Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Opening Doors or Slamming Them Shut? Online Learning Practices and Students with Disabilities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/420
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i6.420
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 6
Pages: 69-79
Author-Name: Sheryl Burgstahler
Author-Workplace-Name: Accessible Technology Services, University of Washington, USA
Abstract: Online learning has the potential to open doors to education for everyone who has access to the technology required to participate. Or does it? When it comes to social inclusion in online learning, who are the “haves” and who are the “have-nots?” Some online learning practices erect barriers to individuals with disabilities—uncaptioned videos are not accessible to students who are deaf, content presented only within graphic images is not accessible to individuals who are blind, unorganized content cluttered on a page creates barriers to some students with learning disabilities and attention deficits, web pages that require the use of a mouse are inaccessible to those who cannot operate a mouse. This article explores the question, “What online learning practices make social inclusion possible for individuals with disabilities?” The author answers this question with lessons learned from her own teaching experiences as well as those presented in research and practice literature. She also shares overall characteristics of distance learning programs that promote the social inclusion of students with disabilities in their courses. The author points out how making courses welcoming to, accessible to, and usable by individuals with disabilities may promote the social inclusion of other students as well. She recommends further dissemination and future research regarding inclusive practices in online learning.
Keywords: disabled students; inclusive learning; online learning; social inclusion; technologies
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:6:p:69-79

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Potential of Digital Technologies for Transforming Informed Consent Practices with Children and Young People in Social Research
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/400
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i6.400
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 6
Pages: 56-68
Author-Name: Sarah Parsons
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Research in Inclusion, Southampton Education School, University of Southampton, UK
Abstract: How children and young people understand and exercise their autonomy, engagement and decision-making is fundamental to learning how to become active and engaged citizens, and to be socially included. Digital technologies are increasingly an integral part of children’s everyday lives and, therefore, valuable tools for supporting social inclusion. This paper discusses how digital technologies might positively support autonomy, engagement and decision-making through the lens of informed consent practices within social research. Current research practices are dominated by paper-based methods for obtaining informed consent which could be exclusionary for children and young people generally, and children with additional learning and support needs in particular. Digital technologies (laptops, PCs, tablet devices, smartphones) offer the potential to support accessibility and understanding of ideas and activities, as well as engagement with and autonomy in decision-making and participation. This paper explores this potential as well as the challenges that researchers may face in this context.
Keywords: children; digital technologies; ethics; informed consent; participation; voice; young people
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:6:p:56-68

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: How Pedagogy 2.0 Can Foster Teacher Preparation and Community Building in Special Education
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/415
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i6.415
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 6
Pages: 42-55
Author-Name: Elizabeth Hardman
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education, Northcentral University, USA
Abstract: This paper describes how one teacher educator used action research methodology to investigate the feasibility of using Web 2.0 technology to build a virtual professional learning community (PLC) in special education to support the preparation of highly qualified special education teachers. Study participants included 218 pre-service and in-service teachers who joined the virtual PLC over a four-year period. Data were collected using two Web 2.0 tools, wiki and Ning, and analyzed to evaluate the degree to which the virtual community met the essential characteristics of a PLC. The results showed that 200 of the 218 graduate students who joined the PLC as graduate students continued their membership after graduation but participated in community work as observers only, rarely if ever contributing anything to community growth and development. The implication of the results are discussed with respect to the importance of preparing teachers for service in today’s modern 21st Century academically diverse, inclusive learning communities.
Keywords: pedagogy; professional learning communities; special education; teacher education; technology
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:6:p:42-55

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Developing Inclusive Technical Capital beyond the Disabled Students’ Allowance in England
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/410
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i6.410
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 6
Pages: 29-41
Author-Name: Simon Hayhoe
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics, London, UK, and Faculty of Education, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK
Author-Name: Kris Roger
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Learning Technology & Innovation, London School of Economics, UK
Author-Name: Sebastiaan Eldritch-Böersen
Author-Workplace-Name: Teaching & Learning Centre, London School of Economics, London, UK
Author-Name: Linda Kelland
Author-Workplace-Name: Teaching & Learning Centre, London School of Economics, London, UK
Abstract: The Disabled Students Allowance (DSA) is a government grant for students aged 18 years and over in English Higher Education. Amongst other things, this grant supports the provision of traditional assistive technologies. In April 2014, the UK’s Minister for Universities, Science and Cities proposed cuts to the DSA. Although a later announcement delayed these cuts until the academic year 2016−2017, a number of universities are already preparing alternative means to support disabled students. In this article, it is argued that cuts to the DSA will potentially reduce the cultural and technical capitals of students with disabilities and lessen social inclusion in Higher Education. In particular, less support will potentially lead to a reduction in the development of study skills. As a counter weight, this article proposes a new model of inclusive technical capital. This model originates in Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital and habitus. The proposed model supports the use of native apps and settings in ubiquitous mainstream mobile technologies. It also espouses the use of m-learning for the passive inclusion of students with disabilities. This article also presents the early results of a project on the use of mobile technologies at the London School of Economics and Canterbury Christ Church University. This project found that students with disabilities and their lecturers already used mobile technologies alongside or instead of customized traditional assistive technologies. The project also found that students preferred not to attend, or found it difficult to attend, separate study skills courses using mobile technologies. However, they were more likely to access m-learning tutorial materials on Learning Management Systems. The study concludes that mobile technologies have the potential to develop a number of study skills that are at risk after cuts to the DSA. However, their use in this regard needs further research and support from universities.
Keywords: assistive technology; cultural capital; disability; exclusion; inclusion; inclusive technology; m-learning; mobile technical capital; smartphones; tablets; technology
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:6:p:29-41

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Collaborative Action Research about Making Self-Advocacy Videos with People with Intellectual Disabilities
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/412
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i6.412
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 6
Pages: 16-28
Author-Name: Ann-Louise Davidson
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Concordia University, Canada
Abstract: This article presents the results of a collaborative action research conducted with people living with intellectual disabilities (ID) who were going through a community integration process. To be successfully integrated into a community, they need to develop basic life skills as much as they need to learn to use mobile technologies for authentic interactions (Davidson, 2012) and to be self-advocates online (Davidson, 2009a). This study used the Capability Approach pioneered by Sen (1992) and Nussbaum (2000), which focusses on what people can do rather than on their deficiencies. I recruited a group of eight people with ID who wished to set goals, engage in developing new capabilities, share their goals and act as models for others with ID who want to learn to live on their own. In this article, I examine the process of developing self-advocacy videos with mobile technologies using the Capability Approach and I analyze the inventory of capabilities collected through this study. I provide recommendations for intervention through mobile technologies with the long term-goal of helping people with ID to become contributing citizens. I discuss the innovative action research methodology I used to help people with ID become self-advocates and take control of the messages they give through producing their own digital resources.
Keywords: Capability Approach; collaborative action research; community integration process; intellectual disability; mobile technology; self-advocacy videos
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:6:p:16-28

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Black Swan in a Sea of White Noise: Using Technology-Enhanced Learning to Afford Educational Inclusivity for Learners with Asperger’s Syndrome
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/428
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i6.428
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 6
Pages: 7-15
Author-Name: James McDowell
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Informatics, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Abstract: Against a backdrop of increasingly vocation-focussed course provision within higher education, of widening participation initiatives intended to promote greater inclusion for learners affected by learning difficulties, and of moves towards greater use of social and collaborative forms of learning, this paper discusses the case of an undergraduate Computing student affected by Asperger’s Syndrome (AS).While there is recognition in the literature of problems associated with face-to-face dialogue for persons affected by AS, there is a paucity of research both into the experience of students in higher education, and around the issue of participation in group-work activities increasingly found in creative aspects of computing. This paper highlights a tension between moves towards collaborative learning and UK disabilities legislation in relation to learners with AS. Employing a qualitative case-study methodology, the investigation revealed how a technology-enhanced learning intervention afforded an AS-diagnosed learner greater opportunities to participate in group-work in a higher education context. The findings suggest that not only can computer-mediated communications afford AS-diagnosed learners opportunities to participate meaningfully in group-work, but also that the learner demonstrated higher levels of collective-inclusive versus individual-exclusive phraseology than neurotypical peers, thereby challenging assumptions around participation in collaborative learning activities and assimilation of peer-feedback.
Keywords: Asperger’s Syndrome; autistic spectrum; computer-mediated communication; collaborative learning; technology-enhanced learning
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:6:p:7-15

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Inclusive Technologies and Learning: Research, Practice and Policy
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/543
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i6.543
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 6
Pages: 1-6
Author-Name: Don Passey
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Educational Research, Lancaster University, UK
Abstract: This special issue focuses on an important contemporary concern—inclusive technologies and learning. Since the 1960s there has been a continued development and diversification of digital technologies used across societal sectors (Bijker, Hughes, Pinch, & Douglas, 2012), enabling applications not solely within business and commerce, but significantly within educational and social settings (such as those discussed by The Metiri Group, 2006, for example), supporting communication and learning (for example, shown by Richardson, 2012), providing opportunities to widen and deepen reach and interactions (as indicated, for example, by Kim, Hagashi, Carillo, Gonzales, Makany, Lee, & Gàrate, 2011). It can be argued that such developments have created many divisions and challenges too (Resta, & Laferrière, 2008); individuals as well as nations may not have the same access or facilities as others (ITU, 2015); and issues such as exploitation and exclusion are regularly highlighted (Dutta, Geiger, & Lanvin, 2015). This special issue is concerned with inclusive technologies and learning, related to social inclusion.
Keywords: digital technologies; disability; education; learning; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:6:p:1-6

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Expert Frames: Scientific and Policy Practices of Roma Classification. By Mihai Surdu. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2015, 267 pp., ISBN 978-963-386-113-4.
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/423
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.423
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 167-169
Author-Name: Yaron Matras
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Arts, Languages and Cultures, University of Manchester, UK
Abstract: The book offers a critique of current political and academic discourse on Roma, and calls for a “de-politicisation” of Romani ethnicity. While the critique of various disciplines’ approaches to Roma is pertinent, the book fails to acknowledge the solid linguistic evidence for the Indian origin of the Roma.
Keywords: ethnicity; expert discourse; Indian origin; Roma
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:167-169

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: I Met Lucky People: The Story of the Romani Gypsies. By Yaron Matras. London: Allen Lane, Penguin Books, 2014, 276 pp.; ISBN 978-1-846-14481-3.
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/302
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.302
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 161-166
Author-Name: Victor A Friedman
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
Abstract: This is a book review of <em>I met lucky people: The story of the Romani Gypsies</em>, by Yaron Matras. The work is oriented for a general reading public, but it can be highly recommended for academics and policy makers as well.
Keywords: Gypsies; history; language; Romani; society
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:161-166

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Questioning the Policy Framing of Roma in Ghent, Belgium: Some Implications of Taking an Insider Perspective Seriously
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/236
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.236
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 148-160
Author-Name: Elias Hemelsoet
Author-Workplace-Name: Social Welfare Studies Department, Ghent University, Belgium
Author-Name: Pauwel Van Pelt
Author-Workplace-Name: Social Welfare Studies Department, Ghent University, Belgium
Abstract: The recent flow of Roma immigrants to Western Europe has caused a lot of societal and political discussion. Initiatives and policy measures are introduced at the European and national or local level in order to deal with this situation. This article explores to what extent experiences and self-perceptions of Roma immigrants in Western Europe correspond with the constructed discourse in terms of “Roma inclusion”. In policy practices, there seems to be a tension between a willingness to strengthen the particular identity of Roma on the one hand (“targeting”), and a desire to fit those people into mainstream society on the other hand (“mainstreaming”). Based on a case study in the city of Ghent (Belgium) with a small sample of in-depth interviews, the authors explore what an insider perspective may add to the construction of policy. Conclusions relate to the experienced gap with mainstream society, the identification with and definition of the “Roma” concept as well as intergenerational differences. Finally, the argument is taken a step further, and it is wondered how an insider perspective may also question policy. By relating policy conceptualisations of Roma to (self) identification processes, suggestions are made to redefine the meaning of inclusion.
Keywords: Ghent; inclusion; insider perspective; mainstreaming; Roma; self-identification; social policy; targeting
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:148-160

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Power of Discourse: Reflections on the Obstacles to Social Inclusion of Roma in Serbia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/235
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.235
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 137-147
Author-Name: Jelena Vidojević
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Author-Name: Natalija Perišić
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract: The authors explore the discourses around the exclusion of the Roma in Serbia in two dimensions: social welfare sector and media reports. The paper is structured around the presentation of dimensions contributing to multiple deprivation of Roma in society (from education to labor market participation, social welfare and health care, as well as housing); a review of public policies directed toward the improvement of their position; and analysis of the discourses on Roma within the contexts of the social welfare sector and media reporting. A review of related literature and public policy documents was followed by a qualitative analysis of media reports as well as a review of the secondary sources regarding media discourses on the Roma. This was followed by evidence gathered from semi-structured interviews and discussions with stakeholders in the social welfare sector. The main conclusions of the paper point to the mutual reinforcement of the discourses on the Roma in the social welfare sector and media reports, with their subsequent mutual contribution to social exclusion.
Keywords: discourse; media; public policies; Roma; Serbia; social exclusion; social inclusion; social welfare
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:137-147

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Prolonged Inclusion of Roma Groups in Swedish Society
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/247
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.247
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 126-136
Author-Name: Norma Montesino
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Author-Name: Ida Ohlsson Al Fakir
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Cultural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Sweden
Abstract: Inclusion policies focusing on Roma groups started in Sweden during the 1950s, when the Swedish government recognized the formal citizen status of the so called “Swedish Gypsies”, a group consisting of approximately 740 people. As the Roma were perceived as people living outside the boundaries of normal society, the challenge facing the Swedish authorities was how to outline and organize the new policies. In our analyses we focus on the taken-for-granted premises of these policies. We discuss the “entry process” of these Roma into Swedish society. People-processing organizations classified Roma as “socially disabled” in different administrative contexts. In the early 1960s adult male Roma were classified as socially disabled on the labor market. Later during the same decade, experts and professionals increasingly focused attention on the Roma family as a problematic institution. In this context, Roma adults were classified as disabled in relation to the normative representations of parental capacities during that time, while Roma children of school age were defined as children with difficulties and put in special groups for children with problems. The related interventions were justified by a discourse on social inclusion, but in reality produced a web of measures, practices and yet further interventions, which in the long run have contributed to perpetuate the social marginality of Roma groups.
Keywords: Gypsy; Roma; social disability; social inclusion; Sweden
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:126-136

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Educating the Roma: The Struggle for Cultural Autonomy in a Seminomadic Group in Norway
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/275
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.275
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 115-125
Author-Name: Ada I. Engebrigtsen
Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Social Research, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Norway
Abstract: This paper will discuss the rationale of a group of Norwegian Roma who have resisted the government’s attempts to educate them since the early 1960s. Behind the scenes these Roma claim that a school education is irrelevant for their children yet, when faced with school authorities, they comply. The authorities have used different approaches to promote education for Rom children however, their success is questionable. So what is at stake here? What is wrong with education from the Roma’s point of view and how do the authorities respond? This article opens with a presentation of the history and background of the Norwegian Roma. It then presents the Norwegian system of public primary and lower secondary education and their attempts to accommodate Rom children. It critically examines the concept of education and the unquestioned and self-evident understanding of schooling as a liberating force per se. It further makes use of Bourdieu’s analysis of symbolic capital and habitus and discusses the Roma’s resistance to education and why symbolic capital developed through public school education is not converted to the Rom field.
Keywords: education; habitus; Norway; resistance; Roma; symbolic capital
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:115-125

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Narratives of Social Inclusion in the Context of Roma School Segregation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/258
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.258
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 103-114
Author-Name: Helen O'Nions
Author-Workplace-Name: Law School, Nottingham Trent University, UK
Abstract: Despite a series of judgements from the European Court of Human Rights and the enactment of the EU Racial Equality Directive, the educational segregation of Roma pupils persists in several European states. State action plans submitted pursuant to the European Framework for Roma Integration rarely provide clear targets and do not commit to inclusive schooling. Taking education as a principle indicator of social inclusion, this article identifies that structural inequality and entrenched discriminatory attitudes are the main obstacles to Roma inclusion. This can only be addressed through the diffusion of legal and social norms that mainstream equality. Focusing on the legal obligations, it is argued that the European Commission must be more decisive and effective in the enforcement of non-discrimination rules. A closer dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights and the EU institutions, grounded in a non-targeted social inclusion frame, could provide a platform for European consensus which may help to secure meaningful change.
Keywords: children; discrimination; education; Europe; exclusion; integration; law; Roma; school; segregation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:103-114

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Discourses of Roma Anti-Discrimination in Reports on Human Rights Violations
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/225
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.225
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 90-102
Author-Name: Chloë Delcour
Author-Workplace-Name: Research Foundation-Flanders, Belgium, and Sociology Department, Ghent University, Belgium
Author-Name: Lesley Hustinx
Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, Ghent University, Belgium
Abstract: In an effort to understand the paradox between the expansion of inclusion projects for the Roma and their persisting exclusion, this article explores human rights practice in order to grasp the complexity of meanings of inclusion negotiated in this practice. In this way, we scrutinize whether there are limiting factors within the inclusionary discourse itself. Specifically, we analyze the discourse in transnational judicial, political and civil society actors’ reports on violations of human rights against Roma. A strong shared tendency to frame the violations in terms of discrimination can be discerned in the reports, demonstrating a dominant concept in the human rights discourse for Roma. However, a framing analysis of the underlying assumptions of this concept shows that not all three actors offer the same solutions for obtaining non-discrimination, which can partly explain the limited impact of the ostensibly strong and inclusive anti-discrimination discourse. In contrast, the actors do share a negative attribution of responsibility to the nation states, but the effectiveness of this shared discursive claim can be questioned. This article illustrates how inclusion discourses are actually quite complex to grasp and so it substantiates the need for greater critical understanding of such discourses in further research.
Keywords: human rights; Gypsy travellers; inclusion; discourse; discrimination; report; Roma
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:90-102

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Implementation of Roma Inclusion Policies: Why Defining the Problem Matters
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/231
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.231
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 78-89
Author-Name: Joanna Kostka
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Policy, Central European University, Hungary
Abstract: The concept of “Roma exclusion” has come to dominate political discussions about the marginalization of the largest ethnic minority. Placed at the center of the European Union political agenda, it recognized that Roma poverty has multiple and interrelated causes, which require multifaceted policy responses. Nevertheless, while the concept has acquired strategic connotations, by stressing socio-economic processes it has remained open to different interpretations. These are influenced by political perceptions of Roma identity and minority rights, as well as domestic policy approaches to equality. The pivotal instability in the discourse concerns the question of whether exclusion is a characteristic feature of contemporary European societies or a living condition visited on particular individuals and ethnic groups. This article critically examines the discourse on Roma exclusion adopted in the framework of European cohesion policy. Building on implementation and equality scholarship, it argues that every postulated solution has built into it a particular representation of what the problem is, and it is these representations and their implications that need to be discussed as potential causes of policy success or failure. The article presents key findings from the empirical investigation of Structural Funds (SF) programming (2007–2013) implemented in two convergence regions (Andalusia and Eastern Slovakia), which confirm that domestic discourse shapes the scope and quality of SF Roma inclusion projects.
Keywords: cohesion policy; equality; framing; implementation; minority; Roma-exclusion; Structural Funds
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:78-89

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “People of Freedom and Unlimited Movement”: Representations of Roma in Post-Communist Memorial Museums
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/229
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.229
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 64-77
Author-Name: Ljiljana Radonic
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Culture Studies and Theatre History, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria
Abstract: The “universalization of the Holocaust” and the insistence on Roma rights as an EU accession criteria have changed the memory of the Roma genocide in post-communist countries. This article examines how Roma are represented in post-communist memorial museums which wanted to prove that they correspond with “European memory standards”. The three case studies discussed here are the <em>Museum of the Slovak National Uprising</em>, the <em>Jasenovac Memorial Museum</em> and the <em>Holocaust Memorial Center</em> in Budapest. I argue that today Roma are being represented for the first time, but in a stereotypical way and through less prominent means in exhibitions which lack individualizing elements like testimonies, photographs from their life before the persecution or artifacts. This can only partially be explained by the (relative) unavailability of data that is often deplored by researchers of the Roma genocide.
Keywords: Europeanization; memorial museums; Roma genocide; World War II
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:64-77

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Victimization and Vilification of Romani Children in Media and Human Rights Organizations Discourses
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/250
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.250
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 48-63
Author-Name: Mary Christianakis
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Critical Theory and Social Justice, Occidental College, USA
Abstract: Through an analysis of European newspapers, human rights organization reportage, and United Nations documents and websites, this article examines how public discourse regarding education, human rights, poverty, child rearing, and child labour manufactures a dangerous, implausible childhood for Romani children. These discourses, perpetrated by human rights organizations and news media, leverage the languages of intervention, cultural difference, nationalism, and social justice to simultaneously victimize and vilify Romani children, rendering them incapable of experiencing humane childhoods. Employing critical discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar analysis, the proposed article seeks to disentangle the discourses of human rights for Roman children from the assimilationist arguments aimed at compulsory schooling and Eurocentric family and labour practices rooted in access to middle class dominant labor markets.
Keywords: children; discourse; human rights organization; media; news; Roma; victim; villain
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:48-63

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Racial, Ethnic, or National Minority? Legal Discourses and Policy Frameworks on the Roma in Hungary and Beyond
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/232
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.232
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 32-47
Author-Name: Andras L. Pap
Author-Workplace-Name: Department for the Study of Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law, Centre for Social Sciences Institute for Legal Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
Abstract: Inspired by recent Hungarian legislative developments that, in reference to the Roma minority, exchanged the term “ethnic minority” with “nationality”, by providing a detailed case study of the development and morphology of policy measures and frameworks in Hungary, the article provides a general assessment of the relationship between policy instruments and terminology: that is, definitions and conceptualizations in international and domestic legal and policy documents for minority groups. The author argues that while terminology in itself is not a reliable signifier for policy frameworks, it may reveal contradictory group conceptualization and inconsistent policy-making. In regards to the Roma, the author claims that the inconsistent labelling as an ethnic, racial and national minority reflects the lack of consistent conceptualization of who the Roma are, and what should be done with them.
Keywords: ethnicity; Hungary; nation; Roma
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:32-47

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: European Policies for Social Inclusion of Roma: Catch 22?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/241
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.241
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 19-31
Author-Name: Elena Marushiakova
Author-Workplace-Name: School of History, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK, and Balkan Ethnology Department, Institute for Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Author-Name: Vesselin Popov
Author-Workplace-Name: Balkan Ethnology Department, Institute for Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Abstract: The article analyzes contemporary political discourses with regard to social inclusion of Roma on the basis of comparison with achievements and failures in the previous historical period of the communist rule in Eastern Europe. It argues that since the vast majority of the European Roma had lived in the past and continue living nowadays in the countries of Eastern Europe, no successful policy for their inclusion is possible without taking into account the experiences and outcomes of the actions for Roma integration in the socialist period. The experience from the times of socialism shows that successful policies are possible only in an appropriate socio-political context and only if accomplished within the mainstream approach. Against this background, the article scrutinizes the European Policies for Social Inclusion of Roma, and explains why they present a <em>Catch 22</em> situation: There is a vicious cycle of problems which need to be solved; the solution requires a special policy for inclusion, however this policy stigmatizes Roma and sets them even more apart from the rest of society. Thus the vicious cycle of problems expands. The main point of the article is to propose an explanation of this failure of democracy and liberalism, which could constitute a useful lesson for the future.
Keywords: assimilation; European policy; Gypsies; inclusion; marginalization; Roma; socialism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:19-31

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Roma Identity as an Expert-Political Construction
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/245
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.245
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 5-18
Author-Name: Mihai Surdu
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Advanced Studies, Central European University, Hungary
Author-Name: Martin Kovats
Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher
Abstract: The creation of an EU Framework for national Roma integration strategies (2011) marks a significant step in the politicisation of Roma identity by ensuring a further increase in the number of initiatives, projects and programmes explicitly targeting Roma. The Framework itself is part of a process that began with postcommunist transition and which has produced historically unprecedented levels of Roma political activism along with a proliferation of national and transnational policy initiatives focussed on Roma identity. In seeking to explain this contemporary political phenomenon, the article argues that Roma is an identity constructed at the intersection of political and expert knowledge by various actors, such as policymakers, Romani activists, international organizations and scholars. This political-expert identity is applied to groups that are not bounded by a common language, religion, cultural practice, geographic location, occupation, physical appearance or lifestyle. The article explores how this collation of disparate populations into a notional political community builds upon a centuries-old Gypsy legacy. It scrutinizes five strands of identification practices that have contributed to the longue durée development of today’s Roma as an epistemic object and policy target: police profiling of particular communities; administrative surveys; Romani activism; Roma targeted policies; quantitative scientific research. The article argues that the contemporary economic and political conditions amidst which the politicisation of Roma identity is occurring explain how the ideological and institutional construction of the ethnic frame tends toward the reinforcement of the exclusion of those categorised as Roma, thus increasing the perceived need for Roma policy initiatives. A self-sustaining cycle has been created where Roma knowledge identifies Roma problems requiring a policy response, which produces more Roma knowledge, more needs and more policy responses. Yet, there are consequences to racialising public discourse by presenting Roma as both problematic and essentially different from everyone else. Hostility towards Roma has increased in many states indicating that the expert framing of Roma groupness affects social solidarity by disconnecting and distancing Roma from their fellow citizens.
Keywords: epistemic; expert knowledge; Gypsy; identification practices; identity; inclusion policies; racialization; Roma
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:5-18

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Introduction to the Special Issue “Talking about Roma: Implications for Social Inclusion”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/450
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i5.450
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 5
Pages: 1-4
Author-Name: Eben Friedman
Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Consultant and Senior Non-resident Research Associate, European Centre for Minority Issues, Germany
Abstract: By the last decade of the twentieth century, official discourse calling for the elimination of Roma had been largely replaced by approaches aimed at inclusion. Contemporary approaches of this kind can be roughly divided into those which emphasize human rights as a basis for measures to improve the Roma’s situation and those rooted in the proposition that improvements in the situation of Roma can be expected to provide economic benefits for the general populations of the countries in which Roma live. The contributions to this special issue critically examine public discourses from throughout Europe which are ostensibly aimed at promoting the social inclusion of Roma. While the fact that the discourses treated fit broadly within human rights and/or economic paradigms allows the articles to speak to one another in various ways, the articles also exhibit a wide range of variation in approach as well as geographical focus. Whereas the first four articles deal directly with issues of definition in relation to Roma, a second group of contributions compares developments across multiple countries or institutions. The last four articles each treat a single country, with the final article narrowing the focus further to a single city.
Keywords: assimilation; economics; genocide; human rights; inclusion; Gypsies; Roma
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:5:p:1-4

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Why Social Exclusion Persists among Older People in Australia
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/214
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.214
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 112-126
Author-Name: Riyana Miranti
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Canberra, Australia
Author-Name: Peng Yu
Author-Workplace-Name: Australian Government Department of Social Services, Australia
Abstract: The existing literature on social exclusion among older people, though relatively limited, suggests that disadvantage among older people is cumulative in nature. Some aspects of disadvantage starting at early life stages have long-term consequences. As such, older people with disadvantages may be subject to higher risks of persistent social exclusion. This article aims to improve understanding of social exclusion and its persistence among senior Australians in three ways. Firstly, the incidence of social exclusion among older people is analysed using selected indicators. Secondly, the study examines whether an older person experiencing social exclusion at one time is more likely to experience it again (persistence). Thirdly, it investigates what factors may be protecting older people from social exclusion. The analysis is conducted using the first eight waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. The sample of older people is disaggregated into a younger group (55–64 years at wave 1) and an older group (65+ years). The article suggests that higher education and income, as well as better health conditions and previous employment experiences, are important protective factors from social exclusion for older Australians.
Keywords: Australia; disadvantage; elderly; social exclusion; persistence; older people; senior
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:112-126

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Empirical Measurement of a Theoretical Concept: Tracing Social Exclusion among Racial Minority and Migrant Groups in Canada
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/144
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.144
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 98-111
Author-Name: Luann Good Gingrich
Author-Workplace-Name: York University, Canada
Author-Name: Naomi Lightman
Author-Workplace-Name: University of Toronto, Canada
Abstract: This paper provides an in-depth description and case application of a conceptual model of social exclusion: aiming to advance existing knowledge on how to conceive of and identify this complex idea, evaluate the methodologies used to measure it, and reconsider what is understood about its social realities toward a meaningful and measurable conception of social inclusion. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s conceptual tools of social fields and systems of capital, our research posits and applies a theoretical framework that permits the measurement of social exclusion as dynamic, social, relational, and material. We begin with a brief review of existing social exclusion research literature, and specifically examine the difficulties and benefits inherent in quantitatively operationalizing a necessarily multifarious theoretical concept. We then introduce our conceptual model of social exclusion and inclusion, which is built on measurable constructs. Using our ongoing program of research as a case study, we briefly present our approach to the quantitative operationalization of social exclusion using secondary data analysis in the Canadian context. Through the development of an Economic Exclusion Index, we demonstrate how our statistical and theoretical analyses evidence intersecting processes of social exclusion which produce consequential gaps and uneven trajectories for migrant individuals and groups compared with Canadian-born, and racial minority groups versus white individuals. To conclude, we consider some methodological implications to advance the empirical measurement of social inclusion.
Keywords: Canada; methodology; secondary data analysis; social exclusion; social inclusion; Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:98-111

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Descendants of Hardship: Prevalence, Drivers and Scarring Effects of Social Exclusion in Childhood
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/129
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.129
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 76-97
Author-Name: J. Cok Vrooman
Author-Workplace-Name: The Netherlands Institute for Social Research
Author-Name: SCP, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Stella J. M. Hoff
Author-Workplace-Name: The Netherlands Institute for Social Research
Author-Name: SCP, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Maurice Guiaux
Author-Workplace-Name: Dutch Institute for Employee Benefit Schemes, The Netherlands
Abstract: The social exclusion of children is problematic for two reasons. Young people typically inherit their marginal position from their family, and therefore cannot be held responsible for their hardship themselves; and social exclusion in childhood may affect their wellbeing and subsequent development, possibly leading to a “scarring effect” in later life. In this contribution we develop an instrument for measuring social exclusion among children. Social exclusion is regarded as a theoretical construct with four sub-dimensions: material deprivation, limited social participation, inadequate access to social rights, and a lack of normative integration. First we analyse data from a survey of 2,200 Dutch children, which contains a large set of social exclusion items. We applied nonlinear principal components analysis in order to construct a multidimensional scale. Measured in this way, the prevalence of social exclusion among children is 4.5%. Boys and children living in large families are more likely to experience social exclusion than girls and children with few siblings. The parental level of education and dependency on social security benefits are also important driving factors of childhood social exclusion. Subsequently we investigate the scarring effect. Longitudinal administrative income and household data covering 25 years were combined with a new survey of just under 1,000 Dutch adults, a third of whom were poor as a child. The survey assessed their past and current degree of social exclusion, and their health and psychosocial development, educational career, past family circumstances, etc. In an absolute sense scarring turns out to have been limited during this period: a very large majority of those who were poor or excluded as a child are above the threshold values in adult life. However, the “descendants of hardship” are still more likely to be socially excluded as adults than people who grew up in more favourable conditions. A causal analysis suggests that low educational achievements are the main mediator of scarring risks.
Keywords: children; nonlinear principal components analysis; poverty; scarring effect; social exclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:76-97

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Development and Properties of the Support Needs Questionnaire
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/206
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.206
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 63-75
Author-Name: Fabian A. Davis
Author-Workplace-Name: Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Author-Name: Jan Burns
Author-Workplace-Name: Canterbury Christ Church University, UK
Abstract: The Support Needs Questionnaire (SNQ) measures the support people with severe mental illness need to attain valued social roles as a route to social inclusion. Its design derives from Wolfensberger’s Social Role Valorisation theory. It is a clinical tool comprising a comprehensive lifestyle inventory of “universal basic” and “disability” needs; and “revalorisation needs” arising from social devaluation and deep exclusion. The SNQ comprises eight discreet sub-scales based on O’Brien’s Five Service Accomplishments, the domains of which include Community Presence, Community Participation, Choice and Control, Social Roles and Respect, Skills and Competencies, and Finance. There are also two descriptive sub-scales: Physical and Mental Health. The item set was developed collaboratively with service users. This paper introduces the SNQ, its design rationale and development, and investigates aspects of its reliability, validity and utility. Care co-ordinators in a Community Mental Health Team rated eighty-two service users’ support needs at a two week interval using the SNQ, the Global Assessment Scale and the MARC-2. The SNQ is shown to have high test-retest reliability, good construct and concurrent validity, and good discriminatory power. It exhibited no floor or ceiling effects with the reference population. It could be used with a more diverse population. The descriptive sub-scales were weakest. The population profile showed moderate support was required for physical integration but high levels for social integration which is consistent with previous research. The SNQ has some good psychometric properties. Future research should address internal consistency and potential item redundancy, determine inter-rater reliability and change sensitivity.
Keywords: assessment; mental health; SRV; person-centred planning; personalisation; social inclusion; recovery
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:63-75

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Validation of the Social Inclusion Scale with Students
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/121
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.121
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 52-62
Author-Name: Ceri Wilson
Author-Workplace-Name: Anglia Ruskin University, UK, and South Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Author-Name: Jenny Secker
Author-Workplace-Name: Anglia Ruskin University, UK, and South Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
Abstract: Interventions (such as participatory arts projects) aimed at increasing social inclusion are increasingly in operation, as social inclusion is proving to play a key role in recovery from mental ill health and the promotion of mental wellbeing. These interventions require evaluation with a systematically developed and validated measure of social inclusion; however, a “gold-standard” measure does not yet exist. The Social Inclusion Scale (SIS) has three subscales measuring social isolation, relations and acceptance. This scale has been partially validated with arts and mental health project users, demonstrating good internal consistency. However, test-retest reliability and construct validity require assessment, along with validation in the general population. The present study aimed to validate the SIS in a sample of university students. Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent validity (one aspect of construct validity) were assessed by comparing SIS scores with scores on other measures of social inclusion and related concepts. Participants completed the measures at two time-points seven-to-14 days apart. The SIS demonstrated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, although convergent validity was less well-established and possible reasons for this are discussed. This systematic validation of the SIS represents a further step towards the establishment of a “gold-standard” measure of social inclusion.
Keywords: internal consistency; mental health; psychometrics; scale validation; social inclusion; Social Inclusion Scale; test-retest reliability; validity
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:52-62

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Introduction to "Indicators and Measurement of Social Inclusion"
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/395
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.395
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 50-51
Author-Name: Peter Huxley
Author-Workplace-Name: Bangor University, UK
Abstract: The papers in the special issue cover some of the most significant methodological and conceptual issues in the measurement of social inclusion. While it is recognised that the concept is a contested one, for the purposes of the present editorial I offer the World Bank definition: Social Inclusion (SI) refers to the process of improving the terms for individuals and groups to take part in society.
Keywords: concept; indicators; measurement; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:50-51

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Discrimination of Second-Generation Professionals in Leadership Positions
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/227
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.227
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 38-49
Author-Name: Ismintha Waldring
Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, Erasmus University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Maurice Crul
Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, Erasmus University, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Halleh Ghorashi
Author-Workplace-Name: Sociology Department, VU University, The Netherlands
Abstract: This article, based on interviews from the Dutch Pathways to Success Project, investigates how Turkish-Dutch and Moroccan-Dutch second-generation professionals in leadership positions experience and deal with subtle discrimination at work. We argue that subtle discrimination in organizations remains a reality for second-generation professionals in leadership positions. Because organizations are penetrated by power processes in society at large, these professionals are perceived not only on the basis of their position within the organization, but also on the basis of their marginalized ethnic group background. We show this through the existence of subtle discriminatory practices at three organizational levels—that of supervisors, same-level colleagues and subordinates—which may take place at one or more of these levels. When dealing with subtle discrimination, Turkish-Dutch and Moroccan-Dutch second-generation professionals in leadership positions show an awareness of organizational power and hierarchies. This awareness amounts to various forms of “micro-emancipation” by the second generation—adapted to the organizational level (supervisors, same-level colleagues and subordinates) they are dealing with—that question and challenge subtle discrimination in organizations.
Keywords: discrimination; ethnic; leadership; organization; power; second generation; work
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:38-49

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Constructing “Ideal Victim” Stories of Bosnian War Survivors
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/249
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.249
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 25-37
Author-Name: Goran Basic
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Lund University, Sweden
Abstract: Previous research on victimhood during and after the Bosnian war has emphasized the importance of narratives but has not focused on narratives about victimhood or analyzed post-war interviews as a competition for victimhood. This article tries to fill this gap using stories told by survivors of the Bosnian war during the 1990s. In this analysis of the retold experiences of 27 survivors of the war in northwestern Bosnia, the aim is to describe the informants’ portrayal of “victimhood” as a social phenomenon as well as analyzing the discursive patterns that contribute to constructing the category “victim”. When, after the war, different categories claim a “victim” status, it sparks a competition for victimhood. All informants are eager to present themselves as victims while at the same time the other categories’ victim status are downplayed. In this reproduction of competition for the victim role, all demarcations that were played out so successfully during the war live on.
Keywords: Bosnia; crime; narrative; perpetrator; victim; victimhood; war
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:25-37

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: A Conceptual Shift in Studies of Belonging and the Politics of Belonging
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/150
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.150
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 10-24
Author-Name: Eva Youkhana
Author-Workplace-Name: Interdisciplinary Latin America Centre, University of Bonn, Germany
Abstract: The study of belonging, its underlying notions, and the politics of belonging shows that social, political, and territorial demarcations are still based on essentialist conceptions of the collective. These are often applied and reproduced in the social sciences as a result of methodological nationalism. Space-sensitive studies of migration and globalization and a return to the material have recently challenged social constructivist lines of argumentation and have provoked a conceptual shift from analytical categories with inherent spatiality, territoriality, and boundary marking to concepts based on movement and flow. In this paper the analysis of belonging and the related politics of belonging in migration studies incorporates space as an analytical category that cross-cuts established categorizations such as race, class, gender, and stage in the life cycle, and integrates a material semiotic perspective more systematically into the study of social relations at the intersection of the social categories mentioned. A new concept of belonging is defined which reflects the complex relations that individuals have with other people, circulating objects, artefacts, and changing social, political, and cultural landscapes, thus mirroring both the material conditions and the underlying power relations. Such an understanding of belonging proceeds from social naturalizations and fixations to the multiplicity and situatedness of individual attachments, which entangle social, imagined, and sensual-material relations that are constantly re-articulated and re-negotiated by actors in their day-to-day practices. In such a reading, belonging comes into being as a result of individual life stories, versatile contexts, and situated experiences and acts. In times of constant exchange through travel, mass media, and communication technologies, the conceptualization of belonging questions established sociocultural and political demarcations, indicates the compatibility of ascribed socio-cultural difference and stresses the permeability of borderlines. A space-sensitive theorization of social relations and belonging opens up new perspectives on the question of how social collectives are naturalized and by whom, and under which conditions they open up to new forms of belonging; it thus brings forth new findings about collectivization, social mobilization, and change.
Keywords: belonging; citizenship; creative activism; intersectionality; Madrid; politics of belonging; religious place-making; space; Spain
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:10-24

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Roma Children and Young People in Bulgaria: Patterns of Risk and Effective Protection in Relation to Child Sexual Exploitation
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/224
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i4.224
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 4
Pages: 1-9
Author-Name: Kate D'Arcy
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Social Studies, University of Bedfordshire, UK
Author-Name: Isabelle Brodie
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Applied Social Studies, University of Bedfordshire, UK
Abstract: This article examines patterns of risk regarding child sexual exploitation (CSE). There is specific focus on those living in alternative care, child sexual exploitation and trafficking among Roma communities in Bulgaria and the UK. Data is drawn from a desk-based literature review and partnership work with Bulgarian and British academics and practitioners to explore the issues in both countries. Although there is limited statistical data on CSE and children in care across Europe and the risk-factors for Roma children and young people are still not being fully recognised, we can draw on what is known in Bulgaria to inform practice in the UK with emerging Roma communities. Research on CSE more generally can also inform awareness of risk factors particularly around care systems. Comparative information about what is known in the UK and Bulgaria is considered in order to make some recommendations for international prevention, protection efforts, and prosecution strategies for the future.
Keywords: child sexual exploitation; institutional care; risk; Roma; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:4:p:1-9

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Understanding Football as a Vehicle for Enhancing Social Inclusion: Using an Intervention Mapping Framework
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/187
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.187
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 158-166
Author-Name: Daniel Parnell
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, UK
Author-Name: Andy Pringle
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, UK
Author-Name: Paul Widdop
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, UK
Author-Name: Stephen Zwolinsky
Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Active Lifestyles, Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, UK
Abstract: This article outlines a partnership between an academic institute and a third sector organisation attached to a professional football club in the United Kingdom. The partnership concerns a sport for development intervention. The purpose of the article is to outline the development of applied monitoring and evaluation and the application of intervention mapping for an intervention to tackle anti-social behaviour through a football-based social inclusion project for children and young people. This case supports the development of third sector-university partnerships and the use of intervention mapping to meet shared objectives in relation to articulating the impact of interventions to funders and for research outputs.
Keywords: community; evaluation; football; research partnership; social inclusion
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:158-166

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Sport, Social Exclusion and the Forgotten Art of Researching Poverty: Book Review of Sport and Social Exclusion (2nd ed.). By Mike Collins and Tess Kay. New York: Routledge, 2014, 320 pp.; ISBN: 978-0-415-56880-7.
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/211
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.211
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 153-157
Author-Name: Reinhard Haudenhuyse
Author-Workplace-Name: Sport and Society Research Unit, Department of Sports Policy and Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: Book Review of Sport and Social Exclusion (2nd ed.). By Mike Collins and Tess Kay. New York: Routledge, 2014, 320 pp.; ISBN: 978-0-415-56880-7.
Keywords: leisure research; poverty; social exclusion; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:153-157

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Multiculturalism, Gender and Bend it Like Beckham
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/135
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.135
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 142-152
Author-Name: Gamal Abdel-Shehid
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Canada
Author-Name: Nathan Kalman-Lamb
Author-Workplace-Name: Graduate Programme in Social and Political Thought, York University, Canada
Abstract: In this article, we explore the efficacy of sport as an instrument for social inclusion through an analysis of the film <em>Bend it Like Beckham</em>. The film argues for the potential of sport to foster a more inclusive society in terms of multiculturalism and gender equity by showing how a hybrid culture can be forged through the microcosm of an English young women’s football club, while simultaneously challenging assumptions about traditional masculinities and femininities. Yet, despite appearances, <em>Bend it Like Beckham</em> does little to challenge the structure of English society. Ultimately, the version of multiculturalism offered by the film is one of assimilation to a utopian English norm. This conception appears progressive in its availability to all Britons regardless of ethnicity, but falls short of conceptions of hybrid identity that do not privilege one hegemonic culture over others. Likewise, although the film presents a feminist veneer, underneath lurks a troubling reassertion of the value of chastity, masculinity, and patriarchy. <em>Bend it Like Beckham</em> thus provides an instructive case study for the potential of sport as a site of social inclusion because it reveals how seductive it is to imagine that structural inequalities can be overcome through involvement in teams.
Keywords: film; gender; multiculturalism; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:142-152

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Community Cup, We Are a Big Family”: Examining Social Inclusion and Acculturation of Newcomers to Canada through a Participatory Sport Event
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/141
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.141
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 129-141
Author-Name: Kyle A. Rich
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Kinesiology, Western University, Canada
Author-Name: Laura Misener
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Kinesiology, Western University, Canada
Author-Name: Dan Dubeau
Author-Workplace-Name: Community Cup, Canada
Abstract: While sport is widely understood to produce positive social outcomes for communities, such as the inclusion of diverse and marginalized groups, little researched has focused on the specific processes through which these outcomes may or may not be occurring. In this paper, we discuss the Community Cup program, and specifically a participatory sport event which seeks to connect newcomers to Canada (recent immigrants and refugees) in order to build capacity, connect communities, and facilitate further avenues to participation in community life. For this research, we worked collaboratively with the program to conduct an intrinsic case study, utilizing participant observation, document analysis, focus group, and semi-structured interviews. We discuss how the structure and organization of the event influences participants’ experiences and consequently how this impacts the adaptation and acculturation processes. Using Donnelly and Coakley's (2002) cornerstones of social inclusion and Berry’s (1992) framework for understanding acculturation, we critically discuss the ways that the participatory sport event may provide an avenue for inclusion of newcomers, as well as the aspects of inclusion that the event does not address. While exploratory in nature, this paper begins to unpack the complex process of how inclusion may or may not be facilitated through sport, as well discussing the role of the management of these sporting practices. Furthermore, based on our discussion, we offer suggestions for sport event managers to improve the design and implementation of programming offered for diverse/newcomer populations.
Keywords: cultural/ethnic minorities; events; inclusion; multiculturalism; sport management
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:129-141

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: You Made El Team-O! The Transnational Browning of the National Basketball Association through the “Noche Latina” Marketing Campaigns
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/134
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.134
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 118-128
Author-Name: Jorge E. Moraga
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Critical Culture, Gender and Race Studies, Washington State University, USA
Abstract: This essay pushes beyond the black-white binary in an effort to expand understandings into the relationship between sport, Latinidad, and global capitalism in the 21st century. Through a discursive analysis into the National Basketball Association (NBA) outreach policies, I ask: do recent shifts in the NBA’s marketing strategies, while alluding towards social inclusion and multicultural diversity, also contribute to the containment, exclusion, and marginalization to the fastest growing minority group in the United States: the Latina/o. By conducting a textual analysis into the NBA’s Noche Latina campaign, this essay makes the case that while the NBA may be another example of browning the sporting gaze the gaze remains fixed upon Western capitalist notions of identity and representation. An aim of this study seeks to highlight the contradictions within U.S. based-sport marketing in hopes that sport fans, pundits and academics alike might grapple with and strive towards understanding how phenomena like “Noche Latina” repackages racialized, sexist and cultural tropes for global television audiences and social media users alike.
Keywords: Latina/o sport; NBA; Noche Latina; Latinidad; transnationalism; marketing
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:118-128

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Managing Sport for Public Health: Approaching Contemporary Problems with Traditional Solutions
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/197
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.197
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 108-117
Author-Name: Anna Aggestål
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Umeå University, Sweden
Author-Name: Josef Fahlén
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Umeå University, Sweden
Abstract: In the area of public health, civil society involvement in attaining government objectives on physical activity participation is often carried out by voluntary sport organizations (Agergaard &amp; Michelsen la Cour, 2012; Österlind &amp; Wright, 2014; Skille, 2009; Theeboom, Haudenhuyse, &amp; De Knop, 2010). In Sweden, this responsibility has been given to the Swedish Sport Confederation (SSC), a voluntary and membership-based non-profit organization, granted government authority to govern Swedish sport towards government objectives (Bergsgard &amp; Norberg, 2010; Bolling, 2005). Research has pointed to difficulties for sport organizations to shoulder such responsibilities due to the deeply rooted logic of competition in sport and organizational structures adapted for competitive sport (Skille, 2011; Stenling &amp; Fahlén, 2009). This article focuses on how public health is being constructed, implemented and given meaning within the SSC. Drawing on a critical discourse approach (Fairclough &amp; Fairclough, 2012) this study explores the SSC’s role and position in public health promotion by interviewing SSC representatives and National Sport Organizations’ (NSO) general managers. Results indicate how discourses on democracy, equality and physical activity are used to legitimize the SSC’s role in public health. Also, how these discourses are compromised in practice, posing challenges for organized sport in meeting objectives of public health.
Keywords: argumentation analysis; Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA); democracy; equity; physical activity
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:108-117

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Intersectoral Action to Enhance the Social Inclusion of Socially Vulnerable Youth through Sport: An Exploration of the Elements of Successful Partnerships between Youth Work Organisations and Local Sports Clubs
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/139
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.139
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 98-107
Author-Name: Niels Hermens
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Health and Society Group, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands, Verwey-Jonker Institute, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Sabina Super
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Health and Society Group, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Kirsten Verkooijen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Health and Society Group, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Maria Koelen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Social Sciences, Health and Society Group, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
Abstract: Research shows that participation in sport is positively related to self-esteem, self-regulation skills, and social inclusion. As socially vulnerable youngsters participate less frequently in sports activities than their average peers, youth work organisations try to guide their clients (i.e., socially vulnerable youngsters) to local sports clubs and inclusive sports activities. Inclusive sports activities, however, cannot be provided by youth work organisations alone. Therefore, in the Netherlands, intersectoral action involving both youth work organisations and local sports clubs has emerged. Because youth workers and stakeholders in local sports clubs are not used to collaborating with each other, we explored the factors that contribute to the quality and performance of such intersectoral actions. On the basis of five open interviews with youth workers and three focus groups with stakeholders in local sports clubs, we described factors relating to the organisation of intersectoral action among youth workers and local sports clubs that are preconditions for the success of this specific type of intersectoral action.
Keywords: inclusive sports activities; intersectoral action; partnerships; socially vulnerable youth; youth work
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:98-107

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Socially Vulnerable Youth and Volunteering in Sports: Analyzing a Brussels Training Program for Young Soccer Coaches
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/188
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.188
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 82-97
Author-Name: Evi Buelens
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports Policy and Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Marc Theeboom
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports Policy and Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Jikkemien Vertonghen
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports Policy and Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Kristine De Martelaer
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Movement Education and Sports Training, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: A considerable number of young Europeans live or risk ending up in socially vulnerable situations. Different social channels (e.g., education, on the job training, leisure) exist through which youths can enhance their chances to improve their social position. There is a growing belief that sports in particular can help personal and social development of socially vulnerable youths. Nevertheless, there is little understanding of the mechanisms through which sports can foster development. In addition to participating in sports, volunteering in sports is also regarded as providing developmental opportunities for socially vulnerable youths. Today, however, there is an underrepresentation of socially vulnerable youths in volunteering and volunteer training programs. A case study in Brussels was set up within a volunteer soccer training program focused on socially vulnerable youths. A qualitative research design was used to analyze developmental experiences of participants (n = 11) and program organizers (n = 3). The study also aimed to gain more insight into the mechanisms underlying the program. Participating youths indicated development in both technical and key competences. It is concluded that a systematic approach of the volunteer training program can play an important role in the development of competences of socially vulnerable youths both as a volunteer and an individual.
Keywords: socially vulnerable youth; sports; volunteer training program; youth development
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:82-97

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Processes of Inclusion and Exclusion in Physical Education:  A Social-Relational Perspective
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/201
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.201
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 67-81
Author-Name: Mette Munk
Author-Workplace-Name: Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Denmark, University College Syddanmark, Denmark
Author-Name: Sine Agergaard
Author-Workplace-Name: Section of Sports Science, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Denmark
Abstract: Existing research on inclusion and exclusion processes in physical education (PE) has particularly focused on exclusion from PE as something being done to students and attributed to specific social categories such as (female) gender, (low) physical skills or (minority) ethnic background. This article aims to develop a social-relational perspective on inclusion and exclusion processes defined as students’ participation or non-participation in PE interpreted as a community of practice. In so doing, the article examines how students’ experiences of participation and non-participation in PE are influenced by complex interactions within the group of students and in negotiations with teachers about the values and practices of PE. The article is based on an embedded single-case study carried out over the course of 6 months through weekly observations of PE classes in a multi-ethnic school, as well as focus group interviews with students and teachers. Using Etienne Wenger’s conceptual tools, we show that a student’s degree of participation in the community of practice of PE-classes is closely related to the legitimacy of the student and the extent to which the student experiences PE as meaningful. Some students were excluded from PE because they did not have the physical skills and social relations necessary to gain legitimacy from other students. Others chose not to participate because PE was not meaningful to them. This latter type of non-participation from students who experienced lacking meaningfulness was evident in PE classes that had little transfer value and limited prospect for students to develop the knowledge, skills or the understanding necessary to move towards full participation in the classes. Thus, the article argues that an understanding of the variety in students’ participation or non-participation is important not only in terms of how we talk about students as passive victims or active agents, but also in terms of future intervention aimed at promoting inclusion processes in PE.
Keywords: inclusion; exclusion; meaningfulness; legitimacy; legitimate peripheral participation; situated learning; physical education; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:67-81

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: What Makes a Difference for Disadvantaged Girls? Investigating the Interplay between Group Composition and Positive Youth Development in Sport
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/285
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.285
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 51-66
Author-Name: Hebe Schaillée
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sport Policy and Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Marc Theeboom
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sport Policy and Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Jelle Van Cauwenberg
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Belgium, Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Belgium
Abstract: It has been suggested that group composition can influence the experiences of individual group members in social programmes (Weiss, 1998). The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between peer group composition in sports programmes and positive youth development (PYD) in disadvantaged girls, as well as to determine whether it was moderated by personal characteristics. Two hundred young women aged between 10 and 24 completed a questionnaire including, among others, the “Youth Experience Survey for Sport” (YES-S) (MacDonald, Côté, Eys, &amp; Deakin, 2012) and questions regarding participants’ socio-economic characteristics (i.e., nationality, education, family situation). Multilevel regression analyses were performed to take into account the hierarchical data structure. At the group level, a higher percentage of girls from a low educational track and with a migration background predicted greater PYD, as indicated by higher levels of personal and social skills, cognitive skills and goal setting. Results showed interaction effects between the respondents’ family structures on the participant and team levels. The overall statistical models for the different developmental domains accounted for variance ranging from 14.7% (personal and social skills) to 30.3% (cognitive skills). Results indicated that the extent to which disadvantaged girls derive benefits from their participation in sport also depends on the group composition. The interaction effects between the group composition and individual characteristics suggest that when girls participate in a group of similar peers, those from non-intact families will derive more benefits than their counterparts from intact families.
Keywords: disadvantaged girls; group composition; peers; positive youth development; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:51-66

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Experiences and Perceptions of Young Adults with Physical Disabilities on Sports
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/158
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.158
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 39-50
Author-Name: Kim Wickman
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Education, Umeå University, Sweden
Abstract: People with disabilities seldom get a chance to voice their opinions on their sport experiences. A deeper understanding of the context-related experiences of sport is a prerequisite for teachers and leaders to be able to provide adequate, inclusive and meaningful activities. The aim of this qualitative case study was to examine how young people with disabilities made sense of sport, within both the compulsory school system and the voluntary sports movement. The study involved 10 young adults (aged 16 to 29 years) with disabilities, five males and five females. All the participants had rich experiences of sport. An inductive approach to qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews was used to enable individuals to explain and give meaning to their experiences of sport including those pertaining to gender and inclusion. The findings illustrated that dominating gender and ability norms influenced the interviewees’ understanding of themselves in relation to sport; as a consequence, some of the female interviewees had a more diverse, sometimes contradictory experience of sport than the male interviewees. The basic premise of this study is that researchers can develop more insightful understandings of inclusion by studying the subjective meanings that are constructed by people with disabilities in their sport experiences.
Keywords: diversity; physical education and health; social inclusion; sporting bodies
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:39-50

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Exclusionary Practices of Youth Sport
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/136
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.136
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 24-38
Author-Name: Bethan C. Kingsley
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Canada
Author-Name: Nancy Spencer-Cavaliere
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Canada
Abstract: Youth who live with lower incomes are known to experience social exclusion in a range of social settings, including sport. Despite efforts to reduce financial constraints to participation, increasing opportunities in these ways has not led to increased involvement. There is a need to move beyond a discussion about barriers and explore the quality of young people’s engagement within sport. The present study consequently sought to understand the sport involvement of young people living with lower incomes. Interpretive description informed the analysis of transcripts generated from interviews with ten youth (aged 13-18 years) and six parents. Three themes captured the ways income had a prominent influence on the sports involvement of young people. Sports settings generally required that young people acquire abilities from an early age and develop these concertedly over time. The material circumstances in which youth were brought up impacted the extent to which they could or wanted to participate in these ways. The final theme outlines the experiences of young people in sport when they possessed less cultural capital than others in the field. The findings of the study collectively highlight a number of interconnected exclusionary processes in sport and demonstrate the need to reimagine sport in ways that challenge the hegemonic discourses continuing to exclude a large number of young people.
Keywords: ability; cultural capital; exclusion; low-income; sport; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:24-38

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Sport-for-Change: Some Thoughts from a Sceptic
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/222
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.222
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 19-23
Author-Name: Fred Coalter
Author-Workplace-Name: Leeds Beckett University, UK
Abstract: Sport’s historic attraction for policy makers has been its claims that it can offer an economy of remedies to seemingly intractable social problems—“social inclusion”, “development”. Such usually vague and ill-defined claims reflect sport’s marginal policy status and its attempts to prove its more general relevance. The dominance of evangelical beliefs and interest groups, who tend to view research in terms of affirmation of their beliefs, is restricting conceptual and methodological development of policy and practice. There is a need to de-reify “sport” and to address the issue of <em>sufficient conditions</em>—the mechanisms, processes and experiences which might<em> </em>produce positive impacts for some participants. This requires researchers and practitioners to develop approaches based on robust and systematic programme theories. However, even if systematic and robust evidence is produced for the relative effectiveness of certain types of programme, we are left with the problem of<strong> </strong><em>displacement of scope</em>—the process of wrongly generalising<strong> </strong>micro level (programme) effects to the macro (social). Although programme rhetoric frequently claims to address <em>social</em> issues most programmes have an inevitably individualist perspective. Further, as participation in sport is closely related to socially structured inequalities, it might be that rather than sport contributing to “social inclusion”, various aspects of social inclusion may <em>precede</em> such participation. In this regard academics and researchers need to adopt a degree of scepticism and to reflect critically on what we and, most especially, others might already know. There is a need to theorise sport-for-change’s limitations as well as its “potential”.
Keywords: displacement of scope; programme theory; scepticism; sport-for-change
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:19-23

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Social Exclusion and Austerity Policies in England: The Role of Sports in a New Area of Social Polarisation and Inequality?
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/54
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.54
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 5-18
Author-Name: Mike Collins
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Applied Science, University of Gloucestershire, UK
Author-Name: Rein Haudenhuyse
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sports Policy and Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: Poverty still counts as the core of social exclusion from sport and many other domains of people’s lives. In the first part of this paper, we shortly describe the recent poverty trends in England, and identify groups that are more at-risk of being poor and socially excluded. We then focus on the relationship between poverty, social exclusion and leisure/sports participation, and describe a case study that addresses young people’s social exclusion through the use of sports (i.e., <em>Positive Futures</em>). Although further analysis is warranted, it would seem that growing structural inequalities (including sport participation)—with their concomitant effects on health and quality of life—are further widened and deepened by the policy measures taken by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition in the UK. In addition, within a climate of austerity, sport-based social inclusion schemes are likely to become wholly inadequate in the face of exclusionary forces such schemes envision to combat.
Keywords: austerity; disadvantaged youth; health; social exclusion; social inclusion; sport
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:5-18

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Introduction to the Special Issue “Sport for Social Inclusion: Critical Analyses and Future Challenges”
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/381
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i3.381
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 3
Pages: 1-4
Author-Name: Reinhard Haudenhuyse
Author-Workplace-Name: Sport and Society Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Marc Theeboom
Author-Workplace-Name: Sport and Society Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: “Sport for Social Inclusion: Critical Analyses and Future Challenges” brings together a unique collection of papers on the subject of sport and social inclusion. The special issue can be divided into three major parts. The first part consists of three papers tacking on a broad perspective on sport and social exclusion, with specific attention to austerity policies, sport-for-change and exclusion in youth sports. The second part of the special issue tackles specific themes (e.g., group composition and dynamics, volunteering, physical education, youth work, equality, public health) and groups (e.g., people with disabilities, disadvantaged girls, youth) in society in relation to sport and social exclusion. The third part consists of three papers that are related to issues of multiculturalism, migration and social inclusion. The special issue is further augmented with a book review on Mike Collins and Tess Kay’s <em>Sport and social exclusion</em> (2nd edition) and a short research communication. The editors dedicate the special issue to Mike Collins (deceased).
Keywords: poverty; social exclusion; sport; youth
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:3:p:1-4

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Poverty Suburbanization: Theoretical Insights and Empirical Analyses
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/120
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i2.120
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 2
Pages: 71-90
Author-Name: Kenya L. Covington
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Urban Studies and Planning, California State University, USA
Abstract: Today almost every major metropolitan area in the U.S. has experienced rising poverty at a rate that surpasses its urban core (Kneebone &amp; Berube, 2013, p. 2). Poverty suburbanization has accelerated about 3.3 percentage points over the last decade. In this article, factors associated with the growing share of poor in suburbs in the 100 largest metropolitan areas were examined. The analysis sought to address the overarching question: what metropolitan factors are associated with poverty suburbanization? Poverty suburbanization growth rates and temporal changes in metropolitan level factors for 2000 and 2008 are highlighted. Change regression results reveal important macro level and within suburb effects illuminating recent changes in the spatial distribution of the poor. Positive changes in housing affordability appear to open up access to suburban neighborhoods, while metropolitan job decentralization and residential segregation have countervailing effects on the suburbanization of the poor. Findings from this paper suggest that it is appropriate to place the suburbanization of poverty in the contemporary period within an urban political economy framework of urban growth and change.
Keywords: affordable housing; job sprawl; residential segregation; suburban poor
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:2:p:71-90

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Role Innovative Housing Models Play in the Struggle against Social Exclusion in Cities: The Brisbane Common Ground Model
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/68
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i2.68
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 2
Pages: 62-70
Author-Name: Petra Perolini
Author-Workplace-Name: Design Department, Queensland College of Art, Griffith University, Australia
Abstract: The history of housing in Australia is a textbook example of socio-spatial exclusion as described, defined and analysed by commentators from Mumford to Lefebvre. It has been exacerbated by a culture of home ownership that has led to an affordability crisis. An examination of the history reveals that the problems are structural and must be approached not as a practical solution to the public provision of housing, but as a reshaping of lives, a reconnection to community, and as an ethical and equitable “right to the city”. This “Right to the City” has underpinned the Common Ground approach, emerging in a range of cities and adopted in South Brisbane, Queensland Australia. This paper examines the Common Ground approach and the impacts on its residents and in the community with a view to exploring further developments in this direction. A clear understanding of these lessons underpins, and should inform, a new approach to reconnecting the displaced and to developing solutions that not only enhance their lives but also the community at large.
Keywords: Australian housing; Common Ground; Great Australian Dream; public housing; social exclusion; socio-spatial divisions; urban disadvantage; urban marginalisation
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:2:p:62-70

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Battlers” and Their Homes: About Self-Production of Residences Made by the Brazilian New Middle Class
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/67
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i2.67
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 2
Pages: 44-61
Author-Name: Priscilla Nogueira
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for European Urban Studies, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany
Abstract: The article presents preliminary results and qualitative analysis obtained from the doctoral research provisory entitled “How do Brazilian ‘battlers’ reside?”, which is in progress at the Institute for European Urban Studies, Bauhaus University Weimar. It critically discusses the contradictions of the production of residences in Brazil made by an emerging social group, lately called the Brazilian new middle class. For the last ten years, a number of government policies have provoked a general improvement of the purchasing power of the poor. Between those who completely depend on the government to survive and the upper middle class, there is a wide (about 100 million people) and economically stable lower middle group, which has found its own ways of dealing with its demand for housing. The conventional models of planning, building and buying are not suitable for their technical, financial and personal needs. Therefore, they are concurrently planners, constructors and residents, building and renovating their own properties themselves, but still with very limited education and technical knowledge and restricted access to good building materials and constructive elements, formal technicians, architects or engineers. On the one hand, the result is an informal and more or less autonomous self-production, with all sorts of technical problems and very interesting and creative spatial solutions to everyday domestic situations. On the other hand, the repercussions for urban space are questionable: although basic infrastructure conditions have improved, building densities are high and green areas are few. Lower middle class neighbourhoods present a restricted collective everyday life. They look like storage spaces for manpower; people who live to work in order to be able to consume—and build—what they could not before. One question is, to what extent the latest economic rise of Brazil has really resulted in social development for lower middle income families in the private sphere regarding their residences, and in the collective sphere, regarding the neighbourhoods they inhabit and the urban space in general.
Keywords: Brazil; collective; residences; families; neighbourhoods; new middle class; private; self-production; space; urban
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:2:p:44-61

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Provision of Visitable Housing in Australia: Down to the Detail
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/57
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i2.57
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 2
Pages: 31-43
Author-Name: Margaret Ward
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Human Services & Social Work , Griffith University, Australia
Author-Name: Jill Franz
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Design, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
Abstract: In response to the ratification of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD), Australian housing industry leaders, supported by the Australian Government, committed to transform their practices voluntarily through the adoption of a national guideline, called Livable Housing Design. They set a target in 2010 that all new housing would be visitable by 2020. Research in this area suggests that the anticipated voluntary transformation is unrealistic and that mandatory regulation will be necessary for any lasting transformation to occur. It also suggests that the assumptions underpinning the Livable Housing Design agreement are unfounded. This paper reports on a study that problematised these assumptions. The study used eleven newly-constructed dwellings in three housing contexts in Brisbane, Australia. It sought to understand the logics-of-practice in providing, and not providing, visitable housing. By examining the specific details that make a dwelling visitable, and interpreting the accounts of builders, designers and developers, the study identified three logics-of-practice which challenged the assumptions underpinning the Livable Housing Design agreement: focus on the point of sale; an aversion to change and deference to external regulators on matters of social inclusion. These were evident in all housing contexts indicating a dominant industry culture regardless of housing context or policy intention. The paper suggests that financial incentives for both the builder and the buyer, demonstration by industry leaders and, ultimately, national regulation is a possible pathway for the Livable Housing Design agreement to reach the 2020 goal. The paper concludes that the Australian Government has three options: to ignore its obligations under the CRPD; to revisit the Livable Housing Design agreement in the hope that it works; or to regulate the housing industry through the National Construction Code to ensure the 2020 target is reached.
Keywords: access; Australia; design; inclusive; housing; livable; logics; mandatory; regulation; voluntary
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:2:p:31-43

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Reconceptualizing the “Publicness” of Public Housing: The Case of Brussels
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/63
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i2.63
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 2
Pages: 17-30
Author-Name: Nele Aernouts
Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Author-Name: Michael Ryckewaert
Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolis Centre for Urban Research, Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Abstract: This article brings together various spatial and political theorizations on the commons as a broader project to understand multiple dimensions of the inclusive nature of public housing. By picking up theorizations on the commons, the article feeds the debate on the loss of “publicness” of public housing and removes attention from what is seen as a state related business. Four core-dimensions are identified: ownership, participation, community activity and physical configuration. The article takes a sample of public housing estates in the Brussels capital region as case studies to test the capacity of this framework to detect the degree of “publicness” of various forms of public housing. The preliminary results—based on this limited sample of cases studied through interviews with privileged informers and a literature study—suggest that approaches where individual households are actively involved in the organization of the dwelling environment work best to compensate for the loss of “publicness” that has occurred since the decline of the welfare state. In that respect, these approaches tie in with some early predecessors of “public” housing, mainly cooperatively organized garden city developments. Further in-depth case study research should shed more light on the validity of this hypothesis, as well as on the precise mechanisms and features that determine this regained “publicness”.
Keywords: commons; inclusion; publicness; public housing
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:2:p:17-30

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: More Than Four Walls: The Meaning of Home in Home Birth Experiences
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/203
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i2.203
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 2
Pages: 06-16
Author-Name: Emily Burns
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Australia
Abstract: The “home versus hospital” as places of birth debate has had a long and at times vicious history. From academic literature to media coverage, the two have often been pitted against each other not only as opposing physical spaces, but also as opposing ideologies of birth. The hospital has been heavily critiqued as a site of childbirth since the 1960s, with particular focus on childbirth and medicalisation. The focus of much of the hospital and home birthing research exists on a continuum of medicalisation, safety, risk, agency, and maternal and neonatal health and wellbeing. While the hospital birthing space has been interrogated, a critique of home birthing space has remained largely absent from the social sciences. The research presented in this article unpacks the complex relationship between home birthing women and the spaces in which they birth. Using qualitative data collected with 59 home birthing women in Australia in 2010, between childbearing and the home should not be considered as merely an alternative to hospital births, but rather as an experience that completely renegotiates the home space. Home, for the participants in this study, is a dynamic, changing, and even spiritual element in the childbirth experience, and not simply the building in which it occurs.
Keywords: birth; home; hospital; medicalisation; place; space
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:2:p:06-16

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Housing and Socio-Spatial Inclusion
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/264
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i2.264
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 2
Pages: 01-5
Author-Name: Dallas Rogers
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Science and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Australia
Author-Name: Rae Dufty-Jones
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Science and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Australia
Author-Name: Wendy Steele
Author-Workplace-Name: Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Australia
Abstract: This special issue on housing and socio-spatial inclusion had its genesis in the 5th Housing Theory Symposium (HTS) on the theme of housing and space, held in Brisbane, Australia in 2013. In late 2013 we put out a call for papers in an attempt to collect an initial suite of theoretical and empirical scholarship on this theme. This collection of articles progresses our initial discussions about the theoretical implications of adding the “social” to the conceptual project of thinking through housing and space. We hope that this special issue will act as a springboard for a critical review of housing theory, which could locate housing at the centre of a much broader network of social and cultural practices across different temporal trajectories and spatial scales. This editorial presents an overview of the theoretical discussions at the HTS and summarises the six articles in this themed issue, which are: (1) The meaning of home in home birth experiences; (2) Reconceptualizing the “publicness” of public housing; (3) The provision of visitable housing in Australia; (4) The self-production of dwellings made by the Brazilian new middle class; (5) Innovative housing models and the struggle against social exclusion in cities; and (6) A theoretical and an empirical analysis of “poverty suburbanization”.
Keywords: housing; inclusion; interstitial; place defending; poverty; public; private; social; space; suburbanization; verticality
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:2:p:01-5

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Human Trafficking: Fighting the Illicit Economy with the Legitimate Economy
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/215
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DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.215
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 140-144
Author-Name: Louise Shelley
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Policy, Government and International Affairs, Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA
Author-Name: Christina Bain
Author-Workplace-Name: Initiative on Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery, Office of the President, Babson College, Wellesley, MA 02457, USA
Abstract: Since the beginning of research on human trafficking, there has been attention paid to the challenges surrounding the illicit economy. In creating new strategies and initiatives on combatting human trafficking, there needs to be more discussion surrounding the legitimate economy and how the business sector can make an impact in the fight against trafficking. Currently, there is a growing movement of businesses that are looking to address human trafficking through training, education, and leadership initiatives; codes of conduct; supply chain management; and financial analysis. This paper will examine the latest in these strategies and approaches by businesses in the global war against human trafficking, in addition to a discussion of a new initiative engaging the private sector co-led by Dr. Louise Shelley and Christina Bain through the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council Network.
Keywords: business and human rights; corporate social responsibility; human trafficking; illicit economy
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:140-144

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Human Trafficking and the UK Modern Slavery Bill
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/202
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.202
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 136-139
Author-Name: Gary Craig
Author-Workplace-Name: Durham University, County Durham DH1, UK, and Wilberforce Institute for the Study of Slavery and Emancipation, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, University of Hull, UK
Abstract: This article provides a commentary on growing awareness of human trafficking to and within the United Kingdom and government responses to it.
Keywords: forced labour; modern slavery; trafficking
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:136-139

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: “Using History to Make Slavery History”: The African American Past and the Challenge of Contemporary Slavery
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/143
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.143
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 125-135
Author-Name: James B. Stewart
Author-Workplace-Name: History Department, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
Abstract: This article argues that contemporary antislavery activism in the United States is programmatically undermined and ethically compromised unless it is firmly grounded in a deep understanding of the African American past. Far too frequently those who claim to be “the new abolitionists” evince no interest in what the original abolitionist movement might have to teach them and seem entirely detached from a U.S. history in which the mass, systematic enslavement of African Americans and its consequences are dominating themes. As a result contemporary antislavery activism too often marginalizes the struggle for racial justice in the United States and even indulges in racist ideology. In an effort to overcome these problems, this article seeks to demonstrate in specific detail how knowledge of the African American past can empower opposition to slavery as we encounter it today.
Keywords: convict lease system; debt peonage; historical perspective; legacies of chattel slavery; prison industrial complex; slaving; white racism
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:125-135

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Sinai Trafficking: Origin and Definition of a New Form of Human Trafficking
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/180
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.180
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 113-124
Author-Name: Mirjam van Reisen
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Humanities, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
Author-Name: Conny Rijken
Author-Workplace-Name: Intervict (International Victimology Institute), Tilburg Law School, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
Abstract: The phenomenon that is coined “Sinai Trafficking” started in 2009 in the Sinai desert. It involves the abduction, extortion, sale, torture, sexual violation and killing of men, women and children. Migrants, of whom the vast majority are from Eritrean descent, are abducted and brought to the Sinai desert, where they are sold and resold, extorted for very high ransoms collected by mobile phone, while being brutally and “functionally” tortured to support the extortion. Many of them die in Sinai. Over the last five years broadcasting stations, human rights organisations and academics have reported on the practices in the Sinai and some of these reports have resulted in some confusion on the modus operandi. Based on empirical research by the authors and the analysis of data gathered in more than 200 recorded interviews with Sinai hostages and survivors on the practices, this article provides a definition of Sinai Trafficking. It argues that the term Sinai Trafficking can be used to differentiate a particular new set of criminal practices that have first been reported in the Sinai Peninsula. The article further examines how the new phenomenon of Sinai Trafficking can be framed into the legal human trafficking definition. The interconnectedness of Sinai Trafficking with slavery, torture, ransom collection, extortion, sexual violence and other severe crimes is presented to substantiate the use of the trafficking framework. The plight of Sinai survivors in Israel and Egypt is explained to illustrate the cyclical process of the trafficking practices especially endured by Eritreans, introduced as the Human Trafficking Cycle. The article concludes by setting out areas for further research.
Keywords: Egypt; Eritrea; human trafficking; Human Trafficking Cycle; international organized crime; Israel; refugees; Sinai
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:113-124

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Trafficking of Women in Mexico and Their Health Risk: Issues and Problems
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/179
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.179
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 103-112
Author-Name: Arun Kumar Acharya
Author-Workplace-Name: Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, 64930 Monterrey, Mexico
Abstract: Trafficking in women is one of the most corrosive forms of human rights violation. It results in the gradual destruction of a woman’s personal identity and her right to live as a free human. The victim is subjected to violence, humiliation and violation of her personal integrity, which may result in life threatening diseases like HIV/AIDS, STDs or lifelong trauma, drug addiction or personality disintegration. It can also be seen as denial of the right to liberty and security of the person, and the right to freedom from torture, violence, cruelty or degrading treatment. Over the last few decades, international trafficking of women has been given more attention by researchers. However at present internal trafficking is drawing more attention and concern from researchers. The complexity of obtaining visas and strict patrolling on international borders has caused a boom of internal trafficking around the world. Thus, the current paper aims to investigate trafficking of women for sexual exploitation including the recruitment process, methods of trafficking and working conditions of the victims; as well as to explore the determinants of sexual violence and its impact on the health of trafficked women in Monterrey, Mexico. For the present study a total of 60 women were interviewed using a snowball method between 2007 and 2013.
Keywords: femicide; life threatening diseases; Mexico; sexual exploitation; trafficking in women
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:103-112

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: The Canadian Criminal Code Offence of Trafficking in Persons: Challenges from the Field and within the Law
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/178
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.178
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 88-102
Author-Name: Julie Kaye
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, The King’s University, Alberta, T6B 2H3, Canada
Author-Name: Bethany Hastie
Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Comparative Law, McGill University; Montréal, Québec, H3A 0G4, Canada
Abstract: Despite early ratification of the United Nations Trafficking in Persons Protocol, the <em>Criminal Code</em> offence of trafficking in persons in Canada has received little analytical or interpretive attention to date. Adopted in 2005, this offence has resulted in successful convictions in a limited number of cases and criminal justice authorities have continued to rely on alternate or complementary charges in cases of human trafficking. In particular, prosecutions for cases involving non-sexual labour trafficking remain extremely low. This article provides a socio-legal examination of why the offence of trafficking in persons in Canada is under-utilized in labour trafficking cases. Based on an analysis of data generated from 56 one-on-one interviews gathered from a variety of actors involved in counter trafficking response mechanisms and a legal examination of the key components of the offence, we argue that definitional challenges have resulted in narrow understandings and problematic interpretations of the Criminal Code offence. Such narrow interpretations have resulted in restricted applicability, particularly in cases of labour trafficking. More broadly, the article points to the need to address the limitations of the <em>Criminal Code</em> while formulating responses to trafficking that are not dependent on criminal law.
Keywords: Canadian Criminal Code; criminal justice; human rights; human trafficking; labour trafficking; law
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:88-102

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Recognising Effective Legal Protection to People Smuggled at Sea, by Reviewing the EU Legal Framework on Human Trafficking and Solidarity between Member States
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/170
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.170
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 76-87
Author-Name: Matilde Ventrella
Author-Workplace-Name: School of Law, University of Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, Wolverhampton, UK
Abstract: The death toll of migrants at sea is on the increase. The EU and its Member States are not addressing the situation by widening the EU legal framework on human trafficking to persons smuggled at sea. People smuggled at sea are extremely vulnerable at the hands of their smugglers and suffer serious abuse of their human rights from their journeys through the desert, on the boats and when they reach their final destination. They become victims of human trafficking and they should not be neglected anymore by the EU and its Member States. However, all EU proposals lack of concreteness as Member States do not want to support and host migrants at sea on their territories. They are reluctant to launch solidarity between each other as requested by the Lisbon Treaty and by doing this, they are indirectly responsible for the death of many migrants at sea and for the abuse of their human rights. This article proposes alternatives to explore that could change the situation if Member States show their willingness to cooperate with each other.
Keywords: economic migrants; human rights; human trafficking; slavery: smuggling by sea
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:76-87

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Queering the Support for Trafficked Persons: LGBTQ Communities and Human Trafficking in the Heartland
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/172
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.172
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 63-75
Author-Name: Corinne Schwarz
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
Author-Name: Hannah E. Britton
Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, and Department of Political Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA
Abstract: Human trafficking justice centers on the “Three Ps” model of prevention, protection, and prosecution. While protection and prosecution efforts have been moderately successful, prevention remains elusive, as “upstream” structural fac-tors—class, gender, and sexuality inequalities—remain difficult to target. Individuals who are affected by these factors are not fully served within linear service frameworks. Based on a 12-month study in Kansas City, we find that service providers recognize the limitations of a “one-size-fits all” approach. Using a public health model, our research team con-ducted a public health surveillance, explored risk and protective factors, and facilitated organizational self-assessments of services. Our findings support a prevention approach that supports a survivor-centered model, which creates new, non-linear or queered avenues of agency and community for trafficking survivors. This model allows survivors to make use of services in moments of vulnerability and opt out of others in moments of resilience. Given the systematic cuts in funding that have affected service providers, this research contends that prevention is cheaper, more effective, and more ethical than relying on prosecutions to curb trafficking. Developing a model that fosters survivor empowerment is a key step toward individual justice and survivor resilience for vulnerable and marginalized populations.
Keywords: agency; human trafficking; LGBTQ; prevention; public health
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:63-75

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Safe Harbor Legislation for Juvenile Victims of Sex Trafficking: A Myopic View of Improvements in Practice
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/56
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.56
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 52-62
Author-Name: Kimberly Mehlman-Orozco
Author-Workplace-Name: The Justitia Institute, P.O. Box 30654, Alexandria, VA 22310, USA
Abstract: Current social and political realties have focused attention on human trafficking in the United States. Although new mechanisms for criminalizing offenders and protecting victims are increasingly funded and implemented across the country, empirical exploration into the efficacy of these interventions is lacking. This article uses yearly count data on juvenile prostitution arrests aggregated at the state level to explore the criminalization of commercial sexually exploited children post safe harbor policy implementation. Preliminary data from four states suggests that the passage of safe harbor laws may not reduce the number of juveniles arrested for prostitution crimes. Implications for future research are discussed.
Keywords: commercial sexual exploitation of children; CSEC; human trafficking; prostitution; safe harbor; sex trafficking; Trafficking Victims Protection Act; TVPA
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:52-62

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Ungendering and Regendering Shelters for Survivors of Human Trafficking
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/173
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.173
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 35-51
Author-Name: Daphna Hacker
Author-Workplace-Name: Buchmann Faculty of Law and NCJW Women and Gender Studies Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
Author-Name: Yaara Levine-Fraiman
Author-Workplace-Name: Educational Psychological Services, Tel-Aviv-Yafo Municipality, Tel Aviv 6521128, Israel
Author-Name: Idan Halili
Author-Workplace-Name: Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare and Faculty of Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190501 Jerusalem, Israel
Abstract: This article is based on intensive fieldwork in the two Israeli shelters designated for victims of human trafficking and slavery. The shelters, one for women and one for men, are a refuge for survivors of sex trafficking; labor migrants subjected to severe exploitation by their employers; and asylum seekers who arrived in Israel after experiencing severe physical and emotional abuse at the hands of kidnappers and smugglers en route to Israel. The study included interviews with policy makers and professionals, and with women and men who resided at the shelters, as well as an analysis of the relevant legislation and official reports. The article explores the problematic gendered differentiations between the two shelters. Most significantly, while support for residents of the shelter for women is anchored by emotional and psychological rehabilitation, residents of the shelter for men do not receive any therapeutic support. At the same time, while staff in the shelter for men put significant effort into the reintegration of the men into the labor force, the women’s employment prospects receive less attention. Based on these and other findings, the article cautions against gender-biased rehabilitation services for victims of human trafficking and slavery, and calls for a gender-sensitive rehabilitation theory and practice.
Keywords: asylum seekers; gender; human trafficking; Israel; labor migrants; rehabilitation; sex trafficking; shelter; slavery
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:35-51

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Assessing the Extent of Human Trafficking: Inherent Difficulties and Gradual Progress
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/176
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.176
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 22-34
Author-Name: Dianne Scullion
Author-Workplace-Name: Lancashire Law School, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
Abstract: This article explores some of the key current research and statistical evidence available on the global scale of trafficking in human beings, and considers the assumption that the occurrence of trafficking is increasing. The value and limitations of this statistical data is identified, as is the relationship between the research base and the resulting legal and policy responses. This allows an assessment of whether there is a connection between the perceived problem and the responses to trafficking victims’ circumstances. It questions whether assumptions, generalisations and policies can be based around the available data and the responsibilities of individual countries, including the UK and the wider international community, in relation to the improvement of data collection. The article also considers signs of progress in terms of data collection and suggests further future improvements that need to be made to the approach taken.
Keywords: human trafficking; international; statistics; UK
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:22-34

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Modeling for Determinants of Human Trafficking: An Empirical Analysis
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/125
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.125
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 2-21
Author-Name: Seo-Young Cho
Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Business and Economics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Barfüßertor 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
Abstract: This study aims to identify robust push and pull factors of human trafficking. I test for the robustness of 70 push and 63 pull factors suggested in the literature. In doing so, I employ an extreme bound analysis, running more than two million regressions with all possible combinations of variables for up to 153 countries during the period of 1995–2010. My results show that crime prevalence robustly explains human trafficking both in destination and origin countries. Income level also has a robust impact, suggesting that the cause of human trafficking shares that of economic migration. Law enforcement matters more in origin countries than destination countries. Interestingly, a very low level of gender equality may have constraining effects on human trafficking outflow, possibly because gender discrimination limits female mobility that is necessary for the occurrence of human trafficking.
Keywords: extreme bound analysis; human trafficking; push and pull factors; robustness
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:2-21

Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0
Title: Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery
File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/226
File-Format: text/html
DOI: 10.17645/si.v3i1.226
Journal: Social Inclusion
Volume: 3
Year: 2015
Issue: 1
Pages: 1
Author-Name: Siddharth Kara
Author-Workplace-Name: Carr Center for Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, MA 02118, USA
Abstract: When I first began researching human trafficking and modern forms of slavery fifteen years ago, there was very limited awareness of these offences, and even less scholarship. While non-profit organizations, activists, and charitable foundations have worked assiduously to raise awareness of human trafficking and to tackle root causes, investment by the academic community to analyze the nature, scale, and functioning of the phenomena has been slower to evolve. Indeed, much of the confusion relating to basic terms and concepts on the topic of modern forms of slavery has been due, in large part, to the lack of scholarly analysis of the issues. Following on this gap has been a dearth of robust, first-hand field research that can guide scholarship, investment, and activism, and help frame the complex questions relating to law, economics, human rights, gender, poverty, corruption, migration, the rights of children and minorities, and many other issues that are fundamental to our understanding of human trafficking.
Keywords: child labor; forced labor; human trafficking; slavery
Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v3:y:2015:i:1:p:1