediate. Keywords: accessibility; disability; interdisciplinarity; public transport; science and technology studies; Transport for London; wheelchair Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:24-35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Supporting a Design Driven Approach to Social Inclusion and Accessibility in Transport File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/521 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.521 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 7-23 Author-Name: Russell Marshall Author-Workplace-Name: Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK Author-Name: Steve Summerskill Author-Workplace-Name: Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK Author-Name: Keith Case Author-Workplace-Name: Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, UK Author-Name: Amjad Hussain Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan Author-Name: Diane Gyi Author-Workplace-Name: Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK Author-Name: Ruth Sims Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology, University of Derby, Derby, UK Author-Name: Andrew Morris Author-Workplace-Name: Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK Author-Name: Jo Barnes Author-Workplace-Name: Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK Abstract: This paper presents research into the area of public transport and accessibility, addressing the support of practitioners in achieving socially inclusive solutions to the mobility issues of diverse populations. For decades, social policy has been underpinned by a stereotyping of populations into simplified sub groups: old, young, disabled, etc. and thus solutions often fail to properly address the richness of human variability. These shortcomings are often ‘managed’ through the ability for people to adapt, however, this is not a sustainable way in which to build a socially inclusive transport infrastructure. A software design tool called HADRIAN is presented. This tool provides a means to evaluate designs for their physical inclusiveness through the use of a virtual user group. This virtual user group is the embodiment of over 100 people that can be used to assess an existing or proposed design and to gain an understanding of what may be done to improve its accommodation. A case study exploring the use of the tool is described together with work in exploring the correlation of the individuals within the HADRIAN system with data on the UK population as a whole and how the inclusion or exclusion of individuals with specific characteristics can be used to inform a more representative view of the inclusiveness of a design. Keywords: accessibility; design change; digital human modelling; HADRIAN; mobility issues; SAMMIE; simulation; social inclusion; transport Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:7-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Transport Policy and Social Inclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/668 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i3.668 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 3 Pages: 1-6 Author-Name: Miriam Ricci Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Transport and Society, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, UK Author-Name: Graham Parkhurst Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Transport and Society, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, UK Author-Name: Juliet Jain Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Transport and Society, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of the West of England, UK Abstract: ‘Transport-related Social inclusion’ is a specific naming of the complex set of interrelationships within which accessibility plays an important role in whether a citizen achieves the level of participation in socioeconomic life that he or she seeks. It has its origins in the United Kingdom of the early 2000s, but the diversity of theoretical perspectives, research methods and practical focus shown by the contributions to the present issue on this theme bears witness to the evolution and translation this concept and term has undergone over more than a decade. Nine papers are presented, concerning applications of the concept in three continents, and including some of the poorest and richest per capita income countries on the globe. As well as developing and applying the multi-faceted theories of the processes of exclusion and techniques for the quantitative identification of inclusion, they consider important topics such as the treatment of the less abled and more frail members of society when on the move and the potential for new technological design methods and practical solutions either to enhance inclusion or deepen inequality in our societies. Collectively their conclusions reinforce the message that social exclusion remains multi-dimensional, relational and dynamic, located both in the circumstances of the excluded individual as well as in the processes, institutions and structures that permeate wider society. Keywords: accessibility; cycling; disabled; gender; mobility; public transport; shared mobility; social exclusion; social inclusion; transport policy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:3:p:1-6 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How a Collective Trauma Influences Ethno-Religious Relations of Adolescents in Present-Day Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/497 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.497 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 133-143 Author-Name: Merima Šehagić Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, Germany Abstract: This article combines a historical perspective on intergenerational transmission of collective trauma with a psycho-anthropological approach in regards to the construction of multiple identifications by Bosniak adolescents growing up in Bosnia and Herzegovina, after the Balkan war that took place in the early 1990s. This research is based on the ethnographic fieldwork I conducted during my three-month stay in Sarajevo, a city that has been the center of battles between Bosnian Serbs and Bosniaks. The aim of this research is to understand the ways in which memories of the war linger on in contemporary interethnic and interreligious relations. I applied Dialogical Self Theory to analyze dilemmas and ambiguities emerging from the multiple identifications of Muslim adolescents, to whom coexistence with Bosnian Serbs has come to be part of everyday life. During oral histories, my informants expressed a desire to maintain a sense of normality, consisting of a stable political and economic present and future. I argue that nationalist ideologies on ethno-religious differences which were propagated during the war stand in the way of living up to this desire. On a micro level, people try to manage their desire for normality by promoting a certain degree of social cohesion and including the ethno-religious other to a shared national identity of ‘being Bosnian’. Keywords: Bosnia-Herzegovina; collective trauma; Dialogical Self Theory; ethnicity; group identity; post-conflict coexistence; reconciliation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:133-143 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Religious Education in Russia: Inter-Faith Harmony or Neo-Imperial Toleration? File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/509 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.509 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 117-132 Author-Name: Elena Lisovskaya Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Western Michigan University, USA Abstract: This paper explores the approach to religious education that has been instituted in Russia since 2012. The new policy’s manifestly proclaimed goals seem convergent with the values of religious freedom, self-determination, tolerance, and inter-faith peace that are espoused by Western liberal democracies. Yet Russia’s hidden religious education curriculum is far more consistent with a neo-imperial model of ethno-religious (Russian Orthodox) hegemony and limited toleration of selected, other faiths whose reach is restricted to politically peripheral ethno-territorial entities. This model embodies and revitalizes Russia’s imperial legacies. Yet the revitalization is, in itself, an outcome of strategic choices made by the country’s religious and secular elites in the course of its desecularization. Building on discourse analysis of five Russian textbooks and a teacher’s manual, this article shows how the neo-imperial model manifests itself in the suppression of exogenous and endogenous pluralism, cultivation of the ideology of “ethnodoxy”, and in essentially imperialist mythology. The paper concludes by predicting the new model’s potential instability. Keywords: education; ethnicity; multiculturalism; religion; Russia; hidden curriculum, neo-imperialism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:117-132 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Negotiating Social Inclusion: The Catholic Church in Australia and the Public Sphere File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/500 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.500 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 107-116 Author-Name: Andrew P. Lynch Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Abstract: This paper argues that for religion, social inclusion is not certain once gained, but needs to be constantly renegotiated in response to continued challenges, even for mainstream religious organisations such as the Catholic Church. The paper will analyse the Catholic Church’s involvement in the Australian public sphere, and after a brief overview of the history of Catholicism’s struggle for equal status in Australia, will consider its response to recent challenges to maintain its position of inclusion and relevance in Australian society. This will include an examination of its handling of sexual abuse allegations brought forward by the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, and its attempts to promote its vision of ethics and morals in the face of calls for marriage equality and other social issues in a society of greater religious diversity. Keywords: Catholicism; multifaith societies; public sphere; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:107-116 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Participation and Sharing, or Peaceful Co-Existence? Visions of Integration among Muslims in Switzerland File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/499 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.499 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 95-106 Author-Name: Michael Nollert Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland Author-Name: Amir Sheikhzadegan Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland Abstract: At least three traditions in sociological thought address the question of social inclusion. In the systems theory proposed by Luhmann, inclusion means that individuals are able to adapt and gain access to functional subsystems, such as the labor market or the welfare state. In the tradition of Simmel, social inclusion is seen as an outcome of “cross-cutting social circles”. Both perspectives are addressed in Lockwood’s distinction between social integration and system integration. Building on these theoretical traditions, the study proposes a typology of migrant integration in which inclusion requires a realization of both social and system integration. Against this theoretical background, the paper deals with the question of which kind of integration the Swiss Muslims strive for through civic engagement. Drawing on narrative autobiographical interviews, the study reveals two main tendencies among the studied Muslims. While some seek an opportunity to engage with people of other worldviews through civic engagement (social integration), others limit their civic engagement only to those religious communities that cultivate a strong collective Muslim identity, and reduce their contact with non-Muslims to a peaceful co-existence (system integration). The study also shows that these two attitudes are associated with two views on outgroup tolerance. While the advocates of social integration are for liberal tolerance, the supporters of system integration show tendency towards multicultural tolerance. Keywords: coexistence; inclusion; Muslims; participation; segregation; social integration; Switzerland; systemic integration; voluntary associations Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:95-106 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: In the Shadow of Bell Towers: The Use of Religious Capital among Christian-Catholic Second Generations in Italy File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/496 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.496 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 87-94 Author-Name: Roberta Ricucci Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Culture, Politics and Culture, University of Turin, Italy Abstract: Evidence from some contemporary ethnic groups suggests that ethnic religion may play a strong role in the lives of second generation members. This is evident in recent studies on Muslims living in Europe. But Europe's immigrant population is not just Muslim in origin. Migratory flows from Latin America, the Philippines and Eastern Europe (i.e. Romania or Ukraine) bring people from Catholic and Christian countries to Europe. And—as in the Italian case—these groups are now the majority among the whole immigrant population. Consequently, the almost exclusive focus on the Islamic component has allowed little investigation of the increase of the Christian-Catholic component. The paper describes and compares the religious paths of immigrants’ youth from Peru, the Philippines and Romania, considering the following questions: How do they interact with/develop their religious identity? Is this generation seeking less visible, less participatory means of contact with the church to better integrate with their peers? Or, on the contrary, do they choose, strategically, to reinforce the Catholic part of their identity in order to succeed better in the integration process in a Catholic country? Keywords: Christian-Catholic; discrimination; identity; immigrants; Italy; religion; second generation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:87-94 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Jews, Muslims and the Ritual Male Circumcision Debate: Religious Diversity and Social Inclusion in Germany File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/494 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.494 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 77-86 Author-Name: Gökçe Yurdakul Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Diversity and Social Conflict, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Abstract: On 7 May 2012, the Cologne regional court ruled that circumcising young boys was a form of previous bodily harm (körperverletzung). Although both Muslims and Jews circumcise infant boys as a religious practice, the Cologne court found that the child’s “fundamental right to bodily integrity” was more important than the parents’ rights, leaving Muslim and Jewish parents under suspicion of causing bodily harm to their children. After heated public discussions and an expedited legal process, legal authorities permitted the ritual circumcision of male children under a new law. However, the German debates on religious diversity are not yet over. On the third anniversary of the Court decision in 2015, thirty-five civil society organisations organised a rally in Cologne for “genital autonomy”, calling for a ban on ritual male circumcision. In this article, I will focus on religious diversity, which is undergoing changes through minority and immigrant claims for religious accommodation. Analysing the ongoing controversies of ritual male circumcision in Germany, I argue that this change is best observed with Muslim and Jewish claims for practicing their religion. By using political debates, news reports and information provided by lawyers and medical doctors who were involved in the public debate, I show that religious diversity debates are a litmus test for social inclusion: Muslims and Jews, in this context, are both passive subjects of social inclusion policies and active participants in creating a religiously diverse society in Germany. Keywords: Germany; Jews; Muslims; religious diversity; ritual male circumcision; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:77-86 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secularities, Diversities and Pluralities: Understanding the Challenges of Religious Diversity in Latin America File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/487 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.487 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 65-76 Author-Name: Edgar Zavala-Pelayo Author-Workplace-Name: Lateinamerika-Institut, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Author-Name: Manuel Góngora-Mera Author-Workplace-Name: Lateinamerika-Institut, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Abstract: Latin America is experiencing today the greatest religious diversity in its entire history. However, it must also be noted that a large number of the growing religious minorities may be classified into types of Christianity with conservative overtones. In this paper we will suggest that the literature streams on multiple secularities in contemporary (Western) societies and religious diversity in Latin America do offer insightful perspectives yet fail to adequately convey the challenges raised by the religious across contemporary Latin America. Addressing Latin America’s historical background, we will distinguish conceptually and empirically among different degrees of secularities, diversities and pluralities and will construct with these distinctions a descriptive-normative model that can guide future analyses of secular and religious phenomena in Latin America. It is only through a comprehensive understanding of diversities, pluralities and secularities that the debates on those human rights crucial for social inclusion—from sexual and reproductive rights to gender and religious equality—can be fruitfully conducted in and beyond Latin America. Keywords: Christian hegemony; multiple secularities; pluralism; religious diversity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:65-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Secular New Zealand and Religious Diversity: From Cultural Evolution to Societal Affirmation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/463 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.463 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 52-64 Author-Name: Douglas Pratt Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, New Zealand, and Faculty of Theology, University of Bern, Switzerland Abstract: About a century ago New Zealand was a predominantly white Anglo-Saxon Christian nation, flavoured only by diversities of Christianity. A declining indigenous population (Maori) for the most part had been successfully converted as a result of 19th century missionary endeavour. In 2007, in response to increased presence of diverse religions, a national Statement on Religious Diversity was launched. During the last quarter of the 20th century the rise of immigrant communities, with their various cultures and religions, had contributed significantly to the changing demographic profile of religious affiliation. By early in the 21st century this diversity, together with issues of inter-communal and interreligious relations, all in the context of New Zealand being a secular society, needed to be addressed in some authoritative way. Being a secular country, the government keeps well clear of religion and expects religions to keep well clear of politics. This paper will outline relevant historical and demographic factors that set the scene for the Statement, which represents a key attempt at enhancing social inclusion with respect to contemporary religious diversity. The statement will be outlined and discussed, and other indicators of the way in which religious diversity is being received and attended to will be noted. Keywords: Christian denominations; Christian missions; demographics; ethnic diversity; New Zealand; reception; religious diversity Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:52-64 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “Too Smart to be Religious?” Discreet Seeking Amidst Religious Stigma at an Elite College File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/491 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.491 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 40-51 Author-Name: Kateri Boucher Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Hamilton College, USA Author-Name: Jaime Kucinskas Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Hamilton College, USA Abstract: To advance understandings of how religion manifests in subtle, nuanced ways in secular institutions, we examine student religiosity and spirituality at an elite liberal arts school marked by a strong intellectual collective identity. Using mixed research methods, we examine how the college’s structures and dominant culture influence students’ religiosity and spirituality. Despite an institutional commitment to promoting students’ self-exploration and inclusion of social “diversity,” we found both campus structures and mainstream culture deterred open spiritual and religious exploration and identification. The structure of the college and its dominant secular, intellectual culture reinforced: (1) a widespread stigma against religious and spiritual expression, (2) a lack of dialogue about the sacred, (3) discreetness in exploring and adhering to sacred beliefs and practices, and (4) a large degree of religious and spiritual pluralism. Our findings additionally illustrate that early exposure to the campus culture’s critical regard for religion had a long-lasting impact on students’ religiosity. A majority of students kept their religious and spiritual expressions hidden and private; only a marginalized minority of students embraced their expressions publically. To increase students’ comfort with religious and spiritual exploration, we propose that colleges foster intentional peer dialogues early in the college experience. Furthermore, we recommend that campus communities prioritize religious and spiritual literacy and respect. Keywords: college; diversity; higher education; lived religion; religiosity; spirituality Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:40-51 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Fog of Extremism: Governance, Identity, and Minstrels of Exclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/541 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.541 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 26-39 Author-Name: Amyn B. Sajoo Author-Workplace-Name: Simon Fraser University, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, Canada Abstract: An insistent focus on extremism and radicalization with regard to current Islamist trends masks the failures of pluralist citizenship, amid a larger crisis of identity. Whether in Muslim-majority societies or in the Euro-North American diaspora, “Islam” and “politics” are touted as explaining patterns of severe violence by state/non-state actors. Neither category accounts more than superficially for the complexities at hand, which revolve around exclusionary models of identity, faith and civil society. Successful narratives of inclusive citizenship depend on key markers outside of modernist secular orthodoxy. Theologies of inclusion are vital in fostering pluralist civic identities, mindful of the ascendance of puritanical-legalist theologies of exclusion as a salient facet of public cultures. Multiple surveys reveal the depth of exclusivist conservatism in diverse Muslim societies. These stances not only undermine civil society as a locus for engendering pluralist identities, but also undergird the militant trends that dominate the headlines. Targeting militants is often essential—yet is frequently accompanied by the willful alienation of Muslim citizens even within liberal democracies, and a growing “official” sectarianism among Muslim-majority polities. Convergent pluralisms of faith and civic identity are a vital antidote to the fog that obscures the roots as well as the implications of today’s extremist trends. Keywords: citizenship; civil society; exclusion; human rights; Islam; minorities; pluralism; radicalization; secularism; sectarianism; sharia; theology Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:26-39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Inclusive Study of Religions and World Views in Schools: Signposts from the Council of Europe File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/493 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.493 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 14-25 Author-Name: Robert Jackson Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Education Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK, and Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Education, Stockholm University, Sweden Abstract: This article outlines some issues in incorporating the study of religions, together with non-religious world views, into the curricula of publicly funded schools in Western democratic states. Attention is given to examples from work on this topic conducted within the Council of Europe since 2002, with a particular focus on Signposts: Policy and Practice for Teaching about Religions and Nonreligious World Views in Intercultural Education, a text published by the Council of Europe in 2014. Signposts is designed to assist policy makers and practitioners in interpreting and applying ideas from the 2008 Recommendation from the Committee of Ministers (the Foreign Ministers of the 47 member states) dealing with education about religions and non-religious convictions. Various issues raised by the Signposts document are considered. Towards the end of the article, recent UK and Council of Europe policies which emphasise the study of religions and beliefs as a means to counter extremism, and which have appeared since the publication of Signposts, are summarised and discussed critically. Attention is drawn to the dangers of certain policies, and also to the plurality of aims which studies of religions and non-religious world views need to have in providing a balanced educational programme. Keywords: Council of Europe; education; extremism; globalisation; intercultural; pluralisation; religions; secularisation; teaching; world views Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:14-25 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Living Together v. Living Well Together: A Normative Examination of the SAS Case File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/504 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.504 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 3-13 Author-Name: Lori G. Beaman Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Classics and Religious Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada Abstract: The European Court of Human Rights decision in SAS from France illustrates how a policy and national mantra that ostensibly aims to enhance inclusiveness, ‘living together’, is legally deployed in a manner that may have the opposite effect. In essence, despite acknowledging the sincerity of SAS’s religious practice of wearing the niqab, and her agency in making the decision to do so, the Court focuses on radicalism and women’s oppression amongst Muslims. Taking the notion of living together as the beginning point, the paper explores the normative assumptions underlying this notion as illustrated in the judgment of the Court. An alternative approach, drawing on the work of Derrida for the notion of ‘living well together’ will be proposed and its implications for social inclusion explicated. The paper’s aim is to move beyond the specific example of SAS and France to argue that the SAS pattern of identifying particular values as ‘national values’, the deployment of those values through law, policy and public discourse, and their exclusionary effects is playing out in a number of Western democracies, including Canada, the country with which the author is most familiar. Because of this widespread dissemination of values and their framing as representative of who ‘we’ are, there is a pressing need to consider the potentially alienating effects of a specific manifestation of ‘living together’ and an alternative model of ‘living well together’. Keywords: citizenship; Derrida; identity; niqab; religion; SAS v France; values; vivre ensemble; women Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:3-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Religious Diversity and the Challenge of Social Inclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/631 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i2.631 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 2 Pages: 1-2 Author-Name: Gary Bouma Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Science, Monash University, Caulfield East, Australia Abstract: As societies have become religiously diverse in ways and extents not familiar in the recent histories of most, the issues of how to include this diversity and how to manage it, that is, questions about how to be a religiously diverse society have come to the fore. As a result religion has become part of the social policy conversation in new ways. It has also occasioned new thinking about religions, their forms and the complexity of ways they are negotiated by adherents and the ways they are related to society, the state and each other. This issue of Social Inclusion explores these issues of social inclusion in both particular settings and in cross-national comparative studies by presenting research and critical thought on this critical issue facing every society today. Keywords: interreligious relations; multiculturalism; religion; religions and violence; religious diversity; social cohesion; social control; social inclusion; social policy Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:2:p:1-2 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Romanian Roma: An Institutional Ethnography of Labour Market Exclusion File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/539 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.539 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 116-126 Author-Name: Janne Paulsen Breimo Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Sciences, NORD University, Norway Author-Name: Loreni Elena Baciu Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology and Psychology, West University of Timisoara, Romania Abstract: Roma individuals are struggling to access the formal labour market in Romania. Previous research occupied with this issue has traditionally been dominated by quantitative studies of socio-economic indicators that cling to the characteristics of the ethnic group. The study presented here, however, uses institutional ethnography as a method of social inquiry to demonstrate that this issue needs to be studied from a bottom-up perspective. The article illustrates that there are factors connected to how the system of occupational integration operates that must be taken into consideration in order to explain the difficulties Roma individuals face when trying to enter the labour market in Romania. We argue that these structural barriers create and reinforce processes of minoritising that increase marginalization and discrimination and thereby hinder work inclusion for Roma individuals. Keywords: inclusion; institutional ethnography; labour market; majoritizing; minoritising; Roma; Romania Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:116-126 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Exclusion of Australian Childless Women in Their Reproductive Years File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/489 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.489 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 102-115 Author-Name: Beth Turnbull Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health through Action on Social Exclusion (CHASE), School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Melissa L Graham Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health through Action on Social Exclusion (CHASE), School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Ann R Taket Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Health through Action on Social Exclusion (CHASE), School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Australia Abstract: Research suggests Australian childless women are at risk of pronatalism-driven social exclusion. This exploratory, mixed methods, cross-sectional study described and explored the social exclusion of Australian childless women aged 25 to 44 years, and asked: what are the nature and extent of social exclusion of childless women; and do the nature and extent of exclusion vary for different types of childless women? A total of 776 childless female Australian residents aged 25 to 44 years completed a self-administered questionnaire. Quantitative data were collected on childlessness types, indicators of exclusion and perceived stigmatisation and exclusion due to being childless. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, One Way ANOVAs and Kruskal Wallis Analysis of Ranks. Qualitative data on childless women’s experiences were inductively thematically analysed. Findings suggest societal-level pronatalism drives exclusion of Australian childless women. While exclusion occurs in all domains of life, childless women experience more exclusion, and perceive more exclusion due to being childless, in the social and civic domains than the service and economic domains. Circumstantially and involuntarily childless women, followed by voluntarily childless women, perceive more exclusion due to being childless than undecided and future childed women. Experiences are influenced by the nature of women’s ‘deviance’ from pronatalism. Keywords: childlessness; demography; fertility; pronatalism; social exclusion; stereotypes; stigma Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:102-115 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Climate Change, Mining and Traditional Indigenous Knowledge in Australia File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/442 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.442 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 92-101 Author-Name: Tony Birch Author-Workplace-Name: Moondani Ballak Indigenous Unit, Victoria University, Australia Abstract: Australia, in common with nations globally, faces an immediate and future environmental and economic challenge as an outcome of climate change. Indigenous communities in Australia, some who live a precarious economic and social existence, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Impacts are already being experienced through dramatic weather events such as floods and bushfires. Other, more gradual changes, such as rising sea levels in the north of Australia, will have long-term negative consequences on communities, including the possibility of forced relocation. Climate change is also a historical phenomenon, and Indigenous communities hold a depth of knowledge of climate change and its impact on local ecologies of benefit to the wider community when policies to deal with an increasingly warmer world are considered. Non-Indigenous society must respect this knowledge and facilitate alliances with Indigenous communities based on a greater recognition of traditional knowledge systems. Keywords: Australia; climate change; indigenous knowledge; interconnection; two-way learning; wellbeing Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:92-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: More Than a Checklist: Meaningful Indigenous Inclusion in Higher Education File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/436 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.436 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 77-91 Author-Name: Michelle Pidgeon Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Canada Abstract: Since the 1970s there has been increased focus by institutions, government, and Indigenous nations on improving Aboriginal peoples participation and success in Canadian higher education; however disparity continues to be evident in national statistics of educational attainment, social determinants of health, and socio-economic status of Aboriginal compared to non-Aboriginal Canadians. For instance, post-secondary attainment for Aboriginal peoples is still only 8% compared to 20% of the rest of Canada (Statistics Canada, 2008, 2013). A challenge within higher education has been creating the space within predominately Euro-Western defined and ascribed structures, academic disciplines, policies, and practices to create meaningful spaces for Indigenous peoples. Indigenization is a movement centering Indigenous knowledges and ways of being within the academy, in essence transforming institutional initiatives, such as policy, curricular and co-curricular programs, and practices to support Indigenous success and empowerment. Drawing on research projects that span the last 10 years, this article celebrates the pockets of success within institutions and identifies areas of challenge to Indigenization that moves away from the tokenized checklist response, that merely tolerates Indigenous knowledge(s), to one where Indigenous knowledge(s) are embraced as part of the institutional fabric. Keywords: Aboriginal peoples, Canada; indigenous higher education; indigenization; post-secondary education; recruitment; retention Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:77-91 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Exclusion/Inclusion for Urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/443 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.443 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 68-76 Author-Name: Maggie Walter Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia Abstract: Social exclusion social inclusion are useful concepts for making sense of the deeply embedded socio-economic disadvantaged position of Aboriginal and Torres Islander people in Australian. The concepts not only describe exclusion from social and economic participation; but seek to understand the dynamic processes behind their creation and reproduction. Yet few Australian studies go beyond describing Aboriginal over-representation on social exclusion indicators. Neither do they address the translatability of the concepts from non-Indigenous to Indigenous contexts despite mainstream studies finding the pattern of social exclusion (and therefore what social inclusion might look like) differs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to that of other disadvantaged groups. This paper uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous children to explore patterns of social exclusion across social, economic, well-being and community dimensions for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait families. The paper then develops a contextual understanding of the processes and patterns that create and sustain social exclusion and the opportunities and challenges of moving to greater social inclusion for urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people/s. Keywords: aboriginal; social exclusion; social inclusion; Torres Strait Islander Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:68-76 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Repositioning the Racial Gaze: Aboriginal Perspectives on Race, Race Relations and Governance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/492 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.492 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 57-67 Author-Name: Daphne Habibis Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia Author-Name: Penny Taylor Author-Workplace-Name: Larrakia Nation Aboriginal Corporation, Australia Author-Name: Maggie Walter Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia Author-Name: Catriona Elder Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Sydney, Australia Abstract: In Australia, public debate about recognition of the nation’s First Australians through constitutional change has highlighted the complexity and sensitivities surrounding Indigenous/state relations at even the most basic level of legal rights. But the unevenness of race relations has meant Aboriginal perspectives on race relations are not well known. This is an obstacle for reconciliation which, by definition, must be a reciprocal process. It is especially problematic in regions with substantial Aboriginal populations, where Indigenous visibility make race relations a matter of everyday experience and discussion. There has been considerable research on how settler Australians view Aboriginal people but little is known about how Aboriginal people view settler Australians or mainstream institutions. This paper presents the findings from an Australian Research Council project undertaken in partnership with Larrakia Nation Aboriginal Corporation. Drawing on in-depth interviews with a cross-section of Darwin’s Aboriginal residents and visitors, it aims to reverse the racial gaze by investigating how respondents view settler Australian politics, values, priorities and lifestyles. Through interviews with Aboriginal people this research provides a basis for settler Australians to discover how they are viewed from an Aboriginal perspective. It repositions the normativity of settler Australian culture, a prerequisite for a truly multicultural society. Our analysis argues the narratives of the participants produce a story of Aboriginal rejection of the White Australian neo-liberal deal of individual advancement through economic pathways of employment and hyper-consumption. The findings support Honneth’s arguments about the importance of intersubjective recognition by pointing to the way misrecognition creates and reinforces social exclusion. Keywords: Aboriginal; Australia; indigenous; race; recognition theory Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:57-67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Wholistic and Ethical: Social Inclusion with Indigenous Peoples File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/444 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.444 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 44-56 Author-Name: Kathleen E. Absolon Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada Abstract: This paper begins with a poem and is inclusive of my voice as Anishinaabekwe (Ojibway woman) and is authored from my spirit, heart, mind and body. The idea of social inclusion and Indigenous peoples leave more to the imagination and vision than what is the reality and actuality in Canada. This article begins with my location followed with skepticism and hope. Skepticism deals with the exclusion of Indigenous peoples since colonial contact and the subsequent challenges and impacts. Hope begins to affirm the possibilities, strengths and Indigenous knowledge that guides wholistic cultural frameworks and ethics of social inclusion. A wholistic cultural framework is presented; guided by seven sacred teachings and from each element thoughts for consideration are guided by Indigenous values and principles. From each element this paper presents a wholistic and ethical perspective in approaching social inclusion and Indigenous peoples. Keywords: Anishinaabe; colonization; ethical; exclusion; inclusion; Indigenous; Indigenous knowledge; oppression; racism; reconciliation; restoration; resurgence; wholistic Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:44-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Livelihoods and Learning: Education for All and the Marginalisation of Mobile Pastoralists. By Caroline Dyer. London: Routledge, 2014, 215 pp.; ISBN 978-0-415-58590-3 (Hardcover), 978-0-203-08390-1 (E-Book). File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/291 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.291 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 42-43 Author-Name: Alan Rogers Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education & Lifelong Learning, University of East Anglia, UK Abstract: In this book, Caroline Dyer, whose work with education in India has been known for many years through many articles, draws together her ethnographic experience of living with the Rabari of India, and reflects on what this means for Education for All goals. Keywords: marginalisation; mobile pastoralists; Education for All Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:42-43 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Practicing Teachers’ Reflections: Indigenous Australian Student Mobility and Implications for Teacher Education File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/373 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.373 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 32-41 Author-Name: Beverley Moriarty Author-Workplace-Name: School of Teacher Education, Charles Sturt University, Australia Author-Name: Maria Bennet Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Education, Charles Sturt University, Australia Abstract: Social constructions of education historically have impacted adversely on marginalised Indigenous Australian students whose mobile lifestyles and cultural positioning challenge teachers’ social inclusion practices. This paper examines the preparation and capacity of pre-service teachers to engage with mobile Indigenous students and their communities. Evidence is drawn from practicing teachers who reflected on their experiences in working with Indigenous students and their communities since graduation and how their experiences, both pre- and post-graduation, impacted on their beliefs and practices. Individual interviews were conducted with four teachers who also participated in the first stage of the study as a group of 24 second year primary pre-service teachers at a regional Australian university. It was found that pre-service teachers representing a range of world views benefit from positive, scaffolded experiences that provide opportunities to develop practices that foster social justice and inclusion. The findings of this study have implications for providing pre-service teachers with opportunities to understand how historical factors impact on Indigenous student mobility in contemporary Australian educational settings and the development of socially inclusive pedagogical practices. Further longitudinal research to expand the evidence base around developing culturally-appropriate pedagogical practices in pre-service teachers is needed to support their transition into teaching. Keywords: indigenous mobility; pre-service teachers; scaffolded experiences; social inclusion; social justice Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:32-41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social versus Spatial Mobility? Mongolia’s Pastoralists in the Educational Development Discourse File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/379 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.379 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 19-31 Author-Name: Ines Stolpe Author-Workplace-Name: Mongolian Studies, Bonn University, Germany Abstract: When it comes to education for mobile pastoralists, Mongolia is an exceptional case. Until fifty years ago, herders comprised the majority of the Mongolian population. Although a satellite of the Soviet Union, the Mongolian People’s Republic was a state in which mobile pastoralism was not challenged, and herders were not constructed as social outcasts. Equally exceptional was the country’s modernisation, witnessed in its decided alignment with equal opportunities. In Mongolia, it was not ‘nomadism’ that was associated with backwardness, but illiteracy. Policy-makers aimed to combine spatial with social mobility by building schools further and further out in the grasslands, employing locals as teachers, and fostering interplay between modern formal education and extensive animal husbandry. Yet after 1990, when development discourse pigeon-holed post-socialist Mongolia as a Third World country, the so-called shock therapy led to severe cuts in education. Herders were essentialised as ‘nomads’, which caused donor-driven policies of educational planning to construe pastoralists as challenges. Ironically, during the initial decade of Education for All, the younger generation had—for the first time in Mongolia’s history—less educational opportunities than their parents. This article discusses narratives of inclusion and the political consequences of ascribed social identities. Keywords: development discourse; essentialism; inclusion; nomads; postsocialism; social and spatial mobility Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:19-31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Mediating Structures in Sámi Language Revitalisation File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/359 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.359 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 11-18 Author-Name: Erika Sarivaara Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, University of Lapland, Finland Author-Name: Pigga Keskitalo Author-Workplace-Name: Teepee of Duodji and Livelihood, Sámi University College, 9520 Kautokeino, Norway Abstract: The revitalisation of the Sámi languages and support for language domains are central educational measures in the post-assimilation situation in Northern Europe. Taking critical indigenous education as the starting point, this meta-theoretical article discusses language revitalisation through mediating structures. Mediating structures provide the tools necessary to use language revitalisation as a means to counter the legacy of assimilation that has seriously affected the Sámi languages and caused language change. The article brings together recent research on the revitalisation of the Sámi languages. These studies are oriented towards the present situation of the Sámi languages and efforts to revive the languages. Relying on previous studies as well as new research, the article presents a communal model of language recovery, which facilitates an increase in the number of language speakers and also supports language domains. Such a mediating language revitalisation model builds social harmony in a postcolonial situation. The article emphasises the key tasks involved in the recovery of endangered languages. Keywords: assimilation; language shift; mediating structures; revitalisation; Sámi education; Sámi people Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:11-18 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The European Struggle to Educate and Include Roma People: A Critique of Differences in Policy and Practice in Western and Eastern EU Countries File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/363 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v4i1.363 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 4 Year: 2016 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-10 Author-Name: Christine O'Hanlon Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education & Lifelong Learning, University of East Anglia, UK Abstract: Multiculturalism is an established feature of the UK and other European States since the establishment of the Treaty of Rome in 1959. Enlargement has brought EU membership from six (1952) to twenty eight members since its foundation, and allowed free migration across its borders. However, many countries, in spite of agreements to adhere to ‘democratic’ practices, deny minority citizens their full rights, particularly in education contexts. Some recent accession EU States have education systems that are less adaptive to expected policy responsibilities. It is a more unstable aspect of Eastern Europe because of the failure of many of these countries to reduce social and educational inequalities and to establish rights for minority groups, particularly the Roma. An educational focus is used as a platform to highlight issues re the segregation, and discrimination against, Roma children in Europe, typically through the use of special education, which is not suitable for them. Europe generally, both East and West has failed to fully integrate the Roma. Often, institutional blame is placed on Roma communities, rather than situate them socially and economically due to ingrained structural inequalities. Stereotyped categories are often used to ‘label’ them. Countries with high Roma populations, four in Western and five in Eastern Europe are evaluated and compared in relation to the education of Roma children. Keywords: education; EU; inclusion; minority rights; Roma; structural inequality; Western and Eastern Europe Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v4:y:2016:i:1:p:1-10