Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Brokerage in Cross-Border Mobility: Social Mechanisms and the (Re)Production of Social Inequalities File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/29 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i4.29 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 4 Pages: 38-52 Author-Name: Thomas Faist Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Germany Abstract: Brokerage is an essential yet understudied function in social life. In one of the classics in the field of sociology, Georg Simmel differentiated three types of the “third” which help to analyse brokerage: the disinterested mediator or arbitrator, tertius gaudens and divide et impera. Studies that conceptualise traffickers and smugglers as brokers are extremely rare. Scholars lack a typology which can serve as a basis for comparative research. To advance scholarship on brokerage this article seeks to develop a conceptual-typological matrix by setting out to explore three questions: Why does brokerage exist? What kind of social mechanism is brokerage? What are the implications of brokerage for social inequalities and equalities? The analysis concludes with the consequences of different types of brokerage for the (re)production of social inequalities. Keywords: brokerage; inequality; migration; social mechanism Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:4:p:38-52 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Newcomer Children: Experiences of Inclusion and Exclusion, and Their Outcomes File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/133 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i4.133 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 4 Pages: 23-37 Author-Name: Jacqueline Oxman-Martinez Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, University of Montreal, Canada Author-Name: Ye Ri Choi Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social Work, McGill University, Canada Abstract: This article explores the potential inclusion and exclusion factors affecting the developmental outcomes of immigrant children, and examines the influence of inclusive school environment, social/psychological isolation, and perceived discrimination by peers and teachers on the psychosocial and academic adjustment of immigrant children. Our study is based on a subset of data from the New Canadian Children and Youth Study (NCCYS), a national longitudinal survey including 515 foreign-born immigrant children (11 to 13 years) from three ethnic groups (Mainland China, Hong Kong, the Philippines) living in the Montreal and Toronto metropolitan areas, Canada. The results show that after controlling for socio-demographic background variables, teachers’ discriminatory attitudes and psychological isolation contribute to the prediction of risk for immigrant children’s self-esteem, social competence, and academic performance. Inclusive school environment has a significant effect on social competence and academic performance of immigrant children. Peer discrimination is also associated with self-esteem and social competence. These findings suggest that inclusive school environment, social/psychological isolation, and discrimination are critical factors affecting the developmental outcomes of immigrant children that, in turn, are connected to future prospects for their eventual inclusion and participation in other social, economic, and political venues of the host country. Keywords: immigrant children; discrimination; psychological isolation; school environment; social isolation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:4:p:23-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Proper Methodology and Methods of Collecting and Analyzing Slavery Data: An Examination of the Global Slavery Index File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/195 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i4.195 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 4 Pages: 14-22 Author-Name: Andrew Guth Author-Workplace-Name: Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs, George Mason University, USA Author-Name: Robyn Anderson Author-Workplace-Name: Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs, George Mason University, USA Author-Name: Kasey Kinnard Author-Workplace-Name: Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs, George Mason University, USA Author-Name: Hang Tran Author-Workplace-Name: Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs, George Mason University, USA Abstract: The Global Slavery Index aims to, among other objectives, recognize the forms, size, and scope of slavery worldwide as well as the strengths and weaknesses of individual countries. An analysis of the Index’s methods exposes significant and critical weaknesses and raises questions into its replicability and validity. The Index may prove more valuable in the future if proper methods are implemented, but the longer improper methods are used the more damage is done to the public policy debate on slavery by advancing data and policy that is not based on sound methodology. To implement proper methods, a committee of sophisticated methodologists needs to develop measurement tools and constantly analyze and refine these methods over the years as data is collected. Keywords: Global Slavery Index; human trafficking; methodology; methods; slavery Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:4:p:14-22 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Reducing Social Exclusion in Highly Disadvantaged Districts in Medellín, Colombia, through the Provision of a Cable-Car File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/127 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i4.127 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 4 Pages: 1-13 Author-Name: Diego Zapata Cordoba Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transport and Logistic Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Sydney, Australia Author-Name: John Stanley Author-Workplace-Name: Institute of Transport and Logistic Studies, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Janet Robin Stanley Author-Workplace-Name: Monash Sustainability Institute, Monash University, Australia Abstract: Recent research has shown that increasing trip making and improving a person’s social capital and sense of community is likely to reduce risks of social exclusion, and increase wellbeing. This, and most other related research on social exclusion, has been undertaken in countries with developed economies. This paper examines some of these relationships within a developing economy, where social exclusion is likely to be more widespread, using secondary data. It examines two districts in Medellín, Colombia, which are historically marginalised, with considerable poverty and also suffering from substantial drug-related violence. The focus is on the role of Metrocable, an aerial cable-car public transport system built to improve transport options in the area’s steep terrain, in reducing risk of exclusion. The analysis shows that increasing the number of trips is significantly associated with a reduced risk of social exclusion and that increasing social capital is weakly supportive. Metrocable is therefore likely to be successful in reducing exclusion. The model suggests that secondary data can be used to explore relationships between mobility and risk of social exclusion. Keywords: cable-car; mobility; social capital; social exclusion; trips; well-being Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:4:p:1-13 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Aboriginal Agency and Marginalisation in Australian Society File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/38 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.38 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 124-135 Author-Name: Terry Moore Author-Workplace-Name: School of Humanities, University of Tasmania, Australia Abstract: It is often argued that while state rhetoric may be inclusionary, policies and practices may be exclusionary. This can imply that the power to include rests only with the state. In some ways, the implication is valid in respect of Aboriginal Australians. For instance, the Australian state has gained control of Aboriginal inclusion via a singular, bounded category and Aboriginal ideal type. However, the implication is also limited in their respect. Aborigines are abject but also agents in their relationship with the wider society. Their politics contributes to the construction of the very category and type that governs them, and presses individuals to resist state inclusionary efforts. Aboriginal political elites police the performance of an Aboriginality dominated by notions of difference and resistance. The combined processes of governance act to deny Aborigines the potential of being both Aboriginal and Australian, being different and belonging. They maintain Aborigines’ marginality. Keywords: Aboriginal Australians; difference; discourse; identity politics; performative; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:124-135 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policing the Borders of the 'Centaur State': Deportation, Detention, and Neoliberal Transformation Processes—The Case of Austria File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/36 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.36 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 113-123 Author-Name: Kenneth Horvath Author-Workplace-Name: University of Education Karlsruhe, Germany Abstract: Excessive policing of borders and mobilities is one of the key features of current migration regimes in the global North and West. Using Austria as example, this article examines some of the links between the recent development of deportation policies and broad societal transformations—namely neoliberal restructuring. The main argument is that the new model of policing borders and mobilities can be meaningfully characterised as neoliberal in three respects: (i) its structure corresponds to a neoliberal political rationality, (ii) it is functional for current politico-economic relations, and (iii) it is promoted by the very social relations it contributes to. The paper builds on recent studies of how deportation regimes structure labour relations, but moves the focus from the economic function to the form and formation of deportation policies. Concerning the form of regulation, a comparison of current legal frameworks with those of the Cold-War era unveils some crucial features of newly emergent border regimes. First, policing has been massively extended and intensified; second, the criteria for differentiating the vulnerability to policing have grown in number and complexity; third, it is more and more mobility itself that is being policed; and, finally, the punitive turn affects mainly the margins of current global mobility, while the top and center enjoy increased security of residence and mobility rights. Regarding the formation of these new deportation policies, this article uses salient shifts in political discourse as a starting point to illustrate the complexity and context-dependency of the political processes involved. Keywords: asylum; deportation; labour migration; neoliberalism; precarisation; societal transformation Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:113-123 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Complaints as Opportunity for Change in Encounters between Youths and Police Officers File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/44 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.44 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 102-112 Author-Name: Tove Pettersson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Criminology, Stockholm University, Sweden Abstract: The presence of distrust in the police and how they perform their work among ethnic minority youths in socially underprivileged areas is well established. Experiences of, or beliefs about, unfair treatment from the police can be viewed both as an indicator and a consequence of exclusion. It is well-known that negative experiences of the police are more significant for trust in the police and their legitimacy than positive ones, with some even suggesting that positive experiences do not matter at all. However, from a procedural justice perspective it has been suggested that some positive experience do matter, particularly if the police are considered to perform their work in line with procedural fairness. On the basis of a participant observation study, this article discusses situations in which youths express complaints about the police in different ways. In response to such situations, the police can act in both exclusionary and inclusive ways. It is argued that youths’ complaints can be used as an opportunity for change if the police treat the youths concerned with fairness and in inclusive rather than exclusionary ways. Keywords: ethnic minorities; police; procedural justice; youths Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:102-112 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Safety Work with an Ethnic Slant File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/27 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.27 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 088-101 Author-Name: David Wästerfors Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Lund University, Sweden Author-Name: Veronika Burcar Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, Lund University, Sweden Abstract: Ethnic discrimination in the criminal justice system is a well-researched topic, but the significance of ethnicity in policing activities at more mundane levels has attracted less attention. This article analyzes ethnographic data on municipal ‘safety work’ in a Swedish city troubled with robberies, vandalism, and violence. It shows how the efforts of different safety workers, operating to curb crime and promote security, came to focus on the ‘soft’ policing of young men with various immigrant backgrounds. A set of street-level safety practices, performed within spatial demarcations, was found to represent a more-or-less silent orientation towards local minorities; a focus on non-Swedish ethnicities was embedded in the policing activity. This article points out the importance of implied ethnicities in the contemporary landscape of plural policing. Keywords: crime; ethnicity; media; plural policing; safety work; security; urban space Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:088-101 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Diversity Policing–Policing Diversity: Performing Ethnicity in Police and Private-Security Work in Sweden File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/40 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.40 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 075-087 Author-Name: Cecilia Hansen Löfstrand Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Work Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Author-Name: Sara Uhnoo Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Work Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Abstract: This article draws upon two separate studies on policing in Sweden, both investigating “ethnic diversity” as a discourse and a practice in the performance of policing functions: one interview study with minority police officers from a county police authority and one ethnographic study of private security officers. To examine how “diversity policing” and the “policing of diversity” are performed by policing actors, their strategic reliance on an ethnically diverse workforce is examined. The official discourse in both contexts stressed “diversity policing” as a valuable resource for the effective execution of policing tasks and the legitimation of policing functions. There was, however, also another, more unofficial discourse on ethnicity that heavily influenced the policing agents’ day-to-day work. The resulting practice of “policing diversity” involved situated activities on the ground through which “foreign elements” in the population were policed using ethnicized stereotypes. Diversity in the policing workforce promoted the practice of ethnic matching, which, ironically, in turn perpetuated stereotypical thinking about Swedish “others”. A conceptual framework is developed for understanding the policing strategies involved and the disjuncture found between the widely accepted rationalities for recruiting an ethnically diverse workforce and the realities for that workforce’s effective deployment at the street level. Keywords: diversity policing; ethnic matching; policing; policing diversity; stereotypes Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:075-087 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Meanings and Motives before Measures: The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Diversity within the Mossos d’Esquadra and the Politie Utrecht File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/28 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.28 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 060-074 Author-Name: Anne R. van Ewijk Author-Workplace-Name: Independent Researcher, The Netherlands Abstract: This article proposes the definition of and motivation for diversity (policy) as an important research topic that should be studied before focusing on diversity policy measures. As such, it strives to demonstrate the academic potential of an analytical framework that outlines fundamental choices made in these respects. What types of diversity do organizations focus on? And what do they want to achieve with (increased) diversity? In this article the discourses underlying the diversity policies in two regional European police forces—the Mossos d’Esquadra and the Politie Utrecht—are analyzed. The main observation is that the results are surprisingly similar in spite of contextual factors that may lead observers to expect otherwise: they both focus on gender and migrant background, identifying these types of diversity as collective in nature, while striving for equal opportunities for individuals despite these collective differences. This article also explores possibilities for further theory building by formulating possible explanations for the similarities and differences which have been identified, suggesting a possible hierarchy in diversity within European organizations, and describing how the motivation for diversity might influence the effectiveness of diversity policies. Keywords: diversity; police; Catalonia, Netherlands Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:060-074 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Racial Profiling as Collective Definition File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/126 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.126 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 052-059 Author-Name: Trevor G. Gardner Author-Workplace-Name: Law School, New York University, USA Abstract: Economists and other interested academics have committed significant time and effort to developing a set of circumstances under which an intelligent and circumspect form of racial profiling can serve as an effective tool in crime finding–the specific objective of finding criminal activity afoot. In turn, anti-profiling advocates tend to focus on the immediate efficacy of the practice, the morality of the practice, and/or the legality of the practice. However, the tenor of this opposition invites racial profiling proponents to develop more surgical profiling techniques to employ in crime finding. In the article, I review the literature on group distinction to discern its relevance to the practice and study of racial profiling. I argue that the costs of racial profiling extend beyond inefficient policing and the humiliation of law-abiding minority pedestrians and drivers. Racial profiling is simultaneously a process of perception and articulation of relative human characteristics (both positive and negative); it binds and reifies the concepts of race and criminality, fixing them into the subconscious of the profiled, the profiler, and society at large. Keywords: African-American; criminality; criminal propensity; group boundary; group formation; racial profiling; sociology; social closure Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:052-059 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Bouncers, Policing and the (In)visibility of Ethnicity in Nightlife Security Governance File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/34 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.34 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 040-051 Author-Name: Thomas Friis Søgaard Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Denmark Abstract: This article explores the reproduction of ethnified urban spaces and inequalities in an ostensibly cosmopolitan city. It does so by means of a case study of bouncers’ policing practices in the nightlife of the Danish city, Aarhus. In recent years, a substantial body of research has explored the regulatory practices of bouncers operating in the urban night-time economy. This article contributes to the study of nightlife policing by paying special attention to the ethnic governance of bouncers. More specifically, the article investigates how ethnicity is produced in bouncers’ administration of nightlife accessibility; how inclusion and exclusion are negotiated in encounters between bouncers and ethnic minority youth; and how bouncers struggle to avoid allegations of discrimination and to uphold notions of colorblind good governance, while ethnified notions of troublesome individuals continue to inform bouncers’ production of nightlife safety. Keywords: bouncers; cosmopolitanism; ethnicity; (in)visibility; neoliberalism; night-time economy; security governance Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:040-051 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Outsiders Within: Framing and Regulation of Headscarves in France, Germany and The Netherlands File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/46 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.46 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 029-039 Author-Name: Doutje Lettinga Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration, University of Twente, The Netherlands Author-Name: Sawitri Saharso Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Public Administration, University of Twente, The Netherlands Abstract: While women in Europe who wear the Islamic headscarf are generally seen as outsiders who do not belong to the nation, some countries are more tolerant towards the wearing of headscarves than others. France, Germany and the Netherlands have developed different policies regarding veiling. In this paper we describe how headscarves became regulated in each of these countries and discuss the ways in which French, Dutch and German politicians have deliberated the issue. The paper is based on a content analysis of parliamentary debates on veiling in France (1989–2007), Germany (1997–2007) and the Netherlands (1985–2007). Our aim is to discuss what these national political debates reveal about the way in which the social inclusion of Islamic women in (or rather exclusion from) the nation is perceived in these three countries. Our claim is that veiling arouses opposition because it challenges national self-understandings. Yet, because nations have different histories of nation building, these self-understandings are challenged in various ways and hence, governments have responded to headscarves with diverse regulation. While we did find national differences, we also discovered that the political debates in the three countries are converging over time. The trend is towards increasingly gendered debates and more restrictive headscarf policies. This, we hypothesize, is explained by international polarization around Islam and the strength of the populist anti-immigrant parties across Europe. Keywords: citizenship; gender relations; headscarf; Islam; migration; multiculturalism; state-church relations; veil Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:029-039 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Does Antwerp Belong to Everyone? Unveiling the Conditional Limits to Inclusive Urban Citizenship File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/32 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.32 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 018-028 Author-Name: Nicolas Van Puymbroeck Author-Workplace-Name: Centre on Inequality, Poverty, Social Exclusion and the City, University of Antwerp, Belgium Author-Name: Paul Blondeel Author-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium Author-Name: Robin Vandevoordt Author-Workplace-Name: Centre on Inequality, Poverty, Social Exclusion and the City, University of Antwerp, Belgium Abstract: Recent theoretical discussions have indicated that citizenship is not only a way of being, but also a way of behaving. This article aims to show how attempts to regulate the behaviour of the citizenry can introduce a new topography of inclusion and exclusion, thereby exercising a direct effect on particular ethnic minorities. We investigate the issue in Antwerp, the largest city of the Flemish Region in Belgium. With his slogan ‘Antwerp belongs to everyone’ former mayor Patrick Janssens gained significant international attention for Antwerp’s supposedly inclusive conception of urban citizenship. In this article, we argue that the universality of Antwerp’s city slogan has nevertheless veiled the introduction of new exclusionary prescriptions centred around citizens’ conduct. Drawing on a Foucauldian account of power, three different modes of policing are discussed that have rearticulated the boundaries of urban citizenship in Antwerp. The disciplinary, bio-political and etho-political techniques of power each show in a different way attempts by the state to steer and effectively regulate what counts as appropriate conduct. As a corollary of governmental power, particular ways of behaving have been labelled as deviant and abnormal, thus rendering full citizenship conditional on a set of substantial expectations on how to perform as a citizen. As these expectations are only apparently neutral with respect to ethnic identities, a tension arose between the city’s universal and inclusive rhetoric and its particular and exclusionary policies. Keywords: exclusion; Foucault; governmentality; Marshall; power; urban citizenship Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:018-028 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Policing Norwegian Welfare: Disciplining and Differentiating within the Bottom Rungs File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/35 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.35 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 005-017 Author-Name: Erika K. Gubrium Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway Author-Name: Ariana Fernandes Guilherme Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway Abstract: Policing is a disciplining means for using welfare services to govern welfare recipients towards a desired behaviour or goal. We apply Foucault’s (1977) definition of institutional discipline as a means for exploring how the distinctions made by state and local welfare authorities in Norway when policing recipients may take shape according to normative perceptions of ethnicity and deservingness. More particularly, we explore the regulating understandings and activities linked to the inclusion and exclusion of eligibility to welfare benefits and services and the form of the services offered. Our focus lies at the point of entry from the lowest tier of Norwegian welfare benefits (social assistance) into two semi-parallel and higher tiers promising more (higher benefits, better services). The tiers are represented by programmes that share aims, yet differ in reach: the 2004 Introduction Programme and the 2007 Qualification Programme. The Introduction Programme is an activation programme targeted at immigrants and refugees newly arrived to Norway. Its aim is to strengthen opportunities to participate in society and labour market, as well as to promote economic independence. The Qualification Programme is an activation programme that was explicitly modelled after the Introduction Programme, yet whose target group reaches more broadly to include long-term recipients of social assistance and those whose work ability is severely lowered. While both programmes have been premised on the need to transform participants from a status of passive welfare benefit recipients to active participants in qualifying measures and society, the target groups vary and it is this contrast that is our point of focus. We contrast the two policies at two ‘moments’ in the policy cycle: (1) policy framing (public and policymaker understandings/assumptions concerning the target group, the location of accountability for the marginal position of the policy recipient and the policy’s political/social goals); and (2) the shaping and formative structure of these policies (how the relevant policies came into existence and what they look like). Keywords: activation; discipline; ethnification; Introduction Programme; Qualification Programme; Norwegian welfare state; social assistance Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:005-017 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Introduction to the Special Issue “Policing Ethnicity: Between the Rhetoric of Inclusion and the Policies and Practices of Exclusion” File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/189 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i3.189 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 3 Pages: 001-004 Author-Name: Abby Peterson Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Work Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Author-Name: Malin Åkerström Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology, University of Lund, Sweden Abstract:

On the one hand European countries talk the humanitarian and cosmopolitan politics of inclusion of ethnic minorities with a battery of integration policies, on the other hand these same societies practice the policies and practices of exclusion. In this special issue we address this disjuncture and what we refer to as the European moral dilemma, in much the same way that Gunnar Myrdahl, in his influential study from 1944—The American Dilemma—pointed out that the oppression of Black people living in the US was at odds with the country’s moral grounds, its founding creed that all men are created equal and are endowed “with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” (Declaration of Independence). This special issue does not only include articles from European contexts, however the majority are analyses of European ethnic minority policies and practices. Nonetheless, all of the articles address in different ways how the rhetoric of inclusion is all too often at odds with the practices and policies of exclusion and control. In focus is what we call the policing of ethnicity, that is, the governance of inclusion and exclusion along ethnic lines.

Keywords: ethnicity; policing; social exclusion; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:3:p:001-004 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Muslim Young People Online: “Acts of Citizenship” in Socially Networked Spaces File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/168 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i2.168 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 2 Pages: 71-82 Author-Name: Amelia Johns Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Australia Abstract: This paper reviews the current literature regarding Muslim young people’s online social networking and participatory practices with the aim of examining whether these practices open up new spaces of civic engagement and political participation. The paper focuses on the experiences of young Muslims living in western societies, where, since September 11, the ability to assert claims as citizens in the public arena has diminished. The paper draws upon Isin & Nielsen’s (2008) “acts of citizenship” to define the online practices of many Muslim youth, for whom the internet provides a space where new performances of citizenship are enacted outside of formal citizenship rights and spaces of participation. These “acts" are evaluated in light of theories which articulate the changing nature of publics and the public sphere in a digital era. The paper will use this conceptual framework in conjunction with the literature review to explore whether virtual, online spaces offer young Muslims an opportunity to create a more inclusive discursive space to interact with co-citizens, engage with social and political issues and assert their citizen rights than is otherwise afforded by formal political structures; a need highlighted by policies which target minority Muslim young people for greater civic participation but which do not reflect the interests and values of Muslim young people. Keywords: citizenship; civic engagement; Muslim young people; participatory practice; social media Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:2:p:71-82 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: “More Than a Game”: The Impact of Sport-Based Youth Mentoring Schemes on Developing Resilience toward Violent Extremism File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/167 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i2.167 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 2 Pages: 57-70 Author-Name: Amelia Johns Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Michele Grossman Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Cultural Diversity and Wellbeing, Victoria University, Australia Author-Name: Kevin McDonald Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Criminology and Sociology, Middlesex University, UK Abstract: This paper draws upon the findings of an evaluation of “More than a Game”, a sport-focused youth mentoring program in Melbourne, Australia that aimed to develop a community-based resilience model using team-based sports to address issues of identity, belonging, and cultural isolation amongst young Muslim men in order to counter forms of violent extremism. In this essay we focus specifically on whether the intense embodied encounters and emotions experienced in team sports can help break down barriers of cultural and religious difference between young people and facilitate experiences of resilience, mutual respect, trust, social inclusion and belonging. Whilst the project findings are directly relevant to the domain of countering violent extremism, they also contribute to a growing body of literature which considers the relationship between team-based sport, cross-cultural engagement and the development of social resilience, inclusion and belonging in other domains of youth engagement and community-building. Keywords: AFL; belonging; community resilience; countering violent extremism; counterterrorism; football; Muslim Australians; social inclusion; social networks; sport; violence reduction Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:2:p:57-70 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Antisemitism and Jewish Children and Youth in Australia’s Capital Territory Schools File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/166 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i2.166 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 2 Pages: 47-56 Author-Name: Danny Ben-Moshe Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Anna Halafoff Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Australia Abstract: Issues pertaining to religion and Australian schools have generated a significant amount of controversy and scholarly attention in recent years, and much of the attention in the religion and schools debate has focused on Muslim and non-religious children’s experiences (Erebus International, 2006; Halafoff, 2013). This article, by contrast, explores the manifestations of antisemitism as experienced by Jewish children and youth in Canberra schools. It considers the characteristics of antisemitism; when and why it occurs; its impact on the Jewish children and young people; and also the responses to it by them, the schools and the Jewish community. Based on focus groups with the Jewish students and their parents, the study reveals that antisemitism is common in Canberra schools, as almost all Jewish children and youth in this study have experienced it. The findings from this study suggest that there is a need for more anti-racism education. Specifically there is an urgent need for educational intervention about antisemitism, alongside education about religions and beliefs in general, to counter antisemitism more effectively and religious discrimination more broadly in Australian schools. Keywords: anti-racism; anti-Semitism; Australia; children; education; interfaith; Jewish; religion; schools; social inclusion; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:2:p:47-56 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: The Mosque and Social Networks: The Case of Muslim Youth in Brisbane File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/165 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i2.165 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 2 Pages: 38-46 Author-Name: Ameera Karimshah Author-Workplace-Name: University of Queensland, Australia Author-Name: Melinda Chiment Author-Workplace-Name: University of Queensland, Australia Author-Name: Zlatko Skrbis Author-Workplace-Name: Monash University, Australia Abstract: Much of the existing public discourse surrounding Muslim youth in Western societies is framed through a simplistic and static understanding of the role of the Mosque in their everyday life. Mosques are often seen as places for the development of Muslim conservatism where membership is gender and ethno-specific and activities are socially restrictive (Spalek & Imtoual, 2007, p. 195; Spalek & Lambert, 2008; Poynting & Mason, 2008, p. 237). This contributes to an ongoing public preoccupation with the idea that it is necessary to integrate Muslim youth into “mainstream society” as a counter measure to anti-social behaviour and attributed outcomes (i.e. terrorism). This paper, building on the work of Dialmy (2007, p. 70) and Jamal (2005, p. 523), offers an account of how young Muslims network and socialise around the Mosque in Brisbane, Australia. We show that contrary to popular public conception, the role of the Mosque in the lives of Muslim youth is multifaceted and serves as the centrepiece from which the majority of socialisation, across variety formal and informal networks, occurs. This paper also explores the reasons underpinning Muslim youth’s social participation, emphasizing the socio-cultural factors (both within and beyond the place of worship) that facilitate and hinder participation across a range of social settings. We argue that discussions on Muslim youth and social engagement must be positioned within an informed understanding of the nuanced role of the Mosque in the generation of social networks within Western contexts. Keywords: belonging; homophily; mosque; Muslim; social networks; youth Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:2:p:38-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Crossing Boundaries: Acts of Citizenship among Migrant Youth in Melbourne File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/164 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i2.164 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 2 Pages: 28-37 Author-Name: Fethi Mansouri Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Maša Mikola Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Australia Abstract: This paper focuses on how migrant youth in Melbourne with experience of direct or indirect migration negotiate cross-cultural engagements and tensions between family, community and the greater society in which they are supposed to participate as political subjects. It examines whether the meaning and interpretation of citizenship in Australia allows migrant youth to act as full and active citizens with all the contradictions and difficulties inherent in acting as “a bridge between two worlds”. By voicing the personalised journeys of young people dealing with uneasy questions of displacement, identity and belonging, this paper examines the complex ways through which migrant youth negotiate and in some cases bridge intercultural tensions within a multicultural society. Keywords: belonging; citizenship; multicultural youth; participation; social networks Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:2:p:28-37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Engagement among Migrant Youth: Attitudes and Meanings File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/163 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i2.163 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 2 Pages: 17-27 Author-Name: Liudmila Kirpitchenko Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Fethi Mansouri Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Deakin University, Australia Abstract: This article explores migrant young people’s engagement, participation and involvement in socially meaningful activities, events and experiences. This type of social participation is approached in the social inclusion literature using the notions of social capital and active citizenship (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988; Putnam, 1993; Putnam, 2000). A key objective, therefore, is to explore the attitudes, values and perceptions associated with social participation for young people. They include the meanings that social engagement has for migrant young people, along with drivers and inhibitions to active participation. The article focuses on both the motives for being actively engaged as well as perceived barriers to social engagement. It is based on a large study conducted among migrant young people of African, Arabic-speaking and Pacific Islander backgrounds in Melbourne and Brisbane, and presents both quantitative and qualitative (discursive) snapshots from the overall findings, based on interviews and focus groups. While many studies have centred on the management of migration and migrants, this article draws attention to the individuals’ active position in negotiating, interpreting and appropriating the conditions of social inclusion. Accounting for the multidimensional and multilayered nature of social inclusion, the paper highlights the heuristic role of social engagement in fostering the feelings of belonging and personal growth for migrant youth. Keywords: active citizenship; belonging; civic engagement; intercultural relations; migrant youth; motivations for participation; social capital; social networks Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:2:p:17-27 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Minority Youth and Social Transformation in Australia: Identities, Belonging and Cultural Capital File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/162 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i2.162 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 2 Pages: 05-16 Author-Name: Andrew Jakubowicz Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Jock Collins Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Carol Reid Author-Workplace-Name: School of Education, University of Western Sydney, Australia Author-Name: Wafa Chafic Author-Workplace-Name: Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Research Centre, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Abstract: Increasingly minority youth, especially from Muslim backgrounds, have been seen in Australian public policy and the media as potentially disruptive and transgressive. In some European societies similar young people have been portrayed as living in parallel and disconnected social spaces, self-segregated from interaction with the wider community. Yet Australian ethnic minority youth do not fulfil either of these stereotypes. Rather, despite their often regular experiences of racism or discrimination, they continue to assert a strong identification with and belonging to Australian society, albeit the society that marginalizes and denigrates their cultural capital. In particular it is the neighbourhood and the locality that provides the bridge between their home cultures and the broader world, contributing to a range of positive aspirations and fluid identities. Keywords: belonging; cultural capital; migrant youth; participation; racism; space Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:2:p:05-16 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Introduction to the Special Issue “Migrant Youth, Intercultural Relations and the Challenges of Social Inclusion” File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/161 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i2.161 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 2 Pages: 01-04 Author-Name: Fethi Mansouri Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Australia Author-Name: Anna Halafoff Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Australia Abstract: This Special Issue on “Migrant Youth, Intercultural Relations and the Challenges of Social Inclusion”, reports recent cutting edge research into the complex nature of migrant youth settlement in multicultural émigré societies. Drawing on multidisciplinary research, it explores the latest intersecting theories on cultural diversity, intercultural relations and multiculturalism in the context of globalised cities where access to and sharing of public spaces is becoming a highly contested issue. Keywords: migrant youth; intercultural relations; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:2:p:01-04 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Navigating Ethnic Stigmatisation in the Educational Setting: Coping Strategies of Young Immigrants and Descendants of Immigrants in Norway File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/26 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i1.26 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 1 Pages: 47-59 Author-Name: Katrine Fangen Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Norway Author-Name: Brit Lynnebakke Author-Workplace-Name: Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Norway Abstract: Tolerance and equality are widespread norms in the official policy of many European countries. The educational system is an arena which even more than others is meant to foster equal opportunities by giving individuals the opportunity to strive for social mobility through their educational performance. Despite this, young people from ethnic minority backgrounds experience different forms of stigmatization in school and higher education, ranging from feeling marked as different to experiencing more explicit racism. This article analyses young people’s coping strategies in order to combat or avoid such stigmatization. We will analyse the possible reasons why young people choose a particular strategy in a given situation, how successful that choice is, and changes in their choice of strategies over time. We will discuss how earlier experiences of support, encouragement and respect (or the lack thereof) inform the extent to which young people choose more approaching than avoiding strategies as a response to perceived ethnic stigmatisation in the educational setting. The empirical basis of the article is a sample of 50 biographical interviews with young people of ethnic minority backgrounds living in Norway. Keywords: coping strategies; education; immigrants; navigation; Norway; social exclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:1:p:47-59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Tracing the Arc: The Shifting Conceptualizations of Educational “Disadvantage” and “Diversity” at the University of Wisconsin-Madison File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/37 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i1.37 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 1 Pages: 34-46 Author-Name: Carl A. Grant Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1707, USA Author-Name: Alexandra Allweiss Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1707, USA Abstract: This article calls attention to the shifting conceptualizations of belonging and inclusion at universities in the U.S. through shifting framings of “educational disadvantage” and “diversity”. Historically these concepts have been used in various and shifting ways to think about the “Other” and to determine the lines of inclusion and exclusion to access to higher education spaces. This article uses a leading public university, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, as a historical case study to examine the ways the university has responded to those who have historically been excluded from public higher education spaces and the ways inclusion has been expanded and redefined through struggle. This case study is an invitation to carefully consider the current discourses and policy debates about university “diversity” efforts and the inclusion of “disadvantaged” students. We raise questions about what inclusion means. Keywords: diversity; disadvantage; higher education; student organizing Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:1:p:34-46 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: Social Inclusion and Integrative Practices File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/50 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i1.50 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 1 Pages: 24-33 Author-Name: David Cappo Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Policy Studies, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia Author-Name: Fiona Verity Author-Workplace-Name: School of Social and Policy Studies, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia Abstract: With the passage of time valuable lessons have been learnt about both effective practices for program and system integration and the sizable barriers, including the challenges in sustaining constructive integration. This paper is a reflection on sustainable integrative practices and is grounded in the direct experience of one of the authors, who held the post of the South Australian Social Inclusion Commissioner. We reflect upon the structure and mechanism of the South Australian Social Inclusion Initiative (2002–2011) as well as using a case study of a successful integrative program of the Social Inclusion Initiative, a program in South Australia’s School Retention Action Plan 2004 Making the Connections (South Australian Social Inclusion Board, 2004) that was implemented to improve school retention. The case study draws out salient factors of clear rationale, coordination, collaboration, communication, team work and trust as skills and ingredients to bring about integration in policy and programs. While the integration literature affirms that these ingredients are primary skills for the development of an integrative framework, we also assert that they are not enough for successful and sustained integration. Absent from much of the literature is a discussion about the use of power and the manner in which horizontal integrative work occurs. We take up this theme to draw out some implications for analysis of sustainable integrative practices. Keywords: education; integration; integrative practices; school retention; social inclusion Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:1:p:24-33 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: How Gender Conscious Pedagogy in Higher Education Can Stimulate Actions of Social Justice in Society File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/30 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i1.30 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 1 Pages: 12-23 Author-Name: Ann-Katrin Witt Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health and Society, Halmstad University, Halmstad, 30118 Sweden Author-Name: Marta Cuesta Author-Workplace-Name: Department of Health and Society, Halmstad University, Halmstad, 30118 Sweden Abstract: In order to reflect about methods that can generate social justice and democratization, this article emphasises on practical implementations, connected to gender conscious pedagogy. Gender conscious pedagogy aims at overcoming the myth of objectivity, and by questioning through teaching what is considered as common sense and ‘normal’. This entails acting and reflecting on breakthroughs, for example about an understanding of how gender codes influence everyday instances as well as working life. The collected data is based on narratives from alumni students who were asked to memorise and reflect on their gender studies and particularly about how useful this type of knowledge is in connection with everyday and working life - as politician, lecturer, IT-manager, doctoral student etc. The aim of this article is to focus on how teachers support students to be gender confident and as a consequence of that, becoming gender actors outside the university, in working life. Some central questions are: how are gender issues represented and integrated in the different areas of studies; what can teachers do in order to generate equality in the classroom; in what way and how are students given possibilities of understanding, internalizing and discussing gender issues. Keywords: democracy; education; gender pedagogy; social justice; working life Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:1:p:12-23 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Title: When Colour Matters: Policing and Hate Crime File-URL: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/article/view/31 File-Format: text/html DOI: 10.17645/si.v2i1.31 Journal: Social Inclusion Volume: 2 Year: 2014 Issue: 1 Pages: 1-11 Author-Name: Berit Wigerfelt Author-Workplace-Name: Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden Author-Name: Anders S. Wigerfelt Author-Workplace-Name: Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden Author-Name: Jenny Kiiskinen Author-Workplace-Name: Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden Abstract: Contrary to the image of Sweden as a tolerant, colour-blind and non-racial country, which is based on the narrative of a country for instance associated with solidarity with the so-called Third World; in this article we argue that racial attributes, e.g. visible differences, account for people’s different life possibilities and circumstances in Swedish society. This article explores and discusses whether, and if so why, people who belong to the group that is categorised as “non-white”, with an emphasis on Afroswedes, and depicted as racially different, experience being targets of diverse variations of bias-based policing, harassment and hate crime. Theories relating to colonial stereotypes, racism, doing difference, the geography of hate, race/ethnicity profiling and intersectionality are used to analyse our material. Based on individual and focus group interviews with “non-whites”, this article discusses how visible differences are highlighted in different kinds of social contexts. The interview results show that people with dark skin are often targets of different kinds of private and public policing based on race- and ethnicity profiling that often occurs on or near borders/boundaries. When those who are targets of racial harassment and exclusion resist such treatment, e.g. by crossing borders/boundaries, they are at risk of becoming victims of hate crime. Keywords: borders; hate crime; private policing; public policing; race and ethnicity profiling Handle: RePEc:cog:socinc:v2:y:2014:i:1:p:1-11